The form of the comparative degree of adjectives is formed. Superlative adjectives in English: examples
Degrees of comparison of adjectives have almost all qualitative adjectives. As you can guess from the title, quality adjectives are adjectives that indicate some quality of the noun: good, dark, prominent, talented. Such adjectives have comparative and superlative degree of comparison.
Comparative degree of comparison.
The comparative degree of the adjective expresses the manifestation of some quality of the noun to a greater or lesser extent than that of another noun: This car color is better than the previous one. Your drawing is prettier than mine. This plate is deeper than that one. Comparative degree of adjectives in Russian is simple and complex.
Simple degree of comparison of adjectives formed with the following suffixes:
- e: short - shorter, large - more, steep - steeper;
- her(s): majestic - more majestic, warm - warmer;
- she: young - younger, old - older.
At education comparative degree adjectives sometimes change their root: small - less, bad - worse, good - better. Adjectives that have the form of a simple comparative degree do not change endings and do not change.
Compound degree of comparison of adjectives formed by particles more or less, which are added to the form of a positive (initial) degree of comparison: more difficult descent, less accessible mode of transport. Like the full form of the initial (positive) degree of the adjective, the compound degree of comparison is declined for cases, genders and numbers.
Superlative degree of adjectives.
Superlative adjective assigns the lowest or highest degree of any quality to a noun: It was the coldest winter in 10 years. Like the comparative superlative degree of adjectives in Russian is simple and complex.
Simple superlative adjectives formed by adding suffixes to the stem -aysh-, -eysh-: great - the greatest, sweet - the sweetest, weak - the weakest, small - the smallest. The exception is the words good and bad- they are superlatives replaced by adjectives best and the worst.
In the formation of a complex superlative form, particles are used least/most and most: most/least accessible, most accessible. Both types of superlative adjectives change in case, number, and gender.
Norms of the use of the degree of comparison of adjectives.
- The roughest an error in the use of degrees of comparison is the simultaneous use of both degrees of comparison with one noun: more talented, less kind. This mistake should not be made under any circumstances! The only exceptions are two forms of adjectives: the worst and the best.
- Not all quality adjectives can form both forms of degrees of comparison, or rather, the suffix method is not available when using such adjectives: fighting, sick, brilliant, immortal, stormy, eternal, upper, strong-willed, possible, outstanding, deaf, heroic, proud, naked, distant, old, businesslike, familiar, cruel, brief, oblique, crooked, peaceful, dead, powerful, lower, unknown, excellent, general, advanced, last, positive, constant, right, similar, empty, early, developed, torn, blind, timid, controversial, urgent, predatory, colored, young, etc. Also, some of these adjectives cannot even form a comparative degree of comparison - for example, one cannot be more naked or less naked, more immortal or less.
- There are times when theoretically education and use of superlatives possible, but logically not. For example, the sentence would be incorrect “Aivazovsky is the most talented Russian artist". The number of Russian artists is incredibly large, so to say that one of them most talented will be biased and incorrect. To emphasize the significance in this case, you can use the phrase "one of the most talented". Despite this, often for propaganda purposes or to express one's own opinion, such moments are acceptable. For example, you can say: "I believe Tchaikovsky is the greatest Russian composer of all time." Thus, it will be an expression of a specific subjective opinion that does not violate the lexical norms and logical connections of speech.
Qualitative adjectives can form degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. The initial (positive) form for the formation of degrees of comparison is the full form of the adjective type simple, beautiful Forms of degrees of comparison are simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).
comparative names a quality that is inherent in a given object to a greater or lesser extent than another object (the river is wider than the stream), or a quality that in the same object manifests itself at different times to a greater or lesser extent (the river has become wider).
Simple forms of the comparative degree are formed with the help of formative suffixes -her(s)(productive) and -e, -she(unproductive). Suffix -her(s) is attached to the base on a solid vowel of the original form of the adjective (smart- smart her, strong- stronger), and the suffix -e- to the basis of adjectives ending in g, k, x, d, t, v, cm (expensive- dearer e, cheap- cheap e, simple - simple e) when alternating the final consonant of the stem. From adjectives yellow, fierce, holy, well-fed the form of a simple comparative degree is formed using the suffix -her. Suffix -she forms the comparative form of adjectives distant, long, thin, old she, longer, thinner, older). In some cases, the form of a simple comparative degree is formed suppletively (good- best , bad- worse ).
Adjectives in the form of a tenant comparative degree do not change in gender, number, cases, do not agree with nouns, and in a sentence act as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
A simple comparative degree is not formed from quality adjectives with suffixes -ck- (friendly), -n-(sick), -ov (s) (business, combat), which are relative in origin, from some verbal adjectives with the suffix -l- (sluggish, burnt), from some adjectives with a suffix -k- (heavy), from adjectives denoting animal colors (crow), from adjectives denoting the ultimate degree of quality (dead, flat).
complex shapes comparative degree are formed by adding words more, less ( more beautiful, less high).
Adjectives in the form of a complex comparative degree change in gender, number, cases, agree with the noun and act as a definition in the sentence.
Most often, both simple and complex forms of the comparative degree are formed from a qualitative adjective. In cases where a simple form is not formed, it is replaced by a complex form. (earlier). But in adjectives denoting animal colors, the ultimate degree of quality, the form of a complex comparative degree is absent.
Superlatives denotes the highest (lowest) degree of quality in an item compared to the same quality in other similar items (the most beautiful of all rivers), as well as the ultimate degree of quality of the item without comparison with other items (leading scientist). The first value is called superlative, second - elative.
Simple forms of the superlative degree are formed with the help of formative suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. Suffix - ash- is attached to the base on a solid consonant of the original form of the adjective (smart- smart eysh uh, strong- strongest), and the suffix -aysh-- to a stem ending in g, k, x (strict- watchman aish y, strong - the strongest, quiet- quietest) when alternating the final consonant of the stem.
Simple superlative forms are formations with the suffix -w- type Ray w uh, thin w uh, bottom w uh, high w uh, pain w uh, less w uy.
The simple superlative form can be prefixed nai-, which enhances the degree of quality of the subject (nai most important, greatest).
Adjectives in the form of a simple superlative degree change in gender, number, cases, agree with nouns and act as a definition in a sentence.
Do not form a simple superlative form, basically the same qualitative adjectives that do not have forms of a simple comparative degree.
complex shapes superlatives are formed in three ways:
By adding a pronoun most to the original form of a qualitative adjective (most beautiful);
By adding adverbs most, least to the original form of a qualitative adjective (most beautiful);
By adding pronouns everything, everyone to a simple comparative degree (more beautiful all).
Complex superlatives are formed from almost all quality adjectives, with the exception of words denoting animal colors, the ultimate degree of quality.
Type forms the most beautiful, the most beautiful change in gender, number, cases, agree with nouns, perform the function of definition in a sentence. The form the prettiest of all does not change and in the sentence acts as the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
Tasks and control questions
Exercise 1
Read the article by V.M. Pavlov “On the ranks of adjectives in the Russian language” (Issues of Linguistics. 1960. No. 2) and supplement with the relevant information § 2 “Adjective”.
1. How is the question of the unity and difference of qualitative and relative adjectives of the Russian language considered in linguistic literature?
2. What arguments does V.M. Pavlov to prove that "qualitative and relative adjectives differ not only in the way they qualitatively characterize the object, but also in the content of the features they express"?
3. V.M. Pavlov with oppositions relative adjective possessive, relative adjective form genitive noun?
Task 2
Read the article by M.F. Lukin "On the broad and narrow understanding of adjectives in the grammars of the modern Russian language" ( Philological sciences. 1991. No. 1) and complete with the relevant information § 2 "Adjective".
test questions
1. Why is a synchronous study of the morphological system of the modern Russian language unthinkable without diachrony? Prove with examples from this article.
3. What, according to M.F. Lukin, is the "scientific incorrectness" of a broad understanding of the adjective as a part of speech?
4. How do representatives of the "traditional" and "broad" directions consider the degrees of comparison of adjectives?
Literature
Vorotnikov Yu.L. Degrees of quality in qualitative, relative and
possessive adjectives // Philological Sciences. 1992. No. 3.
Lachina I.S. Indicative meaning of adjectives // Problems
Psycholinguistics: Word and text. Tver, 1993.
Lukin M.F. On the broad and narrow understanding of adjectives in grammars
modern Russian language // Philological sciences. 1991. No. 1.
Pavlov V.M. On the ranks of adjectives in the Russian language // Questions of Linguistics. 1960. No. 2.
Panin L.G. On the forms of the adjective in Russian // Russian
language at school. 1993. No. 1.
Shramm A.L. Semantic development of adjectives in modern Russian // Questions of historical semantics of the Russian language. Kaliningrad, 1989.
Numeral
Adjectives in Russian. They are indispensable when it is necessary to compare one characteristic of an object or phenomenon with another. Let's try to understand the intricacies of this topic.
Adjective
Before you start studying the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian", you need to find out how this part of speech differs from all others. And she really has a lot of features. It is hard to imagine our speech without this colorful, graceful group. With the help of adjectives, we describe appearance (short, handsome, unsightly), character (kind, grouchy, difficult), age (young, old). However, not only human qualities, but many other things can be represented with their help. For example, none piece of art does not do without the use of adjectives. And even more so the lyrics. Thanks to this part of speech, stories, poems, novels acquire expressiveness and figurativeness.
Helps to form artistic means, as epithets (dazzling beauty, wonderful morning), metaphors of a stone heart), comparisons (looks like the happiest; the sky is like an azure watercolor).
A distinctive feature of adjectives is their ability to form short forms. The latter always play the role of a predicate in a sentence, which gives this part of speech another advantage - to give any text dynamics.
What is a degree?
Anyone who studies the Russian language faces this question. The degree of comparison of adjectives is a characteristic that helps to compare one object with another.
For example, we have two balls in front of us. They are exactly the same, only one of them is slightly different in size. We need to compare them with each other and conclude: one ball more another. We can approach this issue from a different angle and note that one ball less than the second one. In both cases, we used a word that characterizes the degree of comparison of these objects.
Now let's add to our objects one more of the same, but much larger. We need to distinguish it from others. How are we going to do it? Of course, use comparison. Only now you need to indicate that the third ball is different from the first and second at once. In this case, we say that he the biggest among them.
It is for this that we need. We will describe each of their types in detail below.
comparative
When we have an adjective in front of us, which no one compares with anything, then it is characterized by a positive degree. But if one object needs to be compared with another, then we will use the comparative degree of the adjective.
It has two subspecies. The first is called simple, or suffixal. This means that the word used in this degree has a suffix characteristic of it.
For example: This table chic. Neighbor's table smarter ours.
In the first case, the adjective is in the positive degree. In the second, the suffix "her" was added to it and with the help of this they compared one table with another.
The second type is the composite degree. As the name implies, its formation does not occur with the help of morphemes, but with the use of special words.
For example: This project very successful. The last project was more successful.
The word "more" helps us compare one project to another.
Another example: We have valuable information. The previous one turned out less valuable.
Now, with the help of the word "less", we indicated a sign that manifested itself to a lesser extent.
It is worth remembering that the degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian, regardless of varieties, are formed only from possessive or relative ones that do not have this ability.
Superlatives
In some situations, we need not only to compare one object or phenomenon with another, but to distinguish it from all similar ones. And here we will also come to the aid of the degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian. This degree of comparison is called excellent, which already implies the highest limit.
Like comparative, it has two varieties.
With the help of suffixes, a simple degree is formed.
For example: Ivanov strongest of all the athletes on the team.
The word "strong" with the suffix -eysh- formed and singled out the athlete Ivanov among other members of the team.
Next example: New tulle the most beautiful from what I have seen.
In this case, the auxiliary word "most" gave this sentence the same meaning as in the previous example. This form is called composite.
Sometimes it can be accompanied by the prefix nai- to enhance: the most beautiful.
Peculiarities
In some cases, the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives have exceptions.
These include the words "good" and "bad". When we begin to compare objects with their help, we will encounter some difficulties.
For example: We have good evening. Let's try to form a chain of degrees of comparison.
In a simple comparison, we will see that the word "good" does not exist. He is replaced by "better". And for the word "bad" let's choose "worse". Such a phenomenon in Russian is called suppletivism of the foundations. This means that the word needs to change dramatically in order to form a comparative degree.
Conclusion
Thus, we managed to find out not only the basics, but also some nuances on the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian".
Now this rule will not cause you any difficulties, since it is quite simple.
Adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that
1) indicate the sign of the subject and answer questions what?, whose?;
2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.
quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (barbed ).
relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object (book ), action (reading room ) or another feature (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-th ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).
Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mum-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - uy - ( fox ). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjectivefathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).
quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (rigor ) and adverbs in -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue-enky-y, evil-yushch-y) ;
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very happy ).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all categories have non-constant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.
Qualitative adjectives that are in a short form do not decline (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseologized and do not reflect state of the art language), as well as qualitative adjectives, standing in a simple comparative and a compound superlative degree built on its basis (above, above all).
The Russian language hasindeclinable adjectives , which stand for:
1) colors:beige , khaki , marengo , an electrician ;
2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , urdu ;
3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , flare , mini .
Invariable adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .
Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjacency to a noun, location after, and not before, a noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .
Comparative the degree of the adjective indicates that the trait is manifested to a greater / lesser degree in this subject compared to another subjectVanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there ).
The comparative degree issimple and composite .
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the basis of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( quicker, higher, earlier, deeper ).
The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from a different stem:pl about hoi - worse , good - better .
Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attachedon- ( newer ) .
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. It:
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in non-isolated position with the prefix po- in position after a noun (Buy me fresher newspapers ).
Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:
more/less element + adjective (more / less high ).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form (more handsome );
3) a composite comparative degree can be both predicate and non-isolated and separate definition (Less interesting article was presented in this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )
excellent the degree of comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.
Simple superlative adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the omnibus of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, z, x, causing alternation):good-eysh-th, high-aysh-th.
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .
The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of an adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed in three ways:
1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );
2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );
3) adding a wordall orTotal to comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).
Compound superlative forms formed by the first and second methods have morphological features, characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.
The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine -a for women, -about / -e for the average -s / -and for plural (deep- , deep-a , deep-about , deep-and ) .
Not formed short form from quality adjectives that:
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;
2) denote the colors of animals:brown , crow ;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , little blue .
The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.:child is sick - child sick .
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .
Transition of adjectives from category to category
It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox hat (relative) -fox habits (kach.).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
II. Morphological features.1. Permanent signs: rank by value (qualitative, relative, or possessive) 2. Non-permanent signs: 1) for quality adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. syntactic role.
Sample morphological analysis adjective.
And for sure, she was good: tall, thin, her eyes are black, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).
1. Good (what?) - adjective,
initial form- good.
2. Constant signs: qualitative, short;
non-permanent features: units. number, female genus.
3.
She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).
initial form - high.
Variable signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p ..
3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).
1. Thin - adjective,
the initial form is thin.
2. Permanent signs: high-quality, complete;
non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.
3. She (was what?) Thin
initial form is black.
2. Constant features: quality;
non-permanent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, pl. number, I. p..
3. Eyes (what?) black (predicate).