Where is khan. See what "KHAN" is in other dictionaries
1. The title of a monarch, ruler, possessor in some Eastern countries. "The servile court around the formidable Khan crowded." Pushkin. Tatar Khan. Crimean Khan. Khiva Khan.
2. An honorary title of nobility, equal to that of a prince, in some eastern countries.
Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
See what "KHAN" is in other dictionaries:
khan- khan / ... Morphemic spelling dictionary
Han Lue Appearance The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) Bandits (... Wikipedia
Khan, the title of sovereigns of Tatar origin among the eastern peoples;, an older form, apparently, khakan. Shelun had already changed the title worn by his predecessors to khakan (in China kho han), which had the meaning of an emperor. Gradually… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
- (Tat. and Tur. Khan). The title of the Tatar and Mongol rulers. Ilkhan. Persian name for the Mongol sovereign princes. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Khan Tat. and tour. khan. The title of the Tatar ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
BUT; m. [Turk. Khan] Among the Turkic and Mongolian peoples: the title of a feudal ruler; a person who bears this title (originally the leader of the tribes, for example, among the nomads of Iran and Afghanistan). ◁ Khansky, oh, oh. Xie land. X th army. H. tent. X th possession ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Husband. Asian owner; we had Kirghiz khans, abolished, there were khans still in the Caucasus; khans are honored by high-ranking ones. Khanov, everything that is personally his; Khan, related to him. Khansha, Khan's wife. Hanenok contempt. khanich, son of the khan. Chania… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Khan, lord, lord. It was given to a child (boy) with a wish for khan power and wealth. Anthropolexeme. Tatar, Turkic, Muslim male names. Glossary of terms ... Dictionary of personal names
HAN, a, husband. Some Turkic and Mongolian peoples have a feudal sovereign prince, monarch, as well as the title of prince, monarch. | adj. khansky, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Kurt (1886 1974) Aphorisms, quotes the main task education is the provision of five qualities in a person: curiosity, a spirit that does not recognize defeat, perseverance in achieving a goal, readiness for self-denial and, above all, compassion. Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
King, sovereign, ruler, prince, monarch Dictionary of Russian synonyms. khan n., number of synonyms: 9 boss (43) sovereign ... Synonym dictionary
Books
- Heart in the hands of Khan P.S. I Still Love You Jenny Khan When Lara Jean's secret love letters fell into the hands of the recipients, her life turned into a nightmare. The girl is forced to pretend to be the friend of the most handsome boy in the school. But she didn't plan... Category: Sentimental novel Series: heart in your hands Publisher: AST,
- Khushkhal Khan Khattak. Selected Poems , V. Livshits , Mikhail Eremin , Khushkhal Khan Khattak , Collection of new translations of the outstanding Afghan poet of the 17th century. Khushkhal Khan Khattak Presents Samples lyric poetry this poet-warrior, who fought all his life for the independence of his native ... Category: Poetry Publisher:
Where is khan (tsar), here is the Horde (and people).
Cm.
AUTHORITIES - ORDER - OBEDIENCE
- - 1) among the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, initially a military-administrative organization, then a camp of nomads, in the Middle Ages - the headquarters of the ruler of the state ...
Encyclopedia of cultural studies
- - a Turkic word with a very wide range of meanings, including the headquarters, the palace of the ruler, the territory occupied by a certain tribal or political formation, an army, an army, a place of periodic gatherings ...
Political science. Dictionary.
- - 1) The Turks. and mong. peoples military-adm. organization, encampment, camp of nomads. In the Middle Ages - headquarters, the capital of the rulers of the state-in. Hence the designation of large Turks. and Mongolian feuds. gos-in and...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- - among the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, the initial military-administrative organization, then - the camp of nomads, in the Middle Ages - the headquarters of the ruler of the state ...
Big Law Dictionary
- - 1) the Turkic and Mongolian peoples have a military-administrative organization, a camp, a camp of nomads. In the Middle Ages - headquarters, the capital of the rulers of states ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - ....
- - I ́ I, Ukrainian eh, blr. ́ "disorder, noise", other Russian. "camp, camp", Orda, adj., gram. 1362–1389; see Chess, Essay 186. Borrowed. from Turkic; cf. chagat., azerb., tar., kazakh...
Vasmer's etymological dictionary
- - Borrowed by the Old Russian language from the Turkic. In Tatar, for example, - "camp, camp" ...
Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Krylov
- - D n. see _Appendix II hordes pl. hordes of hordes of hordes And as if the dark forest came to life with a horde of horrors and wonders...
Dictionary of Russian accents
- - e.g.: Gold, White...
- - ; pl. o/rdy, R....
Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language
-
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- - women, Tatars. a nomadic tribe, part of a nomadic people, under the rule of a khan, a sultan; | swearing, Tatar, Kirghiz. | Crowd, Arava, gang, crowd of people. The Horde roamed for me. Horde elders...
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- - ́, -ы, pl. hordes, hordes, hordes, wives. 1. Among the Turkic nomadic peoples in the Middle Ages: the headquarters of the khan, previously a military-administrative organization among these peoples; camp of nomads. Golden O. 2. trans. Crowd, crowd, gang...
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- - ́, hordes, pl. hordes, female . 1. State union of several nomadic Turkic tribes. Golden Horde. || Tatar army in ancient Russia. "The horde is not far away, and the khan himself is with her." A.N. Tolstoy...
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
- - and. Golden...
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
"Where the Khan is, here is the Horde." in books
From the book Empire - I [with illustrations] author1. The Horde is the Slavic Rada, that is, the council or the Cossack Horde. Russian word genus. All these words of the same root - “genus” and mean “ordered
From the author's book4. As we have seen, the Arabs, describing Russia, talk a lot about the THREE CENTERS of Russia. Describing Mongolia, the same Arabs talk a lot about THREE SHEDS, namely, SHED BATU, SHED BERKE and NEW SHED. About the three centers
Horde.
From the book Pictures of the former Quiet Don. Book one. author Krasnov Petr NikolaevichHorde. Devlet Giray, with 20,000 horsemen, was advancing on the regiments of Platov and Larionov, dug in in the steppe. They sent two Cossacks with a report to Bukhvostov. One was immediately killed, the other rode away safely. The rising sun illuminated the motley Tatar horde. Red and white turbans,
From the author's book3. The word Orda means Rada, that is, the Descent, the Council of the Cossack Horde and the Rat. By the way, the word RADA has long been well known in Russia. For example, in the era of the "Terrible Tsar"
4. Great Russia = Golden Horde, Little Russia = Blue Horde, Belarus = White Horde
From Book 1. New chronology Russia [Russian chronicles. "Mongol-Tatar" conquest. Kulikovo battle. Ivan the Terrible. Razin. Pugachev. Defeat of Tobolsk and author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich4. Great Russia = Golden Horde, Little Russia = Blue Horde, Belarus = White Horde As we have seen, the Arabs, describing Russia, talk a lot about the THREE CENTERS of Russia. Describing Mongolia, the same Arabs talk a lot about THREE SHEDS, namely, SHED BATU, SHED BERKE and NEW SHED. How
Great Russia = Golden Horde, Little Russia = Blue Horde, Belarus = White Horde
From the book New Chronology and Concept ancient history Russia, England and Rome author Nosovsky Gleb VladimirovichGreat Russia \u003d Golden Horde, Little Russia \u003d Blue Horde, Belarus \u003d White Horde A) As we have seen, the Arabs, describing Russia, talk a lot about THREE CENTERS of Russia. B) Describing Mongolia, the same Arabs talk a lot about THREE SHEDS, namely: SHED BATU, | SHED BERKE and | NEW SHED.B) Like us
From the book Book 2. The Secret of Russian History [New Chronology of Russia. Tatar and Arabic in Russia. Yaroslavl as Veliky Novgorod. ancient english history author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich3. The horde is a Slavic Rada, that is, a council, or a Cossack horde. One cannot fail to note the obvious proximity of the words ORDA and the Russian-Ukrainian RADA, that is, COUNCIL or SERIES \u003d ORDER. This is where the Russian word ROD comes from. All these words have the same root and mean an orderly society,
Jochi and his sons. Golden Horde, White Horde and Sheibani ulus
From the book Empire of the Steppes. Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane author Grousset ReneJochi and his sons. The Golden Horde, the White Horde and the Sheibani ulus It is known that Genghis Khan gave his son Jochi, who died in February 1227, six months earlier than Genghis Khan himself, the valley to the west of the Irtysh, where modern Semipalatinsk, Akmolinsk, Turgay,
Chapter 10 Russia and the Horde (Essay 2): Tver, Moscow and the Horde at the beginning of the 14th century
From the book Russian Middle Ages author Gorsky Anton AnatolievichChapter 10 Russia and the Horde (Essay 2): Tver, Moscow and the Horde in early XIV century Now let's turn to the second point of the traditional scheme for the development of Russian-Horde relations: the princes of Tver at the beginning of the XIV century. led the struggle to overthrow the yoke, while Moscow at that time were
Chapter 6 Sophia Paleolog and her influence on the domestic and foreign policy of Ivan III. Horde. Khan's strife. Foundation of the Crimean and Kazan khanates. Prince Kasim. Golden Horde and Khan Akhmat, his plans and actions. Standing on the Ugra. The death of Akhmat and the further fragmentation of the Horde. Kazan and Ali Khan. First pok
From the book Pre-Letopisnaya Rus. Russia pre-Orda. Russia and the Golden Horde author Fedoseev Yury GrigorievichChapter 6 Sophia Paleolog and her influence on the internal and foreign policy Ivan III. Horde. Khan's strife. Foundation of the Crimean and Kazan khanates. Prince Kasim. Golden Horde and Khan Akhmat, his plans and actions. Standing on the Ugra. The death of Akhmat and the further fragmentation of the Horde.
1.2. Biblical Babylon is the White Horde or the Volga Horde And after the Ottoman conquest, Babylon is probably Tsar-Grad
From the author's book1.2. Biblical Babylon is the White Horde or the Volga Horde. And after the Ottoman conquest, Babylon is probably Tsar-Grad Babylon - one of the capitals of Assyria. The Babylonian kings are often the Assyrian kings at the same time. As well as vice versa. For example: “And the Lord brought
Horde
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(OR) author TSBGreat Russia = Golden Horde, Little Russia = Blue Horde, Belarus = White Horde
From the book Rus. China. England. Dating of the Nativity of Christ and the First Ecumenical Council author Nosovsky Gleb VladimirovichGreat Russia = Golden Horde, Little Russia = Blue Horde, Belarus = White Horde a) As we have seen, the Arabs, describing Russia, talk a lot about the three centers of Russia. b) Describing Mongolia, the same Arabs talk a lot about the three Sarai, namely: Shed Batu, Shed Berkei New Shed. c) How we
From the author's book From the author's bookWhat's with the Horde? And now we come to what, in fact, this book was written for. Let M.P. Pogodin, P.I. Kovalevsky and V. Kukovenko be right (after all, taking into account many other things that we know about Ivan the Terrible, there are serious doubts about this), but why did the tsar reject precisely
The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, is undoubtedly a fatal figure in history. Rus XIII century. Unfortunately, history has not preserved his portrait and left few lifetime descriptions of the khan, but what we know speaks of him as an extraordinary person.
Place of birth - Buryatia?
Batu Khan was born in 1209. Most likely, this happened on the territory of Buryatia or Altai. His father was the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi (who was born in captivity, and there is an opinion that he is not the son of Genghis Khan), and his mother was Uki-Khatun, who was related to Genghis Khan's elder wife. Thus, Batu was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the great-nephew of his wife.
Jochi owned the largest portion of the Genghisides. He was killed, possibly at the behest of Genghis Khan, when Batu was 18 years old.
According to legend, Jochi is buried in a mausoleum located in Kazakhstan, 50 kilometers northeast of the city of Zhezkazgan. Historians believe that the mausoleum could have been built over the khan's grave many years later.
Cursed and fair
The name Batu means "strong", "strong". During his lifetime, he received the nickname Sain Khan, which in Mongolian meant "noble", "generous" and even "fair".
The only chroniclers who spoke flatteringly about Batu were Persians. Europeans wrote that Khan inspires intense fear, but keeps himself "gentle", knows how to hide emotions and emphasizes his belonging to the Genghisides family.
He entered our history as a destroyer - "evil", "cursed" and "filthy".
A holiday that has become a commemoration
Besides Batu, Jochi had 13 sons. There is a legend that they all gave each other the place of their father and asked their grandfather to resolve the dispute. Genghis Khan chose Batu and gave him commander Subedei as a tutor. In fact, Batu did not receive power, he was forced to distribute the land to his brothers, and he himself performed representative functions. Even the father's army was led by the elder brother Horde-Ichen.
According to legend, the holiday that the young khan arranged upon returning home turned into a commemoration: the messenger brought the news of the death of Genghis Khan.
Udegey, who became the Great Khan, did not like Jochi, but in 1229 he confirmed the title of Batu. The landless Batu had to accompany his uncle on a Chinese campaign. The campaign against Russia, which the Mongols began to prepare in 1235, became a chance for Batu to gain possession.
Tatar-Mongols against the Templars
In addition to Batu Khan, 11 more princes wanted to lead the campaign. Batu was the most experienced. As a teenager, he participated in a military campaign against Khorezm and the Polovtsians. It is believed that the Khan took part in the Battle of the Kalka in 1223, where the Mongols defeated the Polovtsians and Russians. There is another version: the troops for the campaign against Russia were gathering in the possessions of Batu, and perhaps he simply carried out a military coup, convincing the princes to retreat with the help of weapons. In fact, the commander of the army was not Batu, but Subedey.
First, Batu conquered the Volga Bulgaria, then devastated Russia and returned to the Volga steppes, where he wanted to start creating his own ulus.
But Khan Udegei demanded new conquests. And in 1240 Batu invaded South Russia, took Kyiv. His goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Genghisides, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, fled.
Poland fell first, Krakow was taken. In 1241, the army of Prince Henry was defeated near Legnica, in which even the Templars fought. Then there were Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary. Then the Mongols reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe was helpless. Louis of France was preparing to die, and Frederick II was about to flee to Palestine. They were saved by the fact that Khan Udegei died, and Batu turned back.
Batu vs Karakoram
The election of a new Great Khan dragged on for five years. Finally, Guyuk was chosen, who understood that Batu Khan would never obey him. He gathered troops and moved them to the Juchi ulus, but suddenly died in time, most likely from poison.
Three years later, Batu carried out a military coup in Karakorum. With the support of the brothers, he made his friend Monke the Great Khan, who recognized Batu's right to control the politics of Bulgaria, Russia and the North Caucasus.
The bone of contention between Mongolia and Batu remained the lands of Iran and Asia Minor. Batu's activities to protect the ulus bore fruit. In the 1270s, the Golden Horde ceased to depend on Mongolia.
In 1254, Batu Khan founded the capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai-Batu ("City of Batu"), which stood on the Akhtuba River. The barn was located on the hills and stretched along the river bank for 15 kilometers. It was a rich city with its own jewelry, foundry and ceramic workshops. There were 14 mosques in Sarai-Batu. Palaces decorated with mosaics made foreigners tremble, and the Khan's palace, located on the very high place city, was generously decorated with gold. It was from its magnificent appearance that the name "Golden Horde" came from. The city was wiped off the face of the earth by Tamrelan in 1395.
Batu and Nevsky
It is known that the Russian holy prince Alexander Nevsky met with Batu Khan. The meeting of Batu and Nevsky took place in July 1247 on the Lower Volga. Nevsky "stayed" with Batu until the autumn of 1248, after which he left for Karakorum.
Lev Gumilyov believes that Alexander Nevsky and the son of Batu Khan Sartak even fraternized, and thus Alexander became supposedly the adopted son of Batu. Since there is no chronicle evidence for this, it may turn out that this is only a legend.
On the other hand, it can be assumed that during the yoke, it was the Golden Horde that prevented our western neighbors from invading Russia. The Europeans were simply afraid of the Golden Horde, remembering the ferocity and ruthlessness of Khan Batu.
The riddle of death
Batu Khan died in 1256 at the age of 48. Contemporaries believed that he could have been poisoned. It was even said that he died in the campaign. But most likely, he died of a hereditary rheumatic disease. Khan often complained of pain and numbness in his legs, sometimes because of this he did not come to kurultai, where important decisions were made. Contemporaries said that the face of the khan was covered with red spots, which clearly indicated ill health. Given that the maternal ancestors also suffered from pain in the legs, then this version of death looks plausible.
Batu's body was buried where the Akhtuba River flows into the Volga. They buried the khan according to the Mongol custom, arranging a house with a rich bed in the ground. At night, a herd of horses was driven over the grave so that no one would ever find this place.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Dahl
Khan, m. Asiatic ruler; we had Kirghiz khans, abolished, there were khans still in the Caucasus; khans are honored by high-ranking ones. Khanov, everything that is personally his; Khan, related to him. Khansha, Khan's wife. Hanenok despises. khanich, son of the khan. Hanye despises. sultanyo, Kyrgyz sultans. Khanate, be a khan, rule a khanate. What is the khan (king), such is the horde. Where there is a khan, there is a horde (and people). Khan fish, brown trout, crumb, krasulya, pale, pied, trout, Salmo thymalus. Khan's apple thief, white, large and sweet.
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Khan, -a, m. For some Turkic and Mongolian peoples: feudal possessing prince, monarch, as well as the title of prince, monarch. And adj. Khan, th, th.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ushakov
KHAN, khana, m. (Turk.).
The title of a monarch, a ruler, a sovereign person in some eastern countries. The servile yard crowded around the formidable Khan. Pushkin. Tatar Khan. Crimean Khan. Khiva Khan.
An honorary title of nobility, equal to that of a prince, in some eastern countries.
In world history there are a lot of unique people. They were simple children, often brought up in poverty and did not know good manners. It was these people who changed the course of history dramatically, leaving behind only ashes. They were building new world, new ideology and A New Look for life. To all these hundreds of people, humanity owes its present life, because it is the mosaic of past events that has led to what we have today. Everyone knows the names of such people, because they are constantly on the lips. Every year, scientists can provide more and more interesting facts from the lives of great people. In addition, many secrets and mysteries are gradually being revealed, the disclosure of which a little earlier could have led to horrific consequences.
Acquaintance
Genghis Khan is the founder of the first great khan of which he was. He rallied various disparate tribes that were on the territory of Mongolia. In addition, he carried out a large number of campaigns against neighboring states. Most military campaigns ended in complete victory. The empire of Genghis Khan is considered the largest of the continental in the entire history of the world.
Birth
Temujin was born in the Delyun-Boldok tract. The father named after the captive leader of the Tatars Temujin-Uge, who was defeated just before the birth of the boy. The date of birth of the great leader is still not known exactly, since different sources indicate different periods. According to the documents that existed during the life of the leader and his biographer witnesses, Genghis Khan was born in 1155. Another option is 1162, but there is no exact confirmation. The boy's father, Yesugei-bagatur, left him in the family of the future bride at the age of 11. Genghis Khan had to stay there until he came of age, so that the children would get to know each other better. The little girl, the future bride named Borta, was from the Ungirat clan.
Father's death
According to the scriptures, on the way back home, the boy's father was poisoned by the Tatars. Yesugei had a fever at home and died three days later. He had two wives. Both of them and the children of the head of the family were expelled from the tribe. Women with children were forced to live in the forest for several years. They managed to escape by a miracle: they ate plants, the boys tried to fish. Even in the warm season, they were doomed to starvation, as it was necessary to stock up on food for the winter.
Fearing the revenge of the heirs of the great khan, new head tribe Targutai - Kiriltuh pursued Temujin. Several times the boy managed to escape, but he was eventually caught. They put a wooden block on him, which absolutely limited the martyr in his actions. It was impossible to eat, drink, or even drive the pesky beetle off your face. Realizing the hopelessness of his situation, Temujin decided to run away. At night, he reached the lake, in which he hid. The boy completely sank into the water, leaving only his nostrils on the surface. The bloodhounds of the head of the tribe carefully looked for at least some traces of the escapee. One person noticed Temujin, but did not betray him. In the future, it was he who helped Genghis Khan escape. Soon the boy found his relatives in the forest. Then he married Bort.
The formation of the commander
The empire of Genghis Khan was created gradually. At first, nukers began to flock to him, with whom he carried out attacks on neighboring territories. Thus, the young man began to develop own land, army and people. Genghis Khan began to form a special system that would allow him to effectively manage the rapidly growing horde. Around 1184, the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, was born. In 1206, at the congress, Temujin was proclaimed a great khan from God. From that moment on, he was considered the complete and absolute ruler of Mongolia.
Asia
conquest Central Asia took place in several stages. The war with the Kara-Kai Khanate ended with the Mongols getting Semirechye and East Turkestan. In order to gain the support of the population, the Mongols allowed Muslims to public worship, which was forbidden by the Naimans. This contributed to the fact that the permanent settled population completely took the side of the conquerors. The population considered the arrival of the Mongols "the grace of Allah", in comparison with the harshness of Khan Kuchluk. The inhabitants themselves opened the gates to the Mongols. It was for this that the city of Balasagun was called the "meek city." Khan Kuchluk could not organize a strong enough resistance, so he fled the city. Soon he was found and killed. Thus, the way to Khorezm was opened for Genghis Khan.
The empire of Genghis Khan swallowed up Khorezm - a large state in Central Asia. Weak point his was that the nobility had full power in the city, so the situation was very tense. Muhammad's mother independently appointed all relatives to important government posts, without asking her son. Thus creating a powerful circle of support, she led the opposition against Muhammad. Internal relations became very aggravated when the heavy threat of a Mongol invasion hung. The war against Khorezm ended with neither side gaining a significant advantage. At night, the Mongols left the battlefield. In 1215, Genghis Khan agreed with Khorezm on mutual trade relations. However, the first merchants who went to Khorezm were captured and killed. For the Mongols, this was an excellent pretext for starting a war. Already in 1219, Genghis Khan, together with the main military forces, opposed Khorezm. Despite the fact that many territories were taken by siege, the Mongols plundered cities, killed and destroyed everything around. Mohammed lost the war even without a fight, and, realizing this, he fled to an island in the Caspian Sea, having previously given power into the hands of his son Jalal-ad-Din. After long battles, the khan overtook Jalal-ad-Din in 1221 near the Indus River. The enemy army numbered about 50 thousand people. To deal with them, the Mongols used a trick: by making a detour through the rocky terrain, they struck the enemy from the flank. In addition, Genghis Khan deployed a powerful guard unit of the Bagaturs. In the end, the army of Jalal-ad-Din was almost completely defeated. He, with several thousand soldiers, fled from the battlefield by swimming.
After a 7-month siege, the capital of Khorezm, Urgench, fell, the city was taken. Jalal-ad-Din fought against the troops of Genghis Khan for a long 10 years, but this did not bring significant benefits to his state. He died defending his territory in 1231 in Anatolia.
In just three short years (1219-1221), Muhammad's kingdom bowed to Genghis Khan. The entire eastern part of the kingdom, which occupied the territory from the Indus to the Caspian Sea, was under the rule of the great Khan of Mongolia.
The Mongols conquered the West by the campaign of Jebe and Subedei. Having captured Samarkand, Genghis Khan sent his troops to conquer Muhammad. Jebe and Subedei passed through the entire Northern Iran, and then captured the South Caucasus. Cities were captured by certain treaties or simply by force. The troops regularly collected tribute from the population. Soon, in 1223, the Mongols defeated the Russian-Polovtsian military forces in However, retreating to the East, they lost in the small remnants of a huge army returned to the great khan in 1224, and he was in Asia at that time.
hiking
The first victory of the Khan, which took place outside of Mongolia, happened during the campaign of 1209-1210 against the Tanguts. Khan began to prepare for war with the most dangerous enemy in the East - the state of Jin. In the spring of 1211 began Great War which claimed many lives. Very quickly, by the end of the year, Genghis Khan's troops owned the territory from the north to the Chinese wall. Already by 1214, the entire territory covering the north and the Yellow River was in the hands of the Mongol army. In the same year, the siege of Beijing took place. The world was obtained through an exchange - Genghis Khan married a Chinese princess who had a huge dowry, land and wealth. But this step of the emperor was only a trick, and as soon as the Khan's troops began to retreat, after waiting for a good moment, the Chinese resumed the war. For them, this was a big mistake, because in a short time the Mongols defeated the capital to the last stone.
In 1221, when Samarkand fell, the eldest son of Genghis Khan was sent to Khorezm in order to begin the siege of Urgench, the capital of Muhammad. In the same time younger son was sent by his father to Persia to plunder and seize territory.
Separately, it is worth noting what happened between the Russian-Polovtsian and Mongolian troops. The modern battlefield is Donetsk region Ukraine. The Battle of the Kalka (year 1223) led to a complete victory for the Mongols. First, they defeated the forces of the Polovtsy, and a little later the main forces of the Russian army were defeated. On May 31, the battle ended with the death of about 9 Russian princes, many boyars and warriors.
The campaign of Subedei and Jebe allowed the army to pass through a significant part of the steppes, which was occupied by the Polovtsians. This allowed the military leaders to assess the merits of the future theater of operations, study it and think over a reasonable strategy. The Mongols also learned a lot about the internal structure of Russia, from the prisoners they received a lot useful information. The campaigns of Genghis Khan have always been distinguished by a thorough one that was carried out before the offensive.
Rus
The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars into Russia took place in 1237-1240 under the rule of Chingizid Batu. The Mongols were actively advancing on Russia, inflicting strong blows, waiting for good moments. main goal Mongol-Tatars was the disorganization of the soldiers of Russia, sowing fear and panic. They avoided battles with a large number of warriors. The tactic was to disunite a large army and break the enemy in parts, exhausting him with sharp attacks and constant aggression. The Mongols began their battles by throwing arrows in order to intimidate and distract opponents. One of the significant advantages of the Mongolian army was that the management of the battle was better organized. The controllers did not fight next to ordinary warriors, they were at a certain distance, so as to maximize the viewing angle of military operations. Instructions to the soldiers were given with the help of various signs: flags, lights, smoke, drums and trumpets. The attack of the Mongols was carefully thought out. For this, powerful reconnaissance and diplomatic preparations for battle were carried out. Much attention was paid to isolating the enemy, as well as fanning internal conflicts. After this stage, concentrated near the borders. The advance took place around the perimeter. Starting from different sides, the army sought to get to the very center. Penetrating deeper and deeper, the military destroyed cities, stole cattle, killed warriors and raped women. In order to better prepare for the attack, the Mongols sent out special observation detachments that prepared the territory and also destroyed the enemy’s weapons. The exact number of troops on both sides is not known for certain, as information varies.
For Russia, the invasion of the Mongols was a severe blow. A huge part of the population was killed, the cities fell into decay, as they were thoroughly destroyed. Stone construction stopped for several years. Many crafts have simply disappeared. The settled population was almost completely eliminated. The empire of Genghis Khan and the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars into Russia were closely connected, since for the Mongols it was a very tasty morsel.
Khan's empire
The empire of Genghis Khan included a vast territory from the Danube to the Sea of Japan, from Novgorod to Southeast Asia. During its heyday, it united the lands of Southern Siberia, of Eastern Europe, Middle East, China, Tibet and Central Asia. The 13th century marked the creation and flourishing of the great state of Genghis Khan. But already in the second half of the century, the vast empire began to split into separate uluses, which were ruled by the Genghisides. The most significant fragments of the huge state were: the Golden Horde, the Yuan empire, the Chagatai ulus and the Hulaguid state. And yet the empire's frontiers were so impressive that no general or conqueror could do better.
Imperial capital
The Karakoram city was the capital of the entire empire. Literally, the word translates as "black stones of the volcano." It is believed that the Karakorum was founded in 1220. The city was the place where the khan left his family during campaigns and military affairs. The city was also the residence of the khan, in which he received important ambassadors. Russian princes also came here to resolve various political issues. The XIII century gave the world many travelers who left records about the city (Marco Polo, de Rubruk, Plano Carpini). The population of the city was very diverse, since each quarter was isolated from the other. The city was inhabited by artisans, merchants who arrived from all over the world. The city was unique in terms of the diversity of its inhabitants, because among them there were people of different races, religions and mindsets. The city was also built up with many Muslim mosques and Buddhist temples.
Ögedei built a palace which he called "The Palace of Ten Thousand Years of Prosperity". Each Chingizid also had to build his own palace here, which, of course, was inferior to the building of the son of the great leader.
Descendants
Genghis Khan had many wives and concubines until the end of his days. However, it was the first wife, Borta, who gave birth to the most powerful and famous boys to the commander. The heir of the first son of Jochi, Batu, was the creator of the Golden Horde, Jagatai-Chagatai gave the name of the dynasty that ruled over the central regions for a long time, Ogadai-Ugedei was the successor of the Khan himself, Tolui ruled the Mongol Empire from 1251 to 1259. Only these four boys had a certain power in the state. In addition, Borta gave birth to her husband and daughters: Hodzhin-begi, Chichigan, Alagai, Temulen and Altalun.
The second wife of the Merkit Khan, Khulan Khatun, gave birth to a daughter, Dairusuna, and sons, Kulkan and Kharachar. The third wife of Genghis Khan, Yesukat, gave him a daughter, Chara-noinona, and sons, Chakhur and Kharkhad.
Genghis Khan, whose life story is impressive, left behind descendants who ruled the Mongols in accordance with the Great Yasa Khan until the 20s of the last century. The emperors of Manchuria, who ruled over Mongolia and China from the 16th to the 19th centuries, were also the khan's direct heirs through the female line.
Decline of the great empire
The fall of the empire lasted for a long 9 years, from 1260 to 1269. The situation was very tense, as there was an urgent question of who would receive all power. In addition, it should be noted the serious administrative problems faced by the management apparatus.
The fall of the empire was due to the fact that the sons of Genghis Khan did not want to live according to the laws established by their father. They could not live according to the main postulate "On the good quality, the severity of the state." Genghis Khan was shaped by a cruel reality that constantly demanded decisive action from him. The life of a constant tested Temujin, starting from early years his life. His sons lived in a completely different environment, they were protected and confident in the future. In addition, we should not forget that they valued their father's possessions much less than he himself.
Another reason for the collapse of the state was the struggle for power between the sons of Genghis Khan. She distracted them from the pressing affairs of the state. When to decide important questions, the brothers were engaged in a showdown. This could not but affect the situation in the country, the world status, the mood of the people. All this led to a general deterioration in the state in many aspects. Dividing the empire of their father among themselves, the brothers did not understand that they were destroying it by dismantling it into stones.
Death of a great leader
Genghis Khan, whose history is impressive to this day, having returned from Central Asia, passed with his army through Western China. In 1225, near the borders of Xi Xia, Genghis Khan was on a hunt, during which he fell and was badly hurt. By the evening of the same day, he developed a severe fever. As a consequence of this, a meeting of managers was convened in the morning, at which the question of whether or not to start a war with the Tanguts was considered. Jochi was also on the council, who did not enjoy special trust at the top of the government, since he regularly deviated from his father's instructions. Noticing such constant behavior, Genghis Khan ordered his army to go against Jochi and kill him. But due to the death of his son, the campaign was never completed.
Having improved his health, in the spring of 1226 Genghis Khan with his army crossed the border of Xi Xia. Having defeated the defenders, and given the city for plunder, the khan began his last war. The Tanguts were completely defeated on the outskirts of the Tangut kingdom, the path to which became open. The fall of the Tangut kingdom and the death of the khan are very connected, because the great leader died here.
Causes of death
The scriptures say that Genghis Khan's death came after he accepted gifts from the Tangut king. However, there are several versions that have equal rights to exist. Among the main and most likely causes are the following: death from illness, poor adaptation to the climate of the area, the consequences of falling from a horse. There is also a separate version that the khan was killed by his young wife, whom he took by force. The girl, fearing the consequences, committed suicide that same night.
Tomb of Genghis Khan
No one can name the exact burial place of the great khan. Various sources disagree on the hypotheses for a number of reasons. Moreover, each of them indicates different places and methods of burial. The tomb of Genghis Khan can be located in any of three places: on Burkhan-Khaldun, on the northern side of Altai Khan, or in Yehe-Utek.
The monument to Genghis Khan is located in Mongolia. The equestrian statue is considered the largest monument and statue in the world. The opening of the monument took place on September 26, 2008. Its height is 40 m without a pedestal, the height of which is 10 m. The whole statue is covered with stainless steel, the total weight is 250 tons. Also, the monument to Genghis Khan is surrounded by 36 columns. Each of them symbolizes the Khan of the Mongol Empire, starting with Genghis and ending with Ligden. In addition, the monument is two-story, and it houses a museum, an art gallery, billiards, restaurants, a conference room and a souvenir shop. The head of a horse serves for visitors observation deck. The statue is surrounded by a large park. The city authorities plan to equip a golf course, an open theater and an artificial lake.