Shchors biography briefly. Shchors Nikolai Alexandrovich
Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors (May 25 (June 6), 1895 - August 30, 1919) - Russian wartime officer imperial army, commander of the Ukrainian rebel formations, head of the division of the Red Army during the Civil War in Russia, member of the Communist Party since the autumn of 1918 (before that he was close to the Left SRs).
Biography
Youth
Born and raised in the village of Snovsk, Velikoshchimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (since 1924 - the city of Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernihiv region, Ukraine) in a large family of a railway worker.
In July 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv.
World War I
August 1, 1914 Russian empire entered the first world war and Nikolai was appointed to the post of military paramedic of an artillery regiment as a volunteer. In 1914-1915 he took part in the fighting on the North-Western Front.
At the end of October 1915, 20-year-old Shchors N.A. was assigned to active military service and transferred as a private to a reserve battalion. In January 1916 he was sent to a four-month crash course Vilna military school, evacuated by that time to Poltava. Then, with the rank of warrant officer, he served as a junior company officer in the 335th Anapa Infantry Regiment of the 84th Infantry Division, which operated on the Southwestern and Romanian fronts. In April 1917 he was awarded the rank of second lieutenant (seniority from February 1, 1917).
During the war, Nikolai fell ill with an open form of tuberculosis and in May 1917 was sent for treatment to Simferopol, to a military hospital. In Simferopol, attending rallies of soldiers of the reserve regiment, he joins the revolutionary movement.
After the October Revolution, on December 30, 1917, Shchors was released from military service due to illness and went home to Snovsk.
Civil War
In March 1918, in connection with the occupation of the Chernigov province by German troops, Shchors with a group of comrades left Snovsk for Semyonovka and headed the united rebellion there. partisan detachment Novozybkovsky district, which participated in March - April 1918 in battles with the invaders in the area of Zlynka, Klintsy.
Under the onslaught of superior enemy forces, the partisan detachment retreats to the territory of Soviet Russia and in early May 1918 is interned by the Russian authorities. Shchors goes to Samara, then to Moscow. Takes part in revolutionary movement, gets acquainted with the leaders of the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries.
In Moscow, he makes an attempt to enroll in Faculty of Medicine Moscow University, having provided a fake certificate of graduation from the Poltava Theological Seminary, which gives the right to enter the university, however, having met an acquaintance Kazimir Kvyatek, he changes his mind and goes with him to Kursk, at the disposal of the All-Ukrainian TsVRK. With the mandate of the VUTsVRK at the end of August 1918, he arrives in the neutral zone (in the village of Yurinovka) to the chief of staff of the insurgent sector Unecha-Zernovo Petrikovsky-Petrenko S.I.
The territory occupied by the troops of Germany and Austria-Hungary in March-April 1918
In September 1918, on the instructions of the All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee, he formed in the Unecha region, in the neutral zone between the German occupation forces and Soviet Russia, from separate Ukrainian partisan detachments and local residents 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment. Bohun, who became part of the 1st Ukrainian Insurgent Division under the command of Krapivyansky N. G.
By order of the All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee (VTsVRK) of September 22, 1918, Shchors was appointed commander of the "Ukrainian revolutionary regiment named after comrade Bohun", in October - commander of the 2nd brigade as part of the Bohunsky and Tarashchansky regiments of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division , which liberated Chernihiv, Kyiv, Fastov. According to V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, the Red Army men loved Shchors for his diligence and courage, the commanders respected him for his intelligence, clarity and resourcefulness.
On February 5, 1919, 23-year-old Nikolai Shchors was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary golden weapon.
The rebuke of "ataman" Shchors to "pan-hetman" Petliura, 1919
From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shchors commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a swift offensive, recaptured Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the UNR in the area of Sarny - Rivne - Brody - Proskurov, and then in the summer of 1919 defended in the region of Sarny - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of the Polish Republic and the Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the east under pressure from superior forces.
In May 1919, Shchors did not support the Grigoriev uprising.
On August 15, 1919, during the reorganization of the Ukrainian Soviet divisions into regular units and formations of the unified Red Army, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 3rd border division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming 44th rifle division Red Army. On August 21, Shchors was appointed head of the division, and Dubovoy was appointed deputy head of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.
The division stubbornly defended Korostensky railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (August 31, the city was taken Volunteer army General Denikin) and exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.
On August 30, 1919, in a battle with the 7th brigade of the 2nd corps of the Galician army near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine), while in the advanced chains of the Bogunsky regiment, Shchors was killed by a bullet in the back of the head under unclear circumstances.
Shchors' body was transported to Samara, where he was buried at the Orthodox All-Saints Cemetery (now the territory of the Samara Cable Company). According to one version, he was taken to Samara, as the parents of his wife Fruma Efimovna lived there.
In 1949, the remains of Shchors were exhumed in Kuibyshev. On July 10, 1949, in a solemn ceremony, the ashes of Shchors were reburied at the Kuibyshev city cemetery. The body was found well-preserved, practically incorrupt, although it had lain in a coffin for 30 years. This is explained by the fact that when Shchors was buried in 1919, his body was previously embalmed, soaked in a steep solution of table salt and placed in a sealed zinc coffin. By 1954, when the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Russia and Ukraine was celebrated, a granite obelisk was installed on the grave. Architect - Alexey Morgun, sculptor - Alexey Frolov.
Doom studies
The official version that Shchors died in battle from a bullet of a Petlyura machine gunner began to be criticized with the onset of the “thaw” of the 1960s.
Initially, the researchers charged the murder of the commander only to the former commander of the Kharkov military district, Ivan Dubovoi, who during the Civil War was Nikolai Shchors's deputy in the 44th division. In the 1935 collection "Legendary Chief Division" Ivan Dubovoy's testimony is placed:
Nick opened strong machine-gun fire and, I especially remember, one machine gun at the railway booth showed "daring" ... Shchors took binoculars and began to look where the machine-gun fire came from. But a moment passed, and the binoculars from the hands of Shchors fell to the ground, Shchors' head too ... ".
The head of the mortally wounded Shchors was bandaged by Oak. Shchors died in his arms. “The bullet entered from the front,” writes Dubovoy, “and exited from behind,” although he could not help but know that the entrance bullet hole was smaller than the exit one. When the nurse of the Bogunsky regiment, Anna Rosenblum, wanted to change the first, very hasty bandage on the head of the already dead Shchors to a more accurate one, Dubovoy did not allow it. By order of Oak, the body of Shchors was sent for burial many thousands of miles away to Russia, to Samara, without a medical examination. Witness to the death of Shchors was not only Oak. Nearby were the commander of the Bogunsky regiment, Kazimir Kvyatek, and the authorized representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Pavel Tankhil-Tankhilevich, sent with an inspection by a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Semyon Aralov.
The likely perpetrator of the murder of the red commander is Pavel Samuilovich Tankhil-Tankhilevich. He was twenty-six years old, he was born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.
The exhumation of the body, carried out in 1949 in Kuibyshev during the reburial, confirmed that Nikolai Shchors was killed at close range by a shot in the back of the head (the analysis of the exhumation data took place after Stalin's death, with the approval of Khrushchev).
On July 27, 1919, brigade commander of the 44th division Anton Bogunsky was shot without trial or investigation. On August 11, 1919, near Rovno, during a mutiny, under unclear circumstances, Shchorsovite Timofey Chernyak, commander of the Novgorod-Seversk brigade, was killed. On August 21, 1919, Vasily Bozhenko, the commander of the Tarashcha brigade, died suddenly in Zhytomyr (according to some reports, he was poisoned, according to the official version, he died of pneumonia). All of them were the closest associates of Nikolai Shchors.
A family
Wife - Rostova-Shchors, Fruma Efimovna.
Daughter - Valentina Nikolaevna Shchors, married to the theoretical physicist I.M. Khalatnikov.
Memory
Monument to N. A. Shchors in Zhitomir (1932)
Memorial sign in honor of N. A. Shchors (1981) in Belgorod.
A monument was erected on the grave of Shchors in Kuibyshev (1953). Also in Kuibyshev in the 1980s, a granite bust of N. Shchors was installed.
Equestrian monument to Shchors in Kyiv (erected in 1954).
In the USSR, the publishing house "IZOGIZ" issued a postcard with the image of N. Shchors.
Released in 1944 Postage Stamp USSR dedicated to Shchors.
In 1935, the city of Snovsk, Chernihiv region, was renamed Shchors.
The village of Shchorsa in the Bratsk district of the Nikolaev region.
Shchorsovka villages in Zhytomyr, Poltava and Kherson regions.
The village of Shchorsovo in the Nikolaev and Odessa regions.
The urban-type settlement of Shchorsk in the Krinichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region.
Shchors is the former name of the village of Nauryzbai Batyr in the Akmola region of Kazakhstan.
In the city of Bryansk and Unecha, Bryansk region, a monument was erected to Shchors.
Streets in the following cities are named after him: Adler, Aznakayevo, Kaliningrad, Tula, Vladikavkaz, Velikie Luki, Abakan, Slavyansk-on-Kuban, Belgorod, Dzhankoy, Mineralnye Vody, Chernihiv, Kyiv, Simferopol, Zaporozhye, Konstantinovka, Lutsk, Nikolaev, Sumy , Khmelnitsky, Balakovo, Berdichev, Bykhov, Nakhodka, Novaya Kakhovka, Korosten, Krivoy Rog, Moscow, Ivanovo, Ivanteevka, Dnepropetrovsk, Baku, Yalta, Grodno, Dudinka, Kirov, Krasnoyarsk, Donetsk, Vinnitsa, Odessa, Orsk, Brest, Vitebsk , Podolsk, Voronezh, Krasnodar, Stavropol, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Minsk, Bryansk, Kalach-on-Don, Konotop, Izhevsk, Irpen, Tomsk, Zhitomir, Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Smolensk, Safonovo, Tver, Yeysk, Bogorodsk, Tyumen, Buzuluk, Saratov, Irkutsk, Engels, Chuguev, Saransk, Lugansk, Ryazan, Kuznetsk, Upper Pyshma, Astana, Novocherkassk, Taganrog, Kremenchug, Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region), Belaya Tserkov, Klintsy, Yaroslavl, Unecha, Izmail; a children's park in Samara (founded on the site of the former All Saints cemetery), a park in Lugansk.
From 1941 to 1991, the Small Avenue of the Petrograd side in St. Petersburg was called Shchors Avenue.
In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the city of Yakutsk, one of the lakes is named after Shchors.
The name was given to the Leningrad Military Medical School.
The name was given to the Zaporozhye Regional Ukrainian Music and Drama Theatre.
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1944
Monument at the grave of Shchors in Samara, erected in 1954
Equestrian monument to Shchors in Kyiv, erected in 1954 on Taras Shevchenko Boulevard
Monument to N. Shchors in Chernihiv
Until 1935, the name of Shchors was not widely known, even the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. In February 1935, presenting Alexander Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin, Stalin suggested that he make a film about the "Ukrainian Chapaev", which was done. Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors, schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. In 1936, Matvey Blanter (music) and Mikhail Golodny (lyrics) wrote "Song of Shchors":
The detachment was walking along the shore,
Went from afar
Went under the red flag
Regiment commander.
The head is tied
Blood on my sleeve
A trail of bloody creeps
On wet grass.
"Whose lads will you be,
Who will lead you into battle?
Who is under the red banner
Is the wounded man coming?"
"We are the sons of laborers,
We're for it new world,
Shchors goes under the banner -
Red commander.
In hunger and cold
His life has passed
But not in vain shed
His blood was.
Thrown behind the cordon
fierce enemy,
Tempered from youth
Honor is dear to us."
After the collapse Soviet Union Russian rock band "Mango-Mango" performed "Song of Shchors" with a modified text.
Bibliography
Dubovoi I. N. My memories of Shchors. - K .: On Varti, 1935.
Karpenko V. Shchors, M., 1974.
Civil war in Ukraine 1918-1920. Sat. documents and materials. T. 1 (book 1) - 2. Kyiv, 1967.
Bovtunov A. T. The knot of Slavic friendship. Essay on the collectives of enterprises of the Unecha railway junction. Publishing house of the Klintsov printing house, 1998. 307 p.
Julius Kim, Three stories from the cycle "Once upon a time Mikhailov ..." // "Continent" 2003, No. 117
Y. Safonov. A documentary story about the "mysterious" death of Nikolai Shchors // "Lenin's Banner" (now "Unechskaya Gazeta") No. 95-111 for 1991.
Who killed the legendary division commander Nikolai Shchors?
Russian empire
Ukrainian SSR
served as chief
Nikolai Shchors on a postcard from IZOGIZ, USSR
Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors(May 25 (June 6) - August 30) - second lieutenant, red commander, division commander during the Civil War in Russia. Member of the Communist Party since 1918, before that he was close to the Left SRs.
Biography
Youth
Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (from - the city of Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernihiv region of Ukraine). Born into the family of a wealthy peasant landowner (according to another version - from the family of a railway worker).
Civil War
In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October - November, he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German interventionists and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which captured Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov, repelling them from the troops of the Ukrainian directory .
On August 15, 1919, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 44th border division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming the 44th rifle division. On August 21, Shchors became her head, and Dubova became the deputy head of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.
The division, which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (on August 31, the city was taken by the Volunteer Army of General Denikin) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.
Doom studies
The official version that Shchors died in battle from a bullet of a Petlyura machine gunner began to be criticized with the onset of the “thaw” of the 1960s.
Initially, the researchers charged the murder of the commander only with the commander of the Kharkov military district, Ivan Dubovoi, who during the Civil War was Nikolai Shchors's deputy in the 44th division. The 1935 collection “Legendary Chief Division” contains the testimony of Ivan Dubovoy: “The enemy opened heavy machine-gun fire and, I especially remember, showed“ dashing ”one machine gun at the railway booth ... Shchors took binoculars and began to look where the machine-gun fire came from. But a moment passed, and the binoculars from the hands of Shchors fell to the ground, Shchors' head too ... ". The head of the mortally wounded Shchors was bandaged by Oak. Shchors died in his arms. “The bullet entered from the front,” writes Dubovoy, “and exited from behind,” although he could not help but know that the entrance bullet hole was smaller than the exit one. When the nurse of the Bogunsky regiment, Anna Rosenblum, wanted to change the first, very hasty bandage on the head of the already dead Shchors to a more accurate one, Dubovoy did not allow it. By order of Oak, Shchors' body was sent without a medical examination to be prepared for burial. Witness to the death of Shchors was not only Oak. Nearby were the commander of the Bogunsky regiment, Kazimir Kvyatyk, and the authorized representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Pavel Tankhil-Tankhilevich, sent with an inspection by a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Semyon Aralov, a protege of Trotsky. He was twenty-six years old, he was born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.
The exhumation of the body, carried out in 1949 in Kuibyshev during the reburial, confirmed that he was killed at close range by a shot in the back of the head. Near Rovno, Shchorsovite Timofey Chernyak, the commander of the Novgorod-Seversky regiment, was later killed. Then Vasily Bozhenko, the brigade commander, died. He was poisoned
December 11th, 2013
So the country knew Nikolai Shchors from the mid-1930s. IZOGIZ postcard.
In the Soviet Union, his name was a legend. All over the country, schoolchildren in the classroom learned a song about how "the commander of the regiment walked under the red banner, his head was wounded, blood on his sleeve ..." She is about Shchors, the illustrious hero of the Civil War. Or, to put it modern language, a field commander who fought on the side of the Bolsheviks.
Under the Democrats, the attitude towards Shchors changed. Today's students almost never heard of him. And those who are older know that the "red commander" was a Ukrainian from Snovsk (now the city of Shchors, Chernihiv region). After the outbreak of the First World War, he underwent accelerated officer courses and, with the rank of ensign, ended up on the South-Western Front. He rose to the rank of lieutenant.
After establishing Soviet power Shchors became the commander of the First Red Ukrainian Regiment.
It is difficult to judge his military leadership talents: in the very first major clash with Denikin's regular army, Shchors was defeated, and died in October 1919 near the Beloshnitsy station. He was twenty-four years old.
But that's not the whole story...
In the same days, another legendary painter, Vasily Chapaev, who survived Shchors by five days, died in the Urals. He became more famous - rather because the film "Chapaev" with the brilliant Boris Babochkin came out earlier and was more talented than the film "Shchors". (you can see it at the end of the post)
Such, in sum, is a sketchy and fragmentary assessment of the personality of Nikolai Shchors, gleaned from Moscow publications.
SHOT TO THE NECK
That's what writes Matvey SOTNIKOV: I learned about the fate of Shchors from his grandson on the maternal side - Alexander Alekseevich Drozdov. He had a solid journalistic experience, the rank of lieutenant colonel and twenty-one years of service in the KGB. He spent eight of them in Tokyo, combining the work of a journalist under the roof of a correspondent. Komsomolskaya Pravda”and a Soviet intelligence officer. Then he returned home, in 1988-1990 he worked as the executive editor of Komsomolskaya Pravda, and then headed the newspaper of the Russian parliament - the weekly Rossiya.
Once, when we were on a business trip in Kyiv, Drozdov began to talk about Shchors and some family traditions, and already in Moscow he showed materials on this topic. So in my mind the image of the "Ukrainian Chapaev" (Stalin's definition) received a new interpretation.
... Nikolai Shchors was buried at the Orthodox All Saints cemetery in Samara - away from Ukraine. Prior to this, the body, without an autopsy and medical examination, was transported to Korosten, and from there by a funeral train to Klintsy, where a farewell ceremony was held for relatives and colleagues with the division commander.
Shchors was transported to the final resting place by a freight train in a zinc coffin. Before, in Klintsy, the body was embalmed. The doctors lowered him into a cool solution of table salt. Buried at night, hastily. In fact - secretly, avoiding publicity.
The common-law wife of Shchors, an employee of the Cheka, Fruma Khaikina, wrote in 1935: “... The soldiers, like children, cried at his coffin. These were difficult times for the young Soviet republic. The enemy, who felt that death was near, made his last desperate efforts. The brutal gangs brutally dealt not only with living fighters, but also mocked the corpses of the dead. We could not leave Shchors to be abused by the enemy ... The political department of the army forbade Shchors to be buried in threatened areas. With the coffin of a friend, we went north. The body, placed in a zinc coffin, had a permanent guard of honor. We decided to bury him in Samara" (collection "Legendary Commander", 1935).
The reason why the command took such measures became known only in 1949 after the exhumation of the body. It has been thirty years since the death of Shchors. The surviving veterans sent a letter to Moscow in which they were indignant at the disappearance of the commander's grave. The Kuibyshev authorities received a scolding, and in order to smooth the blame, they urgently created a commission that got down to business.
The first attempt to find the Shchors burial place was made in the spring of 1936, the excavations were carried out by the NKVD Directorate for a month. The second attempt took place in May 1939, but it also turned out to be unsuccessful.
The place where the grave was located was indicated by a casual witness of the funeral - citizen Ferapontov. In 1919, while still a homeless boy, he helped the cemetery watchman. Thirty years later, on May 5, he brought the members of the commission to the territory of the cable plant and there, after a long time thinking, he indicated an approximate square where the search should be conducted. As it turned out later, Shchors' grave was covered with a half-meter layer of rubble.
The commission found that “on the territory of the Kuibyshev cable plant (former Orthodox cemetery), 3 meters from the right corner of the western facade of the electrical workshop, a grave was found in which the body of N. A. Shchors was buried in September 1919.”
On July 10, 1949, the coffin with the remains of Shchors was transferred to the main alley of the Kuibyshev cemetery, a few years later a granite monument was erected on the grave, to which wreaths and flowers were laid on the red days of the calendar. Pioneers and Komsomol members came here, who did not suspect that the truth about his death was buried along with the remains of Shchors.
Monument to Nikolai Shchors in Kiev.
Let us turn to the official document: “At the first moment after removing the lid of the coffin, the general contours of the head of the corpse with the hair, mustache and beard characteristic of Shchors were clearly distinguishable. The mark left by a gauze bandage in the form of a wide sinking strip running across the forehead and along the cheeks was also clearly visible on the head. Immediately after removing the lid of the coffin, in front of those present characteristics due to the free access of air, they began to change rapidly, turned into a shapeless mass of a monotonous structure ... "
Forensic experts determined that the damage to the skull was "caused by a bullet from a rifled firearm." She entered the back of the head, and exited at the crown of the head. And here's the most important thing: "The shot was fired at close range, presumably 5-10 steps."
Consequently, Shchors was shot by someone who was nearby, and not at all by the Petliura machine gunner, as it was reproduced many times in the "canonical" books and the feature film. Really ... someone of your own?
OAK AND KVYATEK
Now is the time to turn to the memories of eyewitnesses of that battle. In 1935, the collection "Legendary Chief Division" saw the light of day. Among the memoirs of relatives and friends is the testimony of the person in whose arms Shchors died - Ivan Dubovoy, assistant commander of the Kyiv military district.
He reports: “August 1919 comes to mind. I was appointed deputy commander of the Shchors division. It was near Korosten. Then it was the only bridgehead in Ukraine, where the red banner victoriously fluttered. We were
surrounded by enemies: on the one hand - the Galician-Petliura troops, on the other - Denikin's troops, on the third - the White Poles squeezed tighter and tighter the ring around the division, which by this time had received the numbering of the 44th.
And further: “Shchors and I arrived at the Bogun brigade of Bongardt. In the regiment commanded by comrade. Kvyatek (now commander-commissar of the 17th corps). We drove up to the village of Beloshitsy, where our fighters lay in chains, preparing for the offensive.
“The enemy opened heavy machine-gun fire,” says Dubova, “and especially, I remember, one machine gun at the railway booth showed “dashing”. This machine gun forced us to lie down, because the bullets literally dug the ground around us.
When we lay down, Shchors turned his head to me and said.
Vanya, watch how the machine gunner shoots accurately.
After that, Shchors took binoculars and began to look where the machine-gun fire was coming from. But in a moment, the binoculars fell out of Shchors' hands, fell to the ground, and Shchors' head too. I called out to him:
Nicholas!
But he didn't respond. Then I crawled up to him and began to look. I see blood on the back of my head. I took off his cap - the bullet hit the left temple and exited the back of the head. Fifteen minutes later, Shchors, without regaining consciousness, died in my arms.
So, we see that the person in whose hands Shchors died is deliberately lying, misleading readers about the direction of the bullet's flight. Such a free interpretation of the facts makes one think.
The commander of the 2nd rank Ivan Dubova himself was shot in 1937 on the then standard charge of "treason." The collection "Legendary Chief Division" ended up on the shelf of the special guard.
During the investigation, Dubovoy made a shocking confession, stating that the murder of Shchors was his doing. Explaining the motives for the crime, he stated that he had killed the division commander out of personal hatred and the desire to take his place himself.
The interrogation protocol of December 3, 1937 says: “When Shchors turned his head to me and said this phrase (“the Galicians have a good machine gun, damn it”), I shot him in the head with a revolver and hit his temple. The then commander of the 388th rifle regiment Kvyatek, who was lying next to Shchors, shouted: “Shchors was killed!” I crawled up to Shchors, and he was in my arms, after 10-15 minutes, without regaining consciousness, he died.
In addition to the recognition of Dubovoy himself, Kazimir Kvyatek made similar accusations against him on March 14, 1938, who wrote a statement from the Lefortovo prison addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Yezhov, where he indicated that he directly suspected Dubovoy of the murder of Shchors.
Despite such revelations, no one has charged Dubovoy with the murder of Shchors. Moreover, the recognition did not have any consequences at all and for many years lay on the shelves of the state security archives.
ANOTHER CANDIDATE
Researcher Nikolai Zenkovich, one of the largest specialists in historical mysteries, spent a lot of time searching for the printed works of the former commander of the Bogunsky regiment. No trace. And suddenly, when the last hope seemed to have disappeared, in the filing of the Ukrainian newspaper Kommunist for March 1935, the stubborn historian discovered a small note signed by the person he was looking for.
So, Kazimir Kvyatek writes: “August 30 at dawn, the enemy launched an offensive on the left flank of the front, covering Korosten ... The headquarters of the Bogunsky regiment was then in Mogilny. I went to the left flank to the village of Beloshitsa. By phone I was warned that the headquarters of the regiment in the village. Mogilnoye arrived head of division comrade. Shchors, his deputy comrade. Oak and the representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army Comrade. Tankhil-Tankhilevich. I reported on the situation by phone ... After a while, Comrade. Shchors and those accompanying him drove up to our front line ... We lay down. Tov. Shchors raised his head, took binoculars to look. At that moment, an enemy bullet hit him ... "
In March 1989, the newspaper "Radyanska Ukraina" directly pointed to the criminal who shot Shchors with the sanction of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. The authors of the publication managed to get some information about him. Tankhil-Tankhilevich Pavel Samuilovich. Twenty six years old. Originally from Odessa. Dandy. Graduated from high school. He spoke quite fluently in French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army.
Two months after the death of Shchors, he hastily disappears from Ukraine and is announced on the Southern Front, already as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.
The investigation was continued by Rabochaya Gazeta, published in Kyiv. She published downright sensational material - excerpts from the memoirs of Major General Sergei Ivanovich Petrikovsky (Petrenko), written back in 1962, but not published for reasons of Soviet censorship. At the time of Shchors' death, he commanded the Separate Cavalry Brigade of the 44th Army - and, it turns out, also accompanied the division commander to the front line.
“August 30,” the general reports, “Shchors, Dubovoi, I and the political inspector from the 12th Army were about to leave for units along the front. Shchors' car seems to have been repaired. Decided to use my … Left 30 afternoon. Casso (the driver) and I are in the front, Shchors, Oak and the political inspector are in the back seat. At the site of the Bogun brigade, Shchors decided to linger. We agreed that I would go by car to Ushomir and from there I would send a car for them. And then they will come to Ushomir to the cavalry brigade and take me back to Korosten.
Arriving in Ushomir, I sent a car for them, but a few minutes later they were told by the field telephone that Shchors had been killed ... I rode on horseback to Korosten, where they took him.
The driver Kasso drove the already dead Shchors to Korosten. In addition to Dubovoy and the nurse, a lot of people were clinging to the car, obviously - commanders and fighters.
I saw Shchors in his carriage. He was lying on the couch, his head was helplessly bandaged. For some reason, Oak was in my carriage. He gave the impression of an excited person, repeated several times how the death of Shchors happened, thought about it, looked out the window of the car for a long time. His behavior then seemed normal to me for a man next to whom his comrade was suddenly killed. I didn’t like only one thing ... Dubovoy began to tell several times, trying to give a humorous tinge to his story, when he heard the words of a Red Army soldier lying on the right: “What kind of bastard is shooting from a livorvert? ..” A spent cartridge case fell on the Red Army soldier’s head. The political inspector fired from the Browning, according to Dubovoy. Even parting for the night, he again told me how the political inspector fired at the enemy at such a great distance ... "
The general is convinced that the shot that killed Shchors was fired after the Red artillery smashed the railway booth behind which he was located to pieces.
“During the firing of an enemy machine gun,” the general reports, “near Shchors, Dubovoy lay down on one side, and on the other, a political inspector. Who is on the right and who is on the left - I have not yet established, but it no longer matters much. I still think that it was the political inspector who shot, not Dubovoy. But without the assistance of Oak, the murder could not have happened ... Only relying on the assistance of the authorities in the person of the deputy Shchors - Oak, on the support of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, the criminal committed this terrorist act.
I think that Dubovoi became an unwitting accomplice, perhaps even believing that this was for the good of the revolution. How many such cases do we know! I knew Dubovoy, and not only from the civil war. He seemed like an honest man to me. But he also seemed weak-willed to me, without special talents. He was nominated, and he wanted to be nominated. That's why I think he was made an accomplice. And he did not have the courage to prevent the murder.
Bandaged the head of the dead Shchors right there, on the battlefield, personally Oak himself. When the nurse of the Bogunsky Regiment Rosenblum Anna Anatolyevna (now she lives in Moscow) offered to bandage more carefully, Dubovoi did not allow her. By order of Oak, the body of Shchors was sent without a medical examination for farewell and burial ... "
It is obvious that Dubovoy could not help but know that the bullet "exit" hole is always larger than the "inlet". Therefore, apparently, he forbade removing the bandages.
A member of the RVS of the 12th Army was Semyon Aralov, confidant Leon Trotsky. He twice wanted to remove the "indomitable partisan" and "enemy of the regular troops", as they called Shchors, but he was afraid of the revolt of the Red Army.
After an inspection trip to Shchors, which lasted no more than three hours, Semyon Aralov turned to Trotsky with a convincing request to find a new division chief - just not from the locals, because the "Ukrainians" are all as one "with kulak sentiments." In a response cipher, the Demon of the Revolution ordered a strict purge and "refreshment" of the command staff. A conciliatory policy is unacceptable. Any measures are good. You have to start from the head.
By all appearances, Aralov was zealous in fulfilling the instructions of his formidable master. In his manuscript "In Ukraine 40 years ago (1919)" he involuntarily let slip: "Unfortunately, persistence in personal behavior led Shchors to an untimely death."
Yes, about discipline. During the reorganization of the armed forces of Red Ukraine, the Shchors division was supposed to be transferred to the Southern Front. This, in particular, was insisted by the People's Commissar of the Republic for Military and Naval Affairs Podvoisky. Substantiating his proposal in a memorandum addressed to the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Ulyanov-Lenin dated June 15, he emphasized that, having been in parts of the 1st Army, he finds the only combat division on this front, Shchors, which includes the most well-coordinated regiments.
Yevgeny Samoilov as "Ukrainian Chapaev" Nikolai Shchors
In the Soviet Union, five monuments to the legendary commander were erected and the same number of Shchors museums were opened. Comrade Stalin called him "Ukrainian Chapaev", director Alexander Dovzhenko dedicated a film to him, writer Semyon Sklyarenko - the trilogy "Way to Kyiv", and composer Boris Lyatoshinsky - "nominal" opera.
ORIGIN
However, the most, undoubtedly, the most famous artistic embodiment of Shchors was the work of the songwriter Mikhail Golodny (Mikhail Semyonovich Epshtein) “The Song of Shchors”. The people called her by the first lines: "There was a detachment along the shore."
The old station of Snovsk, since 1935 - the city of Shchors. Not used for its intended purpose, episodes of the film "Heavy Sand" were filmed here
After the death of the Soviet Union, the pendulum swung the other way. It got to the point that in 1991, one fat Moscow magazine, in all seriousness, claimed that there was no mention of Shchors.
Allegedly, the origin of the myth began with the famous meeting between Stalin and artists in March 1935. It was then, at that meeting, that the leader turned to Alexander Dovzhenko with the question: “Why do the Russian people have the hero Chapaev and a film about the hero, but Ukrainian people there is no such hero?
Thus began the legend...
The squad was walking along the shore,
Walked from afar
Went under the red flag
Regiment commander.
The head is tied
Blood on my sleeve
A trail of bloody creeps
On wet grass.
"Whose lads will you be,
Who is leading you into battle?
Who is under the red banner
Is the wounded man coming?"
"We are the sons of laborers,
We are for a new world
Shchors goes under the banner -
Red commander.
The time of its creation is 1936. It should be noted, however, that poetry were written a year earlier. At first the poet showed them to the composer Ivan Shishov, and he composed to them music.
Mikhail Golodny
The authors presented their song on the competition. Without waiting for the results of the competition, the newspaper decided to publish it. And in the issue of July 31, 1935, under the heading "Competition for the best song" were placed the words and notes"Songs about the Shchors detachment".
But this song did not receive recognition. Then M. Golodny turned with his poems to the composer M. Blanter.
Mikhail Golodny
Matvey Blanter
The music composed by Blanter surprisingly coincided in mood with the figurative fabric of the verses, thanks to it the song gained wings, it was sung everywhere.
The "Song of Shchors" became widespread in the army amateur art groups, which became its main popularizers and propagandists.
Soon she was recorded on a gramophone record.
Mark Reizen
This song owes a lot to the outstanding Soviet singer, People's Artist of the USSR Mark Osipovich Reizen. Having performed it for the first time during the celebration of the 20th anniversary of October at the solemn concert at the Bolshoi Theater, he performed with her with great success for many years, and after the war he recorded on a record with chorus and orchestra All-Union radio governed by V. Knushevitsky.
But let's continue with our story...
"N. A. Shchors in the battle near Chernigov. Artist N. Samokish, 1938
Shchors' father, Alexander Nikolaevich, was a native of Belarusian peasants. In search of a better life, he moved from the Minsk province to the small Ukrainian village of Snovsk. From here he was taken to the imperial army.
Returning to Snovsk, Alexander Nikolayevich got a job at the local railway depot. In August 1894, he married his countrywoman, Alexandra Mikhailovna Tabelchuk, and in the same year he built his own house.
Shchors knew the Tabelchuk family for a long time, since its head, Mikhail Tabelchuk, led an artel of Belarusians who worked in the Chernihiv region. At one time, Alexander Shchors also included in its composition.
The future division commander Nikolai Shchors quickly learned to read and write - at the age of six he already knew how to read and write tolerably. In 1905 he entered the parochial school.
And a year later, a great grief happened in the Shchorsov family - being pregnant with her sixth child, her mother, Alexandra Mikhailovna, died of bleeding. This happened when she was in her small homeland, in Stolbtsy (modern Minsk region). She was also buried there.
Six months after the death of his wife, the head of the Shchorsov family remarried. His new chosen one was Maria Konstantinovna Podbelo. From this marriage, Nikolai had two half-brothers, Grigory and Boris, and three half-sisters - Zinaida, Raisa and Lydia.
THERE WAS NO SEMINARIES!
In 1909, Nikolai graduated from high school and the following year, together with his brother Konstantin, he entered the Kyiv military paramedic school. Her pupils were fully supported by the state.
Shchors studied conscientiously and four years later, in July 1914, he received a diploma of a medical assistant and the rights of a volunteer of the 2nd category.
“The whole problem was that after leaving the school, Shchors was obliged to serve at least three years as a paramedic,” according to the UNECHAonline website. - Shchors, we recall, graduated from college in 1914. At the same time, as stated in a number of sources, in order to avoid the mandatory three-year medical service, he decides to falsify and forwards in his diploma (certificate) the date of graduation from the medical assistant school from 1914 to 1912, which gives him the right already in 1915 to be released from the status volunteer.
The archives of the Unecha Museum have an electronic copy of this certificate, from which it really follows that Shchors entered the school on August 15, 1910 and graduated in June 1912. However, the number "2" is somewhat unnatural, and it is very likely that it really was forwarded from the four.
As "authoritatively" stated in some sources, Shchors studied at the Poltava Teacher's Seminary - from September 1911 to March 1915. There is a clear inconsistency. So we can conclude: Shchors did not study at the seminary, and the certificate of graduation is fake.
“In favor of this version,” UNECHAonline writes, “may be evidenced by the fact that in August 1918, Shchors, when submitting documents for admission to the medical faculty of Moscow University, among other papers, presented a certificate of graduation from the Poltava Seminary, which, in contrast from the certificate of completion of the 4th grade of the paramedic school, gave the right to enter the university.
So this evidence, a copy of which is also in the Unecha museum, was apparently corrected by Shchors just for presentation to Moscow University.
WHOSE BADS WILL YOU BE?
After studying, Nikolai was assigned to the troops of the Vilna military district, which became front-line with the outbreak of the First World War. As part of the 3rd Light Artillery Battalion, Shchors was sent near Vilna, where he was wounded in one of the battles and was sent for treatment.
Ensign of the Russian Imperial Army Nikolai Shchors
In 1915, Shchors was already among the cadets of the Vilna Military School, evacuated to Poltava, where non-commissioned officers and warrant officers, due to the martial law, began to be trained according to a shortened four-month program. In 1916, Shchors successfully completed the course of a military school and, with the rank of ensign, left for the rear troops in Simbirsk.
In the fall of 1916, the young officer was transferred to serve in the 335th Anapa Regiment of the 84th Infantry Division. Southwestern Front, where Shchors rose to the rank of second lieutenant.
At the end of 1917, a short military career broke off abruptly. His health failed - Shchors fell ill (almost an open form of tuberculosis) and after a short treatment in Simferopol on December 30, 1917, he was discharged due to unsuitability for further service.
Being out of work, Nikolai Shchors at the end of 1917 decides to return home. The estimated time of his appearance in Snovsk is January of the eighteenth year. By this time, the country, which had fallen apart, had undergone tremendous changes. In Ukraine, at the same time, an independent Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed.
Around the spring of 1918, the period of creation begins combat unit headed by Nikolai Shchors. In the history of the civil war, in its red chronicle, it entered under the name of the Bogunsky regiment.
On August 1, 1919, near Rovno, during a mutiny, Timofey Chernyak, commander of the Novgorod-Seversk brigade, was killed under unclear circumstances.
On August 21 of the same year, Vasily Bozhenko, the commander of the Tarashchan brigade, suddenly died in Zhytomyr. It is alleged that he was poisoned - according to the official version, he died of pneumonia.
The grave of Nikolai Shchors in the city of Samara. At the Kuibyshevkabel plant, where his first grave was located, a bust of the legendary commander was erected
Both commanders were the closest associates of Nikolai Shchors.
Until 1935, his name was not widely known; even the Great Soviet Encyclopedia of the first edition did not mention him. In February 1935, when presenting the Order of Lenin to Alexander Dovzhenko at a meeting of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Stalin suggested that the director create a film about the "Ukrainian Chapaev."
Shchors you know?
Think about it.
Soon, the personal artistic and political order was masterfully executed. main role Yevgeny Samoilov played brilliantly in the film.
Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors. Schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. As mentioned at the beginning, Matvey Blanter and Mikhail Golodny in the same 1935 wrote the famous “Song of Shchors”.
In hunger and cold
His life has passed
But not in vain shed
His blood was.
Thrown behind the cordon
fierce enemy,
Tempered from youth
Honor is dear to us.
The parental home of Nikolai Shchors in Snovsk
Like many field commanders, Nikolai Shchors was only a "bargaining chip" in the hands of the mighty of the world this. He died at the hands of those for whom their own ambitions and political goals were more important than human lives.
As a former member of the Revolutionary Military Council said Ukrainian front E. Shchadenko, “only enemies could tear Shchors away from the division, into whose consciousness he had grown roots. And they tore it off." However, the truth about the death of Nikolai Shchors still made its way.
or about what Kolchak quite the same. And of course, in the light of the current topic, I cannot but remind you of The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -May 25, 1895 - August 30, 1919
red commander, commander of the Civil War in Russia
Biography
Youth
Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (since 1924 - Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernihiv region of Ukraine). Born into the family of a wealthy peasant landowner (according to another version - from the family of a railway worker).
In 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv. At the end of the year, the Russian Empire entered the First World War. Nikolai went to the front first as a military paramedic.
In 1916, 21-year-old Shchors was sent to a four-month accelerated course in Vilna military school, which by that time had been evacuated to Poltava. Then a junior officer on the Southwestern Front. As part of the 335th Anapa infantry regiment 84th Infantry Division of the Southwestern Front, Shchors spent almost three years. During the war, Nikolai fell ill with tuberculosis, and on December 30, 1917 (after the October Revolution of 1917), Lieutenant Shchors was released from military service due to illness and left for his native farm.
Civil War
In February 1918, in Korzhovka, Shchors created a Red Guard partisan detachment, in March - April he commanded a united detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st revolutionary army, participated in battles with German invaders.
In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October - November, he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German interventionists and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which captured Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov, repelling them from the troops of the Ukrainian directory .
On February 5, 1919, he was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary weapon.
From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shchors commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a swift offensive, recaptured Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the area of Sarny - Rovno - Brody - Proskurov, and then in the summer of 1919 defended in the region of Sarny - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of the Polish Republic and the Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the east under pressure from superior forces.
From August 21, 1919 - commander of the 44th Infantry Division (the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division joined it), which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (August 31, captured by Denikin's troops) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th army.
On August 30, 1919, while in the forward chains of the Bogunsky regiment, in a battle against the 7th brigade of the II Corps of the UGA near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine), Shchors was killed under unclear circumstances. He was shot in the back of the head at close range, presumably from 5-10 paces.