Chapter II
C6 - WRITING A HISTORICAL ESSAY: PORTRAIT OF A HISTORICAL PERSON

In 2012, the Unified State Examination in History included a new type of assignment for position C6 - writing a historical essay in the form of a portrait of a historical figure. It will not only be the most complex view work, but will also give the greatest opportunity to test the knowledge of students, their level of preparedness from different angles. The graduate will be asked to choose one of the three historical figures indicated in the assignment and write his historical portrait.

In their response, the student must indicate:

1) the lifetime of a historical figure, but an exact indication of the years of life is not required (for example, P.D. Kiselev - the time of active activity in the 1830s–1840s under Nicholas I; for rulers, it will be enough to indicate the period of reign);

2) main activities historical figure(events, achievements, etc.);

3) the main results of the activity of a historical personality.

The maximum score for C6 is 5 points. It is assumed that this task will be evaluated criteria:

It should be taken into account that in the case when the answer correctly indicates the lifetime of a historical figure or there is no indication of the lifetime (criterion K1), and the facts used in characterizing the main areas of activity (criterion K2) significantly distort the meaning of the answer and indicate a misunderstanding by the graduate of the era in which the historical figure lived, the answer is estimated 0 points(according to all criteria is set 0 points).

Since the task involves a free-form answer, it should be remembered that the basis of any scientific essay is the logical pair "thesis-argument", that is, when not only an idea is formulated, but also arguments are given in its defense. One argument is just a single example, an illustration. A thesis can be called justified when several arguments are given. It is highly desirable to use specific facts as evidence, and not just an authoritative opinion (especially an evaluative one).

Thus, the historical essay acquires a ring structure (the number of theses and arguments depends on the topic, the chosen plan, the logic of the development of thought):

• introduction;
• thesis, arguments;
• thesis, arguments;
• thesis, arguments;
• conclusion.

For example, when characterizing Catherine II, one can indicate that one of the areas of her activity was the peasant question. Catherine II condemned the cruelty of serfdom more than once. She held a competition of the Free Economic Society on the question of whether peasants should own real estate, raised the question of the position of peasants before the Legislative Commission, prepared a Letter of Complaint to state peasants, but did not publish it. In practice, during her reign, the situation of the peasants became even more difficult, serfdom was extended to Ukraine. A number of historians believe that Catherine wanted to alleviate the situation of the peasants, but did not dare to do so, fearing the resistance of the nobility, others believe that her reasoning about the perniciousness of serfdom was hypocrisy.

In any case, not the opinions of historians or a graduate will be evaluated, but their evidence, i.e. facts and arguments.

If, for example, when characterizing Ivan IV, the thesis is expressed that he “strengthened autocracy” or “weakened his power”, then in order to recognize such statements as results of activity, arguments (facts, directions, events, achievements, etc.) .). To get the maximum score, the graduate must mark as the abolition of feeding, the creation of orders, military reform, the transfer of local government into the hands of elected officials - for the period The chosen one is glad, as well as mass executions of service people, the subordination of the church to state power as a result of the actions of Metropolitan Philip, the liquidation of the Staritsky inheritance, the release of the sovereign from the need to "consult" with the boyars and the metropolitan - as a result of the oprichnina, thereby indicating the inconsistency of the results of Ivan IV's activities at different stages reign.

It should be borne in mind that in order to obtain the maximum score for criterion No. 2, all the main areas and results of activities should be indicated. For example, if, when characterizing Dmitry Donskoy, it is indicated that he repelled Lithuanian aggression; fought for the strengthening of Moscow; built a stone Kremlin, but his struggle with the Horde and victory in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) will not be indicated, then such an answer will not receive the maximum score according to criterion No. 2.

A graduate should avoid factual errors, because even if these errors do not lead to a distortion of the answer (for example, a small error in the dates of any events), there will still be a loss of points.

An examinee, when choosing a historical figure to write his historical portrait in the form of a short essay, must be aware that the number of directions, events, facts, results, etc. required in the answer can vary greatly in volume to obtain the maximum score for task C6. It is advisable to choose a historical figure, in the disclosure of whose activities the graduate will be able to better show his knowledge, erudition, and creative abilities.

Work on writing a historical essay must begin with a draft. Students sometimes do not know what a draft is, and write it as a "white" (final) version of the work: the same densely written sheet, without margins and icons - the only difference is that it is written carelessly. Such a draft does not leave room for improving the text, polishing thoughts, and does not provide an opportunity to work creatively. “Incorrect” drafts are suitable for works of a compiling nature, which, in turn, when repeated many times, form a panic fear of independent expression.

As a rule, assessments of the activities of historical figures are problematic, sometimes debatable. It is useful to write down everything that you may need in a draft and free form: concepts, contradictions, associations, quotations, examples, theses, opinions, arguments, names, events. In a word, “give yourself free rein”, write down everything that seems necessary, interesting, related to the topic. For example, if M.M. Speransky, then in the draft it is necessary to briefly write down the main provisions that can characterize his activities:

1. Vigorous activity under Alexander I - from about 1807 to 1812; under Nicholas I in the second half of the 1820s - 1830s. supervised the codification of the Fundamental State Laws Russian Empire.


2. Main activities:
   a) the development of liberal reforms of the system of state power (the idea of ​​giving Russia a Constitution with the preservation of autocracy; separation of powers; elective administrative and executive bodies, etc.);
   b) weakening the role of the court nobility and strengthening the requirements for bureaucracy;
   c) an attempt to develop a reform to change the class structure of Russia;
   d) codification of legislation (work in the II branch of the SE-IVK).


3. Main results of activity:
   a) adoption of decrees on court ranks and examinations for rank;
   b) creation of the State Council (1810);
   c) publishing Complete collection Laws of the Russian Empire" and "Code of Laws".


4. Conclusion - a huge role in the development of a liberal reform project in the first period of the reign of Alexander I, but which was not implemented in its main provisions.

The next stage is to put all this "chaos" in order, build arguments, facts, theoretical positions, concepts, terms in a logical sequence. The most important parts of the work are the introduction and conclusion. The introduction focuses on the chronological framework vigorous activity historical personality, concentratedly indicates its characteristics (the position of the figure, key directions and results). The conclusion should be the most vivid thought, summing up, summarizing all the reasoning, the highlighted directions, the facts, events, arguments, results of the activity.

Students need to know about the meaning of highlighting paragraphs, the role of red lines, the logical connection of paragraphs: this is how the integrity of the work is achieved. Attention should also be paid to the style of presentation. You should also observe the norms of the literary Russian language.

When characterizing a historical figure, you can use the following algorithm:

1) the time of the activity of a historical person (approximate chronological framework; time of reign; rulers under whom the activity took place, etc.);

2) social origin (the conditions in which the character, views were formed; the influence of the environment or circumstances of life on the formation of the personality);

3) goals and features of activities, representation of the interests of social groups;

4) personal qualities and the degree of their influence on the activities of a historical personality;

5) main activities (events, achievements, etc.);

6) the means and methods that were used to achieve the goals, their compliance with the requirements of the time;

7) main results of activity; reasons for success (failure);

8) role and significance in history (the influence of a historical person and his activities on the further course of events).

It is a difficult task to write a qualitative portrait of a historical figure. Learning how to work with this type of assignment requires considerable time and effort, therefore it is recommended to work out this area of ​​preparation for the exam during grades 10–11, as you progress through the topics of the historical course.

Writing a historical essay is the most difficult task of the exam in history. Meanwhile, task C6 is a valuable tool for measuring the level of historical preparation of students. The systematic use of this form of work in the classroom and outside of school hours will contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives facing modern school history education.

Approximate list of historical figures

(Historical figures are in italics, the probability of their appearance in the KIMs and the Unified State Examination in history is unlikely.
For monarchs, the chronological framework of their reign is indicated in brackets.)

I. Rus' in the 9th - early 12th centuries.

1. Rurik (862–879)
2. Oleg (879–912)
3. Igor (912–945)
4. Princess Olga (945–969)
5. Svyatoslav Igorevich (964–972)
6. Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (980–1015)
7. Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054)
8. Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125)
9. Mstislav the Great (1125–1132)

II. Russian lands and principalities in the 12th - mid-15th centuries.

1. Yuri Dolgoruky (1125–1157)
2. Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1174)
3. Vsevolod III the Big Nest (1176–1212)
4. Batu Khan (Mongolian commander and statesman, military leader of the campaign to the West in 1236–1242, ruler of the Golden Horde)
5. Alexander Nevsky (1252–1263)
6. Daniel Alexandrovich (1276–1303)
7. Yuri Danilovich (1303–1325)
8. Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325–1340)
9. Semyon the Proud (1340–1353)
10. Ivan II the Red (1353–1359)
11. Dmitry Donskoy (1359–1389)
12. Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389–1425)
13. Vasily II the Dark (1425–1462)
14. Theophanes the Greek (icon painter, second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries)
15. Andrei Rublev (icon painter, active in the first quarter of the 15th century)
16. Sergius of Radonezh (monk, representative of the Russian Orthodox Church XIV century).

III. Russian state in the second half of the XV - XVI centuries.

1. Ivan III (1462–1505)
2. Basil III (1505–1533)
3. Elena Glinskaya (1533–1538)
4. Ivan IV the Terrible (1533–1584)
5. Fyodor Ivanovich (1584–1598)
6. A.F. Adashev (member of the Chosen Rada; 1548–1560)
7. Dionysius (icon painter of the second half of the 15th century)
8. Joseph Volotsky (representative of the Russian Orthodox Church in the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries)

IV. Russia at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries.

1. Boris Godunov (1598–1605)
2. False Dmitry I (1605–1606)
3. Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610)
4. False Dmitry II (" Tushinsky thief”, activity in 1606–1610)
5. Ivan Bolotnikov (leader of the uprising 1606–1607)
6. D.M. Pozharsky (leader of the II militia during the Time of Troubles)
7. K M. Minin (head of the II militia during the Time of Troubles)
8. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613–1645)
9. Alexei Mikhailovich (1645–1676)
10. Fedor Alekseevich (1676–1682)
11. Princess Sophia (regent in 1682–1689)
12. Patriarch Nikon (carrying out church reform in the 1650s–1660s)
13. A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin (statesman under Alexei Mikhailovich)
14. S.T. Razin (leader of the uprising 1667–1671)
15. V.V. Golitsyn (favorite of Princess Sophia)
16. Simon Ushakov (17th century icon painter)
17. Simeon of Polotsk (cultural figure of the 17th century)

V. Russia at the end of the 17th - 18th centuries.

1. Peter I (1682–1725)
2. Catherine I (1725–1727)
3. Peter II (1727–1730)
4. Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740)
5. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741–1761)
6. Peter III (1761–1762)
7. Catherine II (1762–1796)
8. Paul I (1796–1801)
9. HELL. Menshikov (statesman 1700–1720s)
10. E.I Biron(favorite of Anna Ioannovna)
11. A.V. Suvorov (commander of the second half of XVIII V.)
12. E.I. Pugachev (leader of the Peasants' War of 1773–1775)
13. M.V. Lomonosov (cultural figure of the 17th century)

VI. Russia in the first half of the 19th century

1. Alexander I (1801–1825)
2. Nicholas I (1825–1855)
3. MM. Speransky (statesman under Alexander I and Nicholas I)
4. A.A. Arakcheev (statesman under Alexander I)
5. M.I. Kutuzov (military leader of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries)
6. M.B. Barclay de Tolly (military leader of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries)
7. N.M. Muravyov (one of the main ideologists of the Decembrist movement)
8. P.I. Pestel (head of the Southern Society of Decembrists)
9. OH. Benckendorff (Chapter III of the Department of His Own Imperial Majesty Chancellery under Nicholas I)
10. E.F. Kankrin (minister of finance in the 1820s–1840s)
11. I. Kiselyov (statesman of the 1830s–1840s)
12. A.S. Pushkin (poet of the first third of the 19th century)
13. A.S. Griboyedov (cultural figure of the first third of the 19th century)

VII. Russia in the second half of the XIX century.

1. Alexander II (1855–1881)
2. Alexander III (1881–1894)
3. YES. Milyutin (statesman, minister of war in 1861–1881)
4. M.T. Loris-Melikov (statesman under Alexander II)
5. K.P. Pobedonostsev (statesman, Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod in 1880–1905)
6. N.Kh. Bunge (Minister of Finance under Alexander III)
7. A.I. Herzen (public figure of the 19th century)
8. M.A. Bakunin (populist ideologue)
9. Ya.G. Chernyshevsky (public figure of the 19th century)

VIII. Russia in the first half of the 20th century

1. Nicholas II (1894–1917)
2. S.Yu. Witte (statesman, finance minister in the 1890s–1900s)
3. P.A. Stolypin (statesman, minister of internal affairs, chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1906–1910)
4. A.A. Brusilov (military leader, participant of World War I)
5. A.F. Kerensky (Russian political and public figure, Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government in 1917)
6. G.V. Plekhanov (theorist of Marxism, leader of the Russian and international socialist movement)
7. IN AND. Lenin (political and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 1917–1924)
8. L.D. Trotsky (Marxist theorist, one of the leaders of the RSDLP (b), People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council in 1918–1925, leader of the inner-party left opposition)
9. I.V. Stalin ( General Secretary Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, leader of the USSR since the late 1920s. before 1953)
10. A.I. Denikin (one of the main leaders white movement during the Civil War)
11. A.V. Kolchak (one of the main leaders of the White movement, the Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918–1920)
12. M.N. Tukhachevsky (Soviet military leader, commander of the Red Army during the Civil War)
13. N.I. Bukharin (economist, Soviet political, state and party leader)
14. V.M. Molotov (Soviet politician and statesman, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars in 1930-1941, People's Commissar, and then Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1939-1949 and 1953-1956)
15. L.P. Beria (Soviet statesman and politician, head of state security agencies in 1938–1953)
16. G.K. Zhukov ( Soviet military leader, participant of the Great Patriotic War, Minister of Defense of the USSR in 1955–1957)
17. K.K. Rokossovsky (Soviet military leader, participant in the Great Patriotic War)
18. L.N. Tolstoy (writer and thinker of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries)
19. M. Gorky (writer of the late 19th - first third of the 20th centuries)
20. A.A. Akhmatova (poetess of the early 20th century - 1960s)

IX. Russia in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries.

1. N.S. Khrushchev (First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1953-1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1958-1964)
2. L.I. Brezhnev (leader of the USSR in 1964–1982)
3. Yu.V. Andropov (Soviet statesman and politician, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1967–1982, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1982–1984)
4. M.S. Gorbachev (leader of the USSR in 1985–1991)
5. B.N. Yeltsin (President of Russia in 1991–1999)
6. V.V. Putin (President of Russia in 2000–2008, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation since 2008)
7. YES. Medvedev (President of Russia since 2008)
8. G.V. Malenkov (Soviet statesman and party leader, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1953–1955)
9. A.N. Kosygin (Soviet statesman and party leader, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1964–1980, initiator of economic reforms)
10. A.A. Gromyko (a major diplomat and statesman of the USSR, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in 1957–1985)
11. HELL. Sakharov (Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb)
12. A.I. Solzhenitsyn (writer, public and political figure, laureate Nobel Prize literature in 1970, dissident)
13. E.T. Gaidar (Russian statesman and politician, economist, ideologist and leader of economic reforms in the early 1990s)
14. V.S. Chernomyrdin (statesman, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation in 1993-1998, Russian Ambassador to Ukraine in 2001-2009)

Examples of historical portraits

1. Vladimir Svyatoslavovich – Grand Duke Kievan, who ruled from 980 to 1015.

After the death of Svyatoslav in 977, Vladimir participated in the princely civil strife, defeated his elder brother Yaropolk.

1) The Kiev prince conquered the Vyatichi, Radimichi and Yotvingians; fought with the Pechenegs, Volga Bulgaria, Byzantium and Poland. Vladimir's military campaigns strengthened the position of the Old Russian state.

2) The harsh nature of Vladimir's policy was clearly manifested in the reform of religion. First, the prince decided to turn folk pagan beliefs into a state religion, and for this, in 980, he forcibly established the cult of the main retinue god Perun in Kyiv and Novgorod. Around 988, paganism was replaced by Christianity, which Vladimir adopted from Byzantium after capturing the Greek city of Chersonese in the Crimea and marrying Anna, the sister of the Byzantine emperor.

The reasons that prompted Vladimir to baptize Rus' were the need to strengthen the power of the Kyiv prince, the development of relations with Christian countries, and familiarization with Byzantine culture.

Meanings of accepting Christianity:

a) strengthening the state and the power of the prince;
b) raising the international status of Rus';
c) the development of culture.

3) Under Vladimir, Kyiv was re-fortified and built up with stone buildings, new fortress-cities were completed (Pereyaslavl, Belgorod, etc.).

A symptom of future princely strife was the speech against Vladimir by his son Svyatopolk.

In general, the reign of Vladimir is a period of the rise of the Old Russian state, since there is a development of culture, agriculture, crafts, the formation of a feudal system, and aggressive campaigns are also successful.

2. Andrey Bogolyubsky - Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal and Grand Duke of Kiev (1157-1174), the eldest son of Yuri Dolgoruky.

Main directions and results of activity:

1) After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky in 1157, Andrei inherited the throne of Kiev, but, despite the custom, did not go to live in Kyiv. Then he took the title of Prince of Rostov, Suzdal and Vladimir. Relying on his squad (“mercifuls”) and the Vladimir townspeople, in 1162 Andrei expelled former paternal warriors and princes from other tribes of Rurik from the Rostov-Suzdal land. Having become "the autocracy of the entire Suzdal land", he moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir, and his residence to Bogolyubovo-on-Nerl, from which he received his nickname.

2) Despite the refusal to come to Kyiv, Andrei was not at all going to give up the power of the supreme ruler of the Old Russian state and fought to strengthen his power. Since 1159, he stubbornly fought for the subordination of Novgorod to his dictatorship and played a complex military and diplomatic game in South Rus'. In 1169, the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky took Kyiv, which had rebelled against his authority.

3) Around 1160, Andrei made the first attempt in the history of Rus' to divide the Russian church into two metropolises. He asked the Patriarch of Constantinople to establish a metropolis in Vladimir, independent of Kyiv, but this request was rejected.

4) During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, extensive construction began in Vladimir and its suburbs: in 1164, the Golden Gate (like Kiev, Constantinople and Jerusalem), the Bogolyubovo castle, as well as a number of churches, including the Assumption Cathedral (1158–1161) were built .), the Church of the Intercession-on-Nerl (1165), the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin in Bogolyubovo (1158–1165). According to a number of researchers, Andrei Bogolyubsky sought to free himself from Byzantine influence in Rus'. In particular, he invited Western European architects to build Vladimir churches. The trend towards cultural independence can also be traced in the introduction of new holidays in Rus', which were not accepted in Byzantium. For example, on the initiative of the prince, the holidays of the Savior (August 1) and the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos (October 1) were established.

The strengthening of princely power and the conflict with prominent boyars led to a conspiracy against Andrei Bogolyubsky. On June 29, 1174, the prince was killed in Bogolyubovo by a group of conspirators from his inner circle.

During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality achieved significant power and was the strongest in Rus'.

3. Ivan III Vasilyevich - Grand Duke of Moscow (1462-1505), the eldest son of Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.

Main directions and results of activity:

1) In the reign of Ivan III, a centralized apparatus of power begins to take shape: an order management system is born, the Sudebnik of 1497 was drawn up. Landownership was developed and political significance nobility.

2) Ivan III fought against the separatism of the specific princes and significantly limited their rights. By the end of the reign of Ivan III, many destinies were liquidated.

3) The most important achievement was the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. With the broad support of the entire Russian population, Ivan III organized a strong defense against the invasion of Khan Akhmat (standing on the Ugra River in 1480).

4) During the reign of Ivan III, the international authority of the Russian state grew, diplomatic ties were established with the papal curia, German Empire, Hungary, Moldova, Turkey, Iran, Crimea.

5) Under Ivan III, the registration of the full title of the Grand Duke of “All Rus'” began (in some documents he is already called the king). For the second time, Ivan III was married to Zoya (Sophia) Paleolog, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

6) During the reign of Ivan III, large-scale construction began in Moscow (the Kremlin, its cathedrals, the Palace of Facets); stone fortresses were built in Kolomna, Tula, Ivangorod.

7) Under Ivan III, the territorial core of the Russian centralized state: Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474) principalities, the Novgorod Republic (1478) were annexed to the Moscow principality, Tver Principality(1485), Vyatka (1489), Perm and most of Ryazan lands. The influence on Pskov and the Ryazan principality was strengthened.

8) After the wars of 1487-1494 and 1500-1503 with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a number of western Russian lands went to Moscow: Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Bryansk. After the war of 1501–1503 Ivan III forced the Livonian Order to pay tribute (for Yuriev).

Thus, Ivan III can be called an outstanding statesman who showed outstanding military and diplomatic abilities.

4. Razin Stepan Timofeevich - Don ataman, leader of the largest Cossack-peasant uprising in 1670-1671.

Main directions and results of activity:

1) In 1663, leading a Cossack detachment, Razin, together with the Cossacks and Kalmyks, made a campaign near Perekop against the Crimean Tatars. Thanks to his luck and personal qualities, he became widely known on the Don. Razin's character and mentality were directly influenced by the execution in 1665 of his elder brother Ivan on the orders of the governor, Prince Yu.A. Dolgorukov for attempting to arbitrarily leave the theater of military operations against the Poles together with a detachment of Cossacks.

2) In 1667, Stepan Razin became a marching ataman of a large detachment of Cossacks. At the head of the detachment, he committed in 1667-1669. the famous campaign "for zipuns" along the Volga to the shores of the Caspian Sea to Persia. Having taken a large booty, he returned from the campaign and settled in the Kagalnitsky town on the Don. His authority on the Don increased sharply, not only Cossacks, but also crowds of fugitives from Russia began to flock to him from different sides.

3) In the spring of 1670 he headed new campaign to the Volga, the ranks of Razin were constantly expanding, the entire Lower Volga region turned out to be in his hands. Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara were taken. Starting as a Cossack uprising, the movement led by Razin quickly developed into a huge peasant uprising that engulfed a significant part of the country's territory.

The goals of the rebels were:

a) the capture of Moscow;
b) the destruction of the boyars and nobles;
c) the abolition of serfdom;
d) the establishment of the Cossack way of life throughout the country.

The main forces of the rebels could not take Simbirsk, and here the government troops managed to defeat the Razintsy. The ataman himself, wounded in battle, was barely saved and taken to the Kagalnitsky town.

4) In 1671, other moods already dominated the Don, and the authority and influence of Razin himself fell sharply. The confrontation between the Razintsy and the grassroots Cossacks intensified. After an unsuccessful attempt by the leader of the rebels to take Cherkassk, the military ataman K. Yakovlev struck back. On April 16, the grassroots Cossacks captured and burned the Kagalnitsky town, and the captured Razin and his younger brother Frol were handed over to the Moscow authorities. After being tortured on June 6, 1671, both brothers were publicly executed in Moscow near the Execution Ground.

5. Pavel I – Russian emperor in 1796–1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II.

The first years after his birth, Pavel grew up under the supervision of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, his parents were almost not allowed to see him, and he actually did not know maternal affection. The teacher was N.I. Panin, supporter of the Enlightenment. Paul received a good education. Initially, his relationship with his mother after her accession to the throne in 1762 was quite close. However, their relationship deteriorated over time. Catherine II was afraid of her son, who had more legal rights to the throne than she herself. The Empress tried not to allow the Grand Duke to participate in the discussion of state affairs, and he, in turn, began to increasingly critically evaluate the policy of his mother.

Pavel, who inherited from his father a passion for everything military in the Prussian style, created his own small army in Gatchina, conducting endless maneuvers and parades. He languished in inactivity, made plans for his future reign, and by this time his character had become suspicious, nervous, despotic. The reign of his mother seemed to him too liberal, he believed that in order to avoid a revolution, it was necessary to eliminate any manifestations of personal and social freedom with the help of military discipline and police measures.

Paul's coming to power in November 1796 was accompanied by the militarization of the life of the court and St. Petersburg as a whole. The new emperor immediately tried, as it were, to cross out everything done during the 34 years of the reign of Catherine II, and this became one of the most important motives for his policy.

In general, in his domestic politics several interrelated areas can be distinguished - transformations in public administration, estate policy and military reform. According to the first of them, Pavel significantly increased the importance of the Prosecutor General of the Senate, giving him, in fact, the functions of the head of government, combining them with the functions of the ministers of the interior, justice, and partially finance. A number of previously liquidated boards were restored. At the same time, the emperor sought to replace the collegial principle of organizing management with a sole one. In 1797, the Ministry of Appanages was created, which was in charge of land holdings. royal family, and in 1800 - the Ministry of Commerce. Even more decisively, Pavel corrected the system of local institutions created by Catherine: city self-government, social security, some lower courts, etc. were partially abolished. At the same time, some traditional governments were returned to a number of national outskirts of the empire (the Baltic states, Ukraine). An important legislative act of Paul was the law on the procedure for succession to the throne, published in 1797, which was in force in Russia until 1917.

In the field of class politics, Paul took a number of steps to attack the "noble liberties." In 1797, a review was announced for all officers in the regiments, and those who did not appear were dismissed. Since 1799, the order of transition from military service to civil only with the permission of the Senate. Nobles who did not serve the state were prohibited from participating in noble elections and holding elected positions; contrary to the legislation of Catherine II, corporal punishment was used against the nobles. At the same time, Paul tried to limit the influx of non-nobles into the ranks of the nobility. His main goal was to turn the Russian nobility into a disciplined, all-serving class. Equally contradictory was Paul's policy towards the peasantry. During the four years of his reign, he gave away about 600 thousand serfs, sincerely believing that they would live better with the landowner. In 1796, peasants were enslaved in the region of the Don army and in Novorossia, in 1798 the introduced Peter III a ban on the purchase of peasants by owners not from the nobility. At the same time, in 1797, the sale of household and landless peasants by auction was prohibited, and in 1798, Ukrainian peasants without land were banned. In 1797, Pavel issued a Manifesto on a three-day corvee, which introduced restrictions on the exploitation of peasant labor by landowners.

Many graduates take USE form and history. Therefore, today we will discuss some features of this exam. In addition, these items mutually help! Examples from history - to illustrate social phenomena. For example, social inequality: in the old Russian code of laws "Russian Truth" the murder of a free person was punishable by a fine of 40 hryvnia, and a dependent - 5 hryvnia.

History provides the facts with which social scientists illustrate social phenomena. The better you know history, the better you pass social studies - this is the pattern.

One of the most difficult at the Unified State Exam in history is the written task C6, in everyday life "Historical portrait". Let's see how it is formulated in the 2014 demo.

C6. Below are four historical figures from different eras. Choose ONE of them and complete the tasks.

1) Dmitry Donskoy; 2) M.M. Speransky; 3) W. Churchill; 4) N.S. Khrushchev.

Indicate the lifetime of the historical figure (up to a decade or part of a century). Name at least two areas of its activity and give them brief description. Indicate the results of its activities in each of these areas.

Experience shows that at the exam it is rarely offered to write a portrait of a figure in the history of the "foreground" - Dmitry Donskoy, Peter the Great, Lenin, Stalin. Rather, these are characters of a "second plan" - reformers (Speransky, Uvarov, Witte), writers, public figures (Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov). And this, you see .. more difficult.

For example, in one of the variants of the Unified State Exam-2012 there were Daniil Galitsky (!!!), Pavel I and L.I. Brezhnev. What do you know about Sun Yat-sen??? Yes, last year it was offered to graduates for description. Let's guess, and take one of these figures of the "second plan", if not the "third plan".

Moscow Kremlin under Ivan III, 1921
Russian artist Apollinary Mikhailovich Vasnetsov

What unites a photograph and a picture of the great Wanderer Vasnetsov? Of course, in the photo is the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, and its architect, the Italian Aristotle Fioravanti, is also the author of the red-brick walls of the Kremlin.

For those who do not know anything about this person, see the interesting article What is it? And a diplomat, and a secret agent ... So, let's get started. Indicate the lifetime of the historical figure (up to a decade or part of a century). We carry out associations - these objects were built under Ivan III the Great, he ruled 1462-1505 (you need to know, one of the largest characters in Russian history, the creator of the RCH).

We write: Aristotle Fioravanti - an outstanding Italian architect, lived in the middle - end of the XV century. By the way, even for high school students, the translation of years into centuries is difficult. Will explain, 14 62 - add 1 to the first 2 digits of a 4-digit year (14+1=15), and remember that it is correct to write the age in Roman numerals!

Further, Name at least two areas of its activity and give a brief description of them. . What are directions? It is convenient to explain this either by the goals of the politician (for example, the expansion of the country's territory), or by the types of activity (military leadership, reformist).

We write: “The main activities of A. Fioravanti were:

1) architecture

2) engineering

3) military activities.

Participated in the military campaigns of Ivan the Third against Novgorod the Great, Tver, Kazan Khanate.

Nuances. If there is not much information (the personality is rather dark), it is logical to “inflate” the available information: he is both an architect and an engineer.

They ask for at least 2 directions - write three, insure against incorrect wording that is not credited.

If you don't know the dates, don't write, they are not required of you. But, it is better to show knowledge, especially since 1478 - the subjugation of Novgorod - is one of the key dates in history and is known to a seriously preparing graduate.

Each new thought on a new line. And you won’t get confused, and visually “expand” the answer!

Show your intelligence, it attracts points, part C is checked by experts, they will be pleased to watch the work of a knowledgeable student. Architect - Russian architect, Assumption Cathedral - wedding place for kings.

And completion. Indicate the results of its activities in each of these areas.

We write : “The results of A. Fioravanti's activity were the design of the architectural appearance of the historical center of Moscow - the Kremlin.

Thus the foreigner Aristotle Fioravanti became an important actor Russian history, we still enjoy his creations.

What do we take into account? We adapt as much as possible to the wording of the task, avoiding possible misunderstandings when checking ( "You didn't write that!").

Summing up, we draw a conclusion. A must for any creative challenge!

As a result, here is our portrait:

Aristotle Fioravanti - an outstanding Italian architect, lived in the middle - end of the XV century.

The main activities of A. Fioravanti were:

1) architecture

2) engineering

3) military activities.

Fioravanti arrived in Russia at the invitation of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan the Third, built the main cathedral of the country - the Assumption in the Moscow Kremlin. This is the place of wedding to the kingdom of all Russian monarchs.

The architect (architect) designed the new red brick walls of the Moscow Kremlin, which have been standing for more than five centuries.

Fioravanti - engineer, head of Russian artillery in the army of Ivan III. During the campaign against Novgorod in 1478 he built the country's first pontoon bridge across the Volkhov.

Participated in the military campaigns of Ivan III to Novgorod the Great, Tver, Kazan Khanate.

The results of A. Fioravanti's activity was the design of the architectural appearance of the historical center of Moscow - the Kremlin.

In addition, his engineering and military talents made it possible to successfully continue the process of uniting Rus' around Moscow, creating a Russian centralized state.

Thus, the foreigner Aristotle Fioravanti became an important character in Russian history, we still enjoy his creations.

Working with cards. Show in chronological order cities. Show on the map the third campaign of the crusaders. Compare the borders of the Frankish Empire at the end of the 8th-9th centuries. The main goal of cartographic tasks in school courses stories. New standards school education by history. Typology of cartographic tasks. Absentee travel. Using conditional symbols. Compliance test.

"Questions of the Unified State Examination in History" - Algorithm for processing the evaluation conclusion. XX Congress of the CPSU and the condemnation of the cult of personality. Proof. Completion of the unification of Russian lands. USE codifier. foreign policy aspect. Historical portrait. Russian Enlightenment. A number of names. Revolution of 1917 Heroism Soviet people during the war years. Algorithm for the analysis of ideological currents. Algorithm for studying and characteristics of the state. internal political aspect. Education of the USSR.

"Testing by history" - Requirements for compiling a test for starting control. Grade educational achievements students in history class. General rules for the formation of the test. An example of a start control specification for grade 9. Diagnostic test analysis. Self-construction test items students. Examples of tasks for starting control in the 9th grade. Start control. Instructions for evaluation of initial testing.

"Teaching history at school" - Structural-functional analysis. Electronic Application. Work programs on history. UMK. Distribution of teaching hours. The role of the history textbook. Thematic planning. Levels of subject and methodological support subject. Educational program. Topical issues of teaching history at school. Sample Programs by history. Experience. UMK on history. methodological council. The content of the subject.

"School history education" - Control tool. An example of accompanying illustrations. Illustrations can replace text. The textbook paragraph is provided problem situation. Generalization of the studied and new task. Finding a solution to a problem. Education system"School 2100". New educational outcome. Solutions contemporary problems historical education. Information society. The task in the textbook is connected with the line of development.

"TCM on the history of "School 2100"" - In the 6th grade. Educational system "School 2100". Features of history and social science textbooks. Doer. Traditional textbook. How the lesson was built traditionally. Work with productive tasks. Social science. Support. Information society. Lesson on the complex "Schools 2100". Minimax Minimax example. Academic year. Picture of the world.

“Recommendations for completing task C6. in history Ancient Rus'. historical portraits Greetings to dear readers of the site and in this post I ... "

tasks C6. in history

Ancient Rus'. historical portraits

Greetings

dear readers of the site, and in this post I will continue the conversation on C6.

Dmitry Donskoy, all these historical portraits are written in maximum score And

meet all the criteria for assessing the work of C6 on the exam. By the way, I recommend adding

bookmark this site so as not to miss anything interesting Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky - historical portrait C6 Life time: end 11 century - middle 12th century (~1091-1157) Reigned: 1125-1157

He lived at the end of the XI - the middle of the XII century. Ruled in Suzdal, Rostov, Peryaslav, Kyiv from 1125 to 1157. He received the nickname "Dolgoruky" for frequent intervention in foreign lands. The following areas of activity can be distinguished under his leadership.

Domestic policy:

1.1. The beginning of Yuri's domestic policy was the struggle for the great reign of Kiev. On the way to Kiev, he transferred the center of the principality from Rostov to Suzdal, became the first independent prince of North-Eastern Rus', subjugated Mur, Ryazan, seized lands along the banks of the Volga, conquered Volga Bulgaria, defeated the troops of the Kiev prince Izyaslav and illegally captured Kiev, as a result which was returned back to Suzdal, tk.

violated the rule of Father Yaroslav the Wise - a ladder. By the middle of the XII century. Yuri Dolgoruky seized the throne of Kyiv.

1.2. Having become the prince of Kyiv, Yuri took up urban planning: he built several fortresses; founded such cities as Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow.

2. Foreign policy:

2.1. Yuri, according to the tradition started by Vladimir the Red Sun, strengthened ties with Byzantium by concluding a second marriage with a relative of the Byzantine emperor.

2.2. As it was already written earlier, before becoming the Great Prince of Kyiv in 1120, Yuri led a successful campaign against the Volga Bulgaria.

As a result of his activities, Yuri Vladimirovich achieved the title of Grand Duke of Kiev, pursued a successful policy of urban planning, became the prince who laid the foundation for the dynasty of Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow rulers, and was remembered as the organizer of North-Eastern Rus'. The activity of Yuri, in comparison with other rulers of our state, was rather insignificant, but in historical science he is associated as the founder of the capital - the city of Moscow.

Andrey Yurievich Bogolyubsky - historical portrait.

Life time: 1st quarter of the 12th century. - the end of the 3rd quarter of the XII century.

Years of government: 1157-1174

He was the son of Yuri Dolgoruky. He received his nickname "Bogolyubsky" for the foundation of his western residence in Bogolyubovo, where he spent all his free time. After the death of his father, Andrei inherited the throne of Kiev, but renounced it in favor of ruling in Rostov, Suzdal and Vladimir. The main activities of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

1. Domestic policy:

1.1. Destruction of Kyiv. Andrei Yurievich stubbornly fought for the conquest of his power in Novgorod and led a complex military policy in the south of Rus'. In 1169 Kyiv rebelled against its prince. As a result, Andrei punished Kyiv by defeating it. After conquering Kyiv to his power, he nevertheless forced to recognize himself as the Grand Duke, without leaving his cities of Suzdal, Rostov and Vladimir. Kyiv lost its age-old seniority and was plundered. After the defeat of Kyiv, he moved the center of the Orthodox capital - he took one of the most revered shrines from Vyshgorod to Vladimir - the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God. By his actions, Andrey Yuryevich tried to create the Metropolis of Vladimir isolated from Kyiv, but the Church of Constantinople did not allow this.

1.3. Construction of temples. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl and the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir were erected.

2. Foreign policy:

2.1. In 1164, Andrei organized his first military campaign against the Volga Bulgaria, which ended very successfully.

2.2. In 1172, the second military campaign against the Volga Bulgaria was carried out, which, like the first one, ended in success.

Results of activity:

The results of the foreign policy of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky were successful campaigns against the Volga Bulgaria. The results of these two campaigns were the capture of the Bulgar city of Bryakhimov, the complete burning of three other cities, and their complete plunder. This ruler during the years of his reign, led a very successful internal politics. He turned the Vladimir lands into a powerful Vladimir-Suzdal principality, which became one of the most influential in Rus'. The Prince of Vladimir left behind a huge cultural heritage. Churches, temples, holidays, cathedrals, the main residence of the prince - an invaluable contribution to Russian culture.

Historical portrait of Vsevolod III the Big Nest Life time: mid-12th century. - 1st quarter of the 13th century.

Years of government: 1176-1212

After the death of Prince Andrei, his policy was continued by his brother Vsevolod III the Big Nest, who received his nickname because he had so many sons. Vsevolod cruelly avenged the death of his brother, and defeated the boyars. In fact, in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, a monarchical form of government was becoming.

The main activities of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

1. Domestic policy:

1.1. Under Vsevolod, his principality became the strongest in Rus'. He tried to subjugate Novgorod to his power, expanding the territory of his principality at the expense of the Novgorod lands. He was also able to subjugate Kyiv, Chernigov, Ryazan, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl-South to his power. The reasons for Vsevolod's success are reliance on new cities, such as Vladimir, Dmitrov, Kostroma and Tver, where the boyars were relatively weak, and Vsevolod also tried to rely on the nobility.

1.2. Construction of temples. Vsevolod also erected and reconstructed cultural monuments. During his reign, the Assumption Cathedral was reconstructed, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral, the Nativity Cathedral, and the Vladimirsky Detinets were built.

2. Foreign policy:

2.1. Vsevolod, like his father and brother, successfully fought with the Volga Bulgaria.

2.2. Also, Vsevolod very successfully repelled the raids of the Polovtsy, thereby protecting the southern borders of Rus' from attack along with the princes of Vladimir, Ryazan and Suzdal.

Results of activity:

During the reign of Vsevolod, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became the strongest in Rus'.

He concluded two profitable trade agreements with the Volga Bulgaria, participated in successful campaigns against the Polovtsians. He expanded his possessions, subjugated Novgorod and Ryazan.

Also, like his brother Andrei, he made an invaluable contribution to Russian culture.

Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky C6 Life time: 1st quarter of the 13th century. - 3rd quarter of the 13th century.

Years of government: 1252-1263

Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky - Prince of Novgorod, Kiev. the famous Russian commander, famous for his rich foreign policy. The main activities of Alexander Nevsky.

1. Domestic policy:

1.1. Alexander Nevsky during his reign visited the Horde several times, collaborating with it. After helping in the census, he received a label for the Great reign. On the other hand, the prince went against the Mongol-Tatars, preventing their raids on Rus', pursuing the policy of "The sword in the West, peace in the East."

1.2. Alexander Yaroslavovich, as well as his predecessors, pursued a construction policy. He reconstructed and created temples, cathedrals, cities.

2. Foreign policy:

Results of activity:

He laid the foundation for cooperation between the Russian princes and the Horde. He made a small but important contribution to Russian culture, and as a result of foreign policy, he saved Rus' from crushing raids by the troops of the Mongol-Tatars and Swedes.

Ivan Danilovich Kalita - historical portrait C6 Lifetime: 4th quarter of the 13th century. - 2nd third of the XIV century.

Years of government: 1328-1340

Prince of Vladimir, Novgorod, Moscow - Ivan Danilovich Kalita, son of Daniil Alexandrovich - the founder of the dynasty of Moscow princes. Ivan I made a huge contribution to the strengthening of the Moscow principality. The main activities of Ivan Kalita.

Domestic policy:

1.1. He transferred the residence of Metropolitan Peter to Moscow, thereby increasing the influence of the Moscow principality in Rus'.

1.2. Strengthened the autocratic power, a number of reforms - established new order succession to the throne, introduced an agricultural law, extended his influence to the lands of North-Eastern Rus'.

1.3. Construction of temples and cathedrals. Under Ivan Kalita, the Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor, the Archangel Cathedral, the Church of St. John of the Ladder were built.

Foreign policy:

2.1. Ivan the First, through his policy, created a strong relationship with the Golden Horde.

Fixed the collection of tribute from the Russian princes. They spoke of him as the "collector of the Russian land"

2.2. He received a label for the Great reign, for helping the Horde in the punitive operation of Tver.

Results of activity:

Ivan Kalita made a great contribution to the unification of Russian lands, elevated Moscow above other principalities of Rus', established strong peaceful relations with the Golden Horde, and also made a great contribution to Russian culture of the XIII-XIV centuries.

Historical portrait of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy Life time: mid-14th century. - IV quarter of the XIV century.

Years of government: 1363-1389

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, son of Ivan the Red.

He received the nickname "Donskoy" for a brilliant victory at the Battle of Kulikovo.

The main activities of Dmitry Donskoy.

Domestic policy:

1.1. He continued the policy of "collecting Russian lands" of Ivan I Kalita.

1.2. He retained the right of the Moscow prince to the great reign of Vladimir. As a result of this struggle, Dmitry Ivanovich, with the support of the Church, retained the right of the Moscow princes to a great reign in Vladimir.

Foreign policy:

2.1. The battle on the Vozha River in 1378 is the victory of the Russian troops.

2.2. The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 is the victory of the Russian troops.

2.3. Reflection of the raids of the Lithuanian troops (Lithuanian-Moscow war) - the victory of the Russian troops.

Results of activity:

As a result of his reign, Dmitry Donskoy was able to unite the Moscow and Vladimir principalities, led an extremely active foreign policy with Golden

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