How to determine the types of verbs in Russian. Verb aspect category
One of the points in the study of the Russian language is the study of such a part of speech as a verb. The verb has several forms, types, conjugations. In this article, we will dwell on how you can determine the form of the verb. There are only two of them: perfect and imperfect.
Determine the form of the verb using a question
This is the simplest and most reliable option that does not require a lot of time and additional knowledge.
Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”, And for imperfective verbs we ask the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”.
Determine the type of the verb by the nature of the action
Perfective verbs denote an action that, by the time the verb is used, has already been completed or will be completed by a certain time (or upon reaching some specific goal). Also indicate actions that do not need to be repeated. They can denote actions in the future, the main limit is the very implementation of this action. That is, the action is always limited by some framework.
Imperfect verbs are not limited by time frames and can occur at the moment, denote long-term actions, actions that require repetition.
Example. The verb "to wash" means that something must be completely washed by some specific moment. The action will end when it reaches desired result, means a perfective verb.
The verb "to wash" means that something must be washed for an indefinite period of time. Due to the fact that the time of action is not limited, we can conclude that the verb is imperfective.
However, it is not necessary to determine the form of the verb only by meaning. It will be safer to additionally ask a question, as we did in the first paragraph. This way you can avoid accidental errors.
Determine the form of the verb by parsing the word
Each of the types of verbs has some specific features in word formation. These signs can also tell you what kind of verb you are dealing with.
Perfective verbs are characterized by the following features:
- prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
- suffix "well".
Imperfect verbs are characterized by the following features:
- prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
- suffix "iva", "yva", "va", etc.
After reading this article, you may notice that you can determine the form of the verb very quickly and without much difficulty. You just need to know a few important rules and features, for example, what question a particular type of verb answers or what suffix is characteristic of it.
Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.
According to the functional semantic features in the Russian language, the following types of speech are distinguished:
- narration. Transfers the action in development in time sequence.
- description. Characterizes static paintings, conveys their details.
- reasoning. It conveys the development of thought regarding the subject of thought.
The description can be used in any style of speech, but in the scientific description of the subject it should be as complete as possible, and in the artistic one the emphasis is only on the brightest details. Therefore, linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons, various figurative uses of words are very common.
Examples of descriptions in scientific and artistic style.
1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are rounded, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight 17-23 g. Medium juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.
2. Linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through an apple in the sun, it shone through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear, you could hear the seeds rattling.
(According to V. Soloukhin)
Narration- this is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about actions following one after another. For all narrative texts, the beginning of the event (outset), the development of the event, the end of the event (denouement) are common. The story can be told in a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or indicated by the personal pronoun I.
In such texts, verbs in the form of the past tense of the perfect form are often used. But, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: the verb in the form of the past tense of the imperfect form makes it possible to single out one of the actions, denoting its duration; present tense verbs make it possible to present actions as if taking place before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with a particle like (how to jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness, surprise of this or that action.
Narration as a type of speech is very common in such genres as memoirs, letters.
Narrative example:
I began to stroke Yashkin's paw and I think: just like a baby's. And tickled his hand. And the baby somehow pulls his paw - and me on the cheek. I did not even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. Sat down and grins.
(B. Zhitkov)
reasoning- this is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.
The composition of the reasoning is as follows: the first part is a thesis, that is, a thought that must be logically proved, substantiated or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the expressed thought, evidence, arguments, supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.
The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly articulated, the arguments are convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. Between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments) there must be a logical and grammatical connection. For a grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In the reasoning text, sentences with conjunctions however, although, despite the fact that, because, are widely used. Reasoning example:
The development of the meanings of a word usually goes from the particular (concrete) to the general (abstract). Let's think about the literal meaning of such, for example, words as education, disgust, previous. Education literally means feeding, disgust - turning away (from an unpleasant person or object), the previous one - going ahead.
The words-terms denoting abstract mathematical concepts: “segment”, “tangent”, “point”, originated from very specific action verbs: cut, touch, stick (poke).
In all these cases, the original concrete meaning acquires a more abstract meaning in the language.
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The material about what a definition is in Russian is studied in the syntactic section of linguistics. Definition - a syntactic element included in the group of secondary members of the sentence. What words can serve as definitions in a sentence.
They have a number of distinguishing features:
- denotes signs, properties, qualities, distinctive features objects, as well as living beings, phenomena, events;
- answer the questions: what? whose? and derivatives from them;
- are indicated when parsing a sentence on a letter with a wavy line;
- spread the noun, and any other word denoting objectivity.
Important! Dependence on a noun (a word denoting an object) is the most important feature of this minor member. Example: Mom bought Yulia a new jacket. Jacket (what?) new.
If the questions indicated in the second paragraph are posed to the definition word from the verb that interests us, then we have the second part of the compound nominal predicate. Example: He came to the test prepared. Came (what?) Prepared.
Kinds
The secondary member in sentences is of two types, it differs:
- by structure;
- way of expression.
According to the structure of the definition, there are common and non-common:
- common - have a few words in their composition (Grandma, delighted with the statement she heard, smiled rather.);
- non-common - consisting of one word (The delighted grandmother smiled contentedly.).
Words representing a group of common members are separated in a sentence by commas. This is explained by the fact that such a turnover provides additional information about a person (being, phenomenon, event, thing) or clarifies his belonging to someone (something).
A different way of expression led to the division of definitions in the Russian language into agreed and inconsistent.
The first group includes those that agree (coincide, have the same meaning) with the main word (the one from which the question is asked to them) according to three criteria: gender, case and number. That is, both the defined and the dependent parts have the same grammatical categories. For example: an interesting lesson, an interesting lesson, an interesting lesson.
Inconsistent - these are the types of definitions that have the following connections with the main word:
- Management - the addition is used in a certain case, the question is posed to it: “what?” (pinwheel - which one? - made of paper, spinner - which one? - made of paper).
- Adjacency is an invariable form of addition, to which the question is posed: “what” (hard-boiled egg, open coat, his socks).
The elements representing a given group usually follow the main word (this does not only apply to the pronouns of him, her, them).
Application
Another type of syntactic unit under study is an application. It is represented by a noun and has one of two types of connection: control or adjunction. Extends the word being defined, moving from generalization to particularity.
What does the app mean:
- a distinctive property or quality of the object (hero boy);
- status, profession, honorary title, age category (general Kuzmenko, old Nikitichna);
- clarified explanation (Baikal, the cleanest body of water in our country, began to gradually become polluted.);
- titles educational institutions, literary and works of art, organizations, etc. (the story "The Captain's Daughter");
- geographical objects (the Lena River).
The application differs from other types of syntactic units of the studied group by the fact that it gives a second name to an object, subject, phenomenon.
Ways of expression
Ways of expressing definitions depend on the group and can be represented by different parts of speech. The table will help to consider them. In the left column are possible ways expressions, in the right - a set of examples.
Agreed:
Inconsistent:
Inconsistent definitions in Russian are difficult to distinguish from other types of secondary members of the sentence.
How to separate inconsistent definitions from other minor members:
- Replacing a word from a group of agreed (but not all can be replaced). For example: dad's pants - dad's pants, the desire to study - replacement is impossible.
- The value of the attribute, while the complement has the value of the object. For example: a woman walked with a bag - the addition "with a bag" depends on the verb acting as a predicate and denotes the object of the woman's action. The boy took a seat next to a woman with a bag - here "with a bag" is exactly distinguishing feature a woman who helps to recognize her among everyone else.
- Indication of a sign by time, mode of action, location, purpose. This meaning is expressed by a noun with a preposition and an adverb that depends on the noun. For comparison: they penetrated (where?) into the utility room; the entrance (which one?) to the utility room was closed.
Values inconsistent definitions the following:
- belonging to some person (Masha's notebook);
- the carrier of the sign (yellowness of the fabric, blueness of the sky);
- the content of the defined concepts (etiquette norms, a person's opinion, a tale of adventure, the desire to know);
- producer of action (chirping of birds, Misha's find);
- characterization of an object/phenomenon/person on qualitative grounds (a short guy, a four-year-old boy, a plaid blouse, a bun with jam, a girl in a hat, text in Russian);
- material (cotton shirt, fence made of bars);
- origin, change of status (president from students, captain from sailors);
- material sign (juice box, medicine bottle);
- source of origin (pocket from a bathrobe, a bruise from a blow).
Attention! The distinction between minor members is important both for parsing, and to comply with punctuation rules.
Separation of definitions
In the letter, the definition is separated by commas in the following cases:
- A common definition follows the main word (Mother, stunned by the sudden news, wiped her unbidden tears).
- A number of homogeneous coordinated positions after the main word (She was a brave girl, strong, strong).
- Inconsistent, located after a proper name (Alina entered the room, in a blue flowing dress).
- When they depend on personal pronouns and their forms (She is beautiful and proud, walked into the hall with an important step).
- Agreed in position before the main word, having an additional adverbial value (Found in a pile of garbage, the ball did not have the slightest sign of use).
In other cases, there is no separation.
Useful video
Summing up
A careful study of the material about what a definition is in Russian will help to deal with the main difficulties in parsing a sentence by members, and will also help to avoid syntactic and speech errors on a letter.
In contact with
View – this is the morphological category of the verb, which indicates the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the internal limit of this action: decide – decide.
All verbs in any form have kind value, hence this category is universal. The aspect category is binary: it consists of two kinds of verbs: perfect (answer the question what to do?) and imperfect (answer the question what to do?).
View– this is a specific category of Russian and other Slavic languages, one of the complex categories of grammar, which is studied by a special section of grammar – aspectology. The private meanings of both types of verbs are varied: the meaning of completeness (say), the meaning of a single action (shout), the meaning of an indefinite duration of action (shout), etc.
All these private values can be reduced to more general ones: action without indication of its internal limit (verbs imperfective form) and an action indicating its internal limit (perfect verbs).
Perfect and imperfect verbs differ not only in categorical meaning, but also in inflection and grammatical compatibility. Imperfect verbs in the indicative mood have the ability to form all temporary forms (do – did – do – I will do), they have a full set of temporary participle forms. For perfective verbs in the indicative mood there is no present tense (do – did – do) and present participles. Perfect verbs never combined with verbs denoting any phase of action (begin, end, continue, etc.), and with words and phrases like long, hours, daily, etc.
The verbs of the Russian language for the most part are opposed to each other in appearance: they make up species pairs. Two verbs that are identical in their lexical meaning, but differ in the grammatical meaning of the perfective and imperfective form are combined species pair: write – write, do – do.
The most common way of speciation is suffixal.
Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs with the help of suffixes: -iva-, -iva-(glue – stick, ask – question), -va-, -a-(-i) (to give – give, sing – sing, decide – decide, save – save).
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs using the suffixes -nu- and -anu-: (push – push, poke – prick, sprinkle – pour), prefixes for-, on-, from-, s-, pro-, o-, you-, on-, times-, etc.(note – outline, write – write, bake – bake, make – do, read – read, weaken – weaken, cure – heal, build – build, etc.).
But most often, prefixes not only change grammatical meaning appearance, but also give the verb a new lexical meaning, such verbs do not form an aspect pair: read – re-read, reprimand, read out, etc.
The verbs that make up the aspect pair can differ only in the place of stress:cut out – cut, pour – pour.
In some cases, members of the aspect pair can be expressed by verbs with different stems: take – take, seek – find, speak – to tell.
Not all verbs in Russian can form aspect pairs. The differences between the verbs that make up the aspect pair should be reduced only to the difference in indicating the internal limit
Verbs that have only perfective or only imperfective meanings are called single-species. Most often these are verbs with a pronounced way of verbal action: to be, exist, appear (imperfective), say, shout, wake up, sleep (perfective)
Two aspect verbs by means of the same form they express the meanings of the perfect and imperfect species. These verbs take special place in the specific system of the Russian language. Note that it is important not to confuse two-spectrum verbs with verbs that have aspect pairs.
Two-part verbs include: verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): to address, organize, confiscate, etc.; some verbs with suffixes -a(t), -e(t), -i(t): run, promise, marry, promise, bestow, wounded, etc.
Most often, the duality of verbs is manifested in the forms of the past tense and the infinitive, but sometimes the forms of the present and future tenses do not differ (execution, marriage). The meaning of one kind or another is revealed in the context. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).
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The aspect category is a system of two series of verb forms opposed to each other: a series of verb forms denoting a holistic action limited by a limit (verbs of a perfect form), and a number of forms of verbs that do not have a sign of a holistic action limited by a limit (verbs of an imperfect form). The aspect category covers all verbs.
The limitation of an action by a limit means the limitation of an action by an abstract, internal limit, representing the action as a holistic act, in contrast to the representation of the action as a process in its duration or repetition.
Ness verbs. species do not have a sign of limited action by a limit, a sign of the integrity of the action. This is the categorical meaning of nons. kind. From this follows the ability of verbs to carry. type to express the action in the process of its flow, in particular, the action tending to reach the limit.
In the verbs of owls. the kind of limit reached by the action is most often comprehended as a certain critical point, upon reaching which the action, having exhausted itself, stops: The boy rewrote the work for a long time and, finally, rewrote it; He whitewashed and whitewashed the ceiling; The snow melted and melted. This is a kind of integrity of the action, when the action, which lasted and aspired to the limit, ends with its achievement.
The limit in most cases is achieved as a specific goal with the result of the action remaining after its achievement (rewriting, whitewashing). This is one of the important realizations of the integrity of an action, its limitation by a limit.
The corresponding verbs are nes. species (write, whitewash) mean the desire to reach the limit of action.
Other verbs of owls. species mean reaching the limit as an involuntary completion, the implementation of the transition to the state: weaken, grow, fade, melt. Correlative verbs nes. species mean an involuntary increase in the state, the process of transition to a state: weaken and weaken, grow and grow, wither and wither, melt.
Owl verbs. species can also express such a limit that limits the action in time, fixes its beginning (sing, speak), ending (but not exhaustion) (dissuade, make noise, dine), a certain time period (lie down, stand), limiting the action by one act of its commit (jump, shout).
The meaning of limiting the action by the limit is characteristic of all verbs of owls. kind. But the meaning of reaching the limit by the action as a certain critical point, after which the action, having exhausted itself, must stop, which is not characteristic of all verbs. It depends on the semantics of the verb stem.
Some verb stems are capable of expressing in their semantics in owls. in the form of reaching this critical point (whiten, write, plow), and in nes. form - the desire to achieve it (whiten, write, plow); such verbs are called stem verbs.
Other verbal stems are not capable in their semantics of expressing the achievement or desire to achieve such a limit, these are verbs with an unlimited meaning of the stems (to lie, sleep, be sad).
Russian grammar.