There may not be a plane during the reconstruction in the Brest fortress. During the reconstruction in the Brest fortress of the aircraft there may not be a Place of Memory in Germany
In the early morning of June 22, several thousand people gathered on the territory of the memorial complex "Brest Hero Fortress" to watch the theatrical performance, during which an attempt was made to reconstruct the events that took place in the fortress on that day in 1941.
The prelude to the "military-historical festival" itself, as the organizers called it, was the "march of re-enactments" along the central streets of Brest on the evening of June 21. At the same time, on the main pedestrian street of Brest - Sovetskaya - they tried to recreate the atmosphere of the last peaceful evening of 1941. With posters of those times, household items of the pre-war city, photographs. Some cafes and restaurants offered special menus based on pre-war recipes.
"War- no reason for publicity
Locals have mixed feelings about the trend recent years, in which the mournful anniversary becomes an occasion for theatrical performances. Doctor of Sciences Irina Lavrovskaya says that she was born in a family of front-line soldiers. “I was brought up in respect and empathy for those who went through the horrors of war, so I am sure that the memory of it should not be used for entertainment, political PR or justification for a low standard of living 70 years after the end of hostilities,” she says.
Lavrovskaya defended her dissertation on the architecture of old Brest. In her opinion, if earlier “reconstructions” on the eve of June 22 caused only irritation, now they are simply dangerous, since they involve, among other things, representatives of Russian “military-historical clubs” who actively participated in hostilities in the Donbass.
A similar point of view is shared by pensioner Stanislava Kucherova, who is surprised that now Memorial Day in Brest annually turns into a kind of holiday, "when they dance and sing, instead of going to church and lighting candles for those who died in that war and from its consequences."
Not a show but" awakening interest"
The organizers of the "military-historical reconstruction" do not put on a show, but simply try to convey the idea of the inadmissibility of the repetition of those events, says the secretary of the city committee of the Belarusian Republican Youth Union Piotr Pitsko. “In our production, there is no euphoria from victory and beautiful captures of enemy positions, rejoicing over a defeated enemy,” Pitsko says. “Probably, the historical reconstruction in the Brest Fortress is the only one where this is not present.”
As arguments in favor of the event, officially called a "military-historical festival", the city authorities cite other arguments, among which are "the awakening of interest in historical events"young people and an attempt to attract tourists to Brest. According to the representative of the military-historical club" Garrison "Oleg Grebennikov, every year the interest in the event is growing and the geography of participants is expanding. "This time, about 500 people took part in the reconstruction of the events of June 1941 from thirteen countries," Grebennikov specified, adding that much more applications were received, but the organizers had to limit the number of participants.
Requiem in the Shadow of Reconstruction
A similar simulation has been held in the Brest Fortress for the sixth year in a row. Prior to this, the main, and sometimes the only event in memory of the tragic date was a meeting-requiem in memorial complex. The official mourning ceremony is still being held, but it gathers much less people. It is attended by veterans, local officials and foreign delegations, as well as representatives of labor collectives of Brest, who are sent to the event "on order".
Context
Unlike the meeting-requiem, residents and guests of Brest city come to the theatrical performance willingly. This is facilitated by the fact that on the night of June 22, local authorities transport participants and spectators by bus free of charge.
The people didn't splurge
Transportation costs are by no means the only item of budgetary expenses for holding an event. However, the Brest city executive committee did not make public the amount it costs.
In 2017, the initiators unsuccessfully tried to raise funds on one of the crowdfunding Internet sites. Of the declared 5,000 Belarusian rubles (in terms of about 2,380 euros), only 430 rubles, or 9 percent of the required amount, were received. As a result, as it became known to DW, the authorities of Brest appealed to the heads of enterprises and organizations of the city with an insistent request to act as sponsors of the event.
As for the festival program itself, the authorities said they were ready to discuss its format with local residents and consider their wishes. For example, fireworks at dawn on June 22 have already been abandoned.
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Memorial sites in Germany
Memorials and monuments
January 27, 1945 Soviet troops liberated the Auschwitz concentration camp. This day is now celebrated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day - six million Jews killed, and in Germany also - Day of Remembrance for all victims of National Socialism who died in concentration and labor camps, prisons, involuntary labor and in killing centers.
Memorial sites in Germany
Berlin
The central memorial to the Jews of Europe killed during the Nazi era is located in Berlin near the Reichstag and the Brandenburg Gate. It was opened in 2005. The documentation center is located in its underground part. Some of the documents of his exposition in Russian are materials collected after the war during the investigation of crimes committed in the "Third Reich".
Memorial sites in Germany
"Crystal Night"
During the Jewish pogroms on the so-called "Kristallnacht" on November 9-10, 1938, more than 1,400 synagogues and prayer houses were destroyed on the territory of Nazi Germany and in some parts of Austria. One of the synagogues was located on the Kazernenstrasse in Düsseldorf. After the war, monuments or memorial plaques were erected here and in many other such places.
Memorial sites in Germany
Dachau
41,500 people died in the Dachau concentration camp. It was created in 1933 near Munich for political prisoners. Later, Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and representatives of other groups persecuted by the Nazis began to be sent to Dachau. All other concentration camps of the "Third Reich" were organized according to his model.
Memorial sites in Germany
Buchenwald
One of the largest camps was located in Thuringia near Weimar. From 1937 to 1945, about 250 thousand people were imprisoned in Buchenwald. 56 thousand prisoners died. Among them were also several hundred deserters and those who refused to serve in the Wehrmacht. After the war, they continued to be considered "traitors" and "cowards" in Germany for a long time, and the first memorial stone was installed in Buchenwald only in 2001.
Memorial sites in Germany
Gypsy genocide
This monument, erected in Buchenwald in 1995 on the territory former bloc No. 14 is dedicated to the Roma and Sinti who died here. The names of all the camps of the "Third Reich" to which they were sent are engraved on the stones. Total number victims of the Roma genocide in Europe is still unknown. According to various sources, it can range from 150 thousand to 500 thousand people.
Memorial sites in Germany
Langenstein-Zwieberg death camp
Buchenwald had over 60 so-called outer camps. One of them is "Malachite" in Langenstein-Zwieberg near Halberstadt. Its prisoners were building an underground plant for the Junkers. Two thousand prisoners died from disease and exhaustion, were victims of torture and execution. Another 2,500 died or were killed during the death march, when the camp was evacuated due to the approach of the front.
Memorial sites in Germany
Dora-Mittelbau
Another outer camp of Buchenwald was formed in 1943 near the city of Nordhausen in Thuringia to organize production at the underground Mittelwerk plant, where V-2 rockets and other weapons were assembled. For a year and a half, 60 thousand people passed through the Dora-Mittelbau camp. Most made up of prisoners from Soviet Union, Poland and France. Every third of them died.
Memorial sites in Germany
Bergen-Belsen
Memorial on the territory of the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Lower Saxony. In total, about 50 thousand people died in this camp, among them 20 thousand prisoners of war. In April 1945, 15-year-old Anne Frank died here - the author of the famous diary denouncing Nazism and translated into many languages of the world.
Memorial sites in Germany
Sachsenhausen
"Work makes you free" - this sign on German over the gates of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Brandenburg became a household name. In total, over 100 thousand people were killed or died in this camp, including from 13 to 18 thousand Soviet prisoners of war. Among them is Stalin's eldest son Yakov Dzhugashvili. The national memorial, established by the government of the GDR, was opened here in 1961.
Memorial sites in Germany
Flossenbürg
"I have heard of Dachau and Auschwitz, but never of Flossenbürg" - such a quote greets visitors in former concentration camp on the territory of Bavaria. 30,000 people died in this camp. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a well-known German pastor, theologian and participant in a conspiracy against Hitler, was his prisoner, and his father was among the Soviet prisoners of war. former president Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko Andrey.
Memorial sites in Germany
Barrack No. 13
In the Berlin district of Schöneweide was one of the many camps for forced laborers driven from other countries for forced labor in Germany. Their total number during the years of the "Third Reich" amounted to several million people. The exposition of the documentation center in one of the surviving barracks of this camp is devoted to the fate of forced laborers.
Memorial sites in Germany
Ravensbrück
Sculpture of a mother with a child on the lake in Ravensbrück, the largest women's concentration camp in the "Third Reich". It was established in 1939, 90 kilometers north of Berlin. The number of prisoners during its existence amounted to more than 130 thousand people - about 40 nationalities. 28 thousand prisoners died. Medical experiments were also carried out in the camp.
Memorial sites in Germany
"Siemens barracks" in Ravensbrück
The prisoners of Ravensbrück and its numerous subcamps were used for forced labor. In 1940, textile production was established here, and in 1942, the electrical engineering concern Siemens & Halske AG built 20 industrial barracks. According to the testimonies of the surviving prisoners, at the end of 1944 up to 3,000 women and children worked here daily for this company.
Memorial sites in Germany
Stoves for Auschwitz
Former Topf & Söhne factory in Erfurt. Here, by order of the National Socialists, furnaces were produced in which people who died in Auschwitz and others were burned. concentration camps. On the International Holocaust Remembrance Day, January 27, 2011, a documentation center was opened in the former factory building.
Memorial sites in Germany
"Stumbling Stones"
Such metal signs embedded in the sidewalks can be seen in many cities in Germany. "Stumbling Stones" - Stolpersteine. The first one was installed by the German artist Gunther Demnig in Cologne in 1995. Stones commemorate the victims of National Socialism near the houses in which they lived. There are already more than 45 thousand of them in 800 German settlements and 200 outside of Germany.
Memorial sites in Germany
Gestapo
Numerous documentation centers are also involved in the study of the crimes of Nazism in Germany. In Cologne, such a center and museum are located in the former Gestapo building - EL-DE-Haus. In its basement there were cells for prisoners, on the walls of which there were inscriptions, including in Russian.
Memorial sites in Germany
Homosexuals
Since 1935, the Nazis also began to persecute homosexuals. In total, more than 50 thousand of them were convicted in the "Third Reich". About 7 thousand died in concentration camps. In 1995, a monument was erected on the embankment in Cologne - the Pink Triangle. The memorial shown in the photo was opened in 2008 in Berlin's Greater Tiergarten park. Another one is in Frankfurt - Frankfurt Angel (1994).
Brest Fortress. Kobrin fortification. Major Gavrilov's casemate. June 22, 2016. 5 o'clock in the morning.
Every year a similar event takes place at this place. Which brings together a large number of residents of Brest and guests. But this year, since the date was very impressive, the participants gathered not just a lot, but also diverse. According to our estimates, about 600 people participated in the reconstruction of the battle in the fortress. And this despite the most severe selection by the organizers.
A few words about them. This commemorative action is organized by the military-historical club Garrison. The Garrison are notorious for their scrupulous selection of members, and their brutality has already become legendary. But what to do, 1941 is not easy to portray.
This June the festival was international and international. In addition to Belarusian and Russian clubs, there were participants from Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Bulgaria, Israel and... Japan. More than 50 military-historical clubs and societies.
Having already visited several reconstructions and clearly understanding that this was not mine, as they say, nevertheless, I was pretty surprised. Both the organization and the spirit of the event. A mess, of course, there was a definite place to be, as without him at such a large-scale event, but even he was kind of ... kind, or something. And painfully native, army. Especially in terms of relations with the commandant's office.
There were some unpleasant moments, especially during filming. It’s a pity, of course, that they didn’t save our third camera, which the participants from the German side simply swept into the trench, and the second, which filmed the back of the head of the Estonian correspondent Yevgeny for half of the working time. But what remains, we hope, will give you the opportunity to appreciate the scale of the event.
I will say that this was the fifth event in a row that I attended. And by far the most impressive. It was not just a reconstruction of some moment of the battles. It was a full forty-minute performance. Bright, beautiful and does not leave anyone indifferent. It is surprising how the organizers were able to rehearse a performance of this magnitude in just two days.
Kobrin fortification of the Brest Fortress, June 22, 4:30 am.
Participants of the event with frank pleasure crowded around the fires. It was, to put it mildly, not hot.
While we were exhibiting, final preparations were being completed. Field hospital.
It all started somehow suddenly and imperceptibly. The fires were quickly extinguished, and the evening of June 21 began. Mounted patrol of border guards.
Evening dances. "Riorita", "Burnt Sun", "Black Rose" and other melodies of that time.
I could not resist, to be honest, and translated some of the photos, where there are no modern details, into black and white. In my opinion, it turned out quite in the spirit of the times.
A plane rumbled through the morning sky. Perhaps he symbolized the German intelligence officer.
Border post at the far end of the site from us.
Historical moment: delivery to the headquarters of the defector from the other side.
And in the meantime German intelligence already filmed our patrols.
4:20 a.m. then, 5:20 a.m. today.
The beginning of the war was impressive. The earth really shook, the sappers worked to the fullest.
Civilians are sheltered in the barracks.
Petersburg armored car BA-6.
Soldiers of the NKVD regiment went into battle.
The first Germans are on the outskirts.
The first counterattacks of our fighters.
Wedge T-27.
The first prisoners
The first losses of the Germans.
The sun has risen. It is quite possible that the sunrise looked the same 75 years ago...
The Germans call on the defenders of the fortress to surrender. The answer from the fortress was heard throughout the field: "Don't wait, freaks!"
Not very accurately thrown grenade. She lay right between us.
A German armored car knocked out our car, but was itself destroyed by Soviet gunners
The Germans take over the hospital.
To be honest, we succumbed to the general impulse. It was hard to resist witnessing this. Therefore, this moment was filmed only by a pinned camera in the trench. The only thing that could be taken from her was just a moment of silence. We in our sector furiously applauded the participants. And they stood silently, looking towards the "Bayonet" stele, to where those whom they depicted are buried.
After the end, everything, as usual at such events, was mixed up. Soviet fighters shared their impressions with the Germans, both sides willingly took pictures with the audience. We tried to communicate with everyone in a row for impressions, but soon gave up this business. Everyone's impressions were about the same. And, in order not to take time, we decided to leave the opinion of probably the most calm person in this field. Basically, he spoke for everyone.
We are extremely grateful to the press service of the Airborne Forces of the Russian Federation and personally to Comrade Colonel General Shamanov for his opinion, which he shared exclusively for the readers of Voyennoye Obozreniye.
Summing up what we saw, it is worth saying only that it left an indelible impression on us. And the way everything was carried out, and the way all the participants lived these minutes. It was indeed a revived episode of ours. Heavy, bloody, but ours. And the way the participants and organizers relate to history inspires respect.
Today, thousands of people gathered at the Northern Gates of the Kobrin fortification of the Brest Fortress - Brest residents, guests of the city, to see a large-scale military-historical reconstruction “June 22. Brest Fortress". There were three times more reenactors than last year. Clubs and reenactors arrived from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Japan, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, France, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, China, Japan. This increase is explained by the fact that this year June 22 falls on a day off.
The reconstruction consisted of two parts: a peaceful day and an episode of the battle. A little over an hour in time.
The audience saw the feat of corporal Vasily Volokitin, the attack of Samvel Matevosyan, the capture of Major Pyotr Gavrilov and the families of commanders. They also showed a "human shield" - the Germans broke through to the island, hiding behind women and children.
The reenactors used weapons provided by Belarusfilm, pyrotechnics and a 45 mm anti-tank gun.
Reconstruction in the fortress took place for the ninth time.
What attracts reenactors on June 22 in Brest? Chairman of the Council of the public association "Military-Historical Club Garrison" Yuri Kireev believes that it is important for reenactors to live in a tent camp according to military regulations:
- Preparation takes several months. We accept applications and conduct a rigorous selection process. We have the Red Army, and the Wehrmacht, and civilians. Today, for the first time, about 70 people are participating in the reconstruction, the rest are familiar with each other, they have come more than once. In order to live that era for several days, people travel hundreds of kilometers. We will be glad if the young people who came to the Brest Fortress today become interested in history - they read books, watch films to form a picture.
Brest resident Alexander Zharkov, military-historical club "Rubezh", participates in the reconstruction for the ninth time:
- On June 22 you will not rewrite. But we try to present the details in different ways. And this allows you to relive the events of that fateful morning again and again. We get used to the role and every time we experience this tragedy. Without living history, it is difficult for the current generation to show and tell how it was. Without these explosions, without these hordes of Germans, without the screams of the wounded, without those who surrendered, without women and children, whom the men had to send to surrender, it is not easy for young people to imagine the tragedy. For the sake of this we are here today - we are experiencing, leaving a piece of the soul. For everyone to remember. So that the tragedy does not happen again in our land.
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When shells explode before your eyes, a machine gun beats in agony, and clouds of gray smoke do not let the sun's rays through, you realize how scary it is in war. But this is just a reconstruction of the tragic event of June 1941 - the treacherous attack on the USSR by fascist Germany.
And although you understand that the mines are inert, the cartridges are blank, and the blood on the soldier's tunics is fake, this does not make you feel more comfortable ...
It should be reminded that more than 500 reenactors from Belarus, Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Japan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Spain, China and Kazakhstan took part in the reconstruction on June 21-22. For the first time clubs of reenactors from the Czech Republic and Slovakia joined the forum.
A bit of history (from Wikipedia)
June 22 at 3:15(04:15 Soviet “decree” time) a hurricane of artillery fire was opened on the fortress, taking the garrison by surprise. As a result, warehouses were destroyed, the water supply was damaged (according to the surviving defenders, there was no water in the water supply two days before the assault), communications were interrupted, and serious damage was done to the garrison.
At 3:23 the assault began. Up to one and a half thousand infantry from three battalions of the 45th Infantry Division advanced directly on the fortress. The surprise of the attack led to the fact that the garrison could not provide a single coordinated resistance and was divided into several separate centers.
The assault detachment of the Germans, advancing through the Terespol fortification, initially did not meet serious resistance and, having passed
The citadel, advanced groups went to the Kobrin fortification. However, the units of the garrison that found themselves in the rear of the Germans launched a counterattack, dismembering and almost completely destroying the attackers.
The Germans in the Citadel were able to gain a foothold only in certain areas, including the club building dominating the fortress (the former Church of St. Nicholas), the dining room for command staff and the barracks at the Brest Gates. They met strong resistance in Volyn and, especially, in Kobrin fortification, where it came to bayonet attacks.
By 7:00 June 22 42nd and 6th rifle divisions left the fortress and the city of Brest, but many soldiers of these divisions did not manage to get out of the fortress. It was they who continued to fight in it. According to the historian R. Aliyev, about 8 thousand people left the fortress, and about 5 thousand remained in it.
According to other sources, on June 22, there were only 3 to 4 thousand people in the fortress, since part of the personnel of both divisions was outside the fortress - in summer camps, at exercises, at the construction of the Brest fortified area (sapper battalions, an engineering regiment, one battalion each from each rifle regiment and by division from artillery regiments).
By 9 o'clock morning the fortress was surrounded. During the day, the Germans were forced to bring into battle the reserve of the 45th Infantry Division (135pp / 2), as well as the 130th infantry regiment, which was originally a reserve of the corps, thus bringing the group of attackers to two regiments.
On the night of June 23, withdrawing troops to the outer ramparts of the fortress, the Germans began shelling, in between offering the garrison to surrender. Surrendered about 1900 people. Nevertheless, on June 23, the remaining defenders of the fortress managed, having driven the Germans out of the section of the ring barracks adjacent to the Brest Gate, to unite the two most powerful pockets of resistance remaining on the Citadel - the battle group of the 455th rifle regiment, led by Lieutenant A. A. Vinogradov (chief chemical services of the 455th rifle regiment) and captain I.N. Zubachev (deputy commander of the 44th rifle regiment for the economic part), and the battle group of the so-called "House of Officers" - the units concentrated here for the planned breakthrough attempt, were led by regimental commissar E M. Fomin (military commissar of the 84th rifle regiment), senior lieutenant N. F. Shcherbakov (assistant chief of staff of the 33rd separate engineering regiment) and lieutenant A. K. Shugurov (executive secretary of the Komsomol bureau of the 75th separate reconnaissance battalion ).
By the evening of June 24 the Germans captured most of the fortress, with the exception of the section of the ring barracks (“House of Officers”) near the Brest (Three-arch) gates of the Citadel, casemates in an earthen rampart on the opposite bank of the Mukhavets (“Point 145”) and the so-called “Eastern Fort” located on the Kobrin fortification - its defense, which consisted of 600 soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, was commanded by Major P. M. Gavrilov (commander of the 44th Infantry Regiment).
Groups of fighters under the command of Senior Lieutenant A.E. Potapov (in the cellars of the barracks of the 333rd Rifle Regiment) and border guards of the 9th Frontier Outpost Lieutenant A.M. Kizhevatov (in the building of the frontier outpost) continued to fight in the Terespol Gate area. On this day, the Germans managed to capture 570 defenders of the fortress.
The last 450 defenders of the Citadel were captured on June 26 after blowing up several compartments of the ring barracks "House of Officers" and point 145, and on June 29, after the Germans dropped an aerial bomb weighing 1800 kilograms, the Eastern Fort fell.
However, the Germans managed to finally clean it up. only June 30th. Only isolated centers of resistance and single fighters remained, gathering in groups and organizing active resistance, or trying to break out of the fortress and go to the partisans in Belovezhskaya Pushcha(many have done it).
In the cellars of the barracks of the 333rd regiment near the Terespol Gates, the group of A.E. Potapov and the border guards of A.M. Kizhevatov who joined it continued to fight until June 29.
June 29 they made a desperate attempt to break through to the south, towards the Western Island, in order to then turn to the east, during which most of its participants died or were captured. Major P. M. Gavrilov was captured wounded among the last - July 23.
One of the inscriptions in the fortress reads: “I am dying, but I do not give up! Farewell, Motherland. 20/VII-41".
The resistance of single Soviet soldiers in the casemates of the fortress continued until August 1941, before A. Hitler and B. Mussolini visited the fortress. It is also known that the stone that A. Hitler took from the ruins of the bridge was discovered in his office after the end of the war. To eliminate the last pockets of resistance, the German high command gave the order to flood the cellars of the fortress with water from the Western Bug River.
About 3 thousand Soviet soldiers were taken prisoner by German troops in the fortress(according to the report of the commander of the 45th division, Lieutenant-General Shliper, on June 30, 25 officers, 2877 junior commanders and soldiers were taken prisoner), 1877 Soviet soldiers died in the fortress.
The total losses of the Germans in the Brest Fortress amounted to 1197 people, of which 87 Wehrmacht officers on the Eastern Front in the first week of the war.
June 22, on the Day of National Remembrance of the Victims of the Great Patriotic War, commemorative events will be held in Brest. They will start on the evening of June 21st. A march of reenactors, a peaceful evening on Sovetskaya Street, documentary exhibitions... On June 22 at 3.15 a meeting-requiem will begin on the Square of Ceremonials in the Brest Fortress, Vecherniy Brest reports.
Upon its completion, a military-historical reconstruction “June 22. Brest Fortress". Beginning - at 4 hours 30 minutes. About 600 people will take part in the reconstruction of the defense of the Brest Fortress. True, the expected "German reconnaissance aircraft" - the AN-2 aircraft of the Brest flying club DOSAAF may never appear in the sky.
Recall that the reconstruction of the beginning of the war in the Brest Fortress has been carried out since 2010. It gathers tens of thousands of spectators, despite the early hour. In 2019, 600 reenactors applied for participation. Enthusiasts of military battles from such countries as Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Baltic States, Austria, Great Britain, France, and Japan will arrive in Brest. Many military-historical clubs and individuals come not for the first time. The Russians are especially active. Most often, the list includes such cities as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Novosibirsk, Voronezh.
"German plane" and ... drones
Great attention to safety. A lot of pyrotechnics will be laid on the Kobrin fortification. But most of all, the organizers fear ... unmanned aircraft(drones). It was originally planned that the AN-2 aircraft of the Brest flying club DOSAAF would circle in the air. As planned, he was supposed to play the role of a German intelligence officer.
True, the use of the aircraft in the reconstruction of 2016 caused some controversy. Everyone is well aware of the massive artillery fire arranged by the Nazis in the early morning of June 22. But the scriptwriters assure that nothing is being done for the sake of a beautiful entourage.
Aviation was used to bomb the Eastern Fort, the Garrison VIC explained. - True, it was not on the first day of the war. According to the current idea, the aircraft used is a German reconnaissance aircraft. Those often appeared at our borders before the war.
True, as it became known on the morning of June 19, permission to use the aircraft has not yet been received. So whether it will appear in the sky above the Kobrin fortification this year is a big question.