Orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language briefly. Basic rules of Russian orthoepy
Orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words Oh.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
The selection of styles in the field of vocabulary and grammar in the literary language is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: colloquial style and public (bookish) speech style. Conversational style is ordinary speech that dominates everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence in this style of setting for perfect pronunciation leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [pr about s "ut] and [pr about s "ut", [high about ky] and [high about to "th]. Book style finds expression in different forms public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable language design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, and the elimination of pronunciation options. In cases where pronunciation differences are due solely to the area of phonetics, two styles are distinguished: complete and colloquial (incomplete). The full style is distinguished by a clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow pace of speech. The colloquial (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, of course, less careful articulation of sounds.
In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilations, dissimilations, reductions) in words, the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [learnt ] etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.
The most important of these rules are:
1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (according to their spelling) only under stress ( sayingAnd whether, xO dim, seeE ly, bE ly, nO Sim). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.
2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ inBUT Yes], [XBUT RBUT sho], [toBUT forces], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .
3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ inAnd sleep], [passAnd obvious], [plAnd sat], [PAnd RAnd watched], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .
4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [ duP ], [mountainT ], [loafP ], [maroFROM ], [daroW ka], [grisP ki], [aboutW bba], [smallD bba], [reFROM cue], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, please .
5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, it sounds paired with a deaf k [ otherTo ], [bookTo ], [bootsTo ], [moTo ], but it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.
6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [ AND burn], [AND heat], [beLearn worn out], but it is written burn, hot, lifeless . At the beginning of some words mid sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], but it is written - happiness, counting, counting .
7. In some words, the combination ch pronounced like [ caneSHN a], [skuSHN a], [Me andSHN itza], [squareSHN ik], [NikitiSHN a], [SavvyW on the], [laundrySHN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloSHN and I], lactic - [moloSHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).
8. Words what to pronounce should be like [ what], [shtoby].
9. When a series of consonants converge - rdts, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and pronounce [ seRC e], [CheCH th], [leCH itza], [shchaSL willow].
10. The endings of -th, -it must be pronounced as ava, iva [ redAVA ],[synWILLOW ], [KAVO], [CHIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.
11. Endings - be,-tsya(study, study) are pronounced like - tsa [teachCC BUT], [daringCC BUT], [vstrychaCC BUT].
12. Letters at the beginning of words uh - e are written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).
In a number of foreign words after consonants and and spelled e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, registry).
In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).
In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).
13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).
We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).
In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced unchanged only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subject to weakened articulation.
In orthoepy, there is a rule according to which the voiced consonants B, C, G, D, F, 3 at the end of the word sound like their paired deaf P, F, K, T, W, S. For example: forehead - lo [n], blood - kro [f "], eye - eye [s], ice - lo [t], fear - fright [k]. (The sign " denotes the softness of the consonant).
In orthoepy, the combinations of ZZh and ZhZh, which are inside the root of the word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [Ж]. For example: I’m leaving - I’m leaving, I’m coming - I’m coming, later - I’ll be alive, reins - reins, rattles - rattles. The word “rain” is pronounced with a long soft [Sh] (SHSH) or with a long soft [F] (ZHZH) before the combination JD: doshsh, rain, dozhzhichek, dozhzhit, dozhzhe, dozhzhevik.
Combinations of MF and AF are pronounced as a long soft sound [SCH"]: happiness - good luck, bill - brush, customer - zakaschik.
In some combinations of several consonants, one of them drops out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.
Sounds [T] and [D] soften before soft [B] only in some words. For example: door - door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - Thursday, solid - solid, branches - branches, but two, courtyard, supply.
In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [C] and [З] are softened and pronounced: “if”, “take”, “after”, “razve”.
In the words ordinary, majestic, special N-Nyn and others, two "H"s are pronounced.
The reflexive particle SJ in verbs is pronounced firmly - SA: washed, boyalsa, dressed. The combination of sounds ST before soft sound[B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - great.
In normal colloquial pronunciation there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such digressions are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of a letter G at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], but in place h(in words of course that) the sound [h] is explained by the “letter” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.
There are a lot of rules in orthoepy and for their assimilation one should refer to the relevant literature.
word stress
Russian stress is the most difficult area of the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence of a large number of pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, calls and calls, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian stress is characterized by diversity and mobility. Diversity is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - iconography, on the second - expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, walk - walk. Most of words of the Russian language (about 96%) have a mobile stress. Diversity and mobility, historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants in one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by dictionaries as corresponding to the norm, and the other as incorrect. Wed: store, - wrong; store is correct.
In other cases, the variants are given in dictionaries as equals: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent options: The law of analogy - large group words with a certain type of stress affects a smaller, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the stress shifted from the root thinking to the suffix -eni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. The words gas pipeline, garbage chute are mispronounced by a false analogy with the word wire with an emphasis on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability of stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, the forms of the indicative and imperative mood are distinguished: restrain, force, sip and restrain, force, sip. Mixing patterns of stress. This reason operates more often in borrowed words, but it can also appear in Russian. For example, nouns with -iya have two patterns of stress: dramaturgy (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in live speech there is a mixture of models, as a result of which options appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. Action of a tendency to rhythmic balance. This tendency is manifested only in four-five-syllable words.
If the inter-stress interval (the distance between stresses in adjacent words) is greater than the critical interval (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of word-formation types. Options in the cases of spare - spare, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, pressure - pressure, tidal - tidal, branch - branch are explained by the accent interaction of denominative and verbal formations: transfer - from translation, transfer - from translate, etc. Professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruisers (for sailors), boyish (for sellers), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaflets (for tailors), characteristic (for actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. Two-syllable and three-syllable masculine nouns tend to shift the stress from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns, this process has ended. Once they said: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearls, epigraph. In other words, the process of stress transition continues to this day and manifests itself in the presence of options: quarter (wrong quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract, etc. contract, dispensary (incorrect dispensary), catalog (not recommended catalog), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns, also two- and three-syllable, there is a shift in stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): kirza - kirza, keta - keta, foil - foil, cutter - cutter. The source of the appearance of variants can be stresses in words with different meanings: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, patch - patch. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high fur boots or high fur boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia, this is what a cheesecake is called). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.
MOU Novo-Usmanovskaya secondary school
Russian language lesson in 10th grade in order to prepare for the exam.
SPELLING RULES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Topic
"Basic norms of modern literary
pronunciation and stress in Russian"
prepared
teacher of Russian language and literature
Mingalimova Ramziya Mudaristovna
year 2009
Goals:
1. Restore in the memory of students the basic norms of correct literary speech; emphasize on actual problems state of the modern language.
2. On concrete examples work out spelling, lexical, grammatical, stylistic pronunciation norms; promote the development of oral communication skills.
3. To instill in students a caring attitude towards the language, an aesthetic language ideal.
Equipment: test tasks, cards, spelling dictionaries.
Location of the lesson. Computer class.
During the classes.
1 Organizing time. (The student enters the class by "passes" - cards with words for the correct pronunciation.
2. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3. Checking homework (Several students work at computers with simulators for various spellings, and two students at the blackboard perform phonetic parsing the words)
4. Work on the topic.
5. Preliminary research work by a group of students according to the orthoepic norms of the language.
Motivation.
Teacher's word:
Let's pay attention to the statement of K. S. Gorbachevich, which will serve as an epigraph to today's lesson:
It is difficult to overestimate the role of literary pronunciation - one of the important indicators of the general cultural level modern man. The correct pronunciation of a word is as important as the correct spelling.
K.S. Gorbachevich
Work on the topic of the lesson.
A) frontal survey.
What does orthoepy study? The term "orthoepy" is used in linguistics in two meanings:
1) a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: the norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, the norms of stress and intonation;
2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).
Educational complexes define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first sense. Thus, according to these complexes, all the pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: the realization of vowels in unstressed syllables, the stunning / voicing of consonants in certain positions, the softness of a consonant before a consonant, etc.
What is the orthoepic norm?
The pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and grammatical forms is subject to certain rules. These rules are called orthoepic norms.
What orthoepic norms do you know?
Students. Orthoepic norms are a complex phenomenon. The main orthoepic rules - the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation can be divided into those that determine the pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress) and the pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in consonant combinations, in combinations with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms).
– Some students conducted a study of the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, individual words, and today they will acquaint everyone with the rules that they have developed.
Pronunciation of vowels.
1. Strong position for vowels - position under stress. In an unstressed position, vowels undergo a change (qualitative or quantitative), i.e. are reduced.
Attention should be paid to the difficult cases of reduction. After the hissing [zh] and [w] and the sound [c], the unstressed vowel [a] is pronounced as a short [a]: jargon, kings. But before soft consonants - like the sound [ye]: sorry, thirty. In rare cases, [ye] is also pronounced before solid consonants: rye, jasmine.
2. After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters a, e, i, the sound [ie] is pronounced: hours. This is what is called "hiccup". It is found in neutral and conversational styles. "Ekane" (pronunciation in this phonetic position of the sound [ee] characterizes stage speech: v[ee] net, t [ee] rnovy. The pronunciation of ch [i] sy is outdated, ch [a] sy is dialect.
3. Consonants ts, zh, sh - solid sounds, after them in place of the letter and pronounced [s]: revolution [s] i, zh [s] zn, sh [s] r.
4. In a few words of foreign origin, not completely assimilated by the Russian language, in place of the letter o, in contrast to the Russian orthoepic norm, in an unstressed position, a weakened [o] is pronounced, i.e. without reduction: radio[o]. Too distinct [o] is perceived as mannered, on the other hand, a distinct pronunciation of [o] in "Russified" book words (sonata, short story) is also not desirable, because gives the pronunciation a colloquial tone.
5. The Russian historian N.M. Karamzin suggested using the letter ё, simplifying the complex pattern that existed earlier in the alphabet of the letter. However, now we can only meet the letter ё in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying Russian. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. You should pay attention to words in which the vowel [o], denoted by the letter ё, is sometimes erroneously replaced with a shock [e], whitish, maneuvers are pronounced as whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, the shock [e] is mistakenly replaced with [o] e: grenadier, scam is pronounced as grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not standard. Pronunciation of consonants
1. Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before deaf consonants are stunned: arbu [s], pre[t] acceptance.
2. In masculine nouns on -ism, the consonant [h] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when softening the final consonant in D.p. and P.p.: under capitalism.
3. The consonant [g] can be pronounced as [g] - year, [k] - enemy, [?] - Lord, [x] - God, [c] - whom.
4. Sound [?] within modern literary norm be pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation [g] Lord, a [g] a, o [g] o can be considered a variant of the norm.
5. In Russian, there is a tendency for the adaptability of the sound image of borrowed words with e after a hard consonant, many such words have become “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa.
But a number of words retain a solid consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Variant pronunciation is allowed: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.
6. According to the old Moscow norms, the spelling combination ch was pronounced as [shn]. At present, [shn] is preserved in the words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, and in female patronymics in -ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna.
In a number of words, a double pronunciation is allowed: bulo [ch] naya and bulo [shn] naya, although the latter is becoming obsolete.
7. According to the "older" norm, the combination of th was pronounced as [pcs] in the word that and words derived from it: nothing, something, etc.
Currently, this rule is preserved for all the specified words, except for something [th]. In all other words, spelling th is always pronounced as [th]: mail, dream.
8. The combination of zhd in the word rain and derivatives from it was pronounced according to the "older" norm as [zh"zh"] (at the end of the word - [w"sh"]). The modern pronunciation [zhd"] (at the end of the word - [pcs"]) is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.
9. According to the "older" norm, the spelling combinations zzh and zhzh (yeast, later) were worn out as [zh"zh"] - a long and soft hissing. Currently, in place of zzh and zhzh, a hard hissing [zhzh] is pronounced. And this pronunciation is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm
In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R.I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language.
The pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e in borrowed words is regulated separately for each word of this type. So, you should pronounce k[r"]em, [t"]ermin, mu[z"]ey, shi[n"]el, but fo[ne]tika, [te]nnis, sw[te]r; in a number of words, a variable pronunciation is possible, for example: prog [r] ess and prog [r "] ess.
The pronunciation in individual words of combinations of th and ch as [pcs] and [shn] is also given by the list. So, with [pcs] the words are pronounced that, with [shn] - the words are of course, boring, in a number of words a variable pronunciation is acceptable, for example, two [h "n"] ik and two [shn"] ik, bulo [h "n] th and bulo[shn] th.
As already mentioned, in the speech of some people, mainly the older generation, there is a long soft consonant sound [zh "], which is pronounced in separate words at the place of combinations of letters zhzh, zh, zhd: yeast, reins, I drive, rains: [trembling" and], [vozh "and], [th "ezh" y], [dazh" and]. In the speech of people of the younger generation, at the place of combinations of zhzh and zhzh, the sound [zh] = [zhzh] ([trembling], [y "ezhu]) can be pronounced, at the place of the combination of zhd in the word rains - [zh"] (thus, with stunning in the word rain we have pronunciation options [dosch"] and [dosht"]).
In the speech of all native speakers of the modern Russian language, [n] is consistently replaced by [n"] before [h "] and [u"]: drum [drum "h" ik], drummer [drum "sch" ik]. In other groups softening consonants either does not occur at all (for example, benches [lafk "and]), or it is presented in the speech of some native speakers and is absent in the speech of others. At the same time, the representation of positional softening in different groups of consonants is different. So, in the speech of many speakers, positional softening occurs [s] before [n "] and [t"], [s] before [n"] and [d"]: bone [kos "t"], song [p "es "n" a], life [zhyz" n "], nails [gvoz" d "and], softening the first consonant in combinations [z"], [dv"], [sv"], [zl"], [ sl "], [sy"] and some others are the exception rather than the rule (for example: door [dv"er"] and [d"v"er"], eat [sy"em] and [s"th"em] , if [th "esl" and] and [th" es "l" and]).
The emergence of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century they said a[n"]gel, tse[r"]kov, ve[r"x], ne[r"]y. And even now in the speech of older people you can often find such a pronunciation. The solid pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle -sya (sya) very quickly leaves the literary language (laughed [s] a, met [s]). At the beginning of the 20th century this was the norm of the literary language, as well as the hard sounds [g, k, x] in adjectives ending in -ky, -gy, -hy and in verbs na -nod, -give, -hivat. The words tall, strict, dilapidated, jump up, bounce, shake off were pronounced as if it were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, jump up. Then the norm began to allow both options - the old and the new: and dared [with] a and dared [with "] I, and strict [g] y stro [g"] y. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others characterize the younger generation.
Teacher's conclusion.
Which dictionary can be consulted in case of difficulty related to the pronunciation of a word?
Relaxation: Starting position - standing, hands forward, look at the fingertips, raise your hands up (inhale), follow your hands with your eyes without raising your head, lower your hands, exhale. Repeat 3 times.
Work with the simulator "Orthoepic norms".
In fact, the list of these words is much longer. In case of difficulty, you need to refer to the spelling dictionary. In our daily speech, such common words often occur.
Research work.
Work with exercises:
Place the stresses in the words using the spelling dictionary. Formulate a rule that obeys the placement of stress in these words.
Pipeline, gas pipeline, water pipeline, garbage chute, oil pipeline. (Rule: in words ending in -wire, the stress falls on the last syllable).
Philologist, psychologist, catalogue, epilogue, prologue. (Rule: if the noun is animate, then the stress falls on the middle of the word).
Silence, deafness, yawning, stuffiness, beauty, drowsiness, aching. (Rule: in nouns formed from verbs, the stress falls on -from-, formed from adjectives - on the ending.
Silence - dumb, deafness - deaf, stuffiness - stuffy, beauty - beautiful;
Yawning - yawning, drowsiness - napping, aches - breaking.)
(After checking each task from this block, the rule is written in notebooks).
Performing exercises 50, 51, 52. In case of difficulty, students refer to the school spelling dictionary or Appendix 1 of the textbook. Exercise 50 is done in writing.
Alphabet, hyphen, quarter, kitchen, miserable, orphans, convocation, statue, phenomenon, expert, flounder, pantry, silo, carpenter, more beautiful, beets, sorrel, he calls, corrugated, indulge, clog.
The words of exercises 51, 52 are read aloud in a chain, everyone monitors the correct pronunciation and, if necessary, makes corrections.
Exercise 51.
Call - called, called, called, called; pour - poured, naughty, poured, poured; take - took, took, took, took; spin - spun, spun, spun, spun; call - called, called, called, called; drive - drove, drove, drove, drove; wait - waited, waited, waited, waited; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; begin - began, began, began, began; come to life - came to life, came to life, came to life, came to life; understand - understood, understood, understood, understood; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
Exercise 52 (words are transcribed)
Summary of the lesson. 1) conversation on questions:
What is an orthoepic norm and why is it needed?
What should we do to make our speech correct, clear, understandable to others?
It will be the greatest crime against culture, against our Motherland, against humanity, if we do not protect our language and allow ourselves to distort it.
K. G. Paustovsky.
2) grading.
Write an essay-reasoning on the topic “Why do we need orthoepy?”
Repeat everything studied on the topic "Orthoepy";
Orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants, stress).
Even though I looked in the old days
In the Academic Dictionary.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
Really, the best remedy successfully cope with task A1 (orthoepic norms) - constantly look into dictionaries, where the correct pronunciation of words is indicated. Look at the page for the correct accents for a few hundred words.
In no case when completing a task not costs lean on the own an experience! Most of the words of the orthoepic minimum in everyday speech we pronounce it wrong!
Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of our speech and ensure the sound of all language units, which is uniform and obligatory for all literate native speakers, in accordance with the peculiarities of the language phonetic system, as well as the uniform pronunciation of language units in accordance with the pronunciation norms that have historically developed and entrenched in language practice. . Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferred option for the correct pronunciation of the word.
Rule.
I. Accents in initial form verbs.
1. In verbs ending in I-TH, the suffix -I- is most often stressed
For example:
bleed ease encourage exacerbate borrow fruit put speed up deepen exacerbate |
But:
cork up glue embitter inquire warm up vulgarize anticipate need to kill pepper |
||
2. In verbs with -IROVAT, the stress most often falls on -I-. | |||
For example:
ballot block copy privatize design export discuss inform dose |
BUT:
mark reward normalize corrugate seal bombard |
||
Remember! | |||
for frostbite
rust, rust (both options are correct) cough to be incapacitated mold move to hide scoop |
|||
II. The stresses in the forms of verbs of the present and future tense, participles (in -УШ/УШ, -АШЧ/ЯШ, -ВШ, -НН\ENN) and gerunds are the same as in the initial form of the verb.
In participles formed from verbs with the suffix -T-, stress falls on the first syllable.
folded,
bent,
started,
accepted.
III. Stress in the past tense of verbs.
In feminine forms stress falls on the ending -a. In masculine, neuter and plural forms - on the first syllable.
EXCEPTIONS: laid, stole, sent, lived.
IV. Stress in nouns.
1. In the nominative plural shock is the ending -A, unstressed- -Y, so you should remember:
airports,
cakes,
elevators,
bows,
cranes,
lecturers,
scarves.
2. In the forms of the genitive plural, the ending -OB is most often unstressed, and the ending -EY - shock.
agent
alphabet
hyphen
dispensary
document
blinds
catalog
obituary
quarter
PARTNER
apostrophe
percent
cement
expert
fetish
BUT:
flyleaf, facsimile.
4. In many derivative words stress is preserved producing words:
creed - to confess
agreement, agreement - agree
INTENTION - MEASURE
SUPPLY - PROVIDE
aristocracy - aristocracy
sign - banner
metallurgy – metallurgy
5. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:
citizenship
winterer
self-interest
flint
ski track
adolescence
beet
a statue
tableYar
chain
Spark
shoe.
V. Adverbs.
The stress falls on the prefix in the words:
in time,
ahead of time
after dark,
Isstari
VI. Adjectives.
Remember the orthoepic norms for the sound of the following adjectives:
old
more beautiful, more beautiful
mosaic
wholesale
plum
pear
kitchen
salmon
Ukrainian
enviable.
Parsing the task.
In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
2) sneaked
4) (good) news
Option number 1.
Option ski track- a noun, the sound of which should be remembered. The correct pronunciation is ski track.
Options number 2,3.
The words "skull and understand" are feminine forms of the past tense of verbs, where the stress should fall on the ending -a, therefore in the form understood the accent is wrong. Verb sneaked is an exception, and the emphasis in it falls on the stem - sneaked.
Option number 4.
news - noun in the form R.p. plural, ending -ee is stressed.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that the language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of the language that regulates and classifies everything orthoepic norms, these are also the norms of the language themselves, which have developed over many centuries.
The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, as modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.
Orthoepy is a section that is mandatory for study, since knowing orthoepic norms is necessary not only for future poets and writers - it is necessary in Everyday life. The person who allows spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, the correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, consider the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.
Pronunciation of vowels.
Clearly and clearly in Russian only those vowels that are under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in the word is regulated reduction law (lat.reducere - reduce). This law explains the less clear and less clear pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.
Sounds [about] and [a] are pronounced like [a] if they are at the beginning of a word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "about" is in an unstressed position and follows a solid consonant, it is read as a short obscure reduced sound, something in between [s] and [a](depending on position): g [b] lova, st [b] ron, t [b] lokno. It's the sound [b] in transcription, this reduced sound is conventionally indicated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of the word , then the following letters "a" , "e" and "i" read as a cross between [e] and [and](the lips at the same time stretch, as if to pronounce [and] but pronounced [e]): p [and e] ro - pen, s [and e] ro - gray, [and e] language - language.
After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "and" pronounced sound [s]: laughter [s] tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical [s] institute - pedagogical institute, to [s] vanu - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase "laughter and tears" "and" can also be pronounced like [and], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonational pause is made at the place of the union.
Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.
When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: assimilation and stuns. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a deaf , then he is stunned: dru [k] - friend, hand [f] - sleeve, smo [x] - could. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [to], [b] how [P], [in] how [f], [h] how [With]. In combinations "gk" and "gch" [g] is read as [X]: le [hk] o, le [hh] e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a deaf consonant before the voiced consonant, then, on the contrary, it is likened to the voiced vowel corresponding to it: pro[s"]ba, [h]give.
Separately, it must be said about the combination "ch". This combination in the old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [sn]. Today, in most cases, it is still pronounced as [h], but there are a few exceptions:
- In female patronymics: Lukini[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a.
- In single words: Skvore[shn]ik, bore[shn]o, yai[shn]itsa and etc.
Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words "what" and "something" is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on the [in] in the words “who”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ tss] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[cc]a, return[cc]a.
Words of foreign origin.
Orthoepic norms of the literary language in case the word is of foreign origin, for the most part remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But still there are some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:
- Lack of sound reduction [about]: m[o]del, [o]asis.
- Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", softening does not occur in some words: ant[e]nna, gene[e]tika.
- In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both consonant softening and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..
stress in Russian is not static and can change due to a change in the form of a word, case, and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as to find out which syllable will be stressed correctly, you can look at orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn how to speak correctly and beautifully.
Orthoepy (from the Greek. orthos- correct and epos- speech) - a set of norms national language, ensuring the unity of its sound design, the uniformity of which helps to facilitate verbal communication.
The peculiarity of orthoepic norms is that they relate to oral speech. Within the framework of orthoepic norms, the norms of pronunciation and stress are considered.
Let's get acquainted with some rules of pronunciation
a) vowels
In unstressed syllables, vowel sounds undergo reduction - qualitative and quantitative changes as a result of a weakening of articulation. For example: from [a] sleep, in [and e] sleep, h [and e] sy, call [b] in, in [b] lykan, pull out [b] out, [a] wield, w [a] kay , l[s e] shade.
b) consonant sounds
Voiced consonants at the end of words and in their middle before deaf consonants are stunned, for example: hawk [n], zapa [t], tra [f] ka.
In place of deaf consonants before voiced ones, except in, the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced, for example: [z] run, o [d] quit, in [g] hall.
In a number of cases, assimilation softening is observed, i.e. consonants in front of soft consonants are pronounced softly, for example: [z'd'] es, gvo [z'd'] and, ka [z'n'], ku [z'n']ets, ne [n' s']ia.
Double consonants are pronounced for a long time as a long consonant if the stress falls on the previous syllable, for example: group [pp] a, ma [ss] a, program [mm] a. If the stress falls on the next syllable, then double consonants are pronounced without longitude, for example: a[k]ord, ba[s] ein, gram[m]atika.
Stress Rules
- 1. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in indirect cases of the singular, for example: bandage - bandage, damn - pancake, tourniquet - harness, umbrella - umbrella, whale - whale, fang - canine, bucket - bucket, hook - hook, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, chain - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.
- 2. In the accusative case of the singular, feminine nouns have an accent either on the ending or on the root, for example:
- a) haulm - haulm, spring - spring, gum - gum, ash - ash, pickaxe - pickaxe, burrow - burrow, sheep - sheep, dew - dew, plow - sohu, foot - foot,
- b) mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - winter, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.
- 3. Some feminine nouns are pronounced with an accent on the ending when used with prepositions in and on the in the circumstantial sense: in handfuls, on the chest, on the door, in the bones, in the blood, in the night, on the stove, in connection, in the net, in the steppe, in the shade, on the chain, in honor.
- 4. In genitive case plural are pronounced: a) with an accent based on: localities, honors, profits;
- b) with an accent on the ending: statements, fortresses, news, stories, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.
Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without, for example:
on the:on the water, on the leg, on the arm, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the corner, on the ear, on the day, on the night , two, three, six, ten, one hundred;
per:for water, for a leg, for hair, for a head, for a hand, for a back, for a winter, for a soul, for a nose, for a year, for a city, for an ear, for ears, for a night, for two, for three, for six , ten, forty, one hundred;
under: under the feet, under the arms, downhill, under the nose, in the evening;
on: I will sea, across the field, through the forest, along the floor, along the nose, along the ear, two by three, by a hundred, by two, by three;
from:out of the forest, out of the house, out of the nose, out of sight;
without:missing, useless, without a year, a week without a year.
Wed also: hour by hour, year by year, until the night, until the floor and etc.
- 5. Plural nouns with an ending -s, -and, when declining, as a rule, they keep the stress on the basis of: rectors - rectors, turners - turners, drivers - drivers, scarves - scarves; plural nouns with the ending -and I, when declining, as a rule, they have an accent on the ending: bills - bills, doctors - doctors, passports - passports, fields - fields, bread - bread.(See morphological norms for nouns.)
- 6. Many short adjectives in the feminine, they have an accent on the ending: pale, pale, pale, pale; close, close, close, close; small, small, few, small; full, full, full, full; simple, simple, simple, simple.
- 7. In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the stress is on the ending, less often on the basis:
- a) took, was, took, pitchfork, heeded, lied, drove, gave, pestered, fought, lived, asked, borrowed, called, poured, acquired, hired, started, drank, swam, understood, arrived, accepted, tore, distributed, heard, took off, slept and others;
- b) beat, shaved, blew, sting, laid, stole, wings, washed, crushed, fell, gave birth, sewed.
- 8. Some masculine past tense reflexive verbs have an accent on the postfix: got busy, shut himself up, hired out, started, leaned on, started.
- 9. Some perfective verbs have an accent on the ending: turn on, turn on; make it easier, make it easier; call, call; move, move; hoist, hoist.
- 10. Verbs on - ovate, - ovate pronounced like this: 11
-ing |
-ized |
-ovate |
-ovanny |
motivate |
motivated |
carbonate |
carbonated |
review |
peer-reviewed |
pleat |
pleated |
direct |
directed |
corrugate |
corrugated |
arrange |
arranged |
reward |
rewarded |
stabilize |
stabilized |
mark |
marked |
debate |
debated |
fill up |
sealed |
clash |
disharmony |
to book |
armored, |
date |
dated |
(cover |
a also: |
to book |
privatized |
armor), |
spoiled |
(order | |||
in advance) |
pamper |
||
privatize |
11. For many passive past participles, the stress is on the basis, except for the feminine singular form, in which it is transferred to the ending, for example: taken - taken - taken - taken; started - started - started - started; given - given - given - given; accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted; sold - sold - sold - sold; lived - lived - lived - lived etc.
But from the sacraments - swearing, - tattered, - called the feminine form is stressed on the basis of:
selected, selected, selected, selected, selected, selected, selected, disassembled, collected, selected, removed etc.;
torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, etc.;
called, called, called, called etc.
Pronunciation rules for individual words
Pronunciation of adverbs
With an accent on the prefix: vzapuski, satiety, clean, headlong, short, headlong, top, bottom, two by two.
With an accent on the root: utterly, enviably, for a long time, since ancient times, otherwise, sometimes, a hundredfold, immediately.
With an accent on the ending: hired, until light, from time immemorial, masterfully, equally.
Pronunciation of foreign words
In words of foreign origin, not completely acquired by the Russian language, in place of the letter about in an unstressed position, it is pronounced [o], i.e. reduction does not occur: b[o]a, kaka[o], sake[o].
Before a vowel denoted by a letter e, there is a double pronunciation.
Softly spoken words:
academy, affect, beret, brunette, hypothesis, devaluation, decade, scenery, demagogue, correct, museum, pressure, term, overcoat, effect.
Pronounced firmly.
alternative, anesthesia, antithesis, atelier, barter, genetics, decollete, delta, dumping, code, cafe, patronage, rating, thesis, tender, thermos, Chopin, plug, aesthete.
The words artery, bacterium, swimming pool, parcel post, cycle track, tasting, dean, decade, depot, depression, creed, lottery, nylon, novella, claim, progress, sonnet, therapist, terror, federation, trout, copy, energy have two pronunciations.
It is difficult to pronounce the following words:
Get acquainted with the pronunciation of individual words agent, apostrophe, bartender, unrestrained, genesis, cedar, pantry, aches, ordeal, uncork, seal, understood, bonus, belt, shoe, Christian, scoop, manger.
Some words differ in meaning: busy (place) - busy (person)", booked (number) - booked (car)", spare (exit) - spare (pencil, player)", sparkle (with happiness) - sparkle (snow)", detour (path ) - bypass (sheet)", transfer (form) - transfer (exam, novel)", immersed (on the platform) - immersed (in water)", movable (flexible) - movable (composition)", draft (cry) - military age)",
developed (child) - developed (socialism) - developed (curl)", reflex (related to the reflector) - reflex (impulsive);
steps (in a ladder) - steps (a step in the development of something)",
wonderful (amazing) - wonderful (strange)",
linguistic (made from language) - linguistic (barrier).
Euphony suggests the most perfect from the point of view of the speakers given language a combination of sounds that is easy to pronounce and pleasing to the ear. The most natural sounding of Russian speech is achieved by the alternation of consonants and vowels and the insignificant use of combinations of several consonants. Combinations of two consonants at the beginning and middle of a word are common in Russian, for example: snow, steppe, paddle, kind, makes articulation difficult by placing them at the end of a word: good, round, dull.
The euphony of speech is also influenced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables and the associated predominance of short or long words. Speech is good if short words alternate with long ones, in which case the stressed syllables are not in a row and not too far apart. For Russian, the average word length is three syllables.
We train
No. 104. Pronounce the words correctly, determine their meanings. Complete the task.
Disdain, unparalleled, competitiveness, long distance, scoff, perturbation, precedent, slip, knowledgeable, compromise, scrupulous, paid, emergency, escort, legal adviser.
1. Try to compose a text using as many of these words as possible in your speech.
No. 105. Make phrases with words of different styles. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words in a dictionary.
- 1) official business style: accountants, gross, initiated, contract, claim, catalog, quarter, marketing, marketing, arrears, provision, inform, wholesale, share, customs, facsimile, solicit, statutory, expert",
- 2) scientific style.
- a) general scientific vocabulary: apostrophe, asymmetry, genesis, hyphen, anticipate, phenomenon, flyleaf, concentration, shorthand",
- b) from the field of cultural studies: religion, confessor, heretic, eating, icon-painting, a small fraction, skillful with a pen, miserable, reckless, fetish, chaos, chaos, well-groomed, Christian, foppishly",
- c) from the field of medicine: aches, drowsiness, sputum; dispensary, whooping cough, syringes;
- 3) colloquial style: bartender, exorbitant prices, blinds, exhaust, flounder, beetroot, plum, moldy, peppered, pizzeria, baking sheet, rust, dancer.
- 1. Compose texts of official business, scientific and colloquial styles, use the given words.
No. 106. Compose words by analogy: gas pipeline
Garbage-..., oil-..., road-...
No. 107. Arrange the stresses in the following words, indicate the variant cases of stressing. Check your knowledge with a dictionary. Complete tasks.
Analogue, apoplexy, asymmetry, scam, indulge, indulge, indulge, indulge, indulgence, blagovest, veterinary medicine, croutons, pressing, jeans, dispensary, waited, milker, blinds, life support, enviably, calls, conspiracy, long, busy, seal up, invention, otherwise, industry, stroke, flounder, catalogue, cedar, pantry, college, compass, prettier, flint, hunk, marketing, masterfully, briefly, medicines, metallurgy, scanty, meeting, thinking, for a long time, intention, start, obituary, providing, facilitate, flint, at the same time, lend, wholesale, inform, uncork, loop, experienced, transferred, repeat, crowd, repeat, call, filed, bonus, reward, arrived, sentence, dowry, force, accepted, acquisition, pullover, angle, rust, come true, beet, silage, orphans, convocation, funds, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, shoes, deepen, legitimize, consolidate, aggravate, phenomenon, flyleaf, hypocrisy, petition, owners, cement, centner, gypsies, scoop at, chassis, sorrel, expert.
- 1. Which of these words did you pronounce incorrectly?
- 2. Make up a short text with these words, try to make it humorous, read it to a friend.
- 3. Which of the following words have a double pronunciation? What is it connected with?
No. 108. Read. Which of these words retains [o] in an unstressed position? Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in the dictionary of foreign words.
Agiotage, aroma, banjo, baobab, blockbuster, boa, bobsleigh, glass, bon vivant, burgundy, veto, dossier, zoologist, coalition, communiqué, concert, cooperation, lorgnette, model, neo-fascism, non grata, nonconformist, non-stop, nouveau riche , oasis, speaker, briefcase, sombrero, sonata, bullfighter, trio, foyer, chaos, highway.
- 1. Why do you think foreign words are pronounced differently?
- 2. Give your examples of words in the pronunciation of which [o] is preserved in an unstressed position.
No. 109. Read the words. Determine whether the consonants are pronounced softly or firmly before the sound [e] in these words?
Academy, barter, business, sandwich, bill, genesis, debtor, decade, dean, declaration, delicacy, deposit, indexation, integration, intellect, cafe, coffee, credit, cream, land-rover, manager, management, Odessa, press, pressure, producer, tandem, thesis, tennis, term, thermos, masterpiece, effect, jurisprudence.
- 1. What do you think is the reason for the difference in the pronunciation of these words?
- 2. Make up a short story with some of these words.
No. 110. Use the verb in the form of the 2nd person of the simple future tense and put the stress.
Drill, cook, hammer, cheer up, modify, turn on, impute, hoist, donate, call, reproach, sculpt, beckon, lighten, salt, stir.
No. 111. Read the words. Indicate in which of them [e] is pronounced at the root of the word, and in which - [o]?
Scam, hopeless, whitish, faded, being, sleet, grenadier, bilious, bile, misogynist, life, pharynx, foreign, expired, maneuvers, pronominal, bewildered, catechumen, eponymous, guardianship, settled, solvent, estimate, obscene.
1. Make sentences with some words.
No. 112. Read the words, pay attention to how you pronounced these words. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words in a dictionary.
Messy, everyday, bakery, felt, maid, mustard, buckwheat, bachelorette party, enough, Ilyinichna, of course, for hat analysis, hawker, petty, thrush, dairy, tip, on purpose, purpose, dishonorable, pepper pot, shoulder pad, candlestick, laundry, gingerbread, trifling, herring, hearty, birdhouse, boring, creamy, matchstick, shooting, dotted, apple, scrambled eggs, barley.
- 1. Determine in which words [ ch, and in which shn]1
- 2. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?
- 3. What do you think is the pronunciation of the older generation?
- 4. What, in your opinion, is the reason for the appearance of pronunciation [h] in the speech of the younger generation of people?
- 5. There is a version that the pronunciation [h] arose under the influence of written speech - words began to be pronounced the way they are written. How do you feel about this view of scientists? Prove your point.
- 113. Read the words. Which of them has a double consonant? Check the meaning and pronunciation of words in dictionaries.
Appeal, assembly, assorted, attache, run, bill, bath, gram, flu, flu, diffusion, cash desk, classroom, proofreading, manna (heavenly), Moroccan, mass, massage, array, mousse, million, programmatic, Saturday, terrace , terror, cellophane.
1. Write a short text with some of these words.
No. 114. Read the words. Which of them have pronunciations?
Atlas, barge, armor, laden, donated, iris, chum salmon, compass, credit, quarter, laurel, scanty, wrinkle, bloody, loop, cursed, rust, folded, meatballs, cowardly, Ukrainian, filter, characteristic.
- 1. Find words that are different from each other stylistic coloring or area of use.
- 2. Which of the words are doublets, equal options?
- 3. Which of these words differ in meaning? Make sentences with these words.
No. 115. Read the words. Determine by professional jargon, which person they can belong to?
- a) accountants, gross, production yaw, catalog, quarter, marketing, arrears, provision, shares, statutory",
- b) spark, chassis",
- in) dispensary, orthopedics, syringes,
- G) flounder, chum salmon;
- e) initiated (case), action, convicted.
- 1. Choose a standard pronunciation for each word.
Checking ourselves
- 1. What does orthoepy study?
- 2. List the basic rules for pronunciation of words.
- 3. What are the basic conditions for the euphony of speech?