How do humans positively impact the environment? Successes of modern natural science
For thousands of years man has been a part of nature. Without opposing himself to her, he took what was necessary for survival: food, material for dwellings, fuel. However, the further the human race went in technical inventions, the more resources it consumed, the more serious damage it caused to the environment.
Today, the issue of ecology has risen in front of the inhabitants of our planet closely. A whole range of problems threatens to change the earth beyond recognition, cause irreparable harm directly to a person, his health and well-being.
I must say that people themselves inflict damage on the quality of their lives. Much has already been destroyed, dozens of species of animals and plants have disappeared, but there is an opportunity to save what remains. To do this, it is important to responsibly treat various areas of your life. It is necessary to think about what will be left as a legacy to future generations, how our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, society will feel, whether they will have a chance to change something.
The technical sphere in the modern life of the planet
Today, the amount of technology produced by man (what is called technomass in science) for the first time in the history of our world exceeded biomass (that is, wild living organisms).
By analogy with biomass, the concept of which underlies the biosphere, there is a generalized concept of technomass, in which scientists put the following components:
- mining devices;
- energy generating devices;
- devices processing raw materials;
- technology that creates consumer products;
- everything related to the development of devices for processing and storing information.
Autonomous multifunctional systems are distinguished into a separate category, which, for example, perform various actions in space, and “technical orderlies” - waste processing devices.
Thus, we can say that the technosphere copies the biosphere in structure. At the same time, until the last moment, all the industrial power of mankind was aimed at the maximum exploitation of natural resources. Lack of a humanistic component and insufficient interaction social sciences with exact results, nature is being driven into reservations, species are dying out, plant and animal life is practically destroyed in entire regions, and production wastes are landscapes.
The first step to solving a problem is recognizing it. Society needs to appreciate the whole horror of the state of nature, the role and influence of man on environment. Only in this case is it possible to save what is left.
How does modern society harm nature?
- Each of us, to a greater or lesser extent, is focused on consumption. Each person has many things without which life seems impossible. Moreover, the industry needs to constantly expand the market. Therefore, with the help of advertising, we are inspired that old (whether good or not) things need to be thrown away and new ones purchased. This applies to cars and mobile phones, household appliances, clothes, shoes, furniture and more.
Thus, production volumes are constantly increasing, new factories and plants are being built. Each of them must have treatment facilities, all basic technologies and forms of activity must be regularly updated, and money must be invested in minimizing harmful emissions. This requires considerable financial costs, which the owners do not want to go to. As a result, the atmosphere is polluted, forests and water bodies die, and people acquire serious diseases.
The petrochemical industry emits hydrocarbon compounds into the air, metallurgy - heavy metals.
- Special substances emit ballistic and space rockets. Every military exercise, every flight to orbit costs us a part of our atmosphere, what we breathe and with what we exist.
- A separate word should be said about cars. Today, their number per capita, especially in cities, is becoming critical. This is evidenced by traffic jams, accidents, problems with parking spaces. But the most important thing is that exhaust gases - products of fuel processing - also rise up, polluting the air and creating a "greenhouse effect". In short, its result is an increase in temperature throughout the planet. This contributes to the melting of glaciers, climate change, frequent natural disasters. The main means of neutralizing the harm of cars is the adjustment of engines and the installation of special systems for cleaning combustion products, as well as the replacement of ethyl gasoline with other, environmentally friendly fuels.
- Human impact on the environment also lies in the active operation of thermal power plants. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which are formed as a result of the burning of raw coal, together with other chemical compounds, cause acid rain. They are dangerous for human society, and for the natural environment - they oxidize soils and water bodies, contribute to the extinction of entire species of plants and living beings, negatively affect the skin, hair, and the state of human internal organs.
This situation can be corrected. This will require, first of all, considerable funds. However, the consequences of human economic activity for the environment are so catastrophic that such investments - the only way save nature.
- It is necessary to replace old-style thermal power plants with new ones, which include mechanisms for the disposal of hazardous gas and dust waste.
- Cleaning of coal is required right after its extraction - even before it gets to the thermal power plant. Ideally, it should be replaced by the most environmentally friendly and safe fuel at the moment - natural gas.
- Deforestation. Modern society used to taking from nature without giving anything in return. The destruction of forest areas has become catastrophic, especially in those countries where this natural wealth was originally abundant.
The most valuable timber of the rainforest is cut down South America. As for our country, unauthorized plots can be found in almost any region, and especially in the taiga.
The decrease in the number of forests is not only harmful for those animals that have lost their homes and are forced to migrate. The consequences of human economic activity for the environment in this case - climate change which will affect the quality of life for all of us. Also, a decrease in the area of forests will contribute to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Constant and systematic restoration of plantations, careful attitude to them, protection from felling and fires, from diseases - this is the recipe for preserving one of the main wealth - forests.
- A special word should be said about the garbage collection system in our country. She is at a low level. There are several reasons for this:
- Ignorance and illiteracy of everyone individual person. Most of our cities are littered, many people throw food wrappers, bottles and cigarette butts right at their feet, teach their children this by their own example.
- Unorganized waste separation system. AT European countries society is set up and accustomed to the fact that garbage should be divided into biodegradable (food waste and paper), metal, glass, plastic. Most of collected is sent for recycling. To do this, it is necessary to invest in the construction of factories, the purchase and adjustment of mechanisms, the main collection technologies. However, the result becomes noticeable soon.
All changes in the biosphere follow each other, they are characterized by a chain reaction. Therefore, destroying, for example, some kind of animal, a person violates the state of the entire ecosystem of a forest, steppe or desert, interferes with the natural course of events that has existed for thousands of years. Failure to understand these connections leads to a significant change in the state of our planet and life on it.
The consequences of human economic activity for the environment are becoming more and more catastrophic every year. Therefore, it is important to develop a set of measures where every person, enterprise, state will be responsible for nature, as for our common home, and do what they can, contributing to the life and well-being of the planet. After all, no money or the benefits of civilization will replace our air, clean water, greenery and all those riches that nature generously shares with us.
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- Introduction
- 1. Human impact on the environment
- 2. Main sources of environmental pollution
- 3. Recommendations for eliminating the consequences of the impact of human life
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Introduction
Human life has always had a fairly large impact on the environment, because. it is a very aggressive and actively destructive force on our planet. Man from the very beginning of his development felt himself the master of everything that surrounds him. The natural balance is very fragile, so rash activity can bring great harm to both the environment and humanity as a whole.
In order to fight against human influence on the environment, it is necessary to find out the influence human activity into separate sections of nature. This knowledge allows mankind to study the problem more deeply, to find out what causes the disturbance of the natural balance and the deterioration of the ecological state. Also, a deep study of nature allows you to develop optimal plans for correcting the situation on the globe in a shorter time.
Solving the problems of the environment, taking into account the costs of research, the creation of new technologies, the re-equipment of production and the restoration of destroyed natural systems, is the most relevant topic today.
The purpose of the work is to study the impact of man on the environment.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
To identify the consequences of human impact on the environment;
Show the main sources of environmental pollution;
The methodological basis of the work is the works of domestic authors.
1. Human impact on the environment
Impact - the direct impact of human economic activity on the environment. All types of impact can be classified into four main types:
Intentional;
unintentional;
Indirect (indirect).
Intentional impact occurs in the process of material production in order to meet certain needs of society. These include: mining, construction hydraulic structures(reservoirs, irrigation canals, hydroelectric power plants (HPP)), deforestation to expand agricultural areas and to obtain timber, etc.
Unintended impact occurs side by side with the first type of impact, in particular, open pit mining leads to a decrease in the level of groundwater, to pollution of the air basin, to the formation of man-made landforms (quarries, heaps, tailings). The construction of hydroelectric power plants is associated with the formation of artificial reservoirs that affect the environment: they cause an increase in the level of groundwater, change the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. When energy is received from traditional sources (coal, oil, gas), the atmosphere, surface watercourses, groundwater, etc. are polluted.
Both intentional and unintended impacts can be direct or indirect.
Direct impacts take place in the case of a direct impact of human economic activity on the environment, in particular, irrigation (irrigation) directly affects the soil and changes all the processes associated with it.
Indirect impacts occur indirectly - through chains of interrelated influences. Thus, intentional indirect impacts are the use of fertilizers and a direct impact on crop yields, while unintended ones are the impact of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.
The impact of mining on the environment is manifested in a variety of ways in direct and indirect impact on natural landscapes. Biggest Violations earth's surface occur with open-pit mining, which accounts for more than 75% of mining production in our country.
Currently, the total area of land disturbed during the extraction of minerals (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as occupied by mining waste, exceeds 2 million hectares, of which 65% is in the European part RF.
It is estimated that up to 640 hectares of land are disturbed during the extraction of 1 million tons of iron ore, up to 600 hectares of manganese, and up to 100 hectares of coal. Mining contributes to the destruction of vegetation cover, the emergence of man-made landforms (quarries, dumps, tailings, etc.), deformation of sections of the earth's crust (especially in the case of underground mining).
Indirect impacts are manifested in changes in the groundwater regime, pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and waterlogging, which ultimately leads to an increase in the incidence of the local population. Among the pollutants air environment primarily dust and gas contamination is released. It has been calculated that about 200,000 tons of dust are produced annually from underground mine workings; coal mining in the amount of 2 billion tons per year from about 4000 mines in various countries of the world is accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of 27 billion m 3 of methane and 17 billion m 3 carbon dioxide. In our country, when developing coal deposits by underground method, significant amounts of methane and CO 2 entering the air basin are also recorded: annually in the Donbass (364 mines) and Kuzbass (78 mines) 3870 and 680 million m 3 of methane and carbon dioxide are emitted, respectively - 1200 and 970 million m 3.
Mining negatively affects surface watercourses and groundwater, which are heavily polluted with mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year, about 2.5 billion m 3 of polluted mine water is pumped to the surface from coal mines. In open pit mining, high-quality fresh water. For example, in the quarries of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, infiltration from tailings prevents a decrease in the level of the upper aquifer of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to a rise in the groundwater level and waterlogging of the adjacent territory.
Mining production also negatively affects the bowels of the Earth, as waste is buried in them industrial production, radioactive waste, etc. In Sweden, Norway, England, Finland, storage facilities for oil and gas, drinking water, underground refrigerators, etc. are arranged in mine workings.
In addition, man began to have a significant impact on the hydrosphere and water balance planets. Anthropogenic transformations of the waters of the continents have already reached global proportions, violating the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers. the globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of irrigated land, watering of arid territories, urbanization, pollution of fresh water by industrial and municipal wastewater. At present, there are about 30,000 reservoirs in the world, which are under construction, with a volume of water exceeding 6,000 km 3 . But 95% of this volume falls on large reservoirs. There are 2,442 large reservoirs in the world, with the largest number in North America- 887 and Asia - 647. 237 large reservoirs were built on the territory of the former USSR.
In general, while the areas of reservoirs in the world make up only 0.3% of land, but at the same time they increase river flow by 27%. However, large reservoirs have a negative impact on the environment: they change the groundwater regime, their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land, and lead to secondary soil salinization.
In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in former USSR), having a mirror area of 15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but of this value, 60-70% are flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. AT last years in our country, schemes have been drawn up for improving the natural and technical condition and beautification of some large reservoirs and canals. This will reduce the degree of their adverse impact on the environment.
Impact on animal world- animals, together with plants, play an exceptional role in the migration of chemical elements, which underlies the relationships existing in nature; they are also important for human existence as a source of food and various resources. However, human economic activity has greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, since 1600, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have become extinct on Earth. Animals such as the tarpan, aurochs, marsupial wolf, European ibis, and others have disappeared. The fauna of the oceanic islands has especially suffered. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the continents, the number of endangered and rare species of animals (bison, vicuña, condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of such animals as the rhinoceros, tiger, cheetah, and others has declined threateningly.
In Russia by the beginning of the 21st century certain types animals (bison, river beaver, sable, muskrat, kulan) became rare, therefore, reserves were organized for their protection and reproduction. This made it possible to restore the bison population, to increase the number of the Amur tiger and polar bear.
However, in recent years, the animal world has been adversely affected by the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the oceans and other anthropogenic factors. Thus, in Sweden, the use of pesticides led to the death of primarily birds of prey (peregrine falcon, kestrel, white-tailed eagle, eagle owl, long-eared owl), larks, rooks, pheasants, partridges, etc. die. A similar picture is observed in many Western European countries. Therefore, with an increasing anthropogenic load, many animal species need further protection and reproduction.
Impact on the earth's crust- man began to interfere in the life of the earth's crust, being a powerful relief-forming factor. Man-made landforms arose on the earth's surface: swells, excavations, mounds, quarries, pits, embankments, waste heaps, etc. Cases of the earth's crust sagging under major cities and reservoirs, the latter in mountainous areas have led to an increase in natural seismicity. Examples of such artificial earthquakes, which were caused by the filling of basins of large reservoirs with water, are found in California, the USA, and on the Hindustan Peninsula. This type of earthquake has been well studied in Tajikistan on the example of the Nuker reservoir. Sometimes earthquakes can be caused by pumping out or pumping waste water with harmful impurities deep underground, as well as intensive oil and gas production at large fields (USA, California, Mexico).
Mining has the greatest impact on the earth's surface and subsoil, especially with open pit mining. As noted above, with this method, significant areas of land are withdrawn, the environment is polluted with various toxicants (especially heavy metals). Local subsidences of the earth's crust in areas of coal mining are known in the Silesian region of Poland, in Great Britain, in the USA, Japan, and others. Man geochemically changes the composition of the earth's crust, extracting lead, chromium, manganese, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, and others in large quantities.
Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface are also associated with the construction of large hydraulic structures. For example, by 1988, more than 360 dams (150–300 m high) were built all over the world, of which 37 in our country. The Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station has cracks up to 20 m long). Most of the Perm region annually settles by 7 mm, since the bowl of the Kama reservoir presses against the earth's crust with great force. The maximum values and rates of subsidence of the earth's surface, caused by the filling of reservoirs, are much less than during oil and gas production, large pumping of groundwater.
Impact on climate - in some regions of the globe in recent years, these impacts have become critical and dangerous for the biosphere and for the existence of man himself. Every year, as a result of human economic activity all over the world, the intake of pollutants into the atmosphere amounted to: sulfur dioxide - 190 million tons, nitrogen oxides - 65 million tons, carbon oxides - 25.5 million tons, etc. More than 700 million tons of dust and gaseous compounds are also emitted annually during fuel combustion. All this leads to an increase in the concentration of anthropogenic pollutants in the atmospheric air: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, freons, etc. They have a significant impact on the global climate, causing negative consequences: "greenhouse effect", depletion " ozone layer", acid rain, photochemical smog, etc.
The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to global warming: the average air temperature has increased by 0.5-0.6 0 C (compared to the pre-industrial period), and by the beginning of 2000 this increase will be 1.2 0 C and 2025 can reach 2.2-2.5 0 C. For the Earth's biosphere, such climate change can have both negative and positive environmental consequences.
The former include: the rise in the level of the World Ocean (the current rate of rise of water is approximately 25 cm per 100 years) and its negative consequences; violations of the stability of "permafrost" (increased thawing of soils, activation of thermokarst), etc.
Positive factors include: an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, which can have a beneficial effect on the yield of many crops, and in some regions - on forestry. In addition, such climate change may have an impact on river flow major rivers, and hence for water management in the regions. A paleogeographical approach (taking into account the climates of the past) to this problem will help predict changes not only in climates, but also in other components of the biosphere in the future.
Impact on marine ecosystems - it is manifested in the annual intake of a huge amount of pollutants (oil and oil products, synthetic surfactants, sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc.) in the water area of reservoirs. All this ultimately causes the degradation of marine ecosystems: eutrophication, a decrease in species diversity, the replacement of entire classes of bottom fauna with pollution-resistant ones, mutagenicity of bottom sediments, etc. The results of the ecological monitor of the Russian seas made it possible to rank the latter in terms of the degree of ecosystem degradation ): Azov - Black - Caspian - Baltic - Japanese - Barents - Okhotsk - White - Laptev - Kara - East Siberian - Bering - Chukchi Seas. Obviously, the negative consequences of anthropogenic impact on marine ecosystems are most clearly manifested in south seas Russia.
Thus, unidirectional human activity can lead to enormous destruction in the natural ecosystem, which will entail large costs for restoration in the future.
2. Main sources of environmental pollution
In the conditions of scientific and technological progress, the interaction of society with nature has become much more complicated. Man got the opportunity to influence the course of natural processes, conquered the forces of nature, began to master almost all available restorative and non-restorative natural resources, but at the same time pollute and destroy the environment.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), out of more than 6 million known chemical compounds, up to 500 thousand compounds are practically used; Of these, about 40 thousand have properties harmful to humans, and 12 thousand are toxic.
Until the end of the XX century. pollution of the environment by waste, emissions, runoff waters of all types of industrial production, agriculture, public utilities of cities has become global in nature and has put humanity on the brink of an ecological catastrophe.
Human intervention in natural processes is growing sharply and can lead to changes in the regime of groundwater and groundwater in entire regions, surface runoff, soil structure, intensification of erosion processes, activation of geochemical and chemical processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, changes in the microclimate, and the like. Modern activities, for example, the creation of hydraulic structures, mines, mines, roads, wells, reservoirs, dams, land deformation nuclear explosions, the construction of giant cities, the flooding and planting of deserts, and other daily aspects of human activity, have already caused significant visible and hidden disturbances.
In historical terms, there are several stages of changes in the biosphere by mankind, which led to environmental crises and revolutions, namely:
The influence of humanity on the biosphere as an ordinary biological species;
Intensive hunting without changes in ecosystems during the formation of mankind;
Changes in ecosystems as a result of processes that occur naturally: grazing, increased grass growth by burning autumn and spring dead wood, and the like;
Intensification of impact on nature by plowing soils and deforestation;
Global changes for all environmental components the biosphere as a whole.
Human influence on the biosphere comes down to four main forms:
1) changing the structure of the earth's surface (plowing the steppes, deforestation, land reclamation, the creation of artificial reservoirs and other changes in the regime of surface waters, etc.)
2) a change in the composition of the biosphere, the cycle and balance of those substances that make it up (mining, creating dumps, emissions of various substances into the atmosphere and water bodies)
3) change in the energy, in particular heat, balance of individual regions of the globe and the entire planet
4) changes that are made to the biota (the totality of living organisms) as a result of the destruction of some species, the destruction of their natural habitats, the creation of new breeds of animals and plant varieties, their movement to new habitats, etc.
Environmental pollution is understood as the entry into the biosphere of any solid, liquid and gaseous substances or types of energy (heat, sound, radioactivity, etc.) in quantities that adversely affect humans, animals and plants, both directly and indirectly.
Direct objects of pollution (acceptors of polluted rivers) are the main components of the ecosystem: the atmosphere; water; the soil.
The indirect objects of pollution are the components of the biogeocenosis: plants; animals; mushrooms; microorganisms.
Human intervention in natural processes in the biosphere, which causes anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems, can be grouped under the following types of pollution:
Ingredient pollution - pollution by a combination of substances that are quantitatively or qualitatively hostile to natural biogeocenoses (ingredient - component complex compound or mixture);
Parametric pollution is associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment (an environmental parameter is one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, radiation, illumination);
Biocenotic pollution consists in influencing the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;
Stationary-destructive pollution (station - the place of existence of the population, destruction - destruction) causes a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.
Specialists classify pollution of the natural environment in different ways, depending on what principle they take as the basis for classification, in particular, by the type of origin, by the time of interaction with the environment, by the method of influence.
According to the spatial distribution (the size of the surrounding territories), pollution is divided into:
Local pollution is typical for cities, significant industrial enterprises, areas for the extraction of certain minerals, significant livestock complexes;
Regional pollution covers significant territories and water areas that are subject to the influence of significant industrial areas;
Global pollution is most often caused by atmospheric emissions, spreads over long distances from its point of origin and creates an adverse impact on large regions, and sometimes the entire planet.
By type of origin:
Physical pollution is changes in thermal, electrical, radiation, light fields in the natural environment, noise, vibration, gravitational forces caused by man;
Mechanical pollution - these are various solid particles and objects (thrown away as unusable, used, withdrawn from consumption);
Chemical pollution - solid, gaseous and liquid substances, chemical elements and compounds of artificial origin that enter the biosphere, in violation of the processes of the circulation of substances and energy established by nature.
Biological pollution - various organisms that have appeared due to the life of mankind - bacteriological weapons, new viruses (pathogens of HIV, legionnaires' diseases, epidemics, other diseases, as well as the catastrophic reproduction of plants or animals relocated from one environment to another by man or by accident. Since above The characteristics of some environmental pollutants have already been given, we must dwell on the most characteristic for our state.
Among the ingredients of pollution are thousands of chemical compounds, especially heavy metals and oxides, toxic substances and aerosols. Different sources of emissions may be the same in terms of the composition and nature of the pollutants.
So hydrocarbons enter the atmosphere both during fuel combustion, and from the oil refining industry, and from the gas production industry.
Sources of pollutants are diverse, as well as numerous types of waste and the nature of their impact on the components of the biosphere. The biosphere is polluted with solid waste, gas emissions and runoff water from metallurgical, metalworking and machine-building plants. Huge harm is done to water resources by wastewater from the pulp and paper, food, woodworking, and petrochemical industries.
Development road transport led to the pollution of the atmosphere of cities and transport communications with heavy metals and toxic hydrocarbons, and the constant increase in the scale of shipping caused almost universal pollution of the seas and oceans with oil and oil products. The massive use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products has led to the appearance of pesticides in the atmosphere of ground and natural waters, pollution of reservoirs, watercourses and agricultural products (nitrates, pesticides, etc.) with biogenic elements. During mining, millions of tons of various, most often phytotoxic rocks are pulled to the surface of the earth, which form waste heaps and dumps.
During the operation of chemical plants and thermal power plants, huge quantities solid waste.
One of the successful classifications of pollution was proposed by G. Pearson. It includes the type of pollution, its source, consequences and means of control. According to these features, the following types of pollutants are distinguished, namely:
Runoff water and other sewage that absorb oxygen;
Carriers of infections;
Substances that are of nutritional value to plants;
organic acids and salts;
Solid stock;
radioactive substances.
It is customary to distinguish between anthropogenic pollutants, which can be caused by biological processes, and those that cannot be destroyed. The first come to natural substances and therefore quickly disappear or are amenable to destruction by biological agents. The latter are not included in natural substances, and therefore are destroyed by organisms in food chains.
Environmental pollution is divided into natural, which are caused by some natural, often catastrophic, causes (volcanic eruption, mudflows, etc.), and anthropogenic, which arise as a result of human activity.
The main anthropogenic pollutants of the environment include:
Substances that are emitted by industrial enterprises;
Oil and oil products;
Pesticides;
Mineral fertilizers;
Noise from industries, transport;
Ionizing radiation;
Vibrations;
Light thermal effects.
Thus, the sources of pollution are very diverse: among them are not only industrial enterprises and the fuel and energy complex, but also household waste, animal husbandry waste, transport waste, as well as chemical substances, which a person purposefully introduces into the ecosystem to protect useful producers and consumers from pests, diseases, etc.
human environment
Today, environmental protection comes to the fore. The consequences of insufficient attention to the problem can be catastrophic. It's about not only about the well-being of mankind, but about its survival. It is especially alarming that the degradation of the natural environment may be irreversible.
The need to develop a new ecological concept of the noospheric path of development is dictated by the following reasons:
1. Until recently, there was no state policy in the field of ecology. This state of affairs becomes unacceptable during the period of transition to market relations, when environmental and economic interests come into sharp conflict.
2. The conditions of human survival dictate his transition to the noospheric path of development. For the first time, the term "noosphere" was introduced by Academician V.I. Vernadsky, understanding by this the reasonably controlled development of man, society and nature, the transition of all mankind to a new era - the noosphere. The foundation of noospheric development is the understanding that a person is a part of nature and is obliged to obey its laws. The transition to noospheric development is the only way to save modern civilization from destruction.
3. There is a need to bring the norms of environmental law in line with the norms international law which implies the development and perception by science and law of the most effective international concepts and ideas in the field of environmental protection.
4. The main provisions of the new environmental concept should become the basis for constructive interaction between public authorities and local governments, entrepreneurs and public associations to ensure a comprehensive solution to the problems of balanced economic development and improvement of the environment. These provisions should form the basis for the development of a long-term state policy that ensures sustainable economic development countries while maintaining the environmental safety of society.
The protection of the human environment, as one of the most important areas of the ecological concept, is closely connected with the idea of creating favorable environmental conditions for human life, work and recreation. This is also one of the main objectives of environmental protection activities. At the same time, the right of citizens to a favorable environment is ensured:
Creation of favorable conditions for their life;
Providing an opportunity to participate in the discussion of decisions being prepared, the implementation of which may have an adverse impact on the environment;
Implementation of state measures to prevent environmentally hazardous activities, prevent and eliminate the consequences of accidents, natural disasters;
Providing reliable information about the state of the environment;
Improving the quality of food;
The ability to demand in court the cancellation of decisions on the placement, design, construction, reconstruction and operation of environmentally hazardous facilities;
Other guarantees of citizens.
There are several main provisions of the mechanism for implementing the ecological concept:
1. A constant and steady increase in the share of state budget funds allocated to environmental protection and natural resources, which helps to increase the level of resilience of ecosystems natural areas and provides people social groups and society as a whole the right to live in a clean natural environment.
2. Step-by-step formation of an ecological mechanism for protecting the environment and natural resources, ensuring their sustainable reproduction.
3. Gradual formation of a regulatory and legal mechanism that correlates the development of all spheres of social production, its branches, individual enterprises and all members of society with the real state of natural resources and environmental conditions.
Thus, the solution of issues of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection on the basis of broad public awareness of the state of nature, the economy, health care in the organizing activities of all government bodies and public organizations.
Conclusion
Unidirectional human activity can lead to colossal destruction in the natural ecosystem, which will entail large costs for restoration in the future.
Sources of pollution are very diverse: among them are not only industrial enterprises and the fuel and energy complex, but also household waste, animal husbandry, transport waste, as well as chemicals that a person purposefully introduces into the ecosystem to protect useful producers and consumers from pests, diseases, etc. .P.
Solving issues of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection based on the wide awareness of the population about the state of nature, the economy, health care in the organizing activities of all government bodies and public organizations.
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presentation, added 12/16/2014
The impact of food production on water resources. Harmful emissions in food production, their impact on the human body and the environment. The enterprise as a source of environmental pollution. Justification of the size of the sanitary protection zone.
thesis, added 05/18/2016
Nature and properties of environmental pollutants, features of their impact on humans and vegetation. Composition of emissions from solid fuel combustion. Pollution from mobile emission sources. Elements and types of exhaust gases of cars.
control work, added 01/07/2015
The concept and characteristics of the activities of nuclear power plants. The impact of nuclear power plants on the environment. Management of environmental problems of environmental pollution by radioactive waste. Grade environmental protection at KNPP and LNPP.
thesis, added 07/13/2015
Functional zoning of the city. Impact of urbanization on the environment. Ecological and legal requirements in the field of construction of buildings and structures. Management of nature management and environmental protection. Methods of disinfection and wastewater treatment.
Exposure to chemical, physical and biological factors during the technological process on the environment and human health management
The complex impact of the enterprise on the environment. Estimation of emissions into the atmosphere and their characterization. Sanitary protection zone of the enterprise. Impact on soil, groundwater and surface water. Influence of dangerous and harmful factors on the human body.
term paper, added 02/12/2009
Anthropogenic impact of human economic and industrial activity on the main components of the biosphere - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. Recommendations for improving the system of rational interaction in the human-environment system.
Currently, humanity lives in an era of scientific and technological progress, which has a great impact on the natural environment. Over the past decades, measures have been taken to protect, preserve and restore it, but still, in general, the state of the natural environment continues to gradually deteriorate. In this era, the area of influence of human economic activity on the natural environment becomes even larger.
Economic activity affects not only directly, but also indirectly on the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it. Human economic activity has a particularly strong impact on the climate of entire regions - deforestation, plowing of land, large-scale land reclamation, mining, fossil fuel combustion, military operations, etc. Human economic activity does not violate the geochemical cycle, and also has a significant impact on the energy balance in nature. During human economic activity, various chemical compounds, which is tens of times higher than the appearance of substances during the weathering of rocks and volcanoes. In some regions with a large population and industrial production, the volumes of generated energy have become comparable to the energy of the radiation balance and have a great influence on microclimate change. According to the results of studies of checking the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, it was determined that the decrease occurs by more than 10 million tons per year. Consequently, the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can reach a critical situation. According to the calculations of some scientists, it is known that a 2-fold increase in the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere will increase the average temperature of the Earth by 1.5-2 degrees due to the "greenhouse effect". , and also, a rise in the level of the World Ocean by 5 m is possible.
Thus, human economic activity adversely affects the natural environment.
Bibliographic link
Kalyakin S.I., Chelyshev I.S. IMPACT OF HUMAN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT // Uspekhi modern natural science. - 2010. - No. 7. - P. 11-12;URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=8380 (date of access: 06/15/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
Man is a part of nature, therefore he influences the world and the world around us, in turn, has a direct impact on each of us. In fact, this influence can be both positive and negative. But, unfortunately, most often people only harm nature, and it tends to respond to us in the same way. Let's take a closer look at what the negative impact of man on nature and the environment on man is.
The negative impact of man on nature
Nature suffers terribly from human activity. People are actively depleting its resources, polluting the planet and destroying many species of plants and animals. In recent years, scientific technical progress is constantly accelerating, and the anthropogenic impact is characterized by a catastrophic level.
Unfortunately, although nature can self-repair, its capabilities in this regard are limited. Man is actively depleting the bowels of the planet, extracting minerals for many years. This practice causes an almost catastrophic depletion of the internal reserves of the Earth, which are represented by reserves of oil, coal and natural gas.
People are actively polluting the planet - especially water bodies and the atmosphere. In many countries, waste disposal methods are not used at all, and the awareness of the population in this matter is at an extremely low level. Landfills occupy a huge area, and their size is increasing every year.
Air pollution causes the "greenhouse effect", global warming and other serious problems.
Man destroys the plant resources of the planet. A hundred or two hundred years ago, forests covered about fifty percent of the land, and today their number has almost halved. And forests are not only natural resources. They are the "lungs" of the planet, as they are responsible for the synthesis of oxygen. In addition, such plantations are a habitat for many varieties of animals, as well as plants.
Uncontrolled change and destruction of the natural landscape, which we continue to talk about on this page www.site, leads to the disappearance of many species of animals, as well as plants. Every year the planet is declining species diversity and it is almost impossible to stop this process.
Improper use of fertile soils causes their depletion, which over time can make it difficult to use such areas for growing food.
The negative impact of the environment on humans
Medical experts say that almost eighty-five percent of all diseases that are diagnosed in humans are interconnected with the adverse effects of the environment. The health of the population is catastrophically deteriorating, every year there are more and more new ailments that are difficult to diagnose and treat.
Many diseases and pathological conditions arise from the constant inhalation of polluted air. Harmful emissions from enterprises into the atmosphere cause various aggressive substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, lead compounds, etc., to enter the skin and mucous membranes. All these particles are harmful to health. primarily irritates the respiratory tract, causing the development of asthma, causing a general deterioration in health. Living in areas with dangerous enterprises, people often experience headaches, nausea, a feeling of weakness, and their performance is significantly reduced. There is also evidence that air pollution can trigger the development of cancer.
Drinking water also has a negative impact on the health of the individual. After all, a variety of diseases are transmitted through polluted water bodies. Scientists say consumption is not enough quality water leads to the development of pathologies of the heart and blood vessels, diseases of the kidneys, liver and biliary tract, as well as the digestive tract.
The harm that humans cause to the environment leads to climate change. At least, the weakening and some change in the direction of the warm current of the Gulf Stream, which occurs due to the melting of ice and leads to an increase in the number of tornadoes. It is also worth recalling the decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer of the atmosphere ... But such negative climatic conditions can cause not only changes in the weather, but also real, including quite serious diseases, for example, due to skin burning under the influence of sunlight. Also, health disorders can be provoked by the influence of magnetic storms, sharp fluctuations in temperature and atmospheric pressure.
In fact, the negative impact of the environment on a person and the impact of a person on the environment are closely interrelated. After all, bringing constant harm to nature, people have long begun to notice that it responds to them in the same way. But, unfortunately, it will take a lot of time to reduce this negative impact.
At present, environmental protection has become one of the most actual problems development of society.
This is due to the ever-increasing interdependence of social, environmental and natural processes.
Humanity has now reached a level of development when the results of its activities are comparable to global natural disasters.
The growth rate of the world's population is very high.
The period for which the population doubles occurs is rapidly decreasing: in the Neolithic it was 2500 years, in 1900 - 100 years, in 1965 - 35 years.
As for the productivity of the biosphere, it is comparatively low according to objective indicators.
A significant part of the land is occupied by deserts, and crop yields lag behind the rate of population growth. Added to this is the plunder of natural resources.
Forest fires (intentional or accidental) destroy up to two million tons annually organic matter planets. A huge number of trees go to the production of paper. Huge areas of tropical forests, after many years of use for agricultural purposes, turn into a desert.
Monocultures in many tropical countries, such as sugar cane, coffee tree, etc., deplete the soil.
The improvement and increase in the number of vessels for fishing for fish and marine animals has led to a reduction in the number of many marine fish species. Excessive whaling has contributed to a sharp decline in the world's whale stocks. The right whale has almost disappeared, the blue whale is endangered. As a result of poaching human activity, the number of fur seals and penguins has significantly decreased.
Of natural phenomena playing important role in the depletion of natural resources, soil erosion and drought should be mentioned. Severe erosion destroys the soil. A person also contributes to this when he destroys the vegetation cover by improper housekeeping, burning and cutting down forest plantations, and unplanned grazing of livestock (especially sheep and goats).
Through the fault of man, more than five million square kilometers of cultivated land have now been lost on the globe.
The destruction of the vegetation cover entails an increasingly severe aridity.
The systematic drying of many wet areas also contributes to the development of aridity. Aridity is also increasing with the steady depletion of the groundwater horizon used in industry. So, for the production of one ton of paper, 250 cubic meters of water are required, and for the production of one ton of fertilizer, 600 cubic meters of water are required.
Water shortages are already very severe in many parts of the world today, and with decreasing rainfall, this shortage is even greater.
The systematic drainage of swamps in the temperate zone is a serious mistake of mankind. Wetlands function like a sponge - they regulate the groundwater level - supplying it in the summer and absorbing water from heavy rains and thus preventing floods. In addition, swamps serve as a refuge for endangered species of plants and animals, and in terms of their profitability, swamps are equal or even superior to the most profitable crops.
Human impact on the environment has led to the fact that many species of animals and plants have become very rare or have disappeared completely.
The high rates of scientific and technological progress at present, on the one hand, have led mankind to achievements that people only dreamed of in past centuries. On the other hand, the development of cosmonautics, the chemical and metallurgical industries, advances in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, agricultural technology and other industries have a negative impact on humanity as a whole.
The systematization and generalization of information showed that scientific and technological progress has a negative impact on the flora and fauna, including people.
Almost half of all diseases among the inhabitants of our planet are due to the harmful effects of chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological environmental factors.
At the same time, the degree of influence of environmental factors on the population largely depends on the age of people, the climatic conditions in which they live, geographical latitude, daylight hours, social conditions, the level of environmental pollution.
About 60% of all cases of wrongdoing are associated with environmental pollution. physical development among humans and more than 50% of deaths. Mortality from diseases of the circulatory system is on the rise mental disorders, lesions of the respiratory system, malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the cardiovascular system.