L s berg's contribution to geography. Soviet geographer Lev Semenovich Berg
BERG LEV SEMENOVICH
Berg, Lev Semenovich - zoologist and geographer. Born in 1876; graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Imperial Moscow University, receiving a gold medal for the essay: "Fragmentation and formation of parablast in a pike" ("Proceedings of the Society of Natural Science Lovers", 1899). In 1899, he explored, together with Yelpatiev and Ignatiev, the salt lakes of the Omsk district. He was in charge of fisheries in the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea, then on the Volga (in Kazan); is in the service of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In 1899 - 1907 he explored the Aral Sea (" Scientific results Aral Expedition"), in 1903 - Lake Balkhash; then visited Lake Issyk-Kul. In 1909 he defended his thesis at Moscow University for a master's degree in geography under the title: "The Aral Sea. The experience of a physical-geographical monograph" (St. Petersburg, 1908), for which he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geography.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is LEV SEMENOVICH BERG in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- BERG LEV SEMENOVICH
(1876-1950) physicogeographer and biologist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946). He developed the doctrine of landscapes and developed the ideas of V. V. Dokuchaev about natural ... - BERG LEV SEMENOVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Lev Semenovich, Soviet physical geographer and biologist, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946; Corresponding Member 1928), Honored Scientist ... - A LION in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
To see a lion in a dream means that you are controlled by huge forces. If you subdue a lion, you will be a winner in ... - A LION in the Directory of Constellations, Latin names.
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(Berg) Alban (1885-1935) One of the three main representatives of the so-called. "New Viennese school" of the XX century. (along with A. Schoenberg and ... - A LION in the Dictionary of Russian Surnames:
L. S. Lev (Kharkov) asks to reveal the origin of his last name and sadly adds: “How long I live, but I have not yet met namesakes, ... - A LION
- the monetary unit of Bulgaria, consisting of 100 ... - A LION in the Encyclopedia of Biology:
, a predatory mammal of the fam. feline. It lives in Africa and the Girsky reserve in India. The African lion lives in the savannas, the Asiatic lion ... - A LION in bible dictionary:
- a majestic and formidable, strong and fearless predatory animal. Since time immemorial, it has been considered the king of animals. Lions in ancient times in abundance ... - A LION in the Bible Dictionary:
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(Gen 49:9) - a wild and predatory animal, well known to everyone, and therefore does not require special detailed description. The appearance of the lion is majestic, its fluttering ... - A LION in the Dictionary of Heraldic Terms:
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The legendary king of Lakoniki from the Agids clan, who ruled in the first half. 6th century BC Son of Eurycrates II. The lion continued the war... - A LION
Leo is the Metropolitan of Russia, who is identified with the first Metropolitan of Kyiv (989 - 1004 - 1008). He is considered the author of a polemical essay on ... - BERG in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Berg - several noble families of the Bergs, recorded in various parts of the genealogical books of Russian provinces and originating from Estonian and Livonian ... - A LION in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
mammal of the cat family. Body length up to 2.4 m, tail up to 1.1 m; weighs up to 280 kg. Few; only survived in... - BERG in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Berg) Alban (1885-1935) Austrian composer. Representative of the new Viennese school. Evolved from musical romanticism to expressionism. One of the creators of serial technology ... - A LION \
differs from other species of the cat genus (Felis) in the absence of spots and stripes in the adult state, a mane of long hair that covers the head, ... - A LION in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Felis leo L.) - differs from other species of the cat genus (Felis) by the absence of spots and stripes in the adult state, a mane of ... - BERG in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- BERG
(Berg) Alban (1885 - 1935), Austrian composer. Representative of the new Viennese school. In the compositions - the features of musical romanticism, expressionism. One of … - A LION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
I lion, m. 1. soul. Large predatory animal. felines with short grey-yellow fur and long manes in males. … - A LION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
2, leva, m. Monetary unit in ... - A LION
TOLSTOY (b. Astapovo), pos. mountains type in Russia, Lipetsk region. Zh.-d. uz. 9.2 t.g. (1998). In 1910, L.N. died here. … - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
XIII (1810-1903), Pope of Rome since 1878. Author of the encyclical Rerum Novarum. In. post. h. Petersburg. AN... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
X (1475-1521), Pope of Rome from 1513. Under him, nepotism and speculation in indulgences flourished. In 1520 he excommunicated M. ... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
IX (Leo) (1002-54), Pope from 1049. Promoted the Cluniac reform. In an effort to attach to the papal possessions of South. Italy, unsuccessfully fought for ... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VI the Wise (866-912), Byzantium. emperor from 886, from the Macedonian dynasty. He issued decrees (novels) that revised the old laws. norms, and Vasiliki. Led… - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
III (c. 675-741), Byzantine. emperor from 717, founder of the Isaurian dynasty. Repelled the onslaught of the Arabs in 718 at Constantinople, in 740 - ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Fed. Fed. (Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert) (1793-1874), Count (1856), grew up. gene.-feldm. (1865). Member Fatherland. war of 1812, foreign. Russian hikes. army 1813-14, ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Berg) Paul (b. 1926), Amer. biochemist. Studied the role of transp. RNA in protein biosynthesis. Received recombinant DNA molecules of two different viruses, ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Leo Sem. (1876-1950), physical geographer and biologist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946). He developed the doctrine of landscapes and developed the ideas of V.V. Dokuchaeva about ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Berg) Alban (1885-1935), Austrian composer. Represent. new Viennese school. Evolved from music. romanticism to expressionism. One of the creators of the serial ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Axel Iv. (1893-1979), scientist in the field of radio engineering and radio electronics, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946), engineer-adm. (1955), Hero of the Social. Labor (1963). Tr. … - A LION in Collier's Dictionary:
(Panthera leo), a carnivorous feline widely distributed in East, Central and South Africa; also found in the protected Girsky forest ... - A LION in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
lion 2, l`eva (den. ... - A LION in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Lev, (Lvovich, ... - A LION in the Spelling Dictionary:
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lion 1, lion (animal) and lion, lion (name; constellation and zodiac sign; about who was born under this ... - A LION in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
1 large carnivorous feline with short yellowish hair and a long mane in males Fights like l. someone … - LION in the Dahl Dictionary:
husband. female lioness a predatory beast of sultry Africa and Asia, a kind of cat, called the king of beasts, Felis leo. The lion does not crush mice. … - BERG in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
Aksel Ivanovich (1893-1979), Russian scientist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), engineer-admiral (1955), Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Works on radio engineering. Active… - A LION
lion, m. 1. Large predatory mammal of the cat family, yellowish in color, with a lush mane in males. Mighty lion, thunderstorm of the forests. Krylov. … - A LION in explanatory dictionary Russian language Ushakov:
leva, m. (Bulgarian lev). The monetary unit in Bulgaria. Paid two... - SUKHORUKOV, LEONID SEMYONOVICH in the Wiki Quote:
Data: 2009-04-23 Time: 13:56:17: ""This article should be combined with the article by Leonid Semyonovich Sukhorukov. Please complete that page with the missing... - MIKHAIL SEMYONOVICH SOBAKEVICH in Wiki Quote:
Data: 2009-01-10 Time: 14:01:04 Mikhail Semenovich Sobakevich is the hero of the poem "Dead Souls". *? And the face of a robber! ? Sobakevich said. … - MEDVEDENKO, SEMYON SEMYONOVICH in Wiki Quote:
Data: 2008-11-01 Time: 11:28:21 Medvedenko Semyon Semyonovich, character in the comedy "The Seagull".- * Why? ""(Thinking.)"" I don't understand... You are healthy, father... - LEONID SEMYONOVICH SUKHORUKOV in Wiki Quote:
Data: 2009-04-23 Time: 13:56:55: "" This article should be combined with the article by Sukhorukov, Leonid Semyonovich. Please complete this page with the missing... - BERG PRIVILEGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
- legislative act of December 10, 1719, which determined the policy of the Russian government in the mining industry; was practical guide for the Berg College ...
Lev Semenovich (Simonovich) Berg was born on March 2 (14), 1876 in Bendery, Bessarabian province, in the family of a notary.
Already during the period of study at the gymnasium (Kishinev, 1885-1894), Lev Semenovich became interested in independent study nature. In 1894 L.S. Berg entered Moscow University, where, in addition to his studies, he performed a series of experiments on breeding fish. The diploma work on pike embryology became the sixth printed work of the young scientist. After graduating with a gold medal from the university (1898), Lev Semenovich worked in the Ministry Agriculture inspector of fisheries on the Aral Sea and the Volga, explored the steppe lakes, rivers, deserts.
In 1902-1903 L.S. Berg continues his education in Bergen (Norway), and then in 1904-1913. works at the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. For the master's thesis "Aral Sea", prepared in 1908, L.S. Berg was awarded a Ph.D.
In 1913 L.S. Berg moved to Moscow, where he received a professorship at the Moscow Agricultural Institute.
In 1916 L.S. Berg was invited to the Department of Physical Geography of Petrograd University, where he worked until the end of his life.
In the period 1909-1916. L.C. Berg published 5 monographs on the ichthyology of Russian water bodies, but physical geography became the main subject of his scientific interests.
Lev Semenovich created a theory of the origin of loess, proposed the first classification natural areas Asian part of Russia.
To the outstanding Russian scientist-encyclopedist L.S. Berg owns about 1000 works in various fields of the Earth sciences, such as climatology, biology, zoology, ichthyology, zoogeography, lake science, the theory of evolution, the study of landscapes, geomorphology, cartography, geobotany, paleogeography, paleontology, economic geography, soil science, ethnography, linguistics, history of science. A complete list of works by L.S. Berg until 1952 inclusive was published in the book “In Memory of Academician L.S. Berg". M.-L. 1955. S. 556-560.
In climatology, L.S. Berg gave a classification of climates in relation to landscapes, explained desertification by human activity, and glaciation - by "factors of a cosmic order." In zoogeography, Berg proposed original mechanisms for the distribution of fish and other aquatic animals. In particular, Lev Semenovich showed the local origin of the fauna of Baikal, and, on the contrary, explained the formation of the diversity of the fauna of the Caspian Sea by the migration of species along the Volga in the post-glacial period.
In 1922, in the most difficult conditions of war communism, "heating the freezing ink on the fire of an oil lamp", L.S. Berg prepared a number of works on the theory of evolution, in which, in an elegant polemic with the conclusions of Charles Darwin, he put forward the evolutionary concept of nomogenesis (evolution based on patterns). Apolitical L.S. Berg, on the basis of colossal empirical material, rejected the role of the struggle for existence as a factor in evolution, both in nature and in human society.
Theory of evolution L.S. Berga was subjected to both constructive criticism modern scientists (A. A. Lyubishchev, D. N. Sobolev, etc.), and cruel ideological pressure from the dogmatic political system, especially after the publication in 1926 of the book "Nomogenesis" on English language. N.I. Vavilov, who protected L.S. Berg from attacks, wrote to him in 1927: "We will not release you from your post. The ship must be driven, no matter what monsters get in the way."
January 14, 1928 L.S. Berg was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the biological category of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and on November 30, 1946, he was elected an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Geological and Geographical (with a specialization in zoology, geography). There is reason to believe that the election of 1928 was sanctioned by the authorities on the condition that L.S. Berg from further work on the theory and mechanisms of evolution of species in nature.
Historical works of L.S. Berg are devoted to a detailed description domestic discoveries in Asia, Alaska and Antarctica, the study of ancient maps, the culture and ethnography of small peoples, the compilation of biographical descriptions of famous scientists.
L.S. Based on the analysis of original documents, Berg consistently defended the priority of Russian researchers in the discovery of Antarctica and pointed out the need for comprehensive studies of the icy continent. Ideas and historical approach of L.S. Berg contributed to the development of a national position in the field of Antarctic exploration.
During the period 1940-1950. L.S. Berg - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
Lev Semenovich Berg died on December 24, 1950 in Leningrad and was buried on the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery.
In 1951 L.S. Berg was awarded the State Prize of the USSR (posthumously) for a classic three-volume book on ichthyology (1949).
In the name of L.S. Berg are named:
The Lev Berg Mountains (67° 42" S, 48° 55" E 14 miles south of Cape Buromsky, Krylov Peninsula) are mountains on the George V Coast, Victoria Land, East Antarctica. Named in 1959 Cape Berg - a cape in the North of the island of the October Revolution of the archipelago Severnaya Zemlya. Named in 1913 Cape Berg - a cape on the island of Georg Land, Franz Josef Land archipelago. Named in 1953 Berg Peak and Berg Glacier in the Pamirs Berga Volcano on Iturup Island research vessel "Akademik Berg"
Literature about L.S. Berge:
Nikolsky G.V. Lev Semenovich Berg as an ichthyologist // Lev Semenovich Berg. 1876-1950. M. Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1952.- S.20-26. Berg L.S. Autobiographical note / In the book. In memory of Academician L.S. Berg. M. 1955.- S. 7-17. Kalesnik S.V. The remarkable geographer L.S. Berg / Globe. M., 1960 - 300-301. Gumilyov L.N. Ethno-landscape regions of Eurasia for the historical period // Reports at the annual readings in memory of L.S. Berg. L. 1968. - Issue. VIII-XIV. - P.118-134. http://www.kulichki.com/~gumilev/articles/Article14.htm Murzaev E.M. Life is action. M. Thought. 1976. - 102 p. Krupenikov I.A. L.S. Berg. Pages of life and creativity. Kishinev. Shtiintsa. 1976. Murzaev E.M. Lev Semyonovich Berg. M.: Nauka.1983. –176 s. Isachenkov V.A., Kvasov D.D. L.S. Berg. M. Enlightenment. 1988. Mosionzhnik L.A. L.S. Berg as a cultural anthropologist. // STRATUM plus 1999. - No. 5. Zolotnitskaya R.V. A high standard of teacher and friend. To the 120th anniversary of Academician L.S. Berg // St. Petersburg University. 2000. - No. 17-18 (3540-3541). http://www.spbumag.nw.ru/OLD/Spbum26-96/6.html
Selected works:
Berg L.S. Uralians on the Syr Darya. 1900. Berg L.S. Fishes of Turkestan. 1905. Berg L.S. Climate and life. - M., Gosizdat. - 1922. Berg L.S. Evolution theory. Pg., 1922 Berg: L.S. System of pisciformes and fishes, now living and fossils. 1940. Berg L.S. Lomonosov and the first Russian swimming to find the northeast passage // Izvestiya VGO. 1940. - T. 72. - Issue. 6. - S. 712-730. Berg L.S. Selected works. M.-L., 1956-1962. T. 1-5. Berg L.S. Climate and life / 2nd, revised and enlarged edition. - M.: Geografgiz, 1947.- 356 p. Berg L.S. Lomonosov and the hypothesis of the movement of the continents // Izvestiya VGO. 1947. - Issue. 1. - S. 91-92. Berg L.S. Essays on the history of Russian geographical discoveries. M.-L. Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR - 1946. -358 p. Berg L.S. All-Union Geographical Society for 100 years. M.-L. Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR - 1946. -263 p. Berg L.S. Homeland of Tokharov and distribution of salmon // Izvestiya VGO. 1946.- T.78, Issue 1. - P.122. Berg L.S. Names of fish and ethnic relationships of the Slavs. 1948. Berg L.S. Fish fresh water USSR and neighboring countries. 1949. - T. 1-3. Berg L.S. Russian discoveries in Antarctica and modern interest in it. - M.: Geografgiz, 1949.- 20 p. Berg L.S. Works on the theory of evolution. L., Science. 1976. Berg L.S. Bessarabia. Country - People - Economy. Kishinev. Universitas. 1993.
Lev Semenovich Berg
Geographer, ichthyologist, climatologist.
“... It was an unusually backward county town,” recalled Berg, “there were no pavements, and by autumn all the streets were covered with a layer of liquid mud, on which one could only walk in special ultra-deep galoshes, which I have never seen since then; obviously they were made specifically for the needs of the inhabitants of Bendery. There was no street lighting in the city, and on dark autumn nights one had to wander through the streets with a hand lamp. From the middle educational institutions there was one progymnasium, for some reason female. Newspapers in the city, of course, were not published.
Only gold medal, with which Berg graduated from the Chisinau gymnasium, allowed him to enter Moscow University.
Lectures by prominent scientists D. N. Anuchin, A. P. Bogdanov, V. I. Vernadsky, M. A. Menzbir, K. A. Timiryazev helped Berg to determine his scientific interests early. Anthropologist and ethnographer D. N. Anuchin and geologist A. P. Pavlov had a special influence on him.
Berg graduated from the university in 1898.
Unfortunately, it was not possible to get a job in Moscow in any scientific or educational institution. Only the recommendation of Academician Anuchin helped Berg get a job as a fishery inspector in the Aral Sea. Wasting no time, he left for the provincial town of Akmolinsk.
The Aral Sea was then real. Water from the Amu-Darya had not yet been diverted to the desert through ditches, and the skeletons of the ships of the former fishing flotilla did not stick out among the dry sands. Berg studied the huge reservoir for several years. He managed to take a new approach to explaining the nature of the Aral Sea and drew a fairly convincing picture of the development of the sea, closely connected with the history of the Turan lowland and the dry channel of the Uzboy, through which part of the Amu-Darya waters once flowed into the Caspian. In The Question of Climate Change in a Historical Era, Berg refuted the then widespread notions of desiccation. Central Asia and about the progressive change of its climate in the direction of increasing desert.
In 1909, for the work on the Aral Sea, which Berg presented as a master's thesis, he was immediately awarded a doctorate. Reviews were submitted by D. N. Anuchin, V. I. Vernadsky, A. P. Pavlov, M. A. Menzbir, G. A. Kozhevnikov, V. V. Bartold and E. E. Leist, undoubtedly, the best specialists that time.
From 1904 to 1914, Berg was in charge of the fish and reptile department of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. During these years, he completed and published a number of excellent studies on the fish of Turkestan and the Amur region.
In 1916, Berg was elected professor at Petrograd University.
The main works of this period are devoted to the origin of the fauna of Lake Baikal, the fish of Russia, the origin of loess, climate change in the historical era, and the division of the Asian territory of Russia into landscape and morphological regions.
Revolutionary events interrupted Berg's field research for a long time.
The first major works of the scientist, published after the revolution, were "Nomogenesis, or Evolution Based on Regularities" and "Theory of Evolution" (1922). Berg wrote both of these books while wearing his overcoat in an unheated room, heating freezing ink over the fire of an oil lamp. In these works devoted to the theory of evolution, Berg singled out three directions:
criticism of the main evolutionary teachings and, first of all, Darwin's,
development of his own hypothesis about the causes of evolution, based on the recognition of some initial expediency and "autonomic orthogenesis" as the main law of evolution, acting centripetally and independently of external environment, and
generalization of the patterns of macroevolution, such as irreversibility, an increase in the level of organization, a long continuation of evolution in the same direction, convergence, etc.
Berg's evolutionary work was prompted by the crisis that Darwinism experienced in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Berg never shared Charles Darwin's point of view on the causes of evolution. He believed that variability in nature is always adaptive, and organisms do not react gradually to changes in external conditions, but, on the contrary, sharply, abruptly, massively. In this way, crucial Berg gave variability, not natural selection. Of course, "Nomogenesis" ("a set of patterns"), developed by Berg, caused a lot of objections. Berg's statement that biological evolution there is no place for accidents, and everything happens naturally, it sounded too defiant. But historically, these works of Berg turned out to be extremely important, if only because both sharply posed the problem of the direction of evolution and the role of internal factors in phylogenesis, polyphily, convergence, and parallelisms. The view of the majority of Berg's opponents was well expressed by Professor N. N. Plavilshchikov. “The book Nomogenesis,” he wrote, “is one of the latest attempts to overthrow the theory of selection. Of course, nothing worthwhile came out of this attempt and could not come out, despite the monstrous erudition of the author and the well-known wit of his conclusions: twice two is always four. Deny the theory of selection... Can there be another explanation for the expediency in the structure of organisms?...”
This, however, can be answered in the words of Herbert Spencer: humanity goes straight only after having exhausted all possible crooked paths.
As a natural scientist, Berg always sought to give his arguments the form of strictly empirical constructions. “To find out the mechanism of formation of adaptations is the task of the theory of evolution,” he wrote. As for living matter, Berg generally believed that it is conceivable only as an organism. “Naive are the dreams of those chemists who thought that by synthesizing a protein in a flask, they would get a “living substance”. There is no living matter at all, there are living organisms.”
“Darwin's theory aims to explain mechanically the origin of purposefulness in organisms,” he wrote in The Theory of Evolution. - We consider the ability to expedient reactions to be the main property of the organism. It is not evolutionary teaching that has to figure out the origin of expediency, but that discipline that will undertake to reason about the origin of living things. This question, in our opinion, is metaphysical. Life, will, soul, absolute truth - all these are transcendent things, knowledge of the essence of which science is not able to give. Where and how life originated, we do not know, but it is carried out on the basis of laws, like everything that happens in nature. Transmutation, whether it occurs in the realm of dead or living nature, takes place according to the laws of mechanics, physics and chemistry. In the world of dead matter, the principle of chance, that is, of large numbers, dominates. Here the most probable things happen. But what principle underlies the organism, in which the parts are subordinate to the whole, we do not know. Similarly, we do not know why organisms in general increase in their structure, i.e., progress. How this process takes place, we begin to understand, but why- to this science can now answer just as little as in 1790, when Kant made his famous prophecy.
Under the pressure of criticism to which his views on evolution were subjected, Berg returned to questions of geography and ichthyology. One after another, his books The Population of Bessarabia (1923), The Discovery of Kamchatka and Kamchatka expeditions Bering” (1924), “Fundamentals of Climatology” (1927), “Essays on the History of Russian Geographical Science” (1929), “Landscape and Geographical Zones of the USSR” (1931), “Nature of the USSR” (1937), “The System of Fish and Fish” (1940), "Climate and Life" (1947), "Essays on Physical Geography" (1949), "Russian Discoveries in Antarctica and Contemporary Interest in It" (1949).
The breadth of Berg's views can be judged by the content of his books.
Essays on physical geography, for example, include sections: "On the alleged separation of the continents", "On the alleged connection between the great glaciations and mountain building", "On the origin of the Ural bauxites", "On the origin of iron ores of the Krivoy Rog type", "The level of the Caspian Sea per historical time"," Baikal, its nature and origin organic world". And in the book "Essays on the history of Russian geographical discoveries"He concerns not only the history of these discoveries themselves, but also such a seemingly unusual topic as" Atlantis and Aegeis ", in which he comes to a conclusion unexpected for his contemporaries. “I would place Atlantis not in the area between Asia Minor and Egypt,” he writes, “but in the Aegean Sea, south to Crete. As is known, in our time it is recognized that the sinkings that gave rise to the Aegean Sea occurred, geologically speaking, quite recently, in the Quaternary, perhaps already in human memory.
In 1925, Berg again visited his beloved Aral. These studies were connected with his work at the Institute of Experimental Agronomy, where Berg headed the department of applied ichthyology from 1922 to 1934.
In 1926, Berg visited Japan as part of a delegation from the USSR Academy of Sciences. He went there specifically through Manchuria and Korea in order to get the most complete picture of the nature of these countries. And the following year, Berg represented Soviet science in Rome at the Limnological Congress.
Incredible hard work main feature Berg. During his life he managed to perform over nine hundred scientific works. He worked constantly, which is probably why he managed so much. In everything he followed a certain system. He was a staunch vegetarian, never smoked, and only walked to work. Enormous erudition allowed Berg to feel at home in any field of science.
“...Science leads to morality,” he wrote in the book “Science, Its Meaning, Content and Classification,” “because it, requiring proof everywhere, teaches impartiality and justice. There is nothing more alien to science than blind admiration for authority. Science honors its spiritual leaders, but does not make idols out of them. Each of these provisions can be challenged and, indeed, has been challenged. The motto of science is tolerance and humanity, because science is alien to fanaticism, admiration for authorities, and therefore, despotism. The scientist's consciousness that in his hands is the only objective truth accessible to man, that he possesses knowledge supported by evidence, that this knowledge, until it is scientifically refuted, is obligatory for everyone, all this makes him value this knowledge extremely highly, and, in the words of the poet , "... for power, for the livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck." The high moral value of science lies in the example of selflessness set by the dedicated scientist. It is not in vain, therefore, that the crowd, which strives for wealth, fame and power, and for the material goods associated with all this, looks at the scientist as an eccentric or a maniac.
Whatever topic Berg worked on, he always tried to expand it broadly and give clear conclusions.
In this regard, the book Fishes of the Amur Basin (1909) is indicative.
It would seem that this is a narrowly zoological summary that gives a description of the fish found in the Amur River system. But three small chapters of this work - "The general character of the ichthyological fauna of the Amur basin", "Amur fish from the point of view of zoological geography" and "The origin of the ichthyological fauna of the Amur" - are of enduring interest to geographers and naturalists. To natural phenomena Berg approaches their complex relationships, draws a vivid picture of the origin of modern landscapes of the Amur basin, and draws not only on ichthyological material. In fact, the detection causation phenomena - the main task and the method of his research.
Berg's works on paleoclimatology, paleogeography, biogeography, and especially climate change in the historical period are very significant. All of them are written plain language, some are popular in the best sense this concept. For example, the book "Climate and Life" can be read and understood by anyone who is interested in climate and life issues. Berg's books about Russian travelers and explorers went through a lot of editions. Working in the archives, he sometimes found absolutely remarkable facts that allowed him back in 1929 to boldly assert that “... the Russians, within the limits of only one USSR, put on the map and studied an area equal to one sixth of the land surface, that vast expanses were explored in the border with Russia areas of Asia, that all the coasts of Europe and Asia from the Varanger Fjord to Korea, as well as the coasts of a significant part of Alaska, are put on the map by Russian sailors. Let us add that many islands have been discovered and described by our navigators in the Pacific Ocean.
Geographical work brought Berg wide fame.
Mountains of Norway, deserts of Turkestan, Far East, the European part of Russia - everything was reflected in his system of views on the world. He did an enormous amount of work in the field of regional studies, his profound works on the zones of nature became the property of not only professional geographers, but also botanists and zoologists. He was one of the first to deal with the issues of scientific geographical zoning, having done remarkable work on the zoning of Siberia and Turkestan, Asiatic Russia and the Caucasus. He owns the capital summary "Fish of fresh waters of the USSR and neighboring countries." Of the 528 fish species found in the rivers and lakes of our country, 70 species were first discovered and described by Berg. He created a scheme for dividing the whole world, separately Soviet Union and Europe into a number of zoogeographic regions on the basis of the distribution of certain fish species. In search of ways for the development of fish, Berg took up the study of fossils. And here he achieved excellent results, writing an outstanding work "The system of fish and fish, now living and fossils" (1940, 1955, Berlin, 1958).
Berg's university textbooks are written in excellent living language. He always spoke out against abstruse terminology, through which one had to wade through, as if through a prickly thicket. He even wrote a special article in which he sharply opposed such complicated terminology as, for example, "differential centrifugation of the dermal pulp of infected rabbits" or "anthropodynamic impulses." The latter, by the way, means only something - the influence of man. Berg never tired of recalling the words of Lomonosov: "What we love in the style of Latin, French or German, is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian."
In 1904, Berg was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society, thirty-six years later he became its president. Academician since 1946. In 1951 he was posthumously awarded the State Prize.
Death caught the scientist with a book in his hands.
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From the book Field Marshals in the History of Russia author Rubtsov Yury ViktorovichBerg Lev Semenovich(1876-1950) - Russian biologist and geographer, created classic works on ichthyology (the study of fish), lake science, and the theory of life evolution.
L.S. Berg traveled a lot and participated in expeditions, explored Ladoga, Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, Aral Sea. He was the first to measure the temperature at different depths of this large lake-sea, studied the currents, the composition of the water, geological structure and its coasts. He established that seiches are formed in the Aral Sea.
L.S. Berg wrote more than 1000 works; the largest of them are "Nature of the USSR", "Geographical zones of the USSR", thanks to which the doctrine of natural zones was raised to a high scientific level. “... And when did he manage to find out all this and think it over so seriously?” - wrote about his friend and student L.S. Berg, Professor of Moscow University D.N. . Berg's work "" was presented by the author in 1909 to Moscow University as a master's thesis. At the suggestion of D.N. Anuchin L.S. Berg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science.
He devoted a lot of time to pedagogical and social work, was an honorary member of many learned societies, foreign and Russian.
The name of Berg was assigned to, on and in the Dzungarian Alatau.
Berg Lev Semenovich (March 2 (14), 1876 - December 24, 1950) - geographer and biologist, academician (since 1946, corresponding member since 1928). Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1934). In 1898 he graduated from Moscow University. In 1904-1913 - head of the ichthyology department of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. In 1914-18 he was a professor of ichthyology and hydrology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute.
From 1916 he was a professor of geography at Petrograd University. In 1922-34 - Head of the Department of Applied Ichthyology of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy (later - the Institute). Since 1934 - ichthyologist at the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and head of the laboratory of fossil fish. Berg is a member (since 1904) and president (since 1940) of the Russian Geographical Society (All-Union Geographical Society).
Berg was a prominent historian of Russian geography, as well as an outstanding ichthyologist. He developed and deepened the ideas of V.V. about the zones of nature and created the doctrine of. According to Berg, the object of geography as a science is landscapes (or aspects) - characteristic areas earth's surface, bordered by natural boundaries and representing regular collections of objects and phenomena. Geography studies the form and classification of landscapes and their groupings, the merging of landscape elements and individual landscapes into each other, the placement of landscapes on the ground, as well as their development.
Berg outlined his doctrine of landscapes in the works: “Landscape-geographical zones of the USSR” (part 1, 1931, 3rd edition, 1947; part 2, 1952 under the title “Geographical zones of the Soviet Union”) and “Nature of the USSR” ( 1937). Berg's most important works on the history of Russian geography are: "Essay on the history of Russian geographical science (until 1923)" (1929), "and Kamchatka expeditions" (1924, 3rd ed., 1946), "Essays on the history of Russians" (1946 , 2nd ed., 1949), “Russian discoveries in and modern interest in it” (1949), “All-Union Geographical Society for 100 years. 1845-1945" (1946) and others.
For many years Berg was engaged in limnology; explored lakes Western Siberia, Aral, . Author of the monograph "Aral Sea" (1908). Berg owns many works on climatology, including Fundamentals of Climatology (1927, 2nd ed., 1938) - a summary of modern knowledge about the geographical context. In other works - "On Climate Change in the Historical Epoch" (1911), "Climate and Life" (1922, 2nd ed., 1947) - Berg paid special attention to climate changes and fluctuations, studied the influence of climate on relief, vegetation, and animal life. world.
The soil hypothesis of the formation of loess, developed by Berg, is widely known, according to which loess and loess-like rocks are formed on the spot from the most diverse as a result of soil formation in a dry climate. Berg's works also touch upon the problems of geomorphology (about the relief of the Aral Sea region, Siberia, Turkestan, Chernihiv region, classification of Russians, the origin of underwater valleys), biogeography, geology, petrography of sedimentary rocks, hydrobiology, paleogeography, ethnography, toponymy, glaciology, ichthyology and general biology.
(March 14, 1876, Bender, Bessarabian province Russian Empire(now the Republic of Moldova) - December 24, 1950) - the largest Russian Soviet scientist, geographer and biologist (ichthyologist), Doctor of Geography and Doctor of Biology, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, President of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1940–1950), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, researcher.
L.S. Berg: biographical information
Born in the family of notary Simon Grigoryevich Berg and his wife Klara Lvovna Bernshtein-Kogan. In 1885 he entered the 2nd Kishinev classical gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal in 1894. During his studies at the gymnasium, he became interested in independent study of nature.
He received his higher education at the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, where he entered in 1894. In the same year he was baptized into Lutheranism to obtain the right to higher education within the Russian Empire. During his student years, he performed a series of experiments on breeding fish. The diploma work on pike embryology became the sixth printed work of the young scientist. After graduating with a gold medal from the university (1898), Lev Semenovich until 1905 worked in the Ministry of Agriculture as an inspector of fisheries in the Aral Sea and the Middle Volga, explored steppe lakes, rivers, and deserts.
In 1902-1903 he continued his education in Bergen (Norway), and then in 1904-1913 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences.
For the master's thesis "Aral Sea", prepared in 1908, L.S. Berg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geography.
In 1913 L.S. Berg moved to Moscow, where he received a professorship at the Moscow Agricultural Institute. In 1916 he was invited to the Department of Physical Geography of Petrograd University, where he worked until the end of his life.
In the period 1909–1916 L.S. Berg published five monographs on the ichthyology of Russian water bodies, but physical geography became the main subject of his scientific interests.
Lev Semenovich created a theory of the origin of loess, proposed the first classification of natural areas of the Asian part of Russia.
After being elected professor of the department of geography at Petrograd University, in 1917 he finally moved to Petrograd. Participated in the creation of the Higher Geographic Courses, and then the Geographic Institute. In 1925 the Institute was transformed into the country's first department of geography and became part of the Leningrad University. L.S. Berg headed the Department of Physical Geography and directed it until the end of his life.
January 14, 1928 L.S. Berg was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the biological category of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and on November 30, 1946 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Geological and Geographical (with a specialization in Zoology, Geography). It is assumed that the election of 1928 was sanctioned by the authorities on the condition that L.S. Berg from further work on the theory and mechanisms of evolution of species in nature.
In 1934, Lev Semenovich Berg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Zoology. In the same year he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
In parallel with work in geographical organizations he headed the department of applied ichthyology in State Institute experimental agronomy (1922–1934), laboratory of ichthyology at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934–1950).
In the period 1940–1950 L.S. Berg is the President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
L.S. Berg is an honorary member of many scientific associations: Geographical Societies of the USSR, Poland, Bulgaria, USA, Moscow Society of Naturalists, American Society ichthyologists and herpentologists. He is a full member of the London Zoological Society, an active member of the editorial boards of the journal "Priroda", "Izvestia" and "Notes of the All-Union Geographical Society", "Izvestia of the State Hydrological Institute".
L.S. Berg: research work
To the outstanding Russian scientist-encyclopedist L.S. Berg owns about 1000 works in various fields of the Earth sciences, such as climatology, biology, zoology, ichthyology, zoogeography, lake science, the theory of evolution, the study of landscapes, geomorphology, cartography, geobotany, paleogeography, paleontology, economic geography, soil science, ethnography, linguistics, history of science.
In climatology, L.S. Berg gave a classification of climates in relation to landscapes, explained desertification by human activity, and glaciation - by "factors of a cosmic order." In zoogeography, Berg proposed original mechanisms for the distribution of fish and other aquatic animals. In particular, in 1906 he published articles on the ichthyology of lakes Kosogol (now Khubsugul) and Baikal, where he drew attention to the identity of the species composition of the ichthyofauna of these lakes and noted the complete absence of sculpins characteristic of Baikal in the fauna of Kosogol. He developed one of the leading concepts of the origin of fauna. Berg thoroughly and convincingly proved the freshwater origin of the bulk of Baikal animals. In the work “Baikal, its nature and the origin of its organic world”, he wrote: “single species of the Baikal fauna are scattered sporadically in separate water bodies of Europe, Siberia, the Siberian Arctic, China, North America. But these forms are collected together in large numbers. On the basis of faunistic analysis, the scientist came to the conclusion about the antiquity of the Baikal organic world, its continental origin. He noted that the amazing endemism of the Baikal fauna is a consequence of its antiquity. Wrote 15 works about Baikal.
In 1922, in the most difficult conditions of war communism, L.S. Berg prepared a number of works on the theory of evolution, in which, in an elegant polemic with the conclusions of Charles Darwin, he put forward the evolutionary concept of nomogenesis (evolution based on patterns). Apolitical L.S. Berg, on the basis of colossal empirical material, rejected the role of the struggle for existence as a factor in evolution, both in nature and in human society. Theory of evolution L.S. Berg was subjected to both constructive criticism by modern scientists (A.A. Lyubishchev, D.N. Sobolev, etc.), and severe ideological pressure from the dogmatic political system, especially after the publication in 1926 of the book "Nomogenesis" in English.
Historical works of L.S. Berg are devoted to a detailed description of domestic discoveries in Asia, Alaska and Antarctica, the study of ancient maps, the culture and ethnography of small peoples, and the compilation of biographical descriptions of famous scientists.
L.S. Based on the analysis of original documents, Berg consistently defended the priority of Russian researchers in the discovery of Antarctica and pointed out the need for comprehensive studies of the icy continent. Ideas and historical approach of L.S. Berg contributed to the development of a national position in the field of Antarctic exploration.
A street in Bendery, a volcano on the island of Urup, a peak in the Pamirs, a cape on the island of Severnaya Zemlya, glaciers in the Pamirs and the Dzungarian Alatau are named after Lev Semenovich Berg. Berg's name is included in Latin names over 60 animals and plants.
Awards
Research and social activity awarded with many awards. Among them: a diploma of the 1st degree from Moscow University and a gold medal for the best thesis(1898), gold medal of P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shan Russian Geographical Society for work on Aral Sea(1909), the Big Gold (Konstantinovskaya) medal - the highest award of the Russian Geographical Society (1915), the gold medal of the Asiatic Society of India for work on the ichthyology of Asia (1936), etc. L.S. Berg is a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1951), holder of two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and medals "For the Defense of Leningrad" and "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic war 1941-1945".
Lev Semenovich Berg died on December 24, 1950 in Leningrad and was buried on the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery.
Compositions
- Bessarabia. Country - People - Economy. Chisinau, 1993.
- All-Union Geographical Society for 100 years. M.-L.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946.
- Selected works. M.-L., 1956–1962. T. 1–5.
- Climate and life / ed. 2nd, revised. and additional M.: Geografgiz, 1947.
- climate and life. M., Gosizdat. 1922.
- Lomonosov and the hypothesis of the movement of the continents // Izvestiya VGO. 1947. Issue. 1. S. 91–92.
- Lomonosov and the first Russian voyage to find the northeast passage // Izvestiya VGO. 1940. T. 72. Issue. 6. S. 712–730.
- Names of fish and ethnic relationships of the Slavs. 1948.
- Essays on the history of Russian geographical discoveries. M.-L:. Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946.
- Homeland of Tokharov and distribution of salmon // Izvestiya VGO. 1946. T. 78. Issue. 1. P.122.
- Russian discoveries in Antarctica and modern interest in it. M.: Geografgiz, 1949.
- Freshwater fishes of the USSR and neighboring countries. 1949. Vol. 1–3.
- Fishes of Turkestan. 1905.
- System of pisciformes and fishes, now living and fossils. 1940.
- Evolution theory. Pg., 1922.
- Works on the theory of evolution. L.: Science. 1976.
- Uralians on the Syr Darya. 1900.
A complete list of works by L.S. Berg until 1952 inclusive was published in the book “In Memory of Academician L.S. Berg". M.-L., 1955. S. 556–560.
Literature
- Zolotnitskaya R. Not subject to oblivion // URL: http://www.spbumag.nw.ru/2000/30/16.html.
- Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius.
- Irkutsk: Dictionary of Local Lore and History. Irkutsk, 2011, p. 62.
- Murzaev E.M. Lev Semenovich Berg (1876–1950). M., Nauka, 1983.
- The displacement is called the vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory The vector connecting the beginning and end of the path is called
- Trajectory, path length, displacement vector Vector connecting the initial position
- Calculating the area of a polygon from the coordinates of its vertices The area of a triangle from the coordinates of the vertices formula
- Acceptable Value Range (ODZ), theory, examples, solutions