Basic terms for society. Concepts and terms in social science
The dictionary for the exam includes a list of basic concepts and definitions in social science, arranged in alphabetical order.
For quick search click ctrl+f.
- Absenteeism- a manifestation of political culture (behavior), which consists in a deliberate avoidance of participation in elections.
- absolute truth- exhaustive knowledge about the subject (phenomenon), which will never be refuted.
- Absolute monarchy- a form of government in which the power of the monarch (king, king) is not limited by law (constitution) or parliament.
- Autonomy- independence in solving important social problems (personal, national-cultural, political).
- Authoritarianism- a non-democratic type of political regime, characterized by complete control of a group of persons (monarch) of political life, and non-interference in other areas public life.
- Socialization agents- people who influence the process of socialization and education (parents, teachers).
- Adaptation- the process of adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
- Administrative responsibility- a type of legal liability that occurs for misconduct that violates public order or committed in the field of public administration. The measure of responsibility is administrative penalties, among which are a warning, a fine, correctional labor, administrative arrest for up to 15 days.
- Administrative law- a branch of public law that regulates public relations arising in the field of management and related to the maintenance of law and order and security.
- Stock- a security, which is a confirmation of the ownership of a part of the property of an enterprise (economic complex). The type of income of the owner of the share is a dividend.
- excise tax- a type of indirect tax paid by the buyer of a state-defined product (usually a luxury item, tobacco, alcohol) as a percentage of the price of this product.
- Alternative civilian service- execution form military service(the constitutional obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation if he has the appropriate religious and pacifist convictions (renunciation of war, violence, carrying weapons). The term of such service is longer than military service - from 18 to 21 months, is carried out at work, or in social service institutions.
- Animism- one of the early forms of religion, faith in the human soul, the afterlife.
- Anomie social- this is a crisis state of social life, in which the majority or a significant part of its subjects violate established social norms or treat them indifferently, and normative social regulation is sharply weakened.
- Apartheid- literally a separate existence, a policy of restricting the rights and isolation from public life of the black majority by the white minority in South Africa of the 20th century.
- Arrest- keeping the convict in conditions of strict isolation from society.
- Army- the armed forces of the country, performing the function of any state to protect its territory, borders and population. The most important institution and social lift (mobility channel) according to P. Sorokin.
- Assimilation absorption by one people of another.
- Bank- a financial institution that sells money.
- Barter- cashless exchange.
- Business- risky volitional activity of the subject of economic relations, aimed at making a profit.
- Exchange- a financial institution, a place of transactions with large lots of money (currency) and securities (stock).
- Marriage- a voluntary union of a man and a woman, aimed at creating a family and raising children (as defined by the Family Code of the Russian Federation).
- Buddhism- one of the three world religions (along with Islam and Christianity). The oldest world religion. It originated in India in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The founder is Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha (enlightened). God and prophet - Buddha. According to various estimates, there are about 700 million Buddhists on Earth.
- Budget- financial resources at the disposal of an economic entity
- Budget(public) - the annual breakdown of government expenditures and revenues. In the Russian Federation it has the status of a Federal Law (FZ).
- Currency is the official currency of the state.
- GDP(gross domestic product) - the main indicator of economic development, adopted today in economic science, which reflects the growth of material production. GDP is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year.
- Supreme Court of the Russian Federation- the highest appellate instance for criminal, administrative, civil and arbitration (since 2014) cases.
- Westernization- the onset of Western commercial culture, threatening national traditions, language.
- "Veto"- the constitutional right of the President of the Russian Federation to reject any Federal Law adopted by the State Duma and approved by the Federation Council. The State Duma can overcome the disagreement of the President with a two-thirds vote (qualified majority).
- Guilt- mental attitude to the committed offense.
- Power- the ability to influence the behavior of other people, the main (first) institution of the political sphere.
- External costs- the costs that pass according to the financial statements are also called accounting. These are payment for raw materials, transport, tax payments.
- GNP(gross national product) - the main indicator of economic development, characterizing the economic activity of the country as a whole, including beyond its national borders. Unlike GDP, which reflects the total value of all goods created in the territory of the country, the gross national product reflects the total value of goods created only by its residents, regardless of their geographical location.
- Internal costs- costs associated with the organization of activities within the company.
- War- a military conflict between countries or their blocs, leading to the death of people and the destruction of material values. The methods and rules of warfare are governed by the rules of International Humanitarian Law (IHL).
- Perception- the second stage of sensory cognition after sensation, at which the information received by the brain from the sense organs is evaluated. Goes to view. For more details, see the analysis of the topic "Knowledge".
- Harm- material, moral or physical damage caused as a result of an offense.
- Secondary socialization- the process of becoming a person, proceeding in adulthood with the help of official groups.
- Galloping inflation- a type of inflation in which there is a rapid rise in prices (100-150% per year).
- Gender- a sociological term meaning the sexual characteristics of an individual, which determine his social status and roles.
- Genocide- extermination by one people of another (for example, Jews by Nazi Germany 1939-1945, Armenians by Turks in 1915).
- Hyperinflation- a type of inflation that destroys the country's financial system and is characterized by ultra-high price growth (up to 1000% per year).
- Globalization- the process of forming a single economic, informational and cultural space based on the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, which takes place in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries and is the main prerequisite for the emergence of global problems for mankind.
- Global problems- Threats of the 21st century that, in the absence of measures to address them, can put humanity on the brink of complete annihilation (environmental, world war, North-South, terrorism, epidemics, drug addiction).
- Epistemology- a branch of philosophy, the theory of knowledge (from the Greek gnosis - knowledge). Epistemology solves a number of important cognitive problems of a worldview order.
- The State Duma- the lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (bicameral parliament). Consists of 450 deputies elected by proportional system for 5 years. Considers and adopts federal laws.
- State- a form of organization of power in a certain territory, which has sovereignty.
- Citizen- the subject of legal relations, having the rights and obligations established by law.
- civil(civil material) a responsibility- the type of legal liability that occurs for violation of property rights - failure to fulfill contractual obligations, causing property damage. The main measure of responsibility is compensation for losses; compensation for moral damage.
- Civil legal relations- these are property and personal non-property relations, regulated by the norms of civil law.
- Civil society- a set of non-state institutions and organizations that are not directly dependent on the orders of state authorities and take an active part in public and political life.
- Civil law- a branch of private law that regulates property and personal non-property legal relations.
- Citizenship- a stable political and legal connection between a citizen and the state, expressed in a system of mutual rights and obligations.
- The state budget- annual list of government expenditures and revenues.
- Humanism- from lat. Homo (man), a philosophical concept of a humane attitude towards a person, which consists in the maximum consideration and development of his personal qualities and abilities.
- Deviant behavior Same as deviant behavior. individual behavior and social groups that does not conform to the generally accepted norms of this society. It happens positive and negative.
- Delinquent behavior- from lat. delictum - offense. View deviant behavior expressed in violation of the rule of law. Illegal behavior that harms a person and society.
- Demo version- a demonstration version of the Unified State Exam, the draft of which for each subject is developed by FIPI and approved after discussion in the professional community. Contains a list of tasks and criteria for their assessments, the main document for preparing for the exam.
- Democracy- a type of political regime, characterized by the provision of maximum rights and freedoms to the population and their state guarantee.
- Money- a financial asset used for transactions. A special commodity of absolute liquidity.
- Deposit(bank) - values (cash) deposited with the bank and subject to return on certain conditions (bank interest, as a rule).
- deficit- a lack of goods and services, a situation that does not satisfy the needs of the consumer. It is characteristic of a command economy under the control of the state.
- Deficit budget- executed by the state with an excess of expenses over income.
- Default- recognition by the state of inability to fulfill economic obligations (for public debt, for example). An indicator of a deep economic crisis. In the Russian Federation, 1998, for example, occurred after the state refused to pay interest on short-term GKO bonds.
- Activity- a form of human activity aimed at transforming the environment and society.
- Social dynamics- development, the movement of a society that is constantly in the process of change, which consists in the fact that the institutions it needs are developing, complicating social relations, and unclaimed institutions are dying off.
- Dividend- type of income of the owner of the share, one of the factor income on capital.
- Disciplinary responsibility- the type of legal liability that occurs for violation of labor, educational, military, service discipline. Measures of influence on the offender - remark, reprimand, dismissal, exclusion from the educational institution.
- Differentiation(social) - differences between individuals and groups, distinguished by a number of socially important features (income, prestige, education).
- Income- a set of funds (in kind or cash) received as a result of economic activity.
- Dualistic monarchy- a form of government in which the monarch (king, king) heads the executive branch, the government and the army. It turns out that the government has a double responsibility: both to the monarch and to the parliament. This rare form of monarchy is found, for example, in Morocco, Jordan.
- Legislative process- This is the procedure for the adoption of Federal Laws in the Russian Federation.
- Wage- remuneration in the form of money received by employees. The minimum wage is set in the Russian Federation by the state (minimum wage). Distinguish between time and piecework forms of remuneration.
- Expenses is the same as production costs.
- "Golden Rule of Morality"- the basic moral requirement for human behavior, which can be represented as a formula: "Treat others the way you want to be treated."
- Ideology(political) - a stable system of political norms, values and methods of political struggle adopted by a particular political movement. There are three main types of modern political ideologies: conservative, liberal and revolutionary.
- Costs- all costs of the enterprise in the process economic activity and product release. Allocate fixed and variable costs, external (accounting) and internal, economic.
- Import- the import of goods and services into the country.
- Individual- any specific representative of the species "human" (homo sapiens), a newborn child.
- Individuality- a set of biological (color of eyes, hair, features of character, temperament) and social qualities (features of communication, social interactions) unique for each person, which distinguishes him from other individuals.
- Investments- capital (from capital) investments in production. They invest to make a profit, but do not always pay off (for example, if the project did not bring profit).
- industrial society- a historical type of civilization based on a market economy (capitalism), the introduction scientific achievements in the production, liquidation of the monarchical political system middle ages. See the analysis of the topic "Types of societies" for more details.
- Industry- from English industry, heavy industry.
- Integration- 1) economic - the unification of the economies of independent countries, the creation of common markets (for example, European) 2) ethnic - a form of development of interethnic relations based on cooperation and interaction of close peoples.
- Institute of Law- a small group of norms within the industry, regulating one type of social relations.
- Institutes of socialization- groups and institutions involved in the process of socialization of the individual.
- Institutes(social) - the most important social groups, types of relations or institutions that are reproduced in any historical society and perform the functions necessary for it.
- Intensive economic growth- increase in output per unit of resources used. For example, this is the introduction of scientific developments, the results of scientific and technical progress, the computerization of production and the introduction of electronic production management systems. Opposes the extensive type of growth characteristic of the traditional and industrial economy.
- Inflation- law violation monetary circulation, expressed in the depreciation of the money supply and a long-term increase in the prices of goods.
- Art- one of the institutions of the spiritual sphere of society, an aesthetic way of knowing the world around.
- Islam- one of the three world religions (along with Buddhism and Christianity). The youngest of the world religions. It originated in Arabia in the 7th century. The founder is Mohammed. God is Allah. Islam means obedience, its adherents are Muslims (true believers). It has over 800 million adherents, due to its youth, the world religion is the most aggressive in its dissemination methods.
- True- this is the correspondence of our ideas about the cognizable object to its real essence. Distinguish between absolute and relative truth.
- Source of law- a historically established form of expression of a legal norm (there are several of their main types - legal custom, legal precedent, religious text and legal act).
- Mobility Channel- a social institution (institution) that allows social mobility (education, army, church). The same as the social elevator.
- Kant Immanuel- the great German philosopher of the 18th century, the author of the categorical imperative of morality: "act only according to such a maxim, guided by which you can at the same time wish it to become a universal law."
- Capital- funds invested in circulation (entrepreneurship, bank) and making a profit. It is one of the factors of production.
- Capitalism- the economic system of management associated with active use capital for profit, entrepreneurship. Identified with the market economy.
- Codifier- a state document regulating the content of the Unified State Exam, the draft of which for each subject is developed by the FIPI and approved after discussion in the professional community. Contains a list of topics and a set of knowledge and skills tested at the exam. The main document for preparing for the exam.
- The colony- a controlled territory deprived of independence, subject to the laws of another state (metropolis).
- Command(centralized, planned) economy- completely controlled by the state (center) economic system. It is based on the establishment of development plans by the state, the absence of private property and the monopoly of state property. The state is both a customer, and a producer, and a consumer of goods, dictates prices for it.
- Complement- complementary product economic theory. Usually, both complement goods are consumed together. An increase in the price of one of them leads to the consumption of both. For example, a car and gasoline, cigarettes and matches.
- Competition- the struggle in the market for the consumer between business entities, a necessary condition for the existence of a market economy. Distinguish between monopolistic and pure competition.
- constitutional system- the structure of society and the state, enshrined in the norms of constitutional law in countries with a constitutional system, for example, in the Russian Federation.
- Constitution- the basic law of the state of supreme legal force.
- Constitution of the Russian Federation- the basic law of the Russian Federation, adopted by a national referendum on December 12, 1993, fixing the legal democratic republican federal nature of the state, its social and secular orientation.
- social control- a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and social groups in society with the help of norms, sanctions, self-control and conscience.
- confession- a large social group, distinguished by religion.
- Confederation- a temporary association of sovereign states to solve political and economic problems (for example, the European Union). Can develop into a federation or cease to exist.
- Indirect taxes- payments that are included in the price of the goods and paid by the buyer at the time of purchase of the goods (excise duties, customs duties, VAT).
- Cosmopolitanism- an ideology that proclaims the primacy of universal human values over national ones, the "unity" of all the inhabitants of the planet, without taking into account their national characteristics. Opposes nationalism.
- culture- all that is created by man, in contrast to nature (second nature).
- culture national- a set of achievements of the material and spiritual culture of one people, residents of the country.
- world culture- the world cultural fund, the best achievements of national cultures.
- Culturology- the humanities that study culture.
- legitimacy- the main sign of state power, which consists in its voluntary recognition by the population and in its readiness to submit to its power, including violence. The founder of the theory of legitimacy in politics M. Weber singled out three types of legitimacy - traditional, charismatic and legal-legal.
- Liquidity- the ability to turn assets into value (money).
- Elevator (social)- a social institution (institution) that allows social mobility (education, army, church). The same as the mobility channel.
- Personality- a subject of conscious social activity, having a worldview, statuses, roles, who has undergone socialization.
- lumpen- an individual who has sunk to the social bottom, having no more real chances to take a place in other social groups (homeless people, drug addicts, prostitutes, criminals).
- Magic- one of the early forms of religion, the belief in the possibility of non-contact influence on a person and his behavior.
- Majoritarian electoral system- elections of senior officials (the President of the Russian Federation, for example), in which the candidate must receive a majority of votes (in one or two rounds of voting) of voters.
- Outcasts- individuals who have lost their former social status, who can either return to their former social group or go down in the social structure (intermediate strata of society).
- Macroeconomics- a section of economic theory that studies global economic processes (inflation, unemployment, budget).
- Maslow Abraham - the author of the main classification of human needs - the "pyramid of needs" (physiological, existential, social, prestigious, spiritual).
- International humanitarian law(IHL) is a branch of international law that defines unacceptable methods and means of warfare and protects the victims of war.
- International law - a set of rules governing the relations of states and subjects of law from different countries.
- International division of labor- world specialization of states in the production of certain goods and services.
- mentality(mentality) - a way of behavior characteristic of representatives of one ethnic community and conscious self-reference to this community. One of the important features of the ethnic group.
- Metropolis- a state that owns colonies (subordinate dependent territories).
- Microeconomics- a section of economic theory that studies the economics of an economic entity (firm, family).
- World economy- world economic exchange based on the specialization and advantages of countries.
- outlook- a stable view of the individual on the world, formed under the influence of socialization, life experience.
- Mobility(social) - a change in the status of individuals, the movement of people and social groups in the social structure.
- Monarchy- a form of government in which the source of power is the monarch and power is inherited (absolute, limited, dualistic).
- Monopoly – large enterprise, which controls a significant segment of the production and sale of goods in a particular market. Sets monopoly low and monopoly prices, destroying competition in the market.
- Monotheism(monotheistic religion) - monotheism, faith in the universal absolute - the highest spiritual power (deity). For example, all world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam) are monotheistic.
- Morality- a historically established system of norms, customs, values that regulate social relations and is fixed by the power of public opinion.
- Moral categories- most general concepts, with the help of which a person's behavior is evaluated by other people and by himself (love, goodness, evil, duty, virtue, conscience, honor, dignity, justice, nobility, happiness).
- taxes– obligatory state-established payments of individuals and legal entities.
- People- the main ethnic group associated common language, traditions, historical past and territory of residence.
- natural economy- production for own consumption.
- The science- one of the institutions of spiritual culture, a system for creating new knowledge.
- scientific knowledge- a system of theories established and tested using special methods of science, included in common system substantiated knowledge.
- Nationalism- a political ideology and practice based on the rallying of the people around the national idea. In the extreme form of Nazism.
- Nation- the highest type of ethnic group, a people with a developed statehood and a single economic space.
- Inequality(social) is the different access of people and social groups to social benefits (power, wealth, education), due to differentiation.
- legal nihilism- the attitude of individuals to the law, which consists in the unwillingness to comply with laws, arises on the basis of a low level of legal culture.
- Norm is a special controller social behavior(rule) established by society in order to control the behavior of individuals and groups.
- Rule of law- the smallest structural unit of the system of law, expressed in the form of a specific law.
- scientific and technological revolution- the scientific and technological revolution of the middle of the 20th century, a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on the improvement of scientific knowledge and technology.
- Bond- government securities.
- Education is an institution of spiritual culture that transmits knowledge from generation to generation.
- Society- a part of the material world separated from nature, closely connected with it.
- Public relations- diverse relationships between spheres and institutions that unite society into an integral system.
- Limited(constitutional, parliamentary) monarchy- a form of government in which the power of the monarch (king, king) is limited either by law (constitution) or by parliament.
- A responsibility- 1) a quality of personality close to consciousness, the obligation to be responsible for actions, their results and consequences; 2) the duty provided by law to be responsible for offenses.
- Relative truth- the kind of truth that characterizes certain stage development of science and characterized by subjective assessments.
- Branch of law- a large group of rules governing important view public relations.
- Feeling- primary information obtained with the help of the senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste) at the stage of sensory cognition. For more details, see the analysis of the topic "Knowledge".
- The consignment- a political institution and a group of people united by ideology and the desire to achieve power or influence it.
- Parliament- the highest body of legislative power in the republican state. Russia has a bicameral parliament - the Federal Assembly.
- Party mass- the type of political parties distinguished by organizational structure and characterized by the presence of compulsory membership, party dues, party cards and regional organizations. Political parties in the Russian Federation are massive.
- Party personnel- a type of political parties that stand out in terms of organizational structure and are characterized by the absence of mandatory membership and other formal signs of an individual's connection with the party. This is how the parties of the USA and Great Britain are arranged.
- Primary socialization- the process of personality formation, occurring with the help of small groups in the process of interpersonal relations in early age.
- variable costs- costs that change with a change in the volume of production. For example, these are payment for electricity, transport services, depreciation.
- Periphery- economically backward countries (the so-called South: the countries of Africa and Southeast Asia).
- Maslow's pyramid of needs- the structure of human needs, introduced into scientific circulation by the American psychologist A. Maslow (physiological, existential, social, prestigious, spiritual).
- "Floating" scale of taxation- one of the principles of establishing taxes, in which income recipients pay a different percentage of income, depending on its size. There is progressive and regressive.
- Plebiscite(referendum) - a nationwide poll on a matter of national importance. The decision of the plebiscite becomes law.
- Pluralism- a key feature of democracy, which consists in ideological diversity, the possibility of guaranteed public discussion and difference of opinions about the problems of society. In political practice, it is expressed in a multi-party system and competition in public political forces, forms of ownership.
- Income tax- the main type of taxes in the economy, a type of direct tax, established as a percentage paid by the recipient of income. In Russia - the lowest in Europe, 13%.
- Polytheism(polytheistic religion) - polytheism, belief in the forces of nature, each of which is identified with the corresponding deity (for example, Slavic paganism).
- Politics- the struggle of large groups of people for state power and the opportunity to influence it.
- Political ideology - designed in the form of a program or scientific theory a political concept expressing the interests of social groups, parties and political movements.
- Politic system– organized interaction between subjects political activity and environment(society). The author of the theory of the political system is the modern American political scientist Gabriel Almond.
- Political process- this is a set of actions of subjects and institutions of the political system associated with the struggle for political power.
- Political regime- a set of methods and methods used by the authorities to control the population (democratic and non-democratic).
- Political science- humanitarian science that studies political processes and relations in society related to the activities of the state and other subjects of political activity.
- concept- definition of the object under study, from which the stage of rational knowledge of the world begins. For more details, see the analysis of the topic "Knowledge".
- Post-industrial (information) society- a modern type of civilization based on the dominance of information (computer technology) in production, means mass media. The result of the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century. See the analysis of the topic "Types of societies" for more details.
- fixed costs- costs that do not change with a change in the volume of production. For example, this is the payment of utility bills, the payment of loans.
- Need- the perceived need of a person in the conditions of life. See Maslow's pyramid of needs.
- Government of the Russian Federation is the highest body of executive power in the Russian Federation.
- Right- a system of obligatory norms fixed by the force of state coercion.
- Constitutional state- a state that sets as its main task the protection of human rights and freedoms guaranteed by it. The main features: the rule of law, the inviolability of human rights and freedoms, the separation of powers.
- Law enforcement- a system of state and non-state bodies that protect human rights and freedoms and carry out activities to protect law and order.
- legal awareness- the quality of the civil and political culture of society, which consists in the understanding and conscious implementation of the norms of law by citizens. High level legal consciousness characterizes a developed democratic, legal and civil society with an activist political culture.
- Company(firm) - an economic entity that creates goods and services for sale on the market. From the point of view of law, a legal entity operating in a market economy and striving to make a profit.
- Performance- the final phase of sensory cognition, the result of which is the image of the perceived object, which our brain, with the help of abstract thinking, can reproduce at any moment, without even touching it with the senses.
- Sentence- the quantity of goods on the market that the manufacturer is ready to supply at a specific time at a specific price.
- The president- the highest official in the republican state, the head of state.
- Presidential republic- a type of republican form of government, characterized by significant powers of the highest official of the President, who heads the Government and is the supreme commander in chief (for example, in the USA).
- President of the Russian Federation- the head of the Russian Federation, who has the status of supreme commander in chief, guarantor of the constitution. Elected by popular vote for 6 years, determines the main directions of internal and external
- country policy and representative functions.
- Presumption of innocence- a legal principle, meaning that the accused cannot be considered guilty except as a result of a court decision.
- prestige needs- one of the five types of human needs according to A. Maslow, associated with the self-realization of the individual in society (power, wealth, career).
- A crime- a serious type of offense that causes harm to life, health or serious damage to property and entails criminal liability.
- Profit- the main indicator of the efficiency of economic activity. Income minus all costs (costs) of production.
- Privatization– transfer (sale) of state property to the ownership of private individuals.
- Progress- the progressive development of society, expressed in the complication of the social structure.
- progressive taxation- a taxation system in which the higher the income of its recipient, the higher the tax rate. It is actively used in Western Europe.
- Production- Creation of wealth.
- proportional electoral system- elections to a representative body of state power (parliament), in which seats in parliament are distributed in accordance (in proportion) with the votes received. also a participating party needs to overcome a certain threshold (5-7% usually). In the Russian Federation, the State Duma is being formed in this way.
- misdemeanor- not a serious type of offense that does not result in harm to life, health or serious damage to property and entails disciplinary, civil-material or administrative liability.
- Protectionism- the state policy of restricting free trade with the help of tariff and non-tariff barriers, opposes free trade.
- Surplus budget- carried out with the excess of state revenues over expenditures.
- procedural law- a special type of legal norms regulating law enforcement practice in the process of legal relations.
- Direct taxes- payments collected from the recipient of income or property (income, transport, land, profit).
- Separation of powers- the principle of the rule of law and the republican structure, according to which the state power to protect it from monopolization is divided into legislative, executive and judicial. Guaranteed by a system of "checks and balances".
- rational cognition- step cognitive process, which consists in the mental processing of information collected at the stage of sensory cognition with the help of experience (empiricism). In science, it is expressed in the form of hypotheses, theories.
- Revolution- a type of social change initiated by the population and changing all aspects of social relations. Opposite to reform, evolution. There are political revolutions, scientific and technical (NTR).
- The revolution is political- the change of state power, carried out mainly by force.
- Regression- degradation of the social structure and social relations (the opposite term to PROGRESS, its antonym).
- Regressive taxation- a system of establishing taxes, in which the greater the income of its recipient, the lower the tax rate. It can be established by the state to stimulate the development of production, a specific industry, a segment of the economy.
- religion world- the most common religious systems on the planet, professed by huge denominations, including up to a billion people (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam).
- Religion national- a religion professed by representatives of one ethnic group (Judaism, Shintoism, Hinduism).
- Respondent- answering questions social survey(correspondent) person.
- Republic- a form of government characterized by the election of state authorities and democracy. The people are recognized as the source of power.
- Republic(as part of the Russian Federation) - the highest type of subject of the federation in the Russian Federation, which has the full power of state power, constitutions and the right to establish a national language.
- Referendum- a popular vote (poll) on an important issue for the life of the country, the highest manifestation of democracy.
- Reform- a type of social change initiated by the state and changing one type of social relations. The opposite of revolution.
- Genus- the primary form of an ethnic community, united by blood and family ties (a large family of primitive society). Some ethnic groups have a clan.
- Role(social) - behavior expected from a person related to his position and status in society.
- Rosobrnadzor- a federal service that controls the quality of Russian education and directly develops and leads the state's policy in the direction of the Unified State Examination.
- Russian ruble- the official currency of the Russian Federation, the only monetary unit to be issued on the territory of the Russian Federation.
- Labor market- a specific market (along with the markets for goods, services, stock and currency, means of production and others), which regulates supply and demand in the labor market, and therefore needs special care of the state.
- Market economy- the most effective way of managing, associated with the development of capitalism and based on the principles of competition, the laws of supply, demand, cost and money circulation.
- Trade balance- the difference between a country's exports and imports, active (with a predominance of exports) and passive (with a predominance of imports).
- freedom- the ability to act independently, relying on their own strengths. At the same time, enjoy your rights in civil society without violating or restricting others. In the classic definition of the classic of Hegel's philosophy, "Freedom is a conscious necessity."
- Segregation- one of the forms of discrimination of social groups and ethnic conflict associated with the forced separation of representatives of different ethnic groups, races in public life (for example, apartheid in South Africa).
- A family- this is the main institution of the social sphere, performing the function of reproduction. A small social group united by consanguinity, marriage, raising children, living together.
- System- a set of specially organized elements. The system of society consists of spheres (subsystems), they, in turn, consist of institutions, and unite them into a single whole (system) of social relations. The main features of the system are integrity, dynamism and self-organization.
- economic system- the type of management that has historically developed in the economy of the country and society in accordance with the answers to the main questions of the economy: 1. What to produce? 2. How to produce? 3. For whom to produce? There are traditional, command (planned), market and mixed systems.
- The system of "checks and balances"- a mechanism for guaranteeing the existence of a separation of powers in a legal republican state, achieved by fixing in the text of the Constitution the competencies of each of the highest bodies of state power and their interdependence.
- Smelser Neil- an outstanding American sociologist, one of the founders of economic sociology.
- Mixed electoral system- elections to a representative body of state power (parliament), in which half of the seats in parliament are distributed according to the proportional system, and the other half according to the majoritarian (single-member) system.
- mixed republic- a type of republican form of government, characterized by the mutual responsibility of the Government between the President and Parliament (for example, in the Russian Federation).
- Mixed market economy- the most relevant economic system today, characterized by the action of the laws of the market with the active intervention of the state in solving its problems (monopolization, unemployment, inflation).
- Own- a legal right expressed in relation to the owner to the object of ownership. Assumes the possibility of possession, disposal and use of property.
- Council of the Federation- the upper house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (bicameral parliament). Each constituent entity of the Russian Federation is represented in the Federation Council by two deputies. Approves federal laws.
- Consciousness- the ability of the individual to foresee the results and consequences of activities.
- Sorokin Pitirim- an outstanding Russian-American culturologist and sociologist, the founder of the theories of social stratification, social mobility.
- Socialization- the process of becoming a person from an individual with the help of institutions and agents.
- social group- a sustainable association of people based on joint activities, important social signs.
- social structure- a set of relatively stable communities of people, their connection and interaction, as well as the relations that social groups enter into regarding the conditions of their life.
- welfare state- a state that sets the task of maximum care for the well-being of the population. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7), Russia is welfare state.
- Demand- solvent need of a person for a product (service).
- Mass media(media) - an institution of civil society and the political system, technical means of creating, replicating and disseminating information (TV channels, radio, press, Internet).
- means of production- a resource that allows you to create economic benefits. As a rule, this is the name of the equipment.
- Stagnation- the collapse of production (in the narrow economic sense), in a broader sense - the cessation of the development of the country, civilization. An example of such a phenomenon is the development of the USSR under L.I. Brezhnev.
- Stagflation- hyperinflation with a simultaneous collapse of production.
- Price- socially useful time spent on the production of goods (cost), the totality of funds.
- Stratification- hierarchical allocation of groups according to a socially important feature and the degree of possession of a public good.
- Subsidy- Measures of economic support from the state of economic entities or individuals.
- substitute- substitute goods in economic theory. When the price of one commodity rises, the consumption of its substitute will increase. For example, jackets and coats; tea and coffee.
- The subject of the Russian Federation- part of the territory of the Russian Federation with limited sovereignty, laws, legislative and executive authorities, taxes.
- Sovereignty (independence)- the main feature of the state, the monopoly right of the state to issue laws on its territory and represent the interests of the country's population abroad.
- Court- a public authority, part of the country's law enforcement system, whose competence includes the administration of justice and the protection of law.
- Judgment- a complete thought, consisting of concepts and representing the second stage of rational knowledge.
- Sphere(life of society) - the main view social relations(subsystem).
- customs duty- a special type of indirect tax levied on the price of goods when passing through the national border.
- "Firm" taxation scale- one of the principles of establishing taxes, in which all recipients of income pay the same percentage of income, regardless of its size.
- Theory- a chain of logical judgments that turns into a conclusion, and is the final conclusion of scientific research and its result, explaining the cognizable phenomenon.
- Terror- the repressive policy of the state against dissidents, the opposition. It is carried out mainly by totalitarian states.
- TNK- a transnational corporation, the highest type of international monopoly association in the modern world economy.
- Product- a product created for sale.
- Trade- economic exchange, monetary and non-monetary (barter).
- Totalitarianism- a political regime striving for complete (total) control of all spheres of society, reducing social initiative to zero (the Stalinist regime of the 1930s, fascist Italy and Japan, Nazi Germany).
- totemism- one of the earliest forms of religion, belief in the plant or animal origin of man.
- Traditional economy- a type of economic system based on subsistence farming and production according to traditions. characteristic of a traditional society.
- traditional society- a historical type of civilization based on natural production, a monarchical system and the predominance of religious values and worldview.
- Tradition- stable for representatives of a particular historical community or social group (ethnos, for example), a pattern of behavior in a particular situation.
- Transfers– social non-market transfers from the state budget to the regional ones for the payment of pensions, benefits, subsidies, salaries to public sector employees and other measures of social support for the population.
- Labor contract- in labor law, an agreement between an employee and an employer that establishes their mutual rights and obligations.
- labor law- a branch of private law that regulates social relations between an employee and an employer.
- Criminal liability- a type of legal liability that occurs exclusively for crimes. Only the court can bring to criminal liability and determine its measure. Measures of criminal punishment - imprisonment, death penalty.
- Moderate (creeping) inflation- a type of inflation in which prices rise at a moderate pace and gradually (up to 10% per year).
- inference- a chain of logical judgments, which at the stage of rational cognition turns into the final conclusion, which in science takes the form of a theory explaining the phenomenon being known.
- Urbanization- the process of growth of cities and urban population, characteristic of the transition from a traditional to an industrial society.
- Service- the result of economic activity that satisfies the needs of the consumer. Unlike goods, payment for a service is usually made upon receipt of it.
- factor income- funds received from the use of the main factors of production (labor, land, capital, entrepreneurial abilities, information).
- Federalism- recognition of the integrity and indivisibility of the territory of the federation with the guarantee of national autonomy, one of the foundations of the constitutional system and national policy RF.
- Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation- the highest body of legislative power in the Russian Federation, a bicameral parliament.
- Federal Law of the Russian Federation- the main regulatory legal act in the Russian Federation, adopted by the Federal Assembly and signed by the President.
- federal treaty- a set of normative agreements between the subjects of the Russian Federation, which are one of the main sources of the constitutional law of the Russian Federation in the field of regulation of federal relations. Signed March 31, 1992.
- Federation- the form state structure, characterized by limited sovereignty of the subjects of the federation and a three-tier system of legislation and taxation.
- Fetishism- one of the early forms of religion, the deification of objects, natural objects.
- Individual- a citizen who has the rights and duties defined by law.
- Stock exchange (market)- a special institution of a market economy, where the purchase and sale of securities (shares, for example) takes place.
- Form of government- the ratio of powers of central and local public authorities (unitary, federal state and confederation).
- Form of government- a way of organizing the highest bodies of state power (monarchy and republic).
- free trading- economic policy of free trade, contrary to protectionism.
- Charisma- a set of personal qualities of a politician (oratorical, military leadership talents, the ability to political intrigue), which endows his population and which allow him to come to power and keep it. In the theory of legitimacy by M. Weber, one of its types.
- Christianity- one of the three world religions (along with Buddhism and Islam). It originated in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire (Palestine, Egyptian Alexandria, Asia Minor) in the middle of the 1st century AD. e. The founder is Jesus Christ. God is Jesus Christ. Has 1.5 billion supporters. There are a large number of ramifications of Christianity, sects. The most popular direction is Catholicism.
- Price is the monetary value of the commodity on the market.
- Centralized economy- a system completely controlled by the state (center). Such a system is also called command, planned. We take as an example Soviet five-year plans.
- Central Bank of the Russian Federation(Bank of Russia) is the only issuing bank on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution.
- Human- a biosocial creature that has thinking and speech.
- sensual(experimental, empirical) knowledge- the initial stage of the cognitive process with the help of the sense organs, which, in contact with the cognized object, supply information about it to the brain (vision, touch, smell, hearing, taste). Its stages are sensation, perception, representation. It is a prerequisite for rational knowledge.
- Masterpiece- the highest achievement in a certain type of activity.
- Chauvinism- an extreme aggressive form of nationalism, proclaiming the idea of the superiority of one ethnic group over another.
- Evolution- a progressive change in social relations, for example, in the form of reforms.
- evolution biological- the formation of modern man (Homo sapiens). Same as anthropogenesis.
- Ecology- a system of social relations associated with the attitude of people to nature.
- Ecological crisis- one of the main global problems associated with the possibility of the destruction of mankind as a result of a violation of the natural balance.
- Economy- 1) economy, the creation of material wealth. 2) a science that studies how to meet the unlimited needs of man with the help of limited resources.
- economic system See economic system.
- economic costs- the total amount of external and internal costs (production costs).
- The economic growth is the long-term trend of increasing real GDP.
- Extensive economic growth is an increase in output when using an additional amount of resources. Opposes the most actual today intensive type of growth.
- Extremism- a way of solving political problems by force, used by political parties, groups.
- Elite culture- a kind of spiritual culture aimed at a narrow circle of specialists in the field of art, for example, ballet, non-commercial cinema, abstract painting, classical music.
- Emission- issuance of banknotes. In the Russian Federation, the function of the Central Bank.
- empirical knowledge- the same as sensory (experimental) knowledge.
- Aesthetics- a branch of philosophy, the humanities about beauty.
- Ethnology- humanitarian science that studies ethnic groups and ethnic processes.
- Ethnos- a large social group, distinguished by nationality and united by a common historical path, traditions and cultural characteristics.
- Entity- a company or organization registered with special state authorities.
- Legal liability- legal obligation to answer for violations. There are criminal, administrative, disciplinary and civil liability.
- Legal force- priority and subordination of legal norms among themselves in the system of law of a particular state. The Constitution has the highest legal force in the Russian Federation.
- Asceticism- deliberate self-restraint, self-denial, or the fulfillment of difficult vows, sometimes including self-torture.
- Verbal- verbal communication
- Voluntarism- neglect of objective processes, necessary conditions.
- Hedonism- the doctrine according to which pleasure is the main virtue, the highest good and the goal of life.
- Globalization- the process of uniting people and transforming society on a planetary scale.
- Global problems- difficulties affecting the vital interests of all mankind and requiring concerted action on the scale of the world community.
- Activity- this is a form of activity of the subject, expressed in a purposeful and expedient change in the surrounding world, as well as in the transformation of a person himself.
- Spiritual sphere of society- the sphere of public life, the main content of which is the production of spiritual values and the satisfaction of spiritual needs.
- Spirituality - it is a system of values that exists for a long period, has a large number of followers and exists for a limited period of time.
- Spiritual values- these are the results of spiritual production that are significant for a person and society that satisfy their spiritual needs.
- Life- the main need of man and his main inalienable right.
- Makings - congenital physiological features nervous system.
- The game- the form of activity in conditional circumstances.
- Individual- a single representative of the human race.
- Individuality- originality, uniqueness, originality of the individual.
- Industrialization- the process of creating large-scale machine production, the application of scientific knowledge to industrial technology, the discovery of new energy sources.
- Innovation- the practice of permanent (continuous) reform.
- Integration- combining different parts.
- Interest- a purposeful attitude of a person to a need.
- culture- the totality of all types and results of the transformational activity of a person, aimed both at external environment as well as on the person himself.
- Culture - the totality of material and spiritual values created and being created by mankind in the course of the historical process.
- Personality- the system of socially significant qualities of an individual.
- local civilization- a large socio-cultural community that has existed for a long time, has stable spatial boundaries, and develops specific forms of social life.
- Human mentality - the totality of all the results of knowledge, their assessment on the basis of culture, activity, national consciousness and personal life experience.
- outlook- a system of views and ideas about the world around.
- Modernization- the process of change in accordance with modern requirements and norms.
- Thinking- this is an indirect and generalized reflection in the human brain of essential properties, causal relationships and regular connections.
- Scientific and technological revolution- a radical, qualitative transformation of the productive forces on the basis of the transformation of science into a leading factor in the development of social production, a direct productive force.
- manners- typical reactions repeated by many people to certain events.
- rite- a set of collective actions that embody certain ideas and values of a given society and evoke in all bearers of a given culture similar feelings that are collective in nature.
- Communication- the process of interaction and exchange of information between people.
- Socio-economic formation- the stage of social evolution, characterized by a certain stage in the development of the productive forces of society and the historical type of economic production relations corresponding to this stage .
- Society- a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
- Custom - typical behavior in a particular situation.
- customs- established patterns of behavior, necessarily at the level of culture as a whole.
- A responsibility- a socio-philosophical concept that characterizes the type of relationship between people from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements.
- Behavior- a set of actions of a person committed by him in a relatively long period of time in various conditions.
- deed- action, considered from the point of view of the unity of motive and consequences, goals and means.
- Needs- a conscious need for what constitutes the condition of existence.
- Habit- an established way of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires the character of a need for an individual.
- Nature- the natural habitat of a person and society, which has qualitative specifics in comparison with society.
- Realism - a balanced approach to freedom and necessity.
- Revolution- deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena
- Reform- improvement of spheres of public life without destroying the fundamental foundations of society.
- freedom- the ability of a person to choose a decision and perform an act in accordance with their goals, interests and assessments.
- Meaning of life- definition of the ultimate goal of human existence.
- Conscience- the ability of the individual to independently formulate their own moral obligations and implement moral self-control over their implementation.
- Consciousness - it is a person's ability to purposefully, generalized and evaluatively reflect objective reality in sensual and logical images.
- Socialization- the process of assimilation, perception of norms of behavior, values and attitudes adopted in society.
- social role- the way of behavior corresponding to the social status.
- Social institutions- historically established, stable forms of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society.
- social status the place of man in social relations.
- Capabilities- individual psychological characteristics of the individual, necessary for successful activity.
- Stagnation- a period in the development of society when there is no forward dynamics, but there is no reverse movement either.
- Creation- human activity to create qualitatively new, previously non-existent values. This concept includes imagination, intuition, creative insight.
- Temperament- congenital, genetically determined qualities of the individual.
- Traditions- a set of elements of culture passed down from generation to generation.
- Work- social activity of a person, aimed at obtaining a practically useful result.
- Settings- a set of stable motives that orient the personality.
- Fatalism- predestination : everything in the world is subject to necessity, there is no freedom.
- Character is a set of stable individual features personality, which develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, causing typical for the individual ways of behavior.
- Civilization- a single process of historical development, passing through certain stages.
- The senses - emotional states that have a clearly defined objective character.
- Evolution- the processes of change occurring in animate and inanimate nature, as well as in social systems.
- Emotions- short-term experiences
- Language- a set of signs used by members of society for communication.
.
Social science terms
Block "Man and Society"
Man is a biosocial being with conscious speech, moral qualities and the ability to make tools.
An individual is a representative of the human race, endowed from birth with special qualities that are distinctive from other people.
Individuality - specific features that distinguish a person from the totality of their own kind (external and internal).
Personality is a human individual who is the subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he implements in public life.
Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social roles and norms, spiritual values.
Agents of socialization - institutions that play the most important role in the process of socialization (family, education, army, inner circle)
Society is a part of the surrounding world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which is a combination of all ways of interaction and forms of unification of people.
Worldview - a system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around.
Truth is objective knowledge that accurately expresses the essence and properties of the subject under consideration.
Absolute truth is an undeniable, once and for all established knowledge, a kind of ideal towards which our knowledge aspires.
Relative truth is incomplete, limited knowledge.
Thinking - active process reflections of the objective world in concepts, judgments, theories
Activity is a form of a person's active relationship to the world around him, involving its expedient changes and transformations.
Cognition is a process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection of objective reality in his mind, and the result is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around him.
Needs are the needs of a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.
Freedom is a specific way of being a person, associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an act in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments, based on the awareness of the objective properties and relations of things, the laws of the world around him.
Responsibility - socio-philosophical and sociological concept, which characterizes the objective, historically specific type of relationship between the individual, the team, society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of the mutual requirements placed on them.
Culture is the totality of all types of transforming human activity, aimed both at the external environment and at himself.
Science is a form of people's spiritual activity aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws.
Education is one of the ways of becoming a person through the acquisition of knowledge by people, the acquisition of skills and abilities for the development of mental, cognitive and creative abilities through a system of such social institutions like family, school, media.
Religion - belief in the supernatural; a set of views and ideas, a system of beliefs and rituals that unites people who recognize them into a single community.
Art is a practical human activity aimed at mastering and creating aesthetic values.
Morality is a form of social consciousness, consisting of a system of values and requirements that regulate people's behavior.
Social progress - the direction of the development of society, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect.
Globalization is the process of integration of states and peoples in different fields of activity.
Scientific knowledge is a special kind cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about nature, man and society
Social cognition is the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society.
Spiritual culture - a set of spiritual values and creative activity for their production, development and application: science, art, religion, morality, politics, law and others.
Factors of production - resources that are involved in the process of production of goods and services.
Factor income - income received from factors of production (wages, rent, profit, interest).
Demand is the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase products at every possible price level.
Supply - the desire and ability of sellers to sell products at every possible price level.
An economic system is an established and operating set of principles, rules, laws that determine the form and content of the main economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product.
Costs (expenses) are a monetary assessment of the cost of material, labor, financial and other resources for the production and sale of products for a certain period of time.
Securities is a document drawn up in accordance with the established form and in the presence of mandatory details, certifying property rights, the implementation or transfer of which is possible only upon presentation of this document.
Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the able-bodied population cannot find a job and becomes a reserve army of labor.
Inflation is a long-term steady upward trend in the average (general) price level.
Economic growth is a long-term increase in the real volume of the gross domestic product (GDP) both in absolute terms and per each inhabitant of the country.
GDP is the annual market value of final goods and services produced by the economy on a territorial basis.
Taxes are obligatory payments of individuals and legal entities to the state.
The state budget is an estimate of state revenues and expenditures for a certain period of time, compiled with an indication of the sources of state revenues and directions, channels for spending money.
Business cycle - periodic fluctuations in the levels of employment, production and inflation.
The labor market is the sphere of formation of demand and supply of labor (labor services).
Equilibrium price - the price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied
Competition - rivalry between participants in the market economy for the best conditions for the production and sale of goods.
Social stratification is a set of vertically arranged layers (strata), whose representatives differ from each other in an unequal amount of power and material wealth, rights and obligations, privileges and prestige.
Social mobility is the movement of groups and individuals in the social structure of society, the change in their status.
Social elevator is the mechanism of the way through which one can change one's social position.
Social groups - collections of people (2 or more) who have common views and are connected with each other in relatively stable models of social interaction.
Ethnic communities are stable groups of people that have historically developed in a certain territory and have common features of culture, language, self-awareness, historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests, their unity, differences from other similar entities.
Social conflict - clash of interests of individuals and groups.
Social norms - a rule of behavior established in society that regulates relations between people.
Social control is a system of prescriptions, prohibitions, beliefs, coercive measures, which ensures compliance and streamlines the interaction between individuals.
Sanctions are means of encouragement and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms.
A family is a social group whose members are related by ties of kinship, marriage or adoption and live together, cooperating economically and caring for children.
Deviant behavior - behavior that deviates from the norms or set of norms accepted by a significant part of society.
Social role - a model of behavior corresponding to the status that a person occupies.
Social status - the position of a person in society, occupied by him in accordance with age, gender, social status, profession, and implies certain rights and obligations.
A social institution is a historically established, stable and fixed in the norms of morality, law, a system of social relations.
Power is the ability of one side (individual or group) to influence the behavior of the other side, regardless of whether this latter is ready to cooperate or not.
The state is an organization of political power that manages society within a certain territory and has sovereignty.
The political system is a set of interaction between political subjects and relations between them, connected with the exercise of political power, organized on a single normative-value basis.
The political regime is a set of ways and methods of interaction between state power and the population.
The form of the state is a set of characteristics that determine the way the organization and structure of the state.
Democracy is a way of political organization of society, based on the participation of citizens in the formation and exercise of state power, the adoption of political decisions by the majority while respecting the interests of the minority.
Civil society is a sphere of self-manifestation of free citizens and voluntarily formed organizations protected by relevant laws from direct interference and arbitrary regulation by the state authorities.
The rule of law is a democratic state in which the principle of the rule of law, rights’ and freedom of man and citizen is implemented, and there is mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.
The political elite is a relatively small social group that has concentrated a significant amount of state power in its hands.
A political party is an organization whose members are united by common goals, ideals and strive to obtain and exercise power.
Socio-political movement - an organization that is created on the basis of common interests for the implementation of common goals by influencing state power
The political leader is the leading person in the political process, exerting a permanent and decisive influence on political transformation in the country.
Electoral system - the procedure for electing representative institutions and elected officials, as well as determining the results of voting.
The political process is a set of actions of political subjects aimed at exercising their roles and functions within the framework of the political system, at realizing their own interests and goals.
Political participation - the actions of a citizen in order to influence the adoption and implementation of government decisions, the choice of representatives in government institutions.
Political culture is a set of norms and values that are shared by the majority of citizens and are expressed in their political activities, in the assessment political events and in relation to the policy and its components.
Political ideology is a formed system of values, focused on the expression of political interests, the basis for the formation of the goals of political actions.
Absenteeism is a form of apoliticality, manifested in the evasion of voters from participating in referendums and elections to government bodies.
Law - a set of generally binding, formally defined rules of conduct established or sanctioned by the state and provided by its coercive force.
The constitutional system is a system of social, economic and political-legal relations established and protected by the constitution and other constitutional-legal acts of the state.
Legal responsibility is the application of measures of state coercion to the offender for committing an unlawful act.
Legal capacity (civil) - the ability of a citizen to acquire and exercise civil rights by their actions, create civic obligations for themselves and fulfill them (from the age of 18 full)
Branch of law - a set of legal norms governing a certain area of public relations
Institute of law - a group of legal norms governing any particular type of homogeneous social relations. Example: the institution of labor protection in labor law
Civil law is a branch of private law that regulates property and personal non-property relations.
Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurial activity - a set of property and organizational differences, ways of forming the property base, features of the interaction of owners, founders, participants, their responsibility to each other and contracts.
Property rights - rights arising from the possession of any property or its transfer from one person to another.
Non-property rights (personal rights) are a special category of civil rights that belong to a citizen from birth and are inalienable from him.
Labor law is an independent branch of law that regulates relations in the sphere of labor.
An employment contract is an agreement between an employee and an employer that describes the mutual rights and obligations of the parties.
Family law is a branch of law that regulates personal and derivative property relations arising from marriage, consanguinity, adoption of children in a family for upbringing.
A marriage contract is an agreement between persons entering into marriage or an agreement between spouses that determines the property rights and obligations of spouses in marriage and (or) in the event of its dissolution.
Marriage is a legally registered, free, voluntary union of a man and a woman, aimed at creating a family and giving rise to mutual rights and obligations for them.
International humanitarian law - a set of international legal norms and principles governing the protection of victims of war, as well as limiting the methods and means of warfare.
Administrative law is a branch of law that regulates social relations arising in the process of exercising executive power by state bodies
Environmental law is a set of legal norms that regulate social relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in the interests of the conservation and rational use of the natural environment.
Citizenship is a stable legal relationship of a person with the state, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights, duties and responsibilities.
Criminal law is a branch of public law that regulates relations that arise in connection with the commission of a crime.
Criminal process - pre-trial and judicial proceedings in a criminal case.
Measure of restraint - a special group of measures of procedural coercion, which are ways and means of restricting the personal freedom of the accused, and in exceptional cases - the suspect.
Legal relations are relations between people regulated by the rules of law.
An offense is a socially dangerous guilty act (action or inaction) that is contrary to the rule of law and harms society, the state or individuals, entailing legal liability.
A normative legal act is a legal document issued in a special procedural manner by a competent state authority that establishes or repeals the rules for regulating public relations.
Alternative civilian service is a special type of labor activity in the interests of society and the state, carried out by citizens instead of military service.
Law enforcement agencies are bodies that carry out law enforcement activities, possessing the appropriate competence and the necessary material resources.
Dictionary of social studies from A to Z.
absolute truth - this is a complete correspondence between the form of the psyche (for example, judgments, images, etc.) and the object of knowledge.
Absolute delusion - this is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.
Agency - this is a type of contract under the terms of which the agent is obliged to perform legal and other actions on behalf of the other party (principal) on behalf of the other party (principal) for a fee, but at the expense of the principal.
Socialization agents - this is individual people, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, this is a family, a school, the media, a group of teenagers.
campaign period - the period during which it is allowed to carry out pre-election campaigning.
Agnosticism is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world, since the surrounding world does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.
Addictive behavior - this is a behavior that consists in escaping from reality by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, tobacco smoking.
Administrative offense (misdemeanor) - this is an action or inaction that encroaches on public order, the rights and freedoms of citizens.
Axiology is the science of values.
Stock - this is a security sold to an investor for money going to the development of the company, and giving him the rights of co-owner of the company's property and to receive future profits of the company (dividends).
ordinary share - this is a share that gives the right to participate in the management of the enterprise and receive part of the net profit.
Preferred share is a share that gives the right to receive fixed dividends regardless of the amount of profit, but does not give the right to participate in the management of the company.
Altruism It is the willingness to sacrifice for the sake of other people.
Amnesty - this is an exemption from further serving a sentence for certain categories of persons (but not personally), which is announced by the State Duma in connection with a significant date or event.
Questionnaire - This is a duplicated document containing several dozen questions.
Anomie - this is a state of lawlessness, lack of norms that exists in modern large cities, comes in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.
antisocial behavior - this is such behavior, which is the commission of actions that are contrary to ethics and morality.
Anthropology philosophical This is the doctrine of man.
Apartheid - This is a system of separation of whites and "colored" in South Africa in the recent past.
Apeiron (according to the theory of Anaximander) is infinitely divisible.
Aporia (translated from Greek) - this is a stalemate, a logical contradiction or a puzzle.
apostles are the disciples of Jesus Christ.
Rent - This is a type of contract under which the lessor undertakes to provide the tenant with property for a fee for temporary possession and use.
Aristocracy It is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.
Artifacts are the creations of human hands
Asceticism (from the Greek "I exercise") - this is the ultimate limitation of their needs.
Atheist - this is a person who does not believe in the existence of God, this is an atheist.
Atman (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.
Bank is a financial intermediary for accepting deposits, granting loans, arranging settlements, buying and selling securities.
Bankruptcy (insolvency) of an enterprise is the inability to repay debts to creditors.
Barter is the direct exchange of one commodity for another commodity.
Non-cash funds - these are the amounts on the accounts of citizens and organizations in the bank, while the calculations are carried out by changing the entries on the accounts.
Unemployed - These are people who are willing and able, but do not have the opportunity to work because they cannot find work.
Biosphere - this is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.
Behaviorism (from English behavior Behavior is the science of behavior.
economic benefits are the means to meet human needs
Bohemia is a culture of artists and artists.
Marriage is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of creating a family.
Bourgeoisie This is the class of entrepreneurs.
State budget is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.
Budgetary (fiscal) policy (from the ancient Roman "fiscus" - "money basket") - the use of the state budget (and it consists of taxes and spending) to regulate business activity, stimulate economic growth, overcome the recession, fight inflation, and the like.
budget deficit - is the excess of government spending over revenue, covered either by loans or by issuing money
Bureaucracy is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and behind-the-scenes clique power struggles.
Gross national product (GNP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year
bill of exchange It is an obligation of one person to another to pay a fixed amount of money at a certain point in time.
Offer amount - this is the volume of a certain type of goods in physical terms, which sellers are willing and able to offer during certain period time at a certain level of market price.
Verification procedure - this is a test of philosophical concepts for scientific character, for compliance with facts.
Veto - is the right of one authority to accept or reject the proposed regulations, decrees or laws adopted by another authority.
Guilt is a negative self-judgment.
political power is the ability to carry out social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.
Perception is an image consisting of several sensations.
Elections - this is a democratic procedure by which performers are determined for the positions of president, deputy or governor
The highest or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class is a group of people who are controllers in society.
heliocentric theory is a theory about the rotation of the earth and planets solar system around the sun.
Geographic direction in sociology - This is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors affect society.
Geopolitics (from Greek land + state affairs) is the social science of control over space.
geocentric theory is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.
geoeconomics - this is world economy.
Gerontocracy This is the rule of the old.
Gerousia - this is the council of elders (in Greek - gerontes).
Hypnosis - this is the suggestion of norms of behavior through immersion of a person in a trance.
Global Society - this is modern society on the entire globe, when instead of many isolated local civilizations, a single earthly civilization arose.
Epistemology - This is a theory about the knowledge of the world by man.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining balance.
State - a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.
civil plaintiff - this is a person or organization that has suffered material damage from a crime and requires its compensation.
civil defendant is a person or organization that, by virtue of law, is liable for damage to a civilian.
Civil society - this is a set of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.
group marriage is a marriage between several men and several women.
Traffic - this is a movement in space for a certain period of time Social movements are active groups of people whose goal is to establish a new order of life.
Devaluations is the depreciation of the national currency.
Deviant behavior This is deviant behavior.
Deduction is a descent from the abstract to the concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions to be tested.
legal capacity is the ability to make deals and contracts
acting crowd It's an aggressive crowd.
Demagogue - this is a person who knows how to influence the crowd for personal unseemly interests.
Demography is the science of the size, composition and change of the population.
Democracy - This is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.
Democracy extreme - This is a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens, which governs badly.
Democracy polis or polity is a form of government in which power is in the hands of the majority of the citizens, who govern well.
Dumping - selling goods at low prices in order to ruin competitors, and having become a monopolist, the company begins to inflate prices and more than compensate for the loss of profit from dumping.
money supply is the sum of denominations of all cash and non-cash money in the country.
Monetary policy (monetary policy) - measures of the central bank aimed at increasing or reducing the money supply in the country in order to regulate the economic situation, curb inflation, stimulate economic growth, and the like.
Money is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.
Deposits are bank deposits.
deficit - this is a situation in the market when buyers at the existing price level are ready to buy a larger volume of goods than sellers are willing to offer.
government budget deficit is the excess of government spending over revenue.
Default - this is a gross deception, the refusal of the government to pay the debts of its creditors.
price discrimination is the sale of the same product in the same market to different buyers at different prices.
Dialectics is the art of argument.
Dictatorship - this is a strong power, which often means tyranny.
Dynamics - this is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.
Trust management of property - this is a type of agreement, under the terms of which the founder of the management transfers property to the trustee for a certain period of time in trust management and the trustee undertakes to manage in the interests of the founder.
Treaty is an agreement between two or more persons to establish civil rights.
strike (strike) - this is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.
Loan and credit - This is a type of agreement under which the borrower takes money from the bank and undertakes to return the amount received and pay interest on it.
Law This is the norm and the rule of conduct.
Pledge - this is a value (for example, gold and jewelry) that the creditor can acquire ownership in the event that the debtor has violated the terms of the contract.
General costs - is the cost of acquiring the resources necessary to produce a certain volume of output
Mortgage - it's a pledge land plots, enterprises, buildings, structures, apartments and other real estate.
eid is the instinctive core of the personality.
Idealism is subjective - this is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.
Ideology is a theoretical system that justifies certain values and norms.
Excess goods (overstocking) - a situation in the market when sellers offer more goods than buyers can buy.
isomorphism It's like a different system.
Hierarchy social is a pyramid.
Empire is a country built by conquest.
Impeachment (English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president from office by parliament.
Import is the purchase of goods abroad.
Investments is the capital invested in production.
Investment - is the direction of money for the acquisition of additional capital.
Induction - this is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract, from experimental data to theory.
Industrialization is the creation of industry.
instinctivism is the theory that social processes explained by human instincts.
Interactionism symbolic - This is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people with the help of symbols - gestures, playing scenes and creating an image.
Introvert - this is a person whose interest is directed in himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.
Intuition - this is the perception of the surrounding world by a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any reflection, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, they have a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made plan of action in the form of a premonition.
Inflation (from the Latin for "bloating") - this is the process of raising the general level of prices in the country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.
economic infrastructure - this is the construction of a transport network, ports, means of communication, gasification and electrification.
Irrationalism - this is a trend in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of reason in history and cognition, where the main role is played not by reason, but by instincts, intuition and feelings.
Art is a specific form of reflection of the surrounding world with the help of artistic images.
Correctional labor - these are deductions from the earnings of the convict during the period determined by the court to the state in the amount established by the verdict of the court.
True are validation, consistency, and efficiency.
Cadastre This is the book of taxpayers.
Physical capital - this is equipment, machines, buildings, structures that are created by the labor of people.
Capital intangible (invisible) - this is knowledge, skills and information (patents, licenses, copyrights, skills of people, trademarks).
Cartel - this is an agreement between the oligarchs on the division of the sales market, the coordination of sales volumes and price levels for each of them.
castes - these are groups of people in a social hierarchy where social elevators are completely turned off, so people do not have any opportunity to make a career.
Crime qualification - this is the correspondence of the crime and the article of the criminal code.
Import quota - this is the limit value of imports per year from a particular country.
social class - This is a large group of people occupying a certain place in the system of social control.
Clique (from the French "gang", "gang") - this is a small group of associates, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.
Clergy is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within this pyramid.
coacervates are protocells, organic structures surrounded by fatty membranes.
Code of Laws - this is a set of laws that describe the norms of behavior in some area of activity - in the economy, the family sphere, and the like.
Collective agreement - This is a legal act that regulates the relationship between the employer and employees in the enterprise.
Command economic system - is a way of organizing the economy, in which land and capital are in state ownership and the distribution of resources is in the hands of state central bodies in accordance with state plans.
Commission - this is a type of contract under the terms of which the commission agent undertakes, for a fee, on behalf of the other party (committent) to make one or more transactions on his own behalf, but at the expense of the committent.
Inferiority complex - this is a deep all-pervading feeling of one's own inferiority in comparison with other people.
communist movement - this is one of the directions of the socialist movement, the communists, in fact, following the example of Lenin, seek to seize power without elections or to abolish free elections after they come to power in elections, to establish tyranny or oligarchy instead of representative democracy, to abolish private property and the market.
Competitiveness increase This is an increase in quality and a decrease in the price of goods.
Market competition is an economic conflict over the right to receive economic resources.
conservative movement - this is a movement whose representatives aim to restore social order, sometimes even return to the past, maintain the power of the old elite, bureaucracy or aristocracy, preserve traditional moral, family and religious values.
contracting - this is a type of contract under which the producer of agricultural products undertakes to transfer the harvest to the harvester for processing or sale.
Counterculture - this is a kind of culture, the norms of which contradict the norms of the dominant culture.
social control - this is a type of social interaction in which the controller forces the object of control to comply with the norms through the threat of positive or negative sanctions, through the introduction of stereotypes.
Confederation - this is a form of territorial structure, where almost all the powers and tax revenues remain with the periphery.
Social conflict - this is a type of social interaction in which participants try to defeat their opponents using various means in order to physically destroy the enemy, turn him into an object of control or conquer someone else's sphere of influence and resources.
Conflict school is a school in sociology whose representatives believe that social conflicts are inevitable, but they need to be settled.
conformism is the willingness of a person to submit to pressure or threats.
Commercial concession - this is a type of agreement under which the right holder grants the user the right to a company name and trademark for a fee.
Market conjuncture is the ratio of supply and demand.
Corner - this is a secret agreement between merchants or producers to temporarily withdraw some of their goods from the market in order to artificially create a temporary shortage and increase in prices for this product, after which the scarce product is thrown onto the market, and the participants in the conspiracy receive increased profits.
Indirect intent in the course of a crime - this is such an intent when a person did not want, but allowed the dangerous consequences of his actions.
Lending (from the Latin "creditum", that is, "loan", "debt") - is the provision of funds for temporary use to commercial organizations for a certain price.
Creditworthiness of borrowers - this is the opportunity and ability to repay the debt to the bank.
blood feud - this is the custom of members of a primitive tribe to help each other in the process of revenge for the damage caused by strangers.
Xenophobia - this is fear and hostility to other cultures and foreign customs
Cult - this is a system of rituals, symbolic objects, musical instruments that have the function of an amplifier of influence in the hands of a priest.
Culture (from the Latin "colere" - to cultivate or cultivate the soil) - this is a system of values, ideas about the world and rules of conduct, common to a certain group of people.
culture material - this is material values, created by members of society, from weapons to cars.
Culture intangible is a world of ideas created by members of society from altruism to Buddhism.
Purchase and sale is the exchange of goods for money.
Laconic style of speech (from the name of the region in Sparta - Laconia) is a concise and clear style in expressing thought.
legitimate - it's legal.
liberal movement (from English word liberty - freedom) - this is a movement whose representatives aim to carry out gradual peaceful reforms and the introduction of political freedoms.
Leasing (financial lease) is a type of agreement under which the lessor undertakes to acquire ownership of the property specified by the tenant from the seller specified by him and provide this property to the tenant for a fee for temporary possession and use for business purposes.
Foreign trade license - This is a government-issued permit for the import or export of certain types of goods from the country.
Liquidity of shares or money - This is the confidence of buyers that they will be able to sell them at any time.
Lobby are pressure groups.
Logic formal is the science of the laws of correct thinking.
Lie It is unconfirmed, inconsistent and ineffective.
Lockout (from the English "to slam the door on someone") - this is the closure of the enterprise for several weeks without saving wages for workers.
Love is attraction between a man and a woman.
lumpen proletariat - this is a social group, which includes the lower classes of society - criminals, vagabonds and beggars.
Majoritarian system - this is an election system in which voters do not vote for parties, but for specific candidates
macroeconomic policy - is the regulation of economic activity by influencing the level of consumption and investment, as well as the money supply with the help of budgetary and monetary policy.
Maximalist - this is a person who wants to get everything or nothing from life, he does not accept half measures.
small group - this is a small number of people - from 2 to 15 people, between whom a relationship of moral leadership is established.
Margin (from the Latin "margin", that is, "border") - this is the bank's income received for lending to commercial organizations, which goes to the banker's expenses for doing business and the banker's profit.
Marketing is the study of supply and demand in the market.
Weight - this is an uncreative majority of people, this is a collection of people who care about the same problem, but they are not in close proximity to each other.
Matter - this is everything that surrounds us, except for ideas and feelings, this is matter and physical fields.
Melancholic (from the Greek "molasses chole" - black bile) - This is a weak type of temperament.
Meritocracy (from the English merit - "merit") - this is the "power of honored people."
Mechanism in sociology - This is a theory whose representatives believed that society is like an aggregate of elements, each of which can be studied independently of each other.
Mysticism (from Greek - "secret") - these are supernatural phenomena and spiritual practice aimed at communication with the other world and supernatural forces.
Mobility social - is the movement of people on the social "ladder".
Mobility vertical - this is the movement of people up or down the social "ladder" during life with an increase or decrease in social status.
Mobility horizontal - this is a movement along one rung of the social ladder without changing social status.
Fashion - this is the desire of the lower classes to imitate the elite.
Fashion Items - These are identification marks indicating belonging to the elite.
Monetarism - this is a direction of economic thought that denies - in contrast to Keynesianism - the need state regulation economic activity. Gives preference to anti-inflationary policy aimed at maintaining the stability of the monetary system.
Monogamy It is the marriage of one man and one woman.
Foreign trade monopoly - this is a position when only the state, and not private firms, has the right to conclude foreign trade transactions on the export and import of goods.
Monotheism - this is monotheism.
Multiplier (in Keynesian theory) is a coefficient that characterizes the increase in national income as a result of the initially spent amount of money - government spending or investment.
Cash are paper money and tokens.
taxes - these are mandatory payments collected by tax authorities from organizations and individuals in order to finance the state and municipalities.
Nationality - this is an ethnic group that managed to create its own state.
Naturalism in sociology - this is the point of view that social phenomena obey the laws inherent in nature - the laws of physics, mechanics, biology, geography.
Nationalization of enterprises is the purchase or seizure by the state of enterprises from private owners.
The science - this is a human activity to obtain, systematize and test knowledge
Nation - this is an ethnic group that managed to build a capitalist society - a common national market, democracy, private property, a rule of law state, national culture.
incapacitated is a citizen who, as a result of mental disorder cannot understand the meaning of his actions; only a court can recognize a citizen as incompetent.
Arrears - the amount of unpaid tax.
Unfinished Crime It is preparation for a crime or an attempt to commit a crime.
Minors - These are persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time of the commission of the crime.
forfeit, penalty, fine - this is a certain amount of money determined by the contract, which the debtor is obliged to pay to the creditor in case of violation of the terms of the contract, for example, in the event of a delay in the payment of a debt.
Inferior or exploited (in Marxist terminology) class - a group of people who are the object of control in society.
Nirvana (in Buddhism) - this is the achievement of a state of complete equanimity and indifference, supreme bliss, happiness and tranquility.
Nomenclature - this term originally meant "list of positions", and later came to mean the ruling class under socialism
Noosphere is the shell of the Earth, which is the result of human activity.
normal goods These are goods for which the demand increases with the growth of incomes of the population.
Norms are the rules of conduct.
manners - this is a taboo system, they distinguish between the proper and the improper,
Accused - This is a person at the stage of litigation.
Bond - this is a security certifying that its owner has lent a certain amount of money to a firm or the state and has the right to receive it back along with a certain premium.
Exchange theory in sociology - This is a theory whose representatives believed that in the process of social interaction, people exchange goods, services, information and gratitude before entering into social interaction people weigh future rewards and costs.
Society is a progressively developing system of groups and organizations that is built on relationships of conflict and control between people.
folk customs - these are moral standards that distinguish between right and offensive.
Compulsory works - this is the performance by the convict in his free time of the main work of free socially useful work.
Restriction of freedom - this is the maintenance of a convict who is 18 years old in a special institution without isolation from society in the conditions of supervision over him.
Oligarchy - This is a form of government where power is in the hands of a few and unworthy citizens - the oligarchs.
Homonyms are words that have not one, but two or more meanings.
Opposition parties These are the parties that lost in the last elections.
Exit poll or exit poll - an informal proposal to voters to write down their choice to control the actions of the election commission.
Organization is a system of interconnected and specialized statuses. Organicism in sociology is a theory whose representatives believe that society and the organism are similar to each other.
orthodoxy - this is the desire of some scientists to backwardness.
Convicted - This is the person after the conviction of the court.
Ostracism - this is the extreme sanction of the group, expressed in the refusal to talk, bullying, persecution.
open system - a system that has an input and output, exchanges matter and energy with the environment and maintains internal balance.
Relative truth - this is a partial correspondence between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.
Ochlocracy (from the Greek ohlos - crowd) - this is the power of the crowd, rabble, bandits.
Feeling is the most elementary form of sensory knowledge.
Memory - this is the ability of a person to store and reproduce the wound received information.
Pan-Slavism - this is a cultural and political trend among the Slavic peoples, which is based on the ideas of the ethnic and linguistic community of the Slavs, the need for their political unification.
Punks (from English punk - dregs, scum) - counterculture, characteristic feature which is a love of fast and energetic rock music (punk rock) and freedom, a protest against the establishment, conservatism, authoritarianism, nationalism and radical capitalism, as well as a commitment to the ideals of anti-racism and anti-fascism
Paradigm (from the Greek - "sample", "template") - this is scientific principle, model or sample for research or scientific formula.
Parliament is the legislature.
Parliamentary republic - this is a state where the government bears full responsibility for its activities before the parliament.
The consignment - an organization created to win elections and take over government leadership
Passionarity - it is passion, will to live, strength of character.
patriarchal marriage - this is a form of marriage where the husband has great power over other family members,
Pacifism - this is the desire to preserve peace and prohibit wars.
The fundamental principle in ancient Greek physics - this is what everything is made of.
Peripatetics (from the Greek for "walkers") - school in Greek philosophy, to which the students of Aristotle belonged.
Permanent revolution - this is a world, continuous revolution along the chain in different countries.
Plagiarism - this is the "stealing" of ideas in science.
Tribe - this is an ethnic group that managed to streamline the reproduction of people, exclude the occurrence of children with hereditary diseases caused by incest and create their own dialect, customs, conquer their territory.
Pluralism is ideological diversity.
Absorption - buying up competing firms that bring down the price of a monopolist.
Suspect This is a person under investigation.
Contract - this is a type of contract, under the terms of which the contractor undertakes to perform work on the instructions of the other party (customer) for a fee.
Polyandry It is the marriage of one woman and several men.
Polygyny It is the marriage of one man and several women.
Polytheism - this is polytheism.
Political science is the science of the political structure of society.
Pardon - this is an exemption from further serving a sentence, which is announced by the president for individuals.
concept is the designation and name of things.
Witnesses - these are citizens who are not interested in the court case, who are called by the investigator in the amount of at least 2 people during the search and inspection.
Victim is a person who has been harmed by a crime.
Customs duties - These are taxes in favor of the state, levied on the owner of the goods when he crosses the border in order to sell this product within the country.
Right is a system of norms and rules of conduct established by the state, the implementation of which is ensured by the power of state coercion.
Constitutional state - this is a state where the law rules, and not an official, where even an official, even the president of the country is obliged to comply with the law.
Ownership It is the right to own, use and dispose of one's property.
Legal capacity - this is the ability to have rights, it arises at the moment of birth of a person and disappears at the moment of death.
ruling parties These are the parties that won the last elections.
Pragmatism - this is a philosophical theory, from the point of view of which, a thought is true insofar as belief in it is beneficial for our life.
Entrepreneurial activity - this is an independent activity aimed at systematically making a profit from the sale of goods or the provision of services.
Performance - this is an image of an object previously perceived or created by the imagination.
Presidential republic - a state where the president who won the general election is the head of the executive branch, and the legislative power is concentrated in the hands of the parliament.
A crime It is a socially dangerous act provided for by the criminal law.
Profit is the excess of the amount of income from the sale of goods over the amount of costs for the production of these goods.
Privatization - this is the transfer of state ownership to private ownership through the sale at an auction of state-owned enterprises into the hands of private owners
Progress - this is a complication, the appearance of new connections and elements in the system.
progressive income tax - this is a tax that is collected according to the principle: the greater the amount of the taxpayer's income, the greater the percentage of income tax that the tax authorities levy from him.
Living wage - this is a "basket" of products and clothing items that provide a person with the necessary minimum for simple survival.
Labor productivity is the amount of goods produced per unit of time.
Arbitrariness - These are illegal actions of the authorities.
rental - this is an agreement under the terms of which the lessor undertakes to provide the tenant with movable property for a fee for temporary possession and use.
Proletariat (in Marxist terminology) This is the wage earner class.
proportional system - This is an election system that determines the rating of political forces, in proportion to which seats in parliament are distributed.
Protectionism is a policy of protecting domestic producers from competition from foreign producers.
Surplus is the excess of revenues over expenditures in the state budget
Interest rate - a fee charged for money provided on credit.
direct tax - this is a fee in favor of the state, levied on each citizen or organization. Direct intent in the course of a crime consists in the fact that the person wished to achieve dangerous consequences their actions.
Psychologism in sociology - this is a direction whose representatives believe that the laws of society can be reduced to the laws of psychology.
Development is a complication or simplification of the system.
Revolution (from the Latin revolution - turn, change) social - this is a way of changing the social structure, in which innovations are often carried out from below through mass riots or an armed seizure of power, this is a process when one social group takes political power from another social group by force of arms
Regression - this is a simplification of the system, the disappearance of some connections and elements from it.
reincarnation - the myth of the transmigration of souls.
raiding - this is a power capture of a competing enterprise with the help of criminals.
Rent - this is a type of contract when one party (the recipient of the rent) transfers property to the other party, and the payer of the rent undertakes to periodically pay the recipient the rent in the form of a certain amount of money.
Respondent is the person to whom the questions of the sociological questionnaire are addressed.
Referendum is a popular vote on an issue.
Reform (from the Latin reformo - I transform) social - this is a way of developing a social structure in which innovations are carried out from above, by the government, in a peaceful way.
Recession (from the Latin recessus - retreat) in the economy - this is a moderate decline in production, characterized by zero growth in the gross national product or its fall for more than six months, a recession is one of the phases of the economic cycle that follows the boom and is replaced by depression
Rigidity is the inability of a person to adapt to new people or to a new environment,
Rhetorician is a teacher of public speaking.
Rhetoric is the science of eloquence.
Role social is the behavior expected of someone who has a certain social status.
stock market is the stock market.
Ruble It is legal tender throughout the Russian Federation.
Self-realization - the highest desire of a person to realize his talents and abilities.
Sanguine (from the Latin "sangvie" - blood) - this is a strong, balanced mobile type of temperament.
Sanction is a reward or punishment, so sanctions can be positive or negative.
Samsara (in Buddhism) This is the circle of rebirths in the process of reincarnation.
Saving - part of income not spent on consumption, which can be used for investment.
Collection is a mandatory contribution collected from organizations and individuals in exchange for the issuance of rights or permits.
Political freedom - this is the absence of arbitrariness of the authorities.
Deals - these are the actions of citizens and legal entities to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations
Segregation is a system of separation of African Americans from whites in the southern states of the United States in the recent past.
A family is a group of people based on consanguinity, marriage or adoption, connected by a common life and responsibility for raising children.
Senate Legislative assembly of aristocrats in Ancient Rome.
Symbols - this is everything that carries a special meaning recognized by people of the same culture.
System is the sum of the elements and the relationships between them.
The system is political is an open, evolving system that consists of such elements as the government, parliament or other legislature, political parties, the army, the courts, the police, and the bureaucracy.
Skinheads - the culture of "skinheads" (from the English skinheads).
Layers - these are groups of people in the social hierarchy, where social "filters" do not create any artificial obstacles for those who want to make a career, the only condition for this is that the applicant has talent and financial resources.
Estates - these are groups of people in the social hierarchy, where strict "filters" severely restrict social mobility and slow down the movement of "elevators".
Sophists (from the Greek sofos - wisdom) - These are paid teachers to think, prove and speak beautifully.
Social Darwinism - this is a theory whose representatives believe that the mechanism of social evolution is no different from the mechanism biological evolution Therefore, the strongest survive in society.
Socialization is learning to play social roles.
socialist movement - this is a movement whose representatives promise to improve the situation of wage workers, they have achieved the introduction of benefits for poverty, old age, disability and unemployment.
Sociometry - This is a method for identifying the composition of small groups and personalities of leaders.
speechwriters are people who write speeches for too busy politicians.
Demand rush - this is the demand that arises in case of fear of a rapid rise in prices, when people take any goods for future use.
Middle class - this is a group of people who are outside the control system or occupy an intermediate position in the system of social control.
Stagflation period - this is a period when prices rise unusually quickly and at the same time there is a decline in production
Statics - this is the social structure or anatomy of the social organism at a given historical moment, as a system of organizations that resemble organs in the body.
social status - this is the position of a person in society, this status has a corresponding list of rights and obligations.
Stereotype is a role model that is embedded in people's minds through the media and culture.
Price is the amount of money that is paid or received when buying or selling a product.
strata are social strata.
Social stratification - This is a stratification of society.
Streaming (from English stream - flow, flow) - this system of sorting students in Britain into four streams, depending on academic success (on test results).
Structure social is a system of social groups and organizations, roles and statuses.
Shame is the painful feeling that other people do not approve of our actions.
State sovereignty is the independence of one country from other countries.
suicide - it's suicide
Sublimation - it is a way to get rid of anxiety with the help of a safe release of energy through other channels (through sports, art, politics, and so on)
Judgment - this is the assertion or denial of the connection between two concepts.
Subculture - this is a type of culture, the norms of which do not contradict, but differ from the norms of the dominant culture
Superego - this is the moral side of the personality, which is acquired in the process of socialization, that is, learning.
Scholasticism (from the Greek “school philosophy”) is a medieval philosophy, as a synthesis of Christian theology and the logic of Aristotle, it is a philosophy that sought to find common ideas - universals, and from them derive and explain all the richness of the world around
Taboo - a strict prohibition among primitive people.
Tautology is a circle in definition.
Theocracy - this is a form of government in which the church controls the government, this is the power of the priests.
Theology (theology) - This is a theoretical justification for the existence of God and the human soul.
rational expectations theory - anti-Keynesian direction of economic thought, it substantiates the senselessness of state intervention in the work of the market mechanism in order to regulate economic activity.
Technocrats - these are people who believe that the development of technology will solve all environmental, economic and other problems,
Technological determinism - This is a direction in sociology, whose representatives believe that technology develops independently of the will of man according to the law of endless improvement of technical parameters.
technophobes - these are people who believe that humanity will die from technology, for example, from bad ecology or as a result of the war of people against robots, so you need to break technology or escape from it to a desert island.
Timocracy - the power of the military.
Tyranny - This is a form of government in which power is held by one person who abuses his position for selfish interests.
Product is an item to be exchanged for other goods.
Goods of prestigious demand are products that people use to demonstrate their success in life
Goods with inelastic demand are goods for which the demand increases less than the price of that good decreases.
Products of elastic demand These are goods for which the demand increases more than the price of that good falls.
Crowd is a large number of people who are face to face.
Trade - is a voluntary exchange of goods and services for money in the form of purchase and sale.
Totalitarianism - a political regime in which the ruler controls all spheres of society
Trusts - association of various enterprises in order to coordinate the volume of purchases of raw materials, the conditions for obtaining financial resources, and the volume of sales of goods.
Work - is the activity of people for the production of economic goods.
Labor contract - this is an agreement between the employee and the employer, according to which the employee undertakes to perform work in a certain specialty, and the employer undertakes to pay wages and provide good working conditions.
inference - this is the conclusion of new knowledge, a new judgment from two or more initial judgments.
unitary state - this is a form of territorial structure, where the entire amount of taxes collected in the country and all powers are concentrated in the center.
Urbanization - this is the creation of cities and the resettlement of a significant part of the population from the countryside.
Services - this is labor activity on the basis of hire or in exchange for goods.
A social utopia (translated from Greek is “a place that does not exist”). is a pipe dream, a fairy tale for adults about social organization, a false theory that calls for the regression of the social structure and the violent abolition of great social inventions.
Utopians - these are the thinkers who justified the possibility of building a utopia in the future.
Factors of production are the resources used by people to create the goods of life
Fanatic - this is a person who blindly believes in an outwardly attractive idea and ignores all the facts and arguments that contradict this idea.
Federation - this is a form of territorial structure, where powers and tax revenues are divided into three parts as a result of a budget agreement between the center, the state and the city.
Physics ancient greek - this is the study of nature and the search for the fundamental principle of all things, that is, of what everything consists of.
Physiocrats - these are economists who believed that the only source of wealth is nature, therefore, the more a nation produces agricultural products, the richer it is.
Individuals are individual citizens. Philosophy is translated as love of wisdom.
Firm or enterprise is an organization that produces goods for sale.
Phlegmatic person (from the Greek "phlegm" - mucus) - this is a strong, balanced, inert ("brake") type of temperament.
Phobias is fear and anxiety.
Folklore is a folk culture.
Form of government - this is a type of device of supreme power in the country.
formal logic is the science of right thinking.
formations are stages in the development of society.
Phratries - these are the original genera, which later broke up into secondary genera.
Functionalism is a theory whose representatives believe that every organization, every custom, idea or belief has its function in society.
Charisma - this is the leader's ability to inspire faith that he can work miracles, that he is a god or a "wizard", this is grace, the gift of God, the gift of miracles and prophecy.
farming natural - This is an economy without the exchange of goods and trade.
Choleric (from the Greek "chole" - yellow bile) - this is a strong, unbalanced, with a predominance of excitation type of temperament.
Industry holdings - This is the purchase of a controlling stake in competing firms, which allows you to negotiate between them on sales volumes and prices.
Kingdom It is a form of government in which one prominent person holds power.
Property qualification - this is the minimum limit on the amount of a person's fortune in monetary terms, which allows you to take a position.
Censorship is a government organization that monitors the media, the arts and sciences in order to prohibit criticism of the dominant ideology.
Equilibrium price - this is the price that allows you to sell the entire volume of goods that producers are willing to offer at that price.
security paper is a document certifying property rights
Values - these are fundamental norms and requirements (imperatives) in society about dignity, beauty, piety, these are cultural standards of good and bad.
Civilization - a society built on a specific set (list) of great social inventions. One civilization differs from another civilization in a set (list) of these inventions.
Cycle in the development of society It is an alternation of progress and regression.
Check - This is a monetary document containing a written instruction to the bank to pay a certain amount of money to the payee from the money in the drawer's account.
Human - this is a rational animal that has the ability for tool activity, oral speech and abstract thinking.
Strikebreakers (from the German "breaking strike") - these are temporary workers who agree to work for the same pay instead of the strikers, for which the strikers considered them traitors.
Egalitarian family - This is a family where power and rights are distributed almost equally between husband and wife.
Ego - this is the rational part of the personality, the task of which is to draw up a real plan of action in accordance with the restrictions of the outside world in order to satisfy the requirements of instincts, on the one hand, and ensure one's own security, on the other hand.
selfishness - This is the desire to love only yourself, and not other people.
Existentialism (from English existence - "existence") - this is a trend in Western philosophy of the 20th century, from the point of view of which a person is internally free from technology and economics, he is looking for the meaning of life in this meaningless world, this meaning of life is revealed to a person in a period of deep upheaval.
Transport expedition - this is a type of contract, under the terms of which the forwarder undertakes to perform the following services for a fee: obtaining documents, sending and receiving goods, performing customs formalities, loading and unloading.
Economy - this is 1), (economy) a way of organizing people's activities to create the goods they need for consumption, 2), a science that studies the behavior of participants in the process of economic activity.
The economic growth is the growth of the gross national product.
Business cycle - regular change of phases of rise and fall of the level of business activity in a market economy.
Export is the sale of goods abroad.
expressive crowd - This is a dancing crowd, which is formed when religious sects arise.
extrovert - this is a person whose interest is directed outward, he is guided by external circumstances and public opinion.
Extremism is political - These are movements and organizations that have the goal of seizing power without elections.
Elite is a layer the best people who occupy the status of controllers in society.
Embargo - this is a ban on trade in one's own country for entrepreneurs from another country in order to force this country to make certain concessions.
Issue of money is the issuance of an additional amount of banknotes into circulation.
Ethics - this is reasoning about morals, about what is good and what is bad.
Ethnos is a group of people related by blood.
ethnocentrism - this is the desire to judge other cultures from the standpoint of the superiority of one's own culture.
Economic efficiency is a way of organizing production, in which production costs are minimal.
Effective Demand - is the effective demand for goods and services for consumer and industrial purposes.
Entity - an organization that owns property and is liable for its obligations with this property, it can conclude contracts and transactions, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and a defendant.
Language It is a means of conveying culture through symbols.
Definition of social science term- very simple and obvious from the name itself. This is a complex of disciplines that study various aspects of human society. Simply put, social science is the science of society, and in this definition - everything that can be meant by this. In fact, this science intersects with many others, such as sociology, social Psychology, history, political science, jurisprudence, philosophy and others.
History of social science.
The first works in the history of social science, which at that time did not yet have a definite name, appeared in Ancient Greece. Plato came up with his doctrine of a just society, somewhat reminiscent of modern works on socialism, and Aristotle came up with the concept of "democracy", which is now familiar even to first graders. Among other public and political figures, Nicolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Karl Marx and others made their contribution to the development of social science. The ideas of many of them by modern standards were quite radical. Machiavelli, for example, is famous for his idea that the end justifies the means, and Voltaire believed that the poor were born to work for the rich, and this is the ideal society. However, all these works have had an impact on society and therefore on our subject.
Social science as a school subject.
Social science as a school subject in our country appeared in the 60s of the last century under the name of social science. Since then, it has continued to be taught, studied and developed. Social science is included in the list of subjects approved by Rosobrnadzor for United state exam(USE).
Conclusion.
Social science does not give everything answers to questions about the individual and society. This is done by more specific sciences, such as psychology, sociology or jurisprudence, but our subject summarizes the knowledge of these sciences, forms a complete picture and gives direction for further study and research.