Thematic article on social psychology. Modern socio-psychological research in the field of the study of large groups
Annotation. This article aims to consider the influence of society on the formation of personality. The issue of "I-concept" is considered, which shows how a person is formed, due to his behavior in society. Particular attention is paid to the question of the role of the individual in the social world and how the role affects a person. In this article, it will be shown how to become a successful person in the social world. The article contains basic materials about social psychology, after reading the entire article, you will be able to make the right decisions and analyze other people. The publication touches on the topic of the individual and society as a whole. The scientific article is devoted to the study of Z. Freud, D. Myers, M. Andreeva, which is aimed at human social psychology. The problem of a person in the social world has not yet been fully studied and requires careful research.
Keywords Keywords: person, society, role, experiment, personality, concept, soul, perception, conflict, theory, communitarianism.
How do we understand the concept"society", Many people, having heard this word, immediately say one answer - communication. At first glance, it seems that this question is not difficult to answer. Indeed, the concept of society has long and firmly entered our scientific and everyday vocabulary. But as soon as we make an attempt to define it, we are immediately convinced that there can be many such definitions. Let's try to remember the stable phrases familiar to us that would include these words, for example, a human society, a pedagogical society, a society of scientists, etc. In this case, by society we mean a certain group of people united for communication. joint activities mutual assistance and support to each other. A person always likes to wait for support from society. If he received it and once he was refused, then he will think of you as a bad person.
A person also enters into larger communities of people. He belongs to a certain social group, class, nation, is a citizen of any state, sometimes several, if their legislation allows. In the article we will also consider not only society as a whole, but also about the individual itself. Man has many problems with society. It's no secret that society has a strong influence on the individual. A similar trend, for example, underlies fashion, when a person sees something from a person and repeats after him. We see the same situation when everyone votes “for”, and they are followed by those who do not want to remain in the minority. Indeed, this example directly shows that a person does not want to stand out among everyone without showing his opinion or choice. First, we will consider the work of the famous social psychologist D. Myers "Social Psychology". Let's consider this question - "Who am I really?".Because you are a unique and complex being, you have many opportunities to complete the sentence "I am...". (Could you give 5 answers to this question? Which ones?) Taken together, these answers will give you what is called your self-concept. The elements of your self-concept, the beliefs by which you define yourself, are your self-schemas. A person decides for himself what to do and think, if the condition of his opinion is met. We all know famous work“War and Peace” (Author L.N. Tolstoy), the author in his work, shows everything in detail about the character and development of the personality as a whole. For example, Pierre Bezukhov (the main character) falls under the influence of secular youth. He just returned to his homeland, received a huge inheritance, but he feels lonely and a stranger in the world of high society. Therefore, he becomes an easy prey for those who have been moving in society for a long time and know how to profitably use Pierre's ignorance. AT this example it is shown that the person was not fully socialized before, since he did not have long communication with any individual. Self-schemes that make up our self-concept operate in our minds like the Dewey system. If we talk about the essence of a person, then from a philosophical point of view, to comprehend the essence of something means to identify several of its main defining features. Our self-concepts include not only self-schemes that characterize us at a given moment in time, but also our possible selves, that is, what we can become. To be more precise, thenI include self-images of the kind we want to be—rich, dainty, passionately loved, and loving selves. program. Such possible selves push us to achieve certain goals; when these goals are achieved, we can look into the life we are striving for. One should never be afraid of difficulties, because the fear of difficulties leads one's own Self into a difficult position. But at the same time, we should never forget about respect and self-respect. Is self-esteem (as the most complete self-esteem) the sum of all our cash and possible selves? If we consider ourselves attractive, athletic, smart, and deserving of wealth and love, does this mean that we have everything in order with self-esteem? This is what psychologists often mean when they say that in order for people to feel better about themselves, they need to make them feel more attractive, athletic, smart, etc. Each person thinks differently and based on this, many psychologists say that self-esteem can develop into selfishness and narcissism. How can you develop your Self? The self-concept has become an important subject of socio-psychological research because it organizes our thinking and governs our social behavior. When embarking on a new role—college student, parent, or salesperson—we may feel out of place at first. Gradually, however, our self-image absorbs what at first was only a game, a role in the theater of life. For example, while playing certain roles, we can begin to speak out in support of something that we had not thought about at all before. This happens when we seek to justify our actions. Moreover, self-observations can be revealing: for example, we can believe that we hold the views we are talking about. Pathological research has concentrated our interest too exclusively on the repressed. Since we know that the "I" can also be unconscious in the proper sense of the word, we would like to know more about it. Until now, in our studies, the only strong point has been the sign of consciousness or unconsciousness; and finally, we saw how ambiguous this can be. All our knowledge is always connected with consciousness. After all, we can know the BSZ only by making it conscious. But how is this possible? What does it mean to "make something conscious"? How does this happen? We already know where to look for this starting point. We have shown that consciousness is the surface of the mental apparatus, i.e., we have attributed it as a function of one system, which is spatially closest to the external world. However, spatially, not only in the sense of function, but this time also in the sense of anatomical division. Our study must also take this receptive surface as a starting point.
I will say in advance that self-consciousness (SC) is all perceptions that come from outside (sensory perceptions), and from within - what we call sensations and feelings. But what about those internal processes that we can generalize—roughly and inaccurately—as thought processes? They flow somewhere in the depths of the apparatus in the form of displacements of psychic energy along the path to action, but do they reach the surface, which gives rise to consciousness? Or does consciousness reach them? [2, p.193]. Elsewhere I have already suggested that the real difference between BSZ and PSZ representations lies in the fact that the former occurs on some material that remains unknown, while the latter (PSZ) adds a connection with verbal representations. This is the first attempt to give both systems, PSZ and BSZ, distinctive signs - other than the relation to consciousness. The question is how is something perceived? – is more expediently expressed as follows: how is something preconscious? And the answer would be: by connecting with the corresponding verbal representations. To become a successful person, you must always rely only on yourself and your work, while you cannot trust many people in society. Society shows us that each person is individual and has his own sphere of communication and activity. Let's talk about the success and failure of man in society. Our self-concept is based not only on our roles, social identities, and the results of comparisons with other people, but also on our everyday experiences. Setting yourself difficult but achievable goals and accomplishing your goals means feeling more competent. . As I have already talked about respect and self-respect, the principle “success feeds self-respect” has led some researchers to question: is it possible through positive “messages” like “You did well!”, “You will succeed!” increase self-esteem and stimulate achievement? Sometimes people tell lies about another person's success.
Indeed, low self-esteem sometimes creates problems. Compared to those who underestimate themselves, confident people are happier; they have a more stable nervous system, less likely to get stomach ulcers and suffer from insomnia, there are fewer alcoholics and drug addicts among them, and they endure failures more courageously, but in society there are people with a weak psyche who find it difficult to experience failures, losses, misfortune and etc. However, critics of this interpretation believe that at least equally likely and diametrically opposite explanation: problems and failures lead to low self-esteem. Reality is primary, feelings are secondary. As we overcome adversity and gain skills, our successes nurture a more optimistic attitude and greater self-confidence. Children gain self-respect not only from being praised, but also from achievements that come with hard work.
Now we can say about the opinion of others in society. If a person has achieved a lot, then recognized achievements have a positive effect onI-concept because we see that those around us evaluate us positively. It is easier for us to think well of ourselves,if that's what others think of us. Children who are seen as gifted, hard-working, or helpful tend to "incorporate" these assessments into their self-concepts and behaviors. that they are not expected to excel in either mathematics or science, they may begin to behave in accordance with these expectations. They are more likely to prefer not to refute these prejudices, but to realize their potential in other areas. Our habit of using others as a mirror through which we perceive ourselves has been termed by the sociologist Charles Cooley"reflected self" What we appear to others, we perceive as reflections of ourselves, wrote Cooley ( American social psychologist).Since it is generally easier for all of us to praise others than to criticize them, our self-assessments based on excessive praise can be somewhat inflated. As will be clear from the following presentation, the most prone to inflated self-esteem are people living incountries of the West.
It can also be said that the fate of our ancestors depended on what others thought of them. Protection from the groups to which they belonged increased their chances of survival. If the groups let them know they didn't approve of them, they had the biological wisdom to feel shame and low self-esteem. We are their descendants and have an equally deep need to belong to a group; if we are subjected to social ostracism, we experience the same pain, because in doing so we lose the opportunity to respect ourselves, notes Mark Leary (1998). He calls self-esteem a psychological measuring device by which we monitor how others evaluate us and react to this assessment.
How does society influence the formation of a person? Firstly, the development of a person is directly influenced by his social sphere and with whom he interacts. Secondly, the formation occurs due to human actions and behavior. Behaviorists said that human behavior depends on upbringing and social conditions. You can also talk about the human soul. The soul and body of a person, his spiritual and physical sides are inextricably linked (although representatives of different sciences who study a person do not always take this connection into account: biologists and doctors often do not pay attention to socio-cultural characteristics, the humanities often lose sight of physiological and neurobiological basics human activity). Thanks to his special bodily and mental organization, a person becomes a person capable of purposeful, planned actions, creative achievements, among which the creation of human forms of communication is in the first place. On this basis, speech and writing develop, the ability to name things and generalize their properties in concepts, to work together not only to develop natural resources, but also to create a new socio-cultural environment. Reflections on destiny social sciences and their relationship with society is today the global task of all social scientists. The main concept of social psychology is the role of a person. A person can play any role in society, based on his concepts, opinions and activities. In addition, the social role always bears the stamp of social assessment: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles (for example, such a social role as “criminal” is not approved), sometimes this approval or disapproval can be differentiated by different social groups. , the evaluation of the role can become completely different meaning in accordance with the social experience of a particular social group. It is important to emphasize that in this case, not a specific person is approved or not approved, but, first of all, a certain type of social activity. Thus, by pointing to a role, we "attribute" a person to a certain social group, identify him with the group. A person chooses the role himself, whether he wants it or not, since the formation must be complete. In reality, each individual performs not one but several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a union member, a football team player, and so on. A number of roles are assigned to a person at birth (for example, to be a woman or a man), others are acquired during lifetime. However, the social role itself does not determine the activity and behavior of each specific bearer in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns, internalizes the role. .
The next question will be about personality theory. Many psychologists said about the individual that she is the main figure of society and is independent of anyone. You can consider the personality theories of such well-known psychologists as: Jung, C. Rogers, J. Kelly, B. Skinner, A. Maslow. Let's talk about the first theory of personality - the Analytical Theory of Personality. His theory is based on "archetypes", that is, these are primary ideas that are inherited. Some archetypes are universal, for example, the ideas of God, good and evil, and are inherent in all peoples. But there are archetypes culturally and individually specific. Jung suggested that archetypes are reflected in dreams, fantasies and are often found in the form of symbols used in art, literature, architecture and religion (Jung K., 1994). The meaning of each person's life is to fill innate archetypes with concrete content. But about the humanistic theory of personality, we can say that psychology considers innate tendencies towards self-actualization. Personal development is the unfolding of these innate tendencies. According to K. Rogers, there are two innate tendencies in the human psyche. The first one, which he called the “self-actualizing trend”, initially contains in a folded form the future properties of a person’s personality. The second - "organism tracking process" - is a mechanism for monitoring the development of personality. On the basis of these tendencies, a special personality structure arises in a person in the process of development. “I”, which includes the “ideal I” and “real I”. But the Cognitive theory of personality, it is similar to the humanistic theory. But the difference is that the main source of personality development, according to Kelly, is the environment, the social environment, that is, society itself. The cognitive theory of personality emphasizes the influence of intellectual processes on human behavior. In this theory, any person is compared with a scientist who tests hypotheses about the nature of things and makes a forecast of future events. The behavioral theory of personality in society shows the inner aspect of a person. What is going on inside him, he shows it in society, that is, behavior. The main source of personality development, according to both directions, is the environment in the broadest sense of the word. There is nothing in the personality of genetic or psychological inheritance. Personality is a product of learning, and its properties are generalized behavioral reflexes of social skills. After discussing the theories of personality, it can be said that if you collect all the theories into one and at the same time perform all the functions, you can becomea complete and successful person. Often in society there are conflicts due to the characters of people, gossip, disputes, unnecessary chatter, etc. In psychology, there is such a term as "Communitarianism". Many social conflicts are the result of contradictions between the rights of the individual and the rights of society. The individual's right to own a firearm conflicts with the right of his neighbors to live in safety. One person's right to smoke conflicts with the right of others to breathe smoke-free air. The right of an individual to engage in uncontrolled business violates the right of residents of nearby houses to environmental safety. .In the hope of uniting the best individualistic and collectivist moral values, some sociologists and social psychologists, including myself, seek to create a concept of communitarianism, designed to balance the rights of the individual and the right of society to collective well-being. In the second halfXXin. Western individualism has strengthened its position. Parents welcome the independence and independence of their children and are not very concerned about their obedience (Alvin, 1990; Remley, 1988). Styles of dress and manners have become more diverse, personal freedom is practically unrestricted, and there are no more common moral values (Schlesinger, 1991). Until very recently, the increase in individualism has gone hand in hand not only with an increase in the number of people suffering from depression, but also in most Western countries with an increase in other indicators of social disadvantage - divorce rates, teenage suicides, juvenile delinquency, and the number of illegitimate children. I want to make a reservation right away: such trends are due to many reasons. The mere fact that there is a correlation between growing individualism and a decline in public morality does not yet prove that one is a consequence of the other. And of course, none of the communitarians feel nostalgia for the past, in particular for gender inequality, which were precisely in the 1950s. .
If you have read this entire article from beginning to end, then your acquaintance with social psychology for society has taken place. In the preface, I expressed the hope that my article "will be both strictly scientific and humane, impeccable in terms of the factual material presented in it and fascinating." It is up to you, not me, to judge whether I was able to realize this plan. But I must confess that the work on the article gave me, its author, great pleasure. If it brings you, my readers, at least a part of the pleasure, benefit and satisfaction that it brought me, my joy will be even greater. I am convinced that knowledge of this article can curb intuition critical thinking, illusions - understanding, and the tendency to hasty judgments - sympathy. We tried to answer some fascinating questions. Who am I? How to become successful? What is conflict? What are the theories of personality? Why society at all? Why do people help in some cases and harm each other in others? What gives rise to social conflicts and what needs to be done in order for the fist to open and turn into a palm outstretched for a handshake? The answers to these questions broaden our horizons. And as he saidOliver Wendell Holmes , "consciousness, enriched by some significant thought, never returns to its original state." I myself was convinced of this from my own experience. Perhaps you will agree with me when you begin to understand the essence of society itself and what kind of person you need to be in it.
Bibliography
1. Myers D. Social psychology / D. Myers. - 6th ed., revised. and additional - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 752 p.
2. Freud Z. I and It: Works / Z. Freud. – M.; Kharkiv: EKSMO-Press; Folio, 2000. - 1040 p.
3. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. Textbook for high schools. - M.: Aspect Press, 1999.
4. Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis Russian thought. -M: Republic, 2006. - 384
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Abstract on the subject: "Theory social work"
Topic: "Psychology of social work"
Content
- Introduction
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Introduction
The objective difficulties of the transformation of Russian society, the formation of a democratic rule of law, a socially oriented market economy, complicated by miscalculations in reforming the country, led to the fact that a significant part of the population fell below the poverty line, joined the ranks of low-income, vulnerable, vulnerable social groups. These groups - the elderly, pensioners, the disabled, the unemployed, migrants, etc. - along with active financial and economic support, need socio-psychological assistance. The complexity, inconsistency, to a certain extent, instability, unpredictability of the socio-economic and political situation in the country, the problems of social and personal security in society, including among the more affluent segments of the population, also cause a need for socio-psychological support.
Social workers who deal with people in difficult life situations, in risk groups, therefore, must be quite competent in matters of mental health, the socio-psychological nature of a person, its characteristics in certain groups, in particular, in problems of personality typology, temperament, character, communication, etc. (3)
Relationship between psychology and social work
If we proceed from the position that among the professional functions of social workers, the most important should be considered the provision of psychological support, the performance of intermediary functions through interaction with specific specialists (psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, teachers, sociologists, lawyers, etc.), then psychological training should include the study of both general tendencies of mental manifestations, and special ones (depending on age, gender, profession, social status etc.).
The need for a sufficiently high psychological competence is due to the fact that a social worker, firstly, must constantly cooperate with professional psychologists, psychotherapists and find mutual understanding in them; secondly, to distinguish between those cases when a psychological or even psychiatric problem is hidden under the "mask" of a social problem and refer the client to the appropriate specialist; thirdly, to be able to provide primary social support to people in need; fourthly, constantly communicating with people burdened with psychological problems, he must master the principles of psychologically correct communication with them.
A special relationship between psychology and social work can be traced in the fact that both scientific fields of knowledge are of an applied, practical nature. Moreover, both sciences have a common object of influence - man. It is known that a person not only acts as an object of social relations, but is also their subject. At the same time, various life strategies are formed. Being an object social action, the individual occupies a passive social and personal position. Psychologically, this manifests itself as a desire for the determinism of one's life strategy, diligence, refusal to make independent decisions, the predominance of behavioral stereotypes, rigidity of thinking, monoparametric existence, and esternality. True activity, tendencies towards self-development, self-actualization, internality, purposefulness, creativity can be shown by a person only as a subject of social activity.
The weakening of personal, individual subjectivity puts a person in a certain kind of dependence and interferes with his ability to self-defense, self-improvement. There are a number of problems associated with the ability to realize their subjectivity. Therefore, one of the main goals of both psychology and social work is to create conditions for the manifestation of vitality and social subjectivity, to help a person who wants to change, to solve problems that hinder his development. This can be done in many ways. It is the questions related to practical aspects psychology and social work, are in this case in the spotlight. First of all, questions arise: what place should take applied psychology in the system of social work with the population? what functions does it perform? What assistance does a practicing social worker provide? The importance of psychological knowledge for social work will be considered in the following two examples.
Example 1. In social work, one often has to deal with socially discriminated people and groups who consider themselves unfairly disadvantaged (disabled people, lonely elderly people, families with many children, refugees, unemployed people, delinquents, drug addicts, etc.). working with such groups is very difficult and not always successful. But the social worker's possession of psychological information can make it easier.
Usually socially discriminated groups behave stereotypically - they mainly have two lines of behavior. The first of them is characterized by an increase in conflict in interpersonal relations, a weakening of intra-group ties, a devaluation of intra-group values, a general dissatisfaction with the group, and a desire to leave it. The second is connected with the strengthening of intra-group solidarity, the strengthening of interpersonal ties, the increase in the satisfaction of belonging to a group, the desire to rise above other groups and people.
Both lines of behavior are destructive. A social worker who knows that he will have to deal with socially discriminated groups needs to be prepared for the inevitable manifestation of the complex of destructive socio-psychological characteristics described above. At the same time, it is necessary to understand why there are such contradictory consequences of social injustice. An analysis of all possible strategies for the activity of socially deprived groups to achieve a positive social identity gives the following types of strategies: individual mobility, social creativity, social rivalry (competitiveness).
The first group of strategies is typical for people who are trying to increase their social prestige due to their personal capabilities (abilities, chances, deceit, etc.). The second is related to the change in criteria social evaluation. The third includes both peaceful, democratic and aggressive forms of rivalry, often leading to social cataclysms. But the most important thing is that all types of behavior may not be accompanied by active action until the illegality of status differences becomes obvious, obvious, then a feeling of injustice arises and grows stronger.
Based on psychological data, in social work one can choose the path of relieving tension, preliminary elimination of objective injustice against oppressed groups, or giving the inevitable status differences of a legitimate legal nature.
psychology social work
Example 2. The importance of psychological knowledge for social work can be seen on the example of interaction social worker with people who have committed or are trying to commit suicide, i.e. suicidal clients. A social worker should distinguish true suicidal behavior from similar variants of self-harm and demonstrative blackmail attempts, the purpose of which is not to take one's own life, but to demonstrate this intention. Moreover, one should take into account the fact that often such a demonstration ends in death due to the fact that real circumstances are not taken into account.
The causes of suicidal acts can be obstacles that are insurmountable for the individual and have a pronounced negative connotation (losses, disappointments, resentment, betrayal, miscalculations, conflicts, different in strength and subjective significance for the individual, in suddenness, duration and recurrence).
The description of this phenomenon in the categories of psychology shows that a person decides to take his own life under the influence of certain circumstances when, firstly, his existence loses its meaning; secondly, there is a reassessment of life and death: everything that kept a person on Earth is defeated; thirdly, the most severe blow falls on the moral values of the individual; and finally, the adoption of a suicidal decision is an act of manifestation of a moral and psychological choice, when a certain meaning is seen in the motivation for suicide, the meaning of life is shifted to the meaning of death (inversion). It is the inversion that "launches" the behavioral mechanism of voluntary departure from life.
In the moral and psychological aspect in making a decision on a suicidal act important role belongs to the properties associated with individual and social subjectivity. With the positions of "protest", "call" or "avoidance" and the corresponding motivation for taking one's own life, the person shifts moral responsibility to other people; in the position of "self-punishment" responsibility is fully accepted by the person; in the position of "refusal" it is attributed to "fate", "fate". The suicidal decision, in the conditions of the psychological crisis of the personality, is the result of a complex interaction of factors of individual and social consciousness.
The foregoing indicates that in order to single out suicidal-risk people and groups in social work, only formal socio-demographic features are not enough. A set of substantive, socio-ethical and moral-psychological characteristics of vital forces and living space both individuals and the social community, indicating their vulnerability.
The importance of psychological knowledge for social work is enhanced due to the need to organize work of a preventive (warning, prophylactic) nature: with adolescents and young people who are characterized by antisocial behavior (hooliganism, petty theft, car theft, drug addiction); suicidal people; persons prone to frequent "crisis mental states", etc. In such cases social support is predominantly in the nature of individual psychosocial work. In all this activity, the social worker needs to know what changes are taking place both in individuals and in the families where they live, and how to mitigate the impact of such changes.
These groups need social and psychological support, expressed in various forms: material assistance, getting a profession, facilitating social and psychological adaptation to new conditions, relieving mental tension, stress, etc. (5)
Functions of psychology in social work
Psychology was one of the first sciences that laid the methodological foundations for social work. (2) In the general case, one can single out the theoretical and methodological functions of psychology in social work.
The theoretical function of psychology in social work is to establish stable links between the goals, objectives, content, ways and means of solving problems of social work, on the one hand, and individual, collective psychological phenomena, processes, patterns, on the other hand, (1) and implemented with the help of special psychological theories - theories of personality, humanistic psychology, cognitive theories, etc. (2)
The methodological function of the psychology of social work is expressed in its use for the study of socio-pedagogical processes, the design of methods for the socialization of the individual in changing conditions of life.
In particular, psychology in social work performs such functions as explanatory, diagnostic, design, prognostic, socializing (social-therapeutic), and preventive. (1.3)
The explanatory function of psychology in social work lies in the fact that on its basis the inner essence of the processes of socialization of the individual is revealed. This knowledge allows you to choose the strategy and tactics of social work.
With the help of psychology, the essential characteristics of solving socio-pedagogical problems are revealed, ways of activating people's self-activity in the course of social protection are revealed.
The diagnostic function of psychology is organically included in social work in two positions - the diagnosis of the individual and his social qualities, the diagnosis of groups and their development. (one)
The diagnostic function means the analysis of the socio-psychological problems of clients, the identification of their psychological characteristics (both individual and social-group, age, ethnic, professional, etc.) in their connection with the social environment. The main goal of such an analysis is to establish a diagnosis, i.e. psychological problem and the degree of psychological discomfort, disorder, trouble, maladaptation, inability for optimal adaptation and socialization.
The mentally ill constitute a special group among maladjusted and poorly adapted individuals. The identification of a specific diagnosis of mental illness and psychological deviations from the norm and, accordingly, the direct treatment of these individuals is, first of all, the task of narrow specialists in the field of psychiatry.
The social worker plays a mainly supporting role here:
1. he can determine the general mental disorder of the client without making a specific diagnosis and referring him to specialists,
2. it can and should form the general social and psychological conditions (climate, communication) for enhanced treatment of the disease, i.e. a social worker, performing these functions, of course, must be sufficiently oriented in general issues of physiology, psychology and psychotherapy. (3)
In the process of diagnosing the personality of people as subjects and objects of social work, their own activity is significant. (one)
The preventive function involves the use of psycho-prophylactic methods to prevent negative changes in the behavior and activities of clients, conducting a kind of preventive vaccination in order to consolidate socio-psychological immunity for the future. (3)
The psychological procedure for designing social work includes methods for describing socio-psychological situations, identifying related problems of the content, methods and forms of organizing social work.
The significance of psychological techniques for designing socio-pedagogical activity is determined by the extent to which psychology is integrated with pedagogy, sociology, medicine, jurisprudence and other disciplines used in social work.
The predictive function of psychology is to determine promising personal formations, based on which it is possible to solve problems social development personality, raising people to the level of social self-help.
Social work benefits from the fact that predictive psychological work is carried out systematically, making social rehabilitation effective. It is equally important to formulate the socio-psychological problems and tasks of social work, which are closely related to social psychology. Thus, psychology makes a significant contribution to the theoretical and methodological foundations social work, giving it a systematic character.
The leading goal of socio-pedagogical work is the socialization of the individual, i.e. the assimilation by a person of a system of knowledge, norms and values that allow him to act as a full-fledged member of society. (1) Socializing (socio-therapeutic) function is a function of social therapy in a broad sense, expressing the resolution of established socio-psychological problems based on the use of psychological and therapeutic methods and procedures ( psychological counseling, social pedagogy, etc.)
The main goals and objectives of social therapy: a) to form or complete in the mind of the client a system of established in society, generally accepted social and humanistic values; b) ensure the assimilation (especially in social work with youth, with minors) of generally accepted norms and principles of behavior and activity; c) change (or contribute to a change) the negative socio-ideological orientation of the individual, strengthening or restoring his socio-psychological immunity, stability, resistance to external negative circumstances, more optimal adaptation to them (if they are difficult to change), to form the ability to take a different look at the world ; d) overcome the existing dissonance, discord, disharmony in the inner world and the behavior of the individual himself in order to establish the harmonious unity of thoughts, feelings, actions; e) if possible, contribute to the socio-psychological change in the social environment (especially the nearest one) in the direction of creating the necessary optimal conditions for the client's life; f) to the extent possible and necessary, actively involve the client in this process of improvement, teach self-improvement.
In general, all these goals and objectives achieved in the process of implementing this socio-therapeutic function of social work mean direct assistance in improving socialization, socio-psychological adaptation and rehabilitation of individuals (clients). (3)
The psychological components of social work include ethno-psychological, socio-psychological, group and individual characteristics. All of them have a certain influence on the social perception of the content and process of socialization of the individual.
Inclusion in social activities gradually forms the ideals of the individual, his social thinking. In the process of social coloring of activity (study, work, art, sports, etc.) and social activity itself, socio-psychological knowledge and experience of practical communication are formed. An organic part of the psychological model of personality socialization is the formation of social feelings, moods, and orientation of the personality.
The process of socialization requires high self-activity. Self-regulation abilities are formed on it, affecting all aspects of the personality (motives, interests, orientation, involvement in social life, social trust and responsibility), undergoing socialization.
Psychological support of social work
The effectiveness of social work is ensured by a number of factors - economic, material base, managerial, pedagogical, psychological. The psychological support of social work is one of the most important factors. Psychological means make it possible to form people's trust in the system of social work. Psychological analysis of the experience of amateur performance as the main means of socialization shows the leading role personal qualities. No less important are social relations in which the pivotal role is played by psychological components(interests, needs, feelings, attitudes, ideals, etc.).
Practical psychology occupies one of the most important places in the provision of social work. It is she who acts as the central cell of socio-pedagogical and psychological techniques used to solve the problems of social work. For example, social learning methods involve the use of mechanisms of social perception, social thinking.
In social work essential role plays the psychology of social activity. Social activity is the study and transformation of society and human personality. In the structure of social activity there are psychologically clearly colored elements - motivation, psychological analysis, management.
The psychological support of social work organically includes the development of its motivation. Psychological approach it helps to mobilize pragmatic, utilitarian, altruistic motives.
The psychological analysis of subjects-objects, content, processes and results of social work is used as feedback.
Psychological methods help to assess the quality of social work motivation, and psychological analysis - to justify the use of incentives that increase the efficiency of all types of people's activities - educational, labor, artistic, sports, social, etc.
The psychological support of social work directly concerns its management. Psychologization social management increases the effectiveness of the educational and developmental influence of society.
Other elements of social activity also have psychological aspects as organic components that ensure the integrity of social work.
The goals of social activity are complex, and their core is the creation of favorable psychological conditions for self-activity of the individual in the process of social protection. For example, a social worker, diagnosing educational, vocational training, the cultural level of the unemployed, forms his confidence that his retraining will be successful and he will be able to join the work in a new specialty.
The content of social activity includes several psychological aspects, such as: the formation of social needs, interests, motives, communication methods, the perception of a person and groups, the creation of favorable conditions for people's life.
The means of social work also contain a variety of psychological elements; information, instruction, advice, different kinds analysis.
The effectiveness of social work ensures the formation of social activity of its participants associated with their personal characteristics, attitude to production, society, labor, education, social activities.
The pinnacle of the system of psychological support for social work is the formation of social security not only for recipients of social security, social rehabilitation, social therapy, but also for the structures themselves. problem solving social work
The system of psychological knowledge in social work
Psychologically, the basis of social work is formed by the theory of personality. Social work is closely linked with the typification of personalities, and its strategy and tactics are built accordingly. In practice, the theory of character accentuation has proven itself well. For example, there are positive negative traits nature, conflict situations and, accordingly, psychological exercises are selected, pedagogical recommendations are given. (four)
One of the main psychological knowledge is the psychodynamic theoretical approach, from the beginning to the middle of the 20th century. dominated the development of social work concepts in all its areas, but above all in the provision of assistance to individual clients. It was based on the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud and focused on the acceptance of the client's previous experience and the situation in which he was, on the role of his desires and unwillingnesses. The foundations of "work with the case" were laid by the American scientist M. Richmond, who put the method of social work at the forefront, i.e. considered how the specialist perceives the client. Much attention in this approach was paid to the individualization of the client, his inner world, the diagnosis of his problem and the possibility of a cure, i.e. problem solving through interaction with a specialist. Great importance was attached to changing the social environment of the individual, to the formation of a person's ability to use public resources and opportunities. M. Richmond singled out four methods of social work - this is an understanding of the individual, an understanding of the social environment, direct action by mutual agreement and indirect action through the social environment. Subsequently, the main direction of the application of psychological knowledge in social work was formed - this is the development of the potential (self-empowerment) of the individual and assistance to her from the outside in finding her own psychological resources. (2)
The psychological theory of groups plays an essential role in social work. The structure of the group is revealed: leadership, responsibility, perspective, initiative, social experience. The psychological structuring of groups helps organize social work.
A necessary element of the system of psychological knowledge in social work is the theory of the psychology of communication. Social learning, organically included in social work, helps to master communication skills that educate and develop the personality. This creates favorable socio-pedagogical relations.
An important role in solving the problems of social work is played by the theory social conflict as individual-personal, as well as individual-group and intergroup. Socio-psychological analysis of the conflict (conflict situation, excess, conflict resolution) ensures the effectiveness of social work, increases the effectiveness of educational and labor activities.
The psychological theory of individualization and differentiation of social work is a subsystem of psychological knowledge. An individual approach is necessary in any activity - educational, labor, artistic, sports, gaming. It is both a principle and a condition for effective social work. In an individual approach, psychological phenomena are used: temperament, character, thinking, speech, perceptual qualities of a person.
The differentiation of social work is based on stratification-psychological features, since it takes into account the characteristics of children and adults, youth and the elderly, healthy and sick, workers predominantly of physical and mental labor, cultural, educated and uncultured, uneducated, highly skilled and untrained, experienced workers and beginners.
A necessary element of psychological knowledge in social work is the psychology of talented people. The provision of social work involves taking into account their abilities, and at the same time their character traits.
The system of psychological knowledge in social work includes the theory and practice of maladjusted and deprived people. The contingent of this group is quite numerous. The delicacy and complexity of the problem lies in the fact that within the groups there is a very thin stratification according to psychological characteristics.
A large group of people, called "disabled", is described by a specific psychological theory, which acts as the basis of social work.
AT last years the subject of theoretical and psychological study are people of retirement age. Society bears great losses due to the fact that it does not use objective psychological indicators of their performance, as well as their socio-psychological roles in social work. (four)
Psychological methods of social work
Used in social work psychological methods. Being psychological in essence, they are aimed at solving the problems of socialization, improving society.
Psychological methods used in social work are divided into individual and group.
Significant results in social work are given by methods of psychodiagnostics, which solve numerous problems, the study of the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual, collectives, educational, economic relations. (one)
Psychodiagnostics is a branch of mental knowledge associated with the formulation of a psychological diagnosis. Modern psychodiagnostics understands the term "psychological diagnosis" not only as establishing any deviation from normal psychological functioning or development, but also as determining the mental state of a particular object (individual, family, group), one or another mental function or process in a particular person. For example, a diagnosis of the level of mental development of a preschooler, psychodiagnostics of intelligence, voluntary attention, short-term and long-term memory, character accentuations, types of temperament, etc.
The tasks facing a specific psychodiagnostic research can be solved in several ways. One of them is quite common in the work of psychologists and is very useful to a social worker. This is the observation of the subject in the course of interaction with him. It is especially useful to observe the behavior of the client in the real conditions of his life (family, group). (5)
Psychological counseling is widely used in social work. Managers, ordinary workers, teachers, parents, pupils, students, newlyweds, family people, etc. resort to it. Based on the results of this work, their individual and group activities are built.
The necessary method of social work is psychological selection. It is used for the socio-professional self-determination of young people, determining the area of retraining of personnel, and recruiting groups.
Significant results in social work bring methods of psychological adaptation. They include recipients in social activities so that they are better aware of the social situation, develop self-esteem, and adapt to changing living conditions.
Socio-psychological training and auto-training have become fairly typical methods of social work. These methods attract with the rapid formation of the social qualities of the individual, relationships and methods of activity. The effect is achieved if the transfer of the formed substructures to the real conditions of labor, educational and other activities is ensured.
well-defined psychological character wear methods of correcting behavior, motivation, communication, self-esteem: the recipient is aware of the shortcomings in the structure of his own personality, develops new models of behavior and exercises in their application with subsequent generalization and transfer of socio-psychological formations to new conditions of his life.
Methods of psychotherapy have an in-depth character in relation to the personality as a whole. They are focused on psychological transformations in the structure of a holistic personality. On this basis, the psychological methods used in social work in the form of training, games, immersion, are distinguished by their systemic nature, the strength of their impact.
The social worker performs many functions. In carrying them out, he certainly resorts to the help of psychology.
First of all, it should be noted that the social worker, conducting any activities, acts as a leader. In essence, the situation does not change even when, in his work with groups of, say, deprived, maladjusted people, he relies on their self-management. In these situations, he manifests himself as a leader of a new type. This style of leadership most effectively encourages the development of self-help in his clients.
A social worker most often acts as a social psychologist. He seeks to understand the person who turned to him for help, helps him to realize his own situation, the strengths of his personality, in order to solve the problems he faces. The social worker acts as an active party, organizing, holding, developing contacts. It develops the motivation for socially oriented activities of clients, enriches the self-activity of the individual, corrects behavior, and conducts social and therapeutic work.
The social worker acts as a practical psychologist, since the content and methods of his activity are aimed at solving the practical problems of the life of his clients. By ensuring success in the field of survival, retraining, re-education, the social worker gains the trust of clients.
The activity of a social worker is characterized by the deepest social initiative. This is due to the fact that social psychology and pedagogy are the theoretical and methodological core of social work.
Socionomic activity is complex character, so that the social worker, in essence, is a teacher-psychologist. By psychological means, he diagnoses the socionomic situation, the state of its participants, justifies the need to apply social technologies. Using pedagogical methods, he informs, creates working groups, organizes teamwork, convinces, updates the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to solve the problems of transforming society and the individual. (one)
Conclusion
Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn.
1. Psychology is an essential part of the content of the theory and practice of social work, because the object of social work, an individual or a group of individuals, has certain psychological characteristics that must be taken into account in the process of working with them.
2. The main goal of social work is to improve the lives of clients by changing their inner world and external circumstances that affect this world, therefore, the psychological foundations of social work include both general theoretical psychological concepts and methods of practical psychology.
3. The whole point of social work, all its principles, methods is to improve the social position, better adaptability of the client to the situation. Therefore, the goal psychological practice social work also lies in the development of optimal socialization and, at the same time, social adaptation and rehabilitation of the client. Improvement of socialization, socio-psychological adaptation and rehabilitation are the core of all social work. Hence, the subject of the psychology of social work, as a science and discipline, is to study the psychological concepts and methods used in practical social work with clients (individuals and certain groups of the population) to optimize their socialization, socio-psychological adaptation and rehabilitation.
Thus, the psychology of social work in its structure includes 3 main blocks:
1) general theoretical psychological ideas and concepts that make up the methodological basis of the psychological practice of social work;
2) specific psychotechnologies, i.e. psychological methods of prevention, diagnosis and resolution ("treatment") of socio-psychological problems of individuals and groups, their socio-psychological adaptation and rehabilitation.
3) features of social - psychological work social workers with individuals and different groups of the population in need of psychosocial assistance (which involves identifying and taking into account the specifics of their social psychological behavior, way of thinking and acting). (3)
Bibliography
1. Fundamentals of social work: Textbook / Ed. ed.P.D. Peacock. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: INFA-M, 2003. - 395 p. (p.73-79) - (Series "Higher education");
2. "Theory of social work" ed. Kuzina I.G. Gor. Vladivostok Publishing House of the Far Eastern State Technical University, 2006 (pp. 110-111);
3. E.V. Kulebyakin "Psychology of social work" Vladivostok Publishing House Far Eastern University, 2004 (pp. 8, 11-14);
4. Divitsyna N.F., Mironova L.K. "Social work in questions and answers": textbook. allowance. - M.: TK Velby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006. - 184 p. (p.17-18);
5. Theory of social work:: Textbook / Pod. ed. prof. E.I. Single. - M.: Jurist, 1998. - 334 p. (pp. 119-124).
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Magazine "Social Psychology and Society | Social psychology and Society»publishes the most relevant socio-psychological works of theoretical, experimental and practical-applied nature of Russian and foreign specialists. The main topics of the journal are devoted to the problems of interaction and mutual influence in the system "personality - group - society". The publication is addressed to psychologists-researchers, psychologists-practitioners, teachers of psychology, as well as to all those who are interested in issues of social psychology.
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The significant role of communication in older adolescence has long been noted by many authors. The formation of personality in adolescence and youth is interconnected with the development social competence, knowledge and skills of communication and interaction with other people, and, above all, with peers. Therefore, mutual understanding, interpersonal perception and its consistency among the participants in communication is so significant for the successful adaptation of a high school student in the expanding space of the social reality he is mastering. [The term "sociology of conflict"was first introduced by the German philosopher and sociologist G. Simmel (1858-1918), who called one of his works published at the beginning of our century exactly that. In modern social psychology and sociology, the concept of "conflictology" is collective, used to designate a special area of research.
Since the mid-1920s, interest in theoretical analysis problems of the conflict has decreased significantly, but since the beginning of the 40s has increased again. An attempt to revive the theory of conflicts is associated with the name of T. Parsons.
Abroad, the problem of conflict is studied within the framework of various scientific schools: social Darwinism, psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, interactionism, cognitivism, mathematical modeling, etc.
The subject of conflictologyare general patterns emergence, development and resolution of conflicts. She is mainly interestedtwo types of conflicts:intrapersonal and social. Tomain types of conflictsinclude: interpersonal, between small, medium and large social groups, international. However, in real life, conflicts in a “pure” form are very rare.
Conflict - multilevel, multidimensional and multifunctional socio-psychological phenomenon.At the macro-, medium and micro level, it is a social conflict in all its diversity, at the personal level it is intrapersonal (a clash of tendencies, aspects of the personality).
There is no single definition of social conflict. In the 1980s and 1990s, many works were published in which psychologists offered various interpretations of the conflict. However, despite the difference in approaches to the definition of conflict, one can single outits main properties:
- the presence of contradictions, in any case, differences between the interests, values, goals, motives, roles of subjects;
- opposition, confrontation of the subjects of the conflict, the desire to harm the opponent, injure the "I";
- negative emotions and feelings towards each other as background characteristics of conflict interaction.
The largest number of definitions is available regarding interpersonal conflict. It is believed that the conflict is a clash of oppositely directed goals, interests, positions, roles, opinions, values or views of the participants in the interaction.
As for the intrapersonal conflict, the primacy in the field of its study belongs to psychoanalysis, gestalt therapy, and humanistic psychology.
Naturally, each type of conflict requires special approach and definitions. Family conflicts differ from conflicts in scientific, military units, especially from criminogenic, political and organizational ones.
The structure of the conflict consists of such characteristics as:
- parties or participants in the conflict (individuals, social groups; states, coalitions of states);
- the number of participants and the scale of distribution: global, regional, local, interpersonal;
- the subject of the conflict;
- images of a conflict situation as its internal pictures: participants' ideas about themselves (their motives, values, capabilities), about the opposing sides; representation of each participant about how the other perceives him, about the environment in which specific relationships are formed.
Based on this, distinguishfour types of conflict situations:
- the conflict situation objectively exists, but it is not realized, not perceived by the participants. There is no conflict as a socio-psychological phenomenon;
- the conflict situation exists objectively, and the parties perceive it as a conflict situation, but with certain significant deviations from reality (a case of inadequate perception of the conflict);
- the conflict situation is objectively absent, but nevertheless, the relations of the parties are mistakenly perceived by them as conflict (a case of a false conflict);
- the conflict situation objectively exists and is more or less adequately perceived by the participants (the case of an objective conflict).
In addition, at analysis of conflicts should highlight:
- spheres of occurrence and manifestation (politics, economics, society);
- spatial and temporal characteristics (place and time of conflicts);
- the conditions and reason for the occurrence of the collision;
- frequency - the number of collisions of participants in the conflict for a certain period of time (episodic, chronic, cyclical conflicts);
- duration - the amount of time from the beginning to the resolution of the conflict (short-term and long-term);
- means and actions used by participants to achieve their goals (blackmail, disinformation, rumors, etc.);
- the form of manifestation, expressed on the verbal and non-verbal level, openly and covertly;
- result (outcome) of the conflict.
Conflicts perform a variety of functions, the main of which are destructive, creative and diagnostic.
Destructive (destructive) functionmanifests itself in the negative consequences of the conflict: hostility, emotional tension, mental trauma, violations of the law, morality, discipline, military clashes, pathogenic consequences.
Creative (constructive) functionconflict is to overcome difficulties, crises. A positive conflict contributes to the establishment of socially positive norms of communication, an atmosphere of mutual exactingness, leads to the rejection of illegal actions, an increase in the level of organization, and an improvement in the psychological climate.
Diagnostic functionassociated with understanding the causes of the confrontation that has arisen, the motives of its participants.
Conflict as a socio-psychological phenomenon is a process that takes place over time.
The dynamics of the conflict includes the following stages:
- The pre-conflict situation is characterized by “tightness” of relations, accentuated by officiality, the split of the community into groups, etc. Such a situation is called a potential conflict or a pre-conflict situation. When it is realized, there is a transition to the next stage of the conflict.
- Conflict interaction, which can proceed as follows:
- 1st option - a way out of the conflict;
- 2nd option - conflict;
- 3rd option - fight to the bitter end.
- Conflict resolution - the situation after the conflict (from this point of view, the conflict is completely, partially resolved and not resolved at all).
Available different classifications of conflicts. Depending on the grounds, real, false, irrational, as well as intrapersonal and social conflicts are distinguished.
There is also a more complex typology of conflicts. Social conflicts are divided into socio-political, which are based on the struggle for the acquisition, preservation and retention of power; socio-economic, etc.
A practical-oriented classification of conflicts depending on the areas of their occurrence and manifestation is as follows:
- socio-political, including ethno-political, conflicts;
- interethnic conflicts;
- conflicts in the field of management (organizational and managerial);
- family and marital conflicts;
- conflicts in the sphere of production, services and trade;
- conflicts in scientific, military units;
- conflicts in conditions of isolation (among the crews of space complexes, ships of long voyage, members of Antarctic stations (polar explorers) and among convicts).
Let us dwell on the most typical conflicts: interethnic, industrial, in the military environment and in isolation.
Being a consequence of social tensions that splashed to the surface during the collapse totalitarian regimes, social (regional, interethnic) conflicts have engulfed a significant part of the Eurasian continent. The paradox is that the post-communist, mostly nationalist regimes that come to power, not only do not carry conflict-free, but in some cases they themselves give rise to conflict situations or renew old ones with renewed vigor. A significant cause of interethnic conflicts is the desire of the nation for its homogeneity, "purity", as well as the discriminatory behavior of representatives of one nationality against representatives of another nationality.
Interethnic conflicts arean extreme negative form of manifestation of complex deep-seated contradictions in relations between ethnic communities, groups of people, proceeding under the influence of many socio-economic, political, historical, national-psychological, religious factors. In its pure form, interethnic conflicts do not exist in nature, with the exception of the everyday level. Interpersonal ethnic conflicts arise due to cognitive reasons, clashes of stereotypes, attitudes. Most often they act as ethno-political, ethno-economic conflicts.
With the simultaneous existence of the most favorable factors, the contradictions between the vital interests of different ethnic communities can reach a critical state and acquire the character of a tough confrontation in the form of open confrontation, which leads to group and mass excesses. The causes of interethnic conflicts are not superficial, but deep, systemic and structural in nature.
Interethnic conflicthas several stages of development. Initially, there is an increase in tension, an increase in the activity of any one national group, another group is gradually drawn into the confrontation, the organization of movements is formed by nominating leaders and activists, a material base is being created, and structuring is underway in the following areas: national movement and power; national movement and representatives of other nationalities; national movement and law enforcement agencies.
The social tension that precedes the actual conflict interethnic interactions is characterized by confrontation in interethnic relations, the formation of the image of an “enemy”, nationalist, apparatusist-minded socio-political associations and movements, the process of arming them, the circulation of rumors, acts of protest: rallies and demonstrations, the presence of discontent.
The stages of actual conflict interethnic actions are characterized by mass excesses, armed struggle against elements civil war between unconstitutional formations.
Interethnic conflicts differ in the specifics of the causes of occurrence, the severity of the consequences, the number of participants, etc.
Industrial conflicts consist of a wide range of situations - from protracted interpersonal conflicts to "one-time" situations that quickly pass, but require a difficult decision.
The main models for the development of industrial conflicts are:
- business dispute. The area of disagreement is subject and defined. Participants believe in the possibility of reaching an agreement. They "feel" the situation, realize the advantages and disadvantages of common points of view.
- Formalization of relations. It is characterized by the expansion of the mismatch zone. Participants can refuse to discuss the problem that has arisen by choosing official methods of making a decision.
- psychological antagonism. Participants sometimes find it difficult to clearly define what they disagree with, but tend to exaggerate existing differences; the hostility of the participants is so significant that it determines the entire development of the situation.
There are several strategies for dealing with conflict:
first, "leaving the situation";
secondly, the conclusion of a compromise;
thirdly, the manifestation of compliance, the complete rejection of one's intentions;
fourthly, the achievement of goals at any cost;
Fifth, the focus on cooperation.
As for conflicts between and within commercial structures, their causes are related to the struggle for the sales market, pricing and other issues.
Marital conflicts have their own specifics. If there are areas in the life of spouses where their interests, needs, intentions and desires collide, giving rise to especially strong and prolonged negative states, then such marital unions are called conflict. However, at the same time, the marriage union can be maintained for a long time due to other factors.
There is the following classification of marital conflicts:
- conflicts that arise on the basis of an unsatisfied need for the value and significance of one's "I", a violation of a sense of dignity on the part of another partner;
- conflicts based on unsatisfied sexual needs of one or both spouses;
- conflicts that have as their source the dissatisfaction of the needs of one or both spouses in positive emotions;
- conflicts based on the addiction of one of the spouses to alcohol, gambling, drugs;
- conflicts due to financial disagreements arising from the exaggerated needs of one of the spouses;
- conflicts on the grounds of meeting the needs of spouses in food, clothing, improvement of the hearth, as well as expenses for the personal needs of one of the spouses;
- conflicts on the basis of dissatisfaction of the need for mutual assistance;
- conflicts on the basis of different needs for recreation and leisure, various hobbies.
Of course, this classification does not cover the whole variety of marital conflicts, but it makes it possible to systematize the main ones.
At the core conflicts in military unitslies the deformation of statutory relations and stratification in the army environment (in other words, "hazing"). Heavy conflicts arise in connection with the reduction of the army, its reform. The main cause of conflicts is the everyday disorder of officers and their families as a result of the redeployment of units.
Conflicts stand apart in conditions of isolation and, moreover, of a criminal subculture.
Conflicts among convicts- this is a struggle between them with the help of mental and physical violence in order to occupy a leading position, extract unearned income, possess prohibited items, forcibly satisfy needs, revenge for deviation from criminal traditions and norms, etc.