Complicated predicate. Predicate
The concept of a sentence member. The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main and secondary members of the proposal. The subject and ways of expressing it. Features of the syntactic connection of the main members of the sentence with each other.
Structural types of sentences: segmented and non-segmented, simple and complex, one-part and two-part, common and not common, complicated and uncomplicated, complete and incomplete.
An uncommon sentence is a sentence that has only the positions of the main members - the subject and the predicate, for example: Several years have passed (P.); It was noon (Shol.); It began to get light (Prishv.); Silence. Hum (Cat.). Such sentences represent a structural minimum and include only a predicative stem.
Sentences that, along with the main ones, have the positions of minor members are called common, for example: Meanwhile, the sun rose quite high. Again, the clear, as if swept, without clouds, the sky shone with pale blue (B. Paul); At noon, Razmetnov came home to have lunch and through the gate door he saw pigeons near the threshold of the hut (Shol.); In every spiritually developed person, the outlines of his homeland are repeated and live (Spread).
A sentence is considered two-part if its predicative core is represented by two positions - subject and predicate, and one-part if the structure of the sentence involves only one position of the main member.
in complete sentences, all the necessary formal links of a given structure are verbally represented, and in incomplete sentences, certain positions of this structure turn out to be unsubstituted. The latter can be caused by various reasons: context, speech situation, the shared experience of the speakers. Incomplete sentences in their communicative significance they are no different from the full ones, they are quite understandable. However, they are characterized by the formal lack of expression of some components. Ahead is a deserted September day
A simple sentence has one predicative center organizing it and thus contains one predicative unit. For example: The morning was fresh and beautiful (L.); From the station to the pier I had to go through the whole town (Paust.); Lopatin, from afar, saw the black jackets of sailors (Sim.).
A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence has its own grammatical compositions.
Although the parts of a complex sentence are structurally similar to simple sentences (they are sometimes called conventionally), they cannot exist outside the complex sentence, i.e. outside this grammatical association, as independent communicative units. This is especially clear in a complex sentence with dependent parts. For example, in the sentence I don’t know how it happened that we are still unfamiliar with you (L.), none of the existing three parts can exist as a separate independent sentence, each of them requires explanation. As analogues of simple sentences, parts of a complex one, when combined, can undergo structural changes, i.e. they can take on a form that is not characteristic of a simple sentence, although at the same time these parts have their own predicativeness. Simple sentences are primarily characterized by syntactic articulation or non-segmentation and, accordingly, are divided into articulating (having sentence members) and indivisible (sentences that lack the ability to distinguish sentence members in their composition)
Words and phrases that are related grammatically and in meaning are called proposal members.
The members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary.
Main members - subject and predicate, secondary - definition, addition, circumstance. Secondary members serve to explain the main ones and may have minor members explaining them.
The main members of the sentence form the grammatical basis of the sentence. A sentence containing both main members is called two-part. A sentence that has one of the main members is called one-piece. Wed: The sky darkened in the distance - It got dark.
A sentence can have one grammatical basis ( simple sentence) or several grammatical stems ( difficult sentence). Wed: They were late because of the heavy rain - They were late because it was raining heavily.
Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence; which names what the sentence is talking about.
This part of the sentence can be either a single word or a phrase.
Subject - one word:
1) words different parts speech in the subject meaning:
- noun in I. p .:
It's raining.
- noun pronoun in I. p .:
I like autumn.
- adjective in the function of a noun (substantiated) in I. p .:
The bearded man looked back.
- participle in the function of a noun (substantiated) in I. p .:
The seated man lifted his head.
- adverb:
I'm tired of your tomorrows.
- interjection:
"Ay" resounded through the forest.
2) quantitative numbers in quantitative (non-objective) meaning:
Ten is not divisible by three.
3) infinitive with the meaning of action or state: Learning is a must.
The location of the subject, expressed by the infinitive, is not fixed in the sentence (for example, behind the absolute beginning of the sentence); compare: The right thing to do is to learn. If in a sentence one of the main members is expressed by a noun in I. p., and the other by an infinitive, then the infinitive will act as a subject.
4) a word of any part of speech in any grammatical form, if in the sentence it is judged as a linguistic unit: Go - imperative form of the verb; Do not – negative particle.
Subject - phrase:
1. Subject - phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase:
1) structure design A with B(I. p. noun (pronoun) + With+ Etc. another noun) with the meaning of compatibility, if the predicate is in plural. including:
Brother and sister returned separately- cf.: Mother and child went to the doctor.
2) a word with a quantitative meaning (quant. numeral, noun, adverb) + noun. in R. p .:
Three years have passed.
A bunch of things piled up in the corner.
I have a lot of work.
3) when designating an approximate amount, the subject can be expressed by a phrase without I. p .:
About / up to a thousand people fit in this room.
Between five and ten percent of students pass the session ahead of schedule.
4) structure design A from B(the word of the nominal part of speech in I. p. + from+ noun in R. p.) with an emphasis:
Any of them could do it.
Three of the graduates received gold medals.
The smartest of the students could not solve this problem.
5) infinitive + infinitive / name (the volume of such a subject coincides with the volume of a compound verb or compound nominal predicate - see below):
Being literate is prestigious.
It is natural to want to become literate.
2. Subject - phraseological unit:
Getting hysterical out of the blue was his favorite pastime.
He has golden hands.
Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting an action or sign of what is expressed by the subject. A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by a verb. The verbal predicate, formally likened to the subject, is the form of the verb of any mood, tense and person. For example: I am writing these lines in the village (Sol.); The second apple tree stood on level ground in the middle of a clearing (Sol.); Let's stay one more day! (Ch.); Look after him, do not indulge too much, and do not exact very strictly (Gonch.); Molchalin would hardly have bored you if you had agreed briefly with him (Gr.). As part of a simple verbal predicate, there can be various modal particles that are usually used in a colloquial style: I would go to sleep and give rest to the guest (B. Pol.); Aunt Katya did not want to go and how she would cry (A.N.T.); She seemed to love me (L.T.); A simple verbal predicate is considered complicated if it is expressed by two verbs, one of which is lexically incomplete, or by two repeated verbs. In the composition of such predicates, various particles are often used. Examples: You take it, but you don’t put it in place (Ch.); When did you plow? (Shol.); Be brave, don't be brave, but you won't be braver than the world (Lesk.); Yermoshka, go and sit next to me (Lesk.); Dressed-shod like all people (Pan.); I lie to myself, I lie down, lie down (T.); Here he waits, waits, and the tail only freezes more (Kr.); But now he took one eye shut... (A. Ostr.); No, I'll go and tell Levinson that I don't want to ride such a horse (Fad.); She took it and stopped talking to her (Lesk.); I came not to play riddles, but to say, so say everything (Lesk.). Complicated predicates have different shades of meaning. They indicate, for example: the action and its purpose (I'll go and write); on the arbitrariness of the action (he took it and came); on the uncertainty of the action (shoot does not shoot); the impossibility of carrying out the action (we can’t wait); on the completeness of the action, redundancy (eat so eat); on the intensity and duration of the action (you can’t look enough, you can’t drag it around), etc.
Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate include a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. This includes:
1. A combination of two verbs in the same form, of which the first indicates the action, and the second - the purpose of this action: I will go for a walk in the garden; Sit down and write a letter to your mother.
2. Connection with the help of unions and, yes, yes, and the form of the verb to take and the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action, due to the personal whim of the subject: I will take it and do the opposite; He took it and left completely.
3. A combination of two single-root verbs and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We are waiting for spring; Breathe not inhale the wonderful, mountain air.
4. The combination of the infinitive with the personal form of the same verb, which is preceded by the particle not, to enhance the negative meaning of the predicate: It does not work itself, and it interferes with others.
5. The combination of turnover only and do (doing, doing, etc.), which is followed by a verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: He only does what he draws.
6. Repetition of the predicate to indicate the duration of the action: Food, food in an open field.
7. Repetition of a predicate with an intensifying particle so to indicate an action that has been fully implemented: I really sang so sang.
8. The combination of a verb with a particle know or know for yourself to denote an action that is performed despite obstacles: And he knows himself chuckles.
End of work -
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All topics in this section:
Phrase and sentence as basic syntactic units
Syntax as a section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech includes two main parts: 1) the doctrine of the phrase and 2) the doctrine of the sentence. Of particular note is the section dealing with
The main features of the offer
Most types of sentence, as mentioned above, correspond to a logical proposition. In a judgment, something is affirmed or denied about something, and in this the so-called prejudice finds its expression.
Brief history
The problem of phrases has long attracted the attention of Russian linguists. In the first grammatical works, the main content of syntax was the doctrine of "word composition", i.e. about connecting words
Types of phrases according to their structure
According to the structure, phrases are divided into simple (two-term) and complex (polynomial). In simple phrases, one word spreads to others with different semantic meanings.
Types of phrases depending on the lexical and grammatical properties of the main word
Depending on which word is the main word in the phrase, the main lexical and grammatical types of phrases differ. The classification on this basis has the following scheme:
Syntactic relations between the components of phrases
Words included in phrases are in different semantic-syntactic relationships with each other. In general, these relationships can be reduced to the main ones: a) attributive (for example: tetra
Ways of expressing syntactic relations in a phrase and in a sentence
The most important means Expressing the relationship between the members of the phrase (and the members of the sentence) is the form of the word. With the help of inflection, a connection is made between all the modified words that act as dependencies.
Types of syntactic connection in a phrase and in a sentence
There are two main types of syntactic connection in a sentence - composition and subordination. When composing, syntactically equal, independent of each other elements (members of the sentence
Sentences of real and unreal modality. Propositions affirmative and negative
General value objective modality, transmitted in the sentence, is differentiated as the meaning of temporal certainty and temporal indefiniteness. In the first case, the pre
Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences
Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are declarative, interrogative and incentive. Narrative sentences are sentences that contain a message about what
exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences are emotionally colored sentences, which are conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Emotional coloring can have different types of sentences: and
Common and non-common suggestions
An uncommon sentence is a sentence consisting only of the main members - the subject and the predicate, for example: She did not answer and turned away (L.); He is young, good (L.); Several years have passed (P
Two-part and one-part sentences
The sentence consists of the main members - the subject and the predicate, and the secondary ones, of which some belong to the subject and together with it form the composition of the subject, others - to the predicate and the image
Simple and compound sentences
A simple sentence has one or two grammatical compositions and thus contains one predicative unit. For example: The morning was fresh and beautiful (L.); In the afternoon she started
The main members of a two-part sentence
A two-part sentence is a sentence that has two grammatical compositions: the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. The composition of the subject is the subject with or without words related to it.
Secondary members of the sentence, their syntactic function
The main members of the sentence can be explained by the members, which are called secondary, since they are grammatically dependent on other members of the sentence. The term "minor members of the sentence
Expressing the subject with different parts of speech
The most common form of expressing the subject is the nominative case of a noun. The subject meaning of the noun and the independent nominative case are most appropriate
Expressing the Subject in Phrases
The role of the subject can be phrases that are integral in meaning, lexically or syntactically indecomposable. These include: 1. Composite geographical names (Arctic
Verbal predicate, formally likened to the subject
In the role of the verbal predicate, the forms of the verb of any mood, tense and person act. For example: 1) a verb in the form of the indicative mood: The autumn wind brings sadness (N.); Pugachev m
Verbal predicate, formally dissimilar to the subject
The verbal predicate is expressed: 1) by the infinitive with the meaning of the energetic beginning of the action: Our brethren - to swear (Pomyal.); And new friends, well, hugging, well, kissing ... (Cr.); 2)
Compound verbal predicate with predicative adjective
Along with modal verbs, predicative adjectives can be used as the first component of a compound verbal predicate (special short adjectives used as a ska
Predicate expressed by adverb, participle, interjection and phraseological combination
1. The predicate can be expressed by an adverb with or without a bunch, for example: At your age, I was married (L.T.); How inappropriate was this memory (Ch.); After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.). 2
Types of compound predicate
A complex (trinomial, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts (the term “complex predicate” is used here not in the sense in which it is sometimes used, see § 259
Form of the verb predicate
The verbal predicate is coordinated with the subject, expressed personal pronoun, in person and number, and in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the subjunctive mood - in gender and number. Nap
Bundle shape
The copula usually correlates with the subject (in the past tense - in gender and number), for example: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you (P.). If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, then with
Brief history
The question of secondary members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. However, two main directions in the doctrine of secondary members of the proposal stand out:
Definitions Agreed and Inconsistent
According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that
Ways of Expressing Complements
Complements are usually expressed by nouns (with and without prepositions) in oblique cases, as well as by words used in the meaning of nouns (pronominal nouns,
Types of add-ons and their meanings
By virtue of their main meaning - designation of the object of action or state - additions usually refer to sentence members expressed by verbs or impersonal predicative words, i.e. tale
Additions in real and passive turns
A real is a turnover with a direct object with a predicate expressed by a transitive verb. The subject in actual circulation denotes actor or an object, and the object is a person
Ways of Expressing Circumstances
Circumstances can be expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in the instrumental case without a preposition, nouns in oblique cases with prepositions, infinitive, phraseological
Types of circumstances by value
Denoting the qualitative characteristics of an action, state or sign, as well as the conditions that accompany them (an indication of the cause, time, place, etc.), the circumstances are divided into the circumstances of the image
Syntactic and actual division of a sentence
A sentence as a unit of syntax has in its composition members of a sentence that occupy certain syntactic positions. This division of the sentence in terms of its syntactic structure is
Communicative, syntactic and stylistic meaning of word order
The order of words in a sentence - the arrangement of word forms in it - can perform the following functions: 1) communicative (it is a means of actual division of a sentence and, more broadly, of any actualization);
The place of the subject and predicate in a simple sentence
In a declarative sentence, the subject is usually in front of the predicate (the latter is postpositive), for example: Marya Ivanovna went up the stairs with trepidation (P.); They entered the courtyard
The place of the complement in the sentence
The addition (verbal and adjectival) is usually postpositive, for example: I will send you ammunition and tobacco (A.N.T.); About a hundred workers were engaged in clearing warehouses and sites (Azh.). Pre
Place of definition in a sentence
The agreed definition is usually prepositive, for example: A deep gorge blackened to the left ... (Azh.); ... He took out his grief on your sides - the grief of his life (M. G.); It became terrifying in these silences
Place of circumstances in a sentence
The circumstances of the mode of action, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e, are usually prepositive, for example: One of the waves playfully rolls onto the shore, making a defiant noise, crawls to Rahim's head (M. G.). O
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely-personal sentences are called, the main member of which is expressed in the form of the verb of the first or second person of the present and future tense. The verb in this case does not need a place
Indefinitely personal sentences
Indefinitely personal sentences are called such one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural of the present and future tenses or in fo
Generalized personal sentences
Generalized-personal are called one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by the verb of the 2nd person singular (present and future tense), and the action indicated by the verb in
impersonal proposals
One-part sentences are called impersonal sentences, the main member of which does not allow the designation of the subject of action in the form of the nominative case and names the process or state, regardless of the active
Infinitive sentences
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other word in the sentence, therefore, with it there can be neither an impersonal verb nor an impersonal
Nominative proposals
Nominative sentences are such one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a noun or a substantiated part of speech in the nominative case. The main term can be expressed
Constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences
With nominative sentences in form, some syntactic constructions, which are not actually them. These are constructions that either do not contain the meaning of being,
Types of sentence words
Sentence words are divided into several groups depending on their function in speech. Affirmative sentence words: - It smells of sulfur. Is it so necessary? - Yes (Ch.). - St
Types of incomplete sentences
Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual are incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context: in the next
Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in the
Elliptic sentences (sentences with zero predicate)
Elliptic are self-used sentences of a special type, the specificity of the structure of which is the absence of a verbal predicate, moreover, a predicate not mentioned in the context
The concept of homogeneous members
Homogeneous members of a sentence are called members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinative connection and performing the same syntactic function in the sentence, i.e. combined are the same
Unions with homogeneous members
To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating unions are used: 1. Connecting unions: and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), neither ... nor, etc. The union and can be single and n
Homogeneous definitions
Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating unions and list
Heterogeneous definitions
Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined.
The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc. 1. With subjects having the form m
Coordination of definitions with the word being defined
The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases: 1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined
Prepositions with homogeneous members
Prepositions can be repeated in front of all homogeneous members, for example: Death roams the fields, along the ditches, along the heights of the mountains ... (Kr.). It is possible to omit the same prepositions, but different prepositions are not allowed.
Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence
The general word is usually grammatical form expressions of a generic concept that unites subordinate concepts on the basis of real proximity, the grammatical form of expression of which is
General concepts
Separation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Detached Members sentences contain an add element
Separate agreed definitions
1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud, hanging
Separate inconsistent definitions
1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns, stand apart if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Starosta, in boots and in an Armenian coat, with bu
Separate circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles
1. As a rule, adverbial phrases are separated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or circumstances with different meaning, for example: Pass
Separate circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs
Depending on the semantic load, weak syntactic connection with the verb-predicate, the degree of prevalence of the turnover, its intentional allocation, the circumstances expressed by it can be isolated.
Separation of revolutions with the value of inclusion, exclusion, substitution
Case forms of nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations can be isolated: except, instead of, besides, except, excluding, over, etc., with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, beyond
Separation of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
Along with isolation in the proper sense of the word, i.e. the allocation of secondary members of the sentence, there is an intonation-semantic selection in the sentence of words that can be not only secondary
Introductory words and phrases
Introductory words are words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (i.e., not related to them by the method of agreement, control or adjunction), which are not members of the sentence and express
introductory sentences
The meanings inherent in introductory words and phrases can be expressed in whole sentences that retain intonation features introductory structures. For example: Buran, it seemed to me, is still with
Plug-in structures
Plug-in words, phrases and sentences are called, which introduce additional information, incidental remarks, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence. Similar to
The concept of circulation
An address is a word or a combination of words that names the person (or object) to whom the speech is addressed. The appeal distributes the offer, but is not a member of it (i.e. does not perform the function of
Ways of expressing appeal
The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, the vocative case was used for this purpose
Brief history
In the works of A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherby, V.V. Vinogradov emphasizes the special meaning of some unions - connecting (A.M. Peshkovsky speaks of composition and subordination after a divisive p
Essence of Attachment
Accession - as a kind of syntactic connection - differs from both composition and subordination. When composing, the elements of the utterance act as equal in syntactical terms.
Structural and grammatical types of connecting structures
In structural and grammatical terms, connecting constructions are not homogeneous. The following can join the main statement: 1) constructions with connecting unions and allied words
Allied connection structures
1. Attaching conjunctions and allied combinations are usually formed by combining coordinating and subordinating unions, as well as some particles and pronominal adverbs with unions and, a. It is these with
Unionless connection structures
Unionless connecting structures, used only after a long pause, are divided into four groups according to their functions: 1) connecting structures that act as members
The concept of a complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that has two or more predicative units in its composition, forming a single whole in a semantic, constructive and intonational sense. The difference between
Composition and submission in a complex sentence
By the way the parts are connected, allied and non-union complex sentences are distinguished. The former are divided into two types of complex sentences: 1) compound sentences and 2) complex subordinate sentences.
Means of expressing relationships between parts of a complex sentence
Semantic and syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence are expressed using the following means: a) unions, b) relative words, c) intonation, d) order of parts. Unions unite
The structure of compound sentences
A complex sentence is called a compound sentence, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating unions. Communication according to the method of composing gives the parts of a compound sentence a well-known
Connecting relationships
In compound sentences expressing connecting relations, unions serve as a means of connecting parts of a single whole, and, yes, neither (repeating), also, too (the last two with a joining from
adversarial relationship
Compound sentences with opposing conjunctions (a, but, yes, however, but, same, etc.) express relations of opposition or comparison, sometimes with various additional shades (not corresponding
Compound sentences expressing adjunctive relations
Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a compound sentence to express connecting relations, in which the content of the second part of the complex sentence is an additional
A brief history of the issue of a complex sentence
The question of a complex sentence in its history was practically reduced to the classification of subordinate clauses, or, as they were conditionally called, "subordinate clauses", which is closely connected before everything
Complex sentences with conditional and non-verbal dependence of parts
The most common structural indicator of a complex sentence is the verbal and non-verbal dependence of the subordinate clause. This feature is substantiated as follows. Relationship of the subordinate h
Grammatical means of connecting parts in a complex sentence
1. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements, formal indicators of the interconnectedness of parts. it subordinating conjunctions, relates
Semantic-structural types of complex sentences
Structural indicators of a complex sentence are, as it was found out, firstly, the nature of the connection between the subordinate clause and the main one (subscriptive and non-proprietary); secondly, grammatical means
Substantive attributive sentences
Substantive attributive sentences, depending on the function of the subordinate part, have two varieties. The function of the subordinate part depends on the extent to which the entity defined by it
Appropriative-defining sentences
Complicated sentences with a definitive clause relating to the pronoun (indicative or attributive) in the main are characterized by the following features: 1) the pronoun g
Explanatory clauses with allied subordination
Explanatory clauses are joined by unions that, as, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, so that, if, if, bye. Clauses with a union that contain a message about a real being
Explanatory clauses with relative subordination
As allied words, attaching explanatory clauses, are used relative pronouns who, what, which, what, what, whose and pronominal adverbs where, where, where, when, how
The use of correlative words with explanatory clauses
Complicated sentences with an explanatory clause may have correlative words in the main. The function of these words is not the same. They can be used to enhance, highlight,
Compound sentences with a simultaneity relation
Relations of simultaneity are expressed in sentences with subordinate, attached conjunctions when, bye, how, for now (archaic), while (colloquial), while usually with verbs in the main and adjectives
Compound sentences with a relationship of diversity
The relation of different times is expressed by unions when, while, for the time being, as long as, after, since, as soon as, just, just, just, only, just a little, as, barely, only, before
Complex sentences with comparative relations between parts
Complex sentences can consist of such parts, the content of which is compared. Formally, such sentences have a subordinate clause, since they contain subordinating conjunctions (or union
Complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts
One of the parts of a complex sentence can explain another, concretizing its meaning or conveying it in other words. The explanatory part is attached to the one explained with the help of unions, that is, and
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences can have several subordinate clauses. In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, two types of relations between the combined parts are possible.
Types of non-union complex sentences
There are two main varieties of non-union complex sentences: correlative with allied complex sentences and inconsistent with them. Sentences of the second type are found comparatively
Structural features of complex syntactic integers
Complex syntactic integers can be of homogeneous and non-homogeneous composition. Between homogeneous proposals in the composition of complex syntactic integers, a parallel connection is found, between heterogeneous
Paragraph and complex syntactic integer
A paragraph and a complex syntactic whole are units of different levels of division, since the bases of their organization are different (a paragraph does not have a special syntactic design, unlike a complex syntactic
Paragraph in dialogic and monologue text
Paragraph articulation pursues one common goal- highlight important parts of the text. However, parts of the text can be highlighted with different specific targets. Accordingly, the fu
The concept of direct and indirect speech
The statements of other persons included in the author's presentation form the so-called someone else's speech. Depending on the lexico-syntactic means and methods of transmitting someone else's speech, direct speech is distinguished
Direct speech
Direct speech is characterized by the following features: 1) accurately reproduces someone else's statement; 2) is accompanied by the author's words. The purpose of the author's words is the establishment of the very fact of someone else's speech
Indirect speech
Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's statement in the form subordinate clause. Compare: Direct speech Indirect speech Approached militia
Improper direct speech
Someone else's speech can be transmitted to fiction reception of the so-called improperly direct speech. In this case, lexical and syntactic features are preserved to one degree or another.
Basics of Russian punctuation
Punctuation is a collection of punctuation rules, as well as the system of punctuation marks used in written speech. The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate
Basic Functions of Punctuation Marks
In the modern punctuation system of the Russian language, punctuation marks are functionally significant: they have generalized meanings assigned to them, fixing the patterns of their use. Functionality
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
- Simple verb predicate - PGS
- Compound verbal predicate - GHS
- Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate
The form | Examples |
---|---|
1. Verb in the form of any mood |
A gloomy morning comes. |
2. Independent infinitive | To live - to serve the motherland. |
3. Interjectional verbal forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump) | Each friend here quietly understands a friend. |
4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
5. Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Note!
1) Complex future tense form ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;
2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, so a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);
3) the modal particle was used to denote an action that began, but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas (unlike introductory words happens, happened with the value of regular repetition of action) is not distinguished.
Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks.;
4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:
a) phraseologism can often be replaced with one word:
win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; to give an order - to order and etc.;
b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced by a bunch to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.
Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can not: He was the nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.
Note. In speech (especially colloquial speech) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle like this ( Made me feel so good! );
2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);
3) the combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and ( I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);
4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself hold on; I so she screamed );
5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type ( He eats her; She is roaring).
Plan for parsing a simple verbal predicate
- Specify the type of predicate.
- Specify the form of the conjugated verb.
Sample parsing
My business is on the up.
They go uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.
Forget about everything.
to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.
only a conjugated full-valued verb or a lexicalized combination of a verbal component with others contains both the name of the attribute of action and indicators grammatical meanings predicate. Such forms of the predicate cannot have a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms and are unproductive. The forms of a simple predicate represented by verbal phraseological units and descriptive verb-nominal phrases should also be classified as unproductive: Sometimes you look and think: but I’m not a match for him Maxim Gorky ....
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Simple verbal predicate. Complicated forms
A simple predicate can only be a verb, because only a conjugated full-valued verb (or a lexicalized combination of a verbal component with others) contains both the name of the attribute (action) and indicators of the grammatical meanings of the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate is represented in Russian by various forms. The most productive is the predicate, expressed by a full-valued conjugated verb in direct use of the forms of mood, tense, face: It would be better if she hit me, this beauty! (Maxim Gorky) This predicate has a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms.
The so-called relative use of verb forms of mood or tense (one form in the meaning of the other) introduces additional shades into the predicate. So, in the sentence Akim (Turgenev) fall in love with this Dunyasha and fall in love, the imperative mood is used in the meaning of the indicative. Such forms of the predicate cannot have a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms and are unproductive.
The forms of a simple predicate, represented by verbal phraseological units and descriptive verbal-nominal phrases, should also be classified as unproductive: Sometimes you look and think: but I tell himI'm not up to the mark(Maksim Gorky). Their use has expressive-stylistic limitations; in addition, some verbal phraseological units (whistle into a fist, remember your name, etc.) may not have certain forms of mood and tense.
The unproductiveness of these forms of the predicate does not mean their low use, as well as their “inferiority”. On the contrary, they may have an advantage over "free" conjugated forms verb in semantic and especially emotionally expressive terms. The unproductiveness of this kind of predicate lies in the irregularity of the formation of modal-temporal forms or in their limited implementation in certain styles of speech.
A special unproductive group of a simple verbal predicate is represented by inconsistent, unchangeable forms - the infinitive and the "truncated" (interjective) form: Tatyana ah! and he roar (Pushkin). These forms are used mainly in the meaning of the indicative mood. Like the temporal, this meaning is not formally expressed, and there are no formal indicators of the dependence of the predicate on the subject. The predicate is emphasized intonation. Each of the inconsistent forms introduces an additional expressive shade into the meaning of the predicate: truncated - intensity, swiftness of action, infinitive - an energetic start to action (or determination to act immediately).
Forms of a simple verbal predicate can be complicated by particles or repetitions: And he, the hare, has a heart so it will roll ! (Saltykov-Shchedrin); And new friendshugging, kissing(Krylov). The complicating element does not change the real meaning of the predicate, the meanings or shades introduced by it have an abstract modal-expressive character: assessments of the mode of action or the attitude of the speaker to action. The elimination of a particle or a repetition does not destroy the predicate - only the additional meaning is lost (cf .: The hare has a heart will roll; Friends - hug).
The particles complicating the predicate are numerous and varied in meaning. The particle to yourself (know to yourself) expresses a shade of inflexibility of action, indicates its flow despite obstacles: Looks to himself dried vobla, without blinking, on human delusions and know yourself throwing stones (Saltykov-Shchedrin). A similar meaning can be expressed by a particle like this: Doctor Voznesensky never came to tea at four o'clock (Sergeev-Tsensky). But most often this particle indicates the completeness, intensity or duration of action: Both hares so they died (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Repetition as a formal means of complicating the predicate consists in combining two identical conjugated forms of the same verb or a conjugated form and an infinitive, as well as a conjugated form with a single-root adverb in -om, -my (they shout with a cry, roar with a roar, etc.). Repetition in the form of doubling the conjugated forms of the verb introduces a shade of duration, completeness of the action: Shoemaker fought, fought and finally grabbed his mind (Krylov). The combination of an infinitive with a single-root conjugated form has an additional shade of concession or doubt about the appropriateness of the action: Remember, I remember , what's the point? (from newspapers).
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In speech, one can often find complicated compound predicates, which consist not of two, but of three (and sometimes four) structural parts.
Structural complication of compound verbal predicate
1. Auxiliary part a compound verbal predicate can be expressed not by a verb, but by a compound nominal predicate (link + short adjective / adverb).
Complicated CGS = SIS + subjective infinitive
He must leave.
As in any compound verbal predicate, two parts can be distinguished here: the main part is expressed by the subject infinitive ( leave). Auxiliary part - short adjective must- has a modal meaning, but unlike modal verbs ( maybe wants) adjective cannot indicate tense and mood. Therefore, the adjective requires a verb copula (in this case it is a verb to be in null form). Therefore, inside the compound verbal predicate, one more thing can be distinguished - a compound nominal micropredicate ( must+ zero link).
Modal short adjectives most often act as the nominal part of such micropredicates: ; noun with preposition able; adverbs: it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, it is a pity, it is a pity and etc.
This predicate is actually not complicated. In Russian, for example, there are no verbs with the modal meaning of obligation, necessity, inevitability, etc. These meanings are always expressed by short adjectives or adverbs. Therefore, compound verbal predicates with such a meaning of the auxiliary part always include a compound nominal micropredicate in their composition.
Note!
Adjectives: must, must, ready, compelled, able, glad, adverbs: need, need, can't, can, sorry- very often confused with verbs, since they are similar in function to them.
Check yourself in the above way: put the micropredicate in the past tense - they will not have a suffix -l, but a bunch was, was, was, were (was forced, had to, was sorry, had to).
2. Main body of a compound verbal predicate can be represented by a compound verbal predicate: an infinitive with a phase or modal meaning and an infinitive with a main lexical meaning.
Complicated cgs = auxiliary verb + cgs
He wanted to start working.
Main part ( start working) can act as an independent compound verb predicate (cf.: He started to work).
3. Auxiliary part compound verbal predicate is expressed by a compound nominal micropredicate with a modal meaning ( must, must, must, cannot etc.) and main part expressed by a compound verbal predicate (two infinitives).
Complicated SGS = SIS + SGS
He was forced to work.
Auxiliary part ( was forced) - a compound nominal predicate with a modal meaning and an independent predicate cannot be. Main part ( start working) is expressed by two infinitives (the first - with a phase meaning, the second - with the main lexical meaning). In another context, these two verbs can become an independent compound verb predicate (cf.: He started to work).
Structural complication of compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate can also be complicated if its copula (in this case it is put in an indefinite form) is complicated by conjugated forms of phase or modal verbs (or compound nominal predicates with a modal meaning).
Complicated SIS \u003d auxiliary verb + copula-infinitive + nominal part
I I want to become a doctor.
In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to be). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.
Complicated SIS \u003d compound nominal micropredicate + copula-infinitive + nominal part of SIS
I should have been a doctor.
In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had), compound verb ( should have become) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor).
Plan for parsing a complicated predicate
- Indicate the type of predicate according to the part in which the main is expressed lexical meaning(complicated compound verbal predicate, complicated compound nominal predicate).
- Disassemble each part of the predicate according to the corresponding plan.
Sample parsing
I have to leave today.
Gotta leave- Complicated compound verb predicate. Main part leave expressed by the subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate in which the main part must be expressed short adjective; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
I I want to become a doctor.
I want to become a doctor doctor become become; auxiliary part want has a modal meaning and is expressed by a verb in the present tense of the indicative mood.
I should become a doctor.
Should be a doctor - Complicated compound nominal predicate. nominal part ( doctor) is expressed by a noun in the instrumental case; semisignificant copula become is part of a compound verbal predicate in which the main part is expressed by the infinitive become; auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate. It has a nominal part must expressed by a short adjective; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.