Examples of paraphrase from fiction. Paraphrase, examples from literature and colloquial speech
Why is fiction so enjoyable and interesting to read? Is it just because of the plot itself? Obviously not. The very style of the author and the way he transfers the story to paper attracts and makes you move from line to line. Writers and poets use a variety of means of expression in their works to attract readers to any details or convey a vivid image. One such tool is paraphrase. Let's find out what a paraphrase is, using examples from fiction and not only.
Definition
The term "periphrase" itself originated from the ancient Greek word, which translates as "allegory, descriptive expression."
In general, this translation conveys the essence of the use of this means of expression. Paraphrase is a term in stylistics denoting a descriptive expression of an object. Such a description arises on the basis of highlighting some bright and significant feature or quality. In Russian, an example of a paraphrase can be found even in ordinary colloquial speech. Very often, the paraphrase is such a vivid expression that it becomes stable and is used by many people in everyday communication.
An example of a paraphrase as a catch phrase
Very often we use various popular expressions, but we don’t even know how they are called correctly. In childhood, watching cartoons and reading books about different animals, every child heard the phrase “king of beasts” and knew that it was a lion, because he looks so important and majestic, so strong and formidable.
Or many, watching films about the conquest of space, heard how the Earth was called the blue planet. After all most its surface is occupied by a blue water surface.
And there are a lot of such examples of paraphrases in Russian. They are used in various fields by a large number of people. For example, about the feeling of glut after eating, you can say “fill your belly”, or when it comes to Margaret Thatcher, someone is sure to exclaim: “ The Iron Lady!»
What is paraphrase used for?
First of all, the paraphrase is used as a means of artistic expression.
This is one of the ways to create a bright and memorable image. Usually poets resorted to the use of paraphrase, because poems are often full of figurative expressions in which nothing is said in plain text. The most popular was the use of paraphrase in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most often, examples of paraphrase are found in the fiction of this particular period. It is worth opening any work and taking a closer look.
Examples of paraphrase from literature
Most likely, there are only a few such people. After all, his poems are an obligatory part school curriculum, starting with the first grade and ending with the eleventh. And in his poems you can find many examples of paraphrase. Everyone who read his poem about autumn will most likely remember the phrase "dreary time." These words also became catch phrase. After all, it is immediately clear what time of year in question.
There are a lot of examples of paraphrase from fiction. This technique was also used by M. Yu. Lermontov when he called A. S. Pushkin in his poem a slave of honor. And other famous writers resorted to the help of this means of expression.
Paraphrase and journalism
Paraphrases are very common in newspaper headlines or articles. After all, vivid images attract readers. Examples of paraphrase can be found in the articles of critics. For example, V. G. Belinsky once called A.S. Pushkin as the sun of Russian poetry. From the content of the article it was immediately clear who it was about, and this expression is still used in relation to the great poet.
In Soviet times, one could often come across such phrases as "the leader of the proletariat." And it was also clear what it was about. Various newspaper headlines and advertisements still use paraphrase as a means of expression to get people's attention.
Classification
Looking at various examples of paraphrase, you can see that not all of them are similar and are used in the same way. In fact, there is a classification that divides paraphrase into two categories.
The second category is author's paraphrases. These include examples from various works. These are the expressions that belong to writers and poets. The author once created a clear and memorable image, used it in his work, and then these words became a catch phrase.
Also, paraphrase can be divided into two more types.
The first type includes logical paraphrases. They are united into one kind by the existence of a clear connection of descriptive properties. Hearing such a paraphrase, a person immediately guesses the qualities that served as the basis for the formation of the paraphrase. Examples of a logical view: the king of beasts, four-legged friends.
The second type includes figurative periphrases. They are mostly metaphorical. Some researchers believe that only this species can be attributed to the trails. Let's look at examples. N.V. Gogol created a very bright character Plyushkin. This image turned out to be so memorable that even now a stingy person can be called a plush, and it will be clear what personal qualities is being discussed. This is an example of figurative paraphrase.
Who creates paraphrases?
Where do these figurative expressions come from and why are they becoming so popular? Paraphrases come into our speech in different ways. Most often, their authors are well-known writers, publicists, poets, whose works and works are read, loved and discussed by many people. They come from flashy newspaper headlines, advertisements, media mass media, movies, TV shows.
In fact, everyone can become the author of a paraphrase. It can be some expression that conveys an image that is understandable in a narrow circle of family or among friends. It is unlikely that such a paraphrase will become popular and famous, but nevertheless, it can be used with like-minded people.
It is obvious that paraphrase is very common in our life. It’s just that sometimes we don’t think about what this or that expression is. But now there is a reason to look at communication in a new way. Knowledge of the means of expression also allows you to read various works more carefully and thoughtfully and see something new, previously unnoticed by anyone. After reading this article, there may be a reason to re-discover the familiar poems of A. S. Pushkin or M. Yu. Lermontov, to look at them differently, with a fresh look. Mark the means of expression and think about why the author used them, what effect he wanted to produce on the reader.
The term " paraphrase"" or "" comes from the Greek word "periphrasis" (where peri - "around" and phradzo - "I speak") and denotes a trope that is used instead of another word. This turn of phrase is descriptive.
Types of paraphrase.
Paraphrases are divided into:
- general language (understandable to most, popular in some period of time),
- individually-author's.
Common and understandable paraphrases include the allegorical names of a lion - "king of beasts", children - "flowers of life", TV - "blue screen".
One of clear examples periphrases, understandable to many, are such names of St. Petersburg as "City on the Neva", "Northern Venice", "Northern Capital" or "Northern Palmyra". And as an individual author's one can name the trope "Peter's creation" by Alexander Pushkin ("I love you, Peter's creation").
Features of the construction of the paraphrase.
The sign by which a paraphrase is created must be inherent in the object or phenomenon being defined, understandable to many people. This trope allows the author to emphasize one side of what is being described, leaving the rest in the background. For example, autumn in Pushkin's poems turned into a "dull time" and "charm to the eyes."
A feature of periphrase is its semantic (semantic) unity. That is, such statements and phrases cannot be broken or the word in them changed. Thus, the trope becomes a phraseologically related phrase that is understandable to most native speakers.
Paraphrases often found in the media and oral speech:
- the ship of the desert is a camel;
- black gold - oil;
- clerical rat - official;
- the second bread is potatoes;
- the eternal city - Rome;
- the third Rome is Moscow.
- blue planet - Earth;
The role of the trope in speech.
The use of paraphrase in literary texts, journalistic materials and speeches of speakers allows you to enhance the expressiveness of the statement, make it more vivid, memorable, catchy.
Paraphrase examples.
Examples from fiction.
Paraphrase is a figurative and expressive means of speech, therefore it is used in works of art, and of any kind: in the epic, lyrics and drama.
Alexander Pushkin called William Shakespeare "the creator of Macbeth", and George Byron - "the singer of Giaur and Juan."
Mikhail Lermontov, in the famous obituary "The Death of a Poet", written on the death of Alexander Pushkin, used a lot of allegory, never naming his colleague by name or surname: "the poet is a slave of honor", "wonderful genius" and "ceremonial wreath".
- (Greek). 1) roundness; a rhetorical figure that replaces a direct expression with another roundabout, making the syllable heavy, incomprehensible; a descriptive form of expressing something. 2) the expression of the same thought in other words. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
paraphrase- a, m. PERIPHRASE s, f. periphrase f., c. periphrasis peri about + phrasis paraphrase, descriptive expression. An artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of essential, defining features ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
Paraphrase, trope, periphrastic expression, periphrastic turnover Dictionary of Russian synonyms. paraphrase n., number of synonyms: 4 paraphrase (7) ... Synonym dictionary
- (periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis allegory), a kind of trail, replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: the king of beasts instead of a lion ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis allegory) tropes, replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: the king of beasts instead of a lion ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
PERIPHRASE, periphrase, male, and (more often) PERIPHRASE, periphrase, female. (Greek periphrasis) (lit. and music). Same as paraphrase. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
PERIPHRASE, a, husband. and PERIPHRASE, s, wives. (specialist.). An expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word, e.g. "who writes these lines" instead of "I" in the author's speech. | adj. periphrastic, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
paraphrase- (periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis allegory), a type of trail, replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: “king of beasts” instead of “lion”. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
PARIPHRASE s; and.; PERIPHRASE, a; m. [Greek. periphrasis] Spec. A descriptive expression that replaces the direct name and contains signs of an object not directly named (for example: the king of beasts instead of a lion). Paraphrases are characteristic of poetic speech. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Six years that changed the world 1985-1991 the collapse of the Soviet empire, E. Carrer, The title of a new book by the famous French historian E. Carrer d "Encausse is a paraphrase of the title of one of the main bestsellers of the early 20th century - a book by an American journalist ... Category:
In Russian linguistics in modern world the concept of "text style" came to the fore. Stylistics rightfully took priority positions in the course of the Russian language in high school high school. It is also studied by students of the first and second courses of higher educational institutions linguistic and non-linguistic orientation. This is important because when analyzing a text, the student encounters a large number of different stylistic units. And he must be able to distinguish between them.
In the texts submitted for linguistic analysis, periphrastic units or periphrases are very common. In this article, we will focus on this stylistic unit.
What
Periphrase (periphrase) is a unit of stylistics, which, when translated from Greek, means “I speak around”. In stylistics, this term is understood as a lexically indivisible phrase of a descriptive meaning. It allegorically explains another phrase or word.
Examples from fiction:
no./p. | Example | Author |
1 | Titan nailed to the rock | Ancient Greek myths |
2 | Died ..., slave of honor ... | |
3 | A thundering goblet from the sky... | F. Tyutchev |
4 | She rested in eternal sleep | A. Pushkin |
5 | The cheat approaches the tree on tiptoe | I. Krylov |
6 | Morpheus will not close their eyes | A. Pushkin |
7 | The bee town howls and buzzes | A.Tvardovsky |
8 | From the gaps between the clouds, a beam of sun periodically escaped | A. Utkin |
9 | The contents of a dirty iron box were shaken out against the walls of the airport. | A.Torin |
10 | He's just a media plowman | Ch. Aitmatov |
11 | Despising road guards and protecting the rights of pedestrians | Z. Prilepin |
Definition of paraphrase in the section of Russian stylistics literary language can be formulated as follows.
Paraphrase is a stylistic trope whose figurative function is based on the principle of replacing one word with a descriptive phrase.
Kinds
In the modern style of the Russian literary language, linguists distinguish different kinds and subspecies of paraphrase. In this article, we will adhere to the traditional approach to the classification of tropes and name the types of these stylistic units that correspond to the established approach.
Types of paraphrase:
- figurative. This view has a basis in the form of a metaphorical statement. By and large, there is no fundamental difference between this type of periphrase and metaphor. Differences can be found only in the structure of these language units. But this difference is not fundamentally important.
- Brain teaser. In other words, they are synonymous expressions. They replace a broad concept with a concrete one. It is important that at the heart of this fundamentally new specific concept there should be no abstract image.
- Suspenders. This unit of style is a subspecies of periphrase. It was described by the linguist Buzaji. He believes that this subspecies is based on the replacement of a specific concept by a general one with the help of two or more words.
Domestic linguist Ilya Romanovich Galperin adheres to his own classification. He distinguishes two types of these stylistic units. In his classification, the basis is the authorship of a word or phrase.
Two types of stylistic units according to Galperin:
- Original. In other words, these are stylistic units that belong to a particular author.
- Traditional. These units are tightly integrated into the Russian language and their meaning is clear without context. This type can be considered a component of the phraseology of the native language.
Examples in language:
Wikipedia offers three different classifications of periphrases. A lot of information is devoted to the use of the trope in speech.
At the end of the article, in the form of a list, paraphrases that belong to famous people are listed.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Paraphrase
If you go through it, you can find a lot of interesting information on the topic of the article.
Examples in advertising
In today's multi-information world, advertising is becoming an important engine. Paraphrasing is often used in advertising posts and commercials.
It is important that in a commercial or on a banner, the trope should only be used next to the image of the object or phenomenon in question. If this rule is not observed, then the reader (watcher) simply will not understand what is at stake.
- Clean, refreshing water. (Aqua Minerale)
- This is a product for those to whom the car has become a home.
- Stop this boredom. (Drink tonic)
- Our devices will turn you on. (Technique in Eldorado)
- Crazy discovery. (Japanese restaurant)
- Each pine or spruce when buying a plot. (Sale)
- a great offer for students. (MTS services)
- Soak the eared in milk. (Nesquik)
- Gypsum-gypsum hooray! (Construction mixtures)
- Bath of my dreams. (Processed cheese Hochland)
- Live sour! (Pepsi)
Figurative paraphrases
They are like metaphors. Figurative paraphrases are found very often in texts of artistic and journalistic styles. Such stylistic units give the text a special expression.
- Greetings, desert corner...
- Where are you ..., Freedom, a proud singer?
- Country of birch chintz…
- Through a dream meets the morning of the year.
- I see the proud heads of the Caucasus before me.
- Poet ..., slave of honor.
- One of the five continents, powered by cowboys.
- Ukraine is the homeland of dumplings, huts and oxen.
- Land of the Rising Sun.
- The city of white nights, bridges and canals.
- The pond was bound with icy chains.
- City of three revolutions.
Idioms
It is customary to call an idiom in Russian, the components of which have the same meaning. Among the periphrases, there are those that are part of the phraseology.
Here are examples of such expressions:
- Northern Venice.
- Flowers of life.
- Foggy Albion.
- Great worker.
- Skillful fingers.
- Take off the yoke from your neck.
- Red warrior.
- Fascist vultures.
- Fifth Ocean.
- Field worker.
- Return your question.
- Turtle pace.
- Wine country.
- Sea of tears.
- Night light.
- Dive into sleep.
- Hare soul.
Useful video
Conclusion
Thus, we can say that a periphrase is a unit of style that gives imagery to speech. In the text, it allows you to make lexical substitution, thereby avoiding unjustified repetitions. Paraphrases enrich the speech of the speaker and writer, allow you to express a variety of emotions, attitudes towards a particular phenomenon. They can be used to convey feelings.
If a person uses paraphrases in written and oral speech, then this is evidence that he has an individual style.
In contact with
PERIPHRASE
- (from the Greek periphrasis, peri - around, phradzo - I say) - a kind of trail, a descriptive turn of speech used instead of a word or phrase. In P., the name of an object or phenomenon, for greater expressiveness, is replaced by an indication of its most characteristics: "Northern Venice" (St. Petersburg), "king of beasts" (lion). P. are figurative (bearing a metaphorical character) and non-figurative (preserving direct meaning words that form them, for example: "city on the Neva" - Petersburg). Only figurative images belong to the paths. In figurative images, some key feature stands out, while all others are obscured, as it were, which gives the author the opportunity to pay attention to those features of the depicted objects and phenomena that are especially important for him artistically. Unimaginative P. only rename objects, qualities, actions and perform not so much an aesthetic as a semantic function: they help the author to more accurately express an idea, emphasize certain qualities of the described object or phenomenon, and avoid repeating words (for example, instead of A.S. Pushkin - " author of "Eugene Onegin", "great Russian poet"). In the poem "The Death of a Poet" M.Yu. Lermontov the same A.S. Pushkin is called a "slave of honour", a "wonderful genius", and in a well-known obituary - "the sun of Russian poetry" - these are figurative P., tropes. P. - one of the leading tropes in the symbolist poetry of the early twentieth century.
Dictionary of literary terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is PERIPHRASE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- PERIPHRASE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
[Greek per?frasis] is a syntactic-semantic figure that consists in replacing a one-word name of an object or action with a descriptive verbose expression. School and classical style… - PERIPHRASE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis - allegory) tropes, replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: ... - PERIPHRASE in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
periphrasis (from the Greek periphrasis - a descriptive expression, allegory), 1) in style and poetics: a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with ... - PERIPHRASE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- PERIPHRASE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis - allegory), type of trail, replacement of the direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of the not directly named ... - PERIPHRASE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PERIPHRASE3, -a, m. and PERIPHRASE, -s, f. (specialist.). An expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word, e.g. "who writes these lines" ... - PERIPHRASE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PERIPHRAZ, periphrase (from the Greek reripphrasis - allegory), tropes, replacement of the direct name will describe. an expression in which the signs of an unnamed ... - PERIPHRASE in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
periphrase "z, periphrase" zy, periphrase "for, periphrase" call, periphrase "zu, periphrase" deputy, periphrase "z, periphrase" zy, periphrase "zom, periphrase" zami, periphrase "ze, ... - PERIPHRASE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(periphrase) (gr. periphrasis roundabout speech) turn of speech, a kind of trope, consisting in the use of a descriptive combination instead of a word or name, for example, ... - PERIPHRASE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
paraphrase... - PERIPHRASE in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
m. see ... - PERIPHRASE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
periphrase, -a and periphrase, ... - PERIPHRASE in the Spelling Dictionary:
periphrase, -a and periphrase, ... - PERIPHRASE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
an expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word, for example, "who writes these lines" instead of "I" in the author's ... - PERIPHRASE in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(periphrase) (from the Greek periphrasis - allegory), trope, replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression, which indicates the signs of an object not directly named: ... - PERIPHRASE in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
periphrase, m., and (more often) PERIPHRASE, periphrase, f. (Greek periphrasis) (lit. and music). The same as... - PERIPHRASE in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
paraphrase m. see ... - PERIPHRASE in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
m.; - ... - PERIPHRASE in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m.; = ... - HOUSE M.D. at the Wiki Quote.
- Dionysius Areopagite in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Dionysius the Areopagite (1st century), Bishop of Athens, Hieromartyr. Commemorated on January 4 (ap. 70), 3 ...