Coursework living space and vitality of modern man. Basic concepts
And here are some more thoughts on the topic of living space, abbreviated ZhP. What zhp let's say a cancerous tumor, this is the whole body of a person. Isn't the ZHP policy similar to many surrounding phenomena. Let's say the manufacturer Magdonalds captures more and more markets in the world. It can be considered good. But let's look at it this way. Here the Windows company captures all markets, and then Windows, having gained hegemony in all markets, sets the price and the rules of the game on the market itself. And US policy. Which includes everything and everything in the ZhP, and like cancerous tumors, having overlaid the whole world with its bases. And mining, is it not a cancerous disease, we will work out everything, we will burn everything, then we will come up with something else. Universal education is good, but the psychology of a cancerous tumor is also traced in it. Capture, destruction of all other structures different from others. And the desire to unite all religions. Isn't this the politics of cancer? At the same time, the human body, in a healthy state, is an ideal example of the normal living space of all organs and systems.
And another thought is whether Russia looks like the liver of an alcoholic. Therefore, she is such a Russian and big, she swelled up from that verbal fizz that she absorbed and processed into herself for centuries. Maybe this is the chosenness of the Russian people and the special path of Russia, to be a filter for the ideas of the whole Earth.
Now here are some more considerations.
THE CAPTURE OF VIRTUAL SPACE LEADS TO THE CAPTURE OF LIFE
My thoughts on the fall of the USSR are due to the fact that the CPSU paid little attention to the development of the theory of communism and hence did not know where to go. Lenin also pointed out that socialist idea this is a "blooming tree of philosophy" but according to Mayakovsky "communism can be strangled by canaries". That is, after Marx and Lenin, no one developed the theory. All the theory of Lenin and Marx can be fit on one sheet of paper, after them there is generally silence. And the enemy did not sleep. I will say that from some time, the same Marx's Capital became the capitalist's handbook. And with us, Capital has become a topic for ridicule. Losing hegemony in virtual world, the USSR lost real hegemony in the real world and then collapsed itself.
And at this time. We know about such a building as the Pentagon, this is a colossal building with nuclear reactor for autonomous power supply and an area where you can get lost like the labyrinth of the Minotaur. And there are a lot of offices where the military thinks about their plans.
And I will say more, we cannot even imagine what huge structures are involved in the study of our Russian culture. Everything is in safes, everything has been examined and the study in the form of daddies is on the table for anyone who needs it.
It's even scary for me to imagine how far Western thought has gone along the paths of development. And we see only what television and the censored Internet give us. As for the qualification in the internet, some naive people tell you that there is no qualification in the internet. Naive. I here wanted to find responses in an Internet about one firm, did not find. So there are admins who clean it all up. So, if there is an opportunity to clean up information for some lousy company, then what colossal opportunities the state has to clean up. structures. So what we have can be compared with the conscious THROW OF INFO and the capture of our living space of our heads.
Yes, these are meaningful connections and analogies, a useful view. Indeed, the capture of real space begins with the scrolling of the capture in thoughts.
Thoughts are beautiful because we are free in them. (Although this is not an absolute truth. Thoughts do not arise from scratch, but, for example, from other thoughts and, therefore, are subject to certain restrictions.)
Therefore, we are free to sort through many options. (And some citizens are satisfied with this, living in their subjective reality and
accepting no other.)
The world around does not give the same freedom. How to influence him? How not to stay on the sidelines and take a decent place?
I suppose that you need to introduce some restrictions into your virtual space so that it does not differ much from the real one and the thinker is not hidden in a psychiatric hospital.
Therefore, it seems to me that for further development themes cannot be dispensed with without the concept of a goal, actively exploited by philosophers and psychologists, as well as without other questions of cognition and an adequate reflection of the world in one's head.
Maybe we can "stream" this thought about "living space". For starters, try to develop such a thought. A certain person N expressed the idea "idal" that he was Napoleon. And he was imprisoned mental asylum. And there is an idea here. Isn't the capture of virtual space but the declaration of oneself Napoleon, the capture of living space takes place first of all. In this way, society is saved from the occupation of the living space of those people who, like barbarians, invade and destroy it. The question is deep. Think. Aren't the mental (in the virtual space) attacks-sermons similar to the CAPTURE OF THE VIRTUAL THOUGHT LIFE SPACE
, and the capture of the real goes automatically.
My opinion is that the topic is not exhausted. Basically those considerations of the philosophical eternal question, the ratio of "real" and "ideal". Which in the world is solved relatively simply by brute force, whoever is strong is right, that living space has more. But there is one nuance here, conquering the virtual mental space, let's say religion and maybe science, then in real life, as young people say, penetration, occupation of the entire living space in all its forms is possible.
Thus the invisible appears in the visible.
Julia, thank you very much for your well-aimed comments and business proposals. I did not intend to put things in order in the spaces, but thanks to your help I decided to write an article, at least as material for criticism and further development of the topic. So I will be grateful to you and all colleagues who want to express their opinion. Nikolay.
Julia, thanks for the clarification. Admittedly, I've gotten a little lost. Therefore, I will allow myself to state some hypotheses, and you correct me, please.
Probably, it would be rational to single out the personal spiritual space as all the knowledge of a person, his ideas about the world, about God, his attitude towards other people. This space is almost inaccessible from the side of society, from the outside it can be judged mainly by indirect signs. A person is able to hide his true knowledge, moods, inclinations. Therefore, the inner world of one individual is objectively and at his will essentially separated from the world of another person.
At the same time, the concealment, or even the absence of knowledge and a rich inner world, does not contribute to mutual understanding in society and the influence of a person on this society. You can share your experience not only without harming yourself, but, on the contrary, with the benefit of everyone.
Despite the undoubted individuality of the spiritual space, to a large extent it is shaped by upbringing and environment. A citizen often considers beliefs and beliefs to be his family, but in fact they were imposed from the outside, and insufficient education and an uncritical attitude did not allow us to weed out everything random and extraneous.
Personal material space can include things and various resources (financial, housing, land, food), which are to some extent assigned to each citizen by legal or moral norms. Unlike spiritual, material resources are limited. If they got to one, they did not get to another. Anything that can satisfy the needs of one person will usually work for another. Any material property is potentially the property of any person, and therefore it has to be protected.
In the material space, the boundaries are not determined by the properties of things, but by social norms that can change, be violated, trampled. These rules are conditional. You can have a personal desk at the workplace, a personal bank account, a garden plot, your own room in an apartment for a family, but all this is at the same time the property of more common structures, which at any time can replay the rules.
Thus, the boundaries of personal space seem to be there, but they are rather conditional, relative, transient. But, probably, this is how it should be philosophically for any phenomenon.
If this does not cause great objections, then I will try to speak about the living space later. Or maybe you want to do it in advance. With respect, Nicholai.
> in the material sense and in the outside world, personal space is not for everyone most likely because some people are very flexible, generous and easy to communicate with. However, sometimes, the lack of clear boundaries in some situations creates problems.
And I still believe that
> "everyone has their own space considering all its aspects.
> Maybe, on the contrary, it should be blurred more and more, erasing unnecessary boundaries between the souls of people? I think there is no need to blur the boundaries, and I was not talking about that.
If some personal boundaries are tight, then they can be expanded by communicating more, participating more, well, in general ... moving more, traveling ... probably so.
And there is no need to fight here.
And good afternoon to you, Julia! Since I'm also more of an amateur, your "food for thought" is very helpful and says you've dug deep. From the unequivocal conclusion two days ago "everyone has a personal space" you moved to "personal space is not for everyone." So now it's probably my turn to insist on its existence.
In my opinion, your philosophical conclusion is very important: "These limits are variable." Therefore, I would still not deny anyone the presence of his personal space. Another thing is that objectively and subjectively it can vary greatly from person to person, and even in each person its boundaries are blurred, mobile and can change dramatically depending on the situation.
Let's say, a citizen has been saving money, paintings, art objects all his life, and then he gave everything to people, to the church, to the art gallery, to the state. But did this impoverish his personal space? I think no! After all, he let other people into his space, and they, in turn, opened their souls before him.
In my opinion, it is very correct and frank when you now say that for you "living space ... remains rather blurred." Since I am in exactly the same position, there is nothing I can do to help combat this blur. And is it necessary to fight it? Perhaps, on the contrary, it should be blurred more and more, erasing unnecessary boundaries between the souls of people? Nikolay.
Good afternoon! Of course, I'm not a pro in psychology :) I can just give "food for thought".
I agree that in the material sense and in the outside world, personal space is not for everyone. Many people simply do not feel the need for this, really, easily letting them use their things, constantly being with someone in the same room, not having a separate room ... etc ...
In relation to their body, however, these same people are no longer so "light". When talking, for example, in society, rarely anyone is closer than half a meter, and few people like any medical manipulations even if necessary.
Moving on... Intangible...
The personal, of course, has to do with the individual. This means that the limits of its manifestations and possibilities can also be a personal space. These limits are variable. And unlike material limits, they are no longer only related to security.
The soul ... also has a direct bearing on the personality. I even think that it is possible that a person is a manifestation of a person's soul in society. And the soul also has limits, personal space)
And you, Nikolai, can you tell me something about the living space? For me, it remains rather blurry.
Nikolai, for some time now I have moved away from a purely logical comprehension of the world) internal and external. What is my personal space - I feel very well, as, probably, any person feels his own. It is quite variable with different people and at different times. I don't quite understand why scientific definitions are needed here))
After reading your article, I became interested in "living space" in comparison with personal)
Probably, it is important in some conversations and discussions to come to common denominator, but I consider it just as important to exchange opinions and thoughts) for the further personal thinking of each of the participants)
And you certainly need deep general conclusions?
Julia, thanks for the clarification. Everything is exactly like that. Indeed, everyone builds his own personal space, lets or does not let him in. Someone does not recognize the space of a neighbor and climbs without asking, because interests have crossed. It happens anyway...
Of course, it is useful for every citizen to find out where he has more rights, and where it is better not to interfere. If there is no such understanding, then this is probably already an object for psychiatry, and not for psychology.
All this is great, but I'm afraid that we have not advanced in the definition of personal space, and therefore we cannot draw deep conclusions. But maybe you will try to give a definition? Nikolay.
> there is almost nothing purely personal in society
I don't get it, how is it? In my opinion, everyone has personal things. And there is a personal space... For someone it is a high fence, but for someone, let's say, a pocket of a jacket or trousers... a handbag..... documents... records... etc.. For someone, pleasant hours of loneliness and much more, where you can let someone in, or you can not let them in.
It's very individual in particular, and that's why I'm talking about this kind of personal demarcation for developmental purposes. If a person's boundaries between "I" and the outside world are erased, then he simply goes crazy, or at least normal aggression appears when his space is invaded without demand.
Your example with socks is, of course, funny))) but somehow alarming. There are thoughts about ... partial seizure of the husband's personal space by his wife)) with his own filing. Whether from laziness, or from unwillingness to be responsible for his own things, he is ready to give his socks to his wife, if only she would wash them and let him wear them)))
> Any delimitation, in my opinion, is a rough blow to this very development. And I think. not all)
> On the contrary, the wider a person stepped into the world, penetrated into the spaces of other people, the brighter his individuality can manifest itself and play. I agree, just looking at how to step and penetrate))
In general, I am FOR personal space, as well as for personal responsibility. I think it Parallel Worlds) interconnected with living space.
Julia, thank you very much for showing interest in the topic and nevertheless decided to dig deeper. I gladly accept your understanding of spaces. I don't think it's too different from what was said before. Living space is, of course, not fiction. Neither I nor Kozlov considered it to be an artifact, and this is its noticeable difference from personal or personal space.
Kozlov is not limited to the conclusion, but gives an argument. In my view, the main difficulty in the concept of "personal" is that there is practically nothing purely personal in society. Something can be legislated, but already at the family level there are very few items that can be declared: this is only mine and don’t dare to touch it. To her husband's statement: my socks! - the wife's answer: then wash it yourself!
Individual development personality is also by no means a personal process behind a high fence. Any delimitation, in my opinion, is a rough blow to this very development. On the contrary, the wider a person stepped into the world, penetrated into the spaces of other people, the brighter his individuality can manifest itself and play.
I will be glad to see from you the development of this topic. Nikolay.
The narrowing of the physical living space for a person over the age of 60 is more and more reminiscent of a process opposite to that observed in childhood: the space of the world, which is basically unlimited for access, at a younger age is increasingly narrowing first to the boundaries of the district, then to the street, then to the yard , home and finally bed.
The most frequently visited places in the living space are by no means theaters (they are not visited at all by 85% of pensioners),
CHAPTER 5. BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS ■ 603
In old age there is a significant
narrowing of living space and decrease
psychophysical possibilities.
zei (does not attend 82%), not exhibitions (does not attend 78%) and not libraries (does not attend 78%) (Patrushev V.D., 1998). Them the place is now occupied by shops, pharmacies, clinics, the nearest "diners" (drink once a week and more often 23% of men aged about 70 years old)(Potanina Yu. A., 1999) and benches, gazebos in front of the house.
INTERACTION WITH OBJECTS
The very interaction of an elderly person with surrounding objects is gradually qualitatively changing. The decrease in his psychophysical abilities inevitably leads to the appearance of the necessary aids: glasses, dentures, a hand cart for moving weights, canes and some others. The presence of these objects, on the one hand, helps an elderly person to act more or less effectively, and on the other hand, creates additional inconvenience and worries for him.
For example, when reading, every time you have to take out glasses, wipe their glasses; while eating, dentures can cause discomfort - 34% of men and 48% of women complain about the poor quality of dentures (Potanina Yu. A., 1999); a cane, which helps to maintain balance and alleviate pain while walking, gives rise to fears of forgetting it somewhere (according to the same author, about 12% of seventy-year-olds use a stick).
Due to the decrease in mobility and speed of movement, the elderly have to recalculate the time for performing various actions, procedures and transitions, for example, the time for their arrival at the appointed place at the appointed hour.
For many older people, physical activities cause pain in the joints, muscles, lower back, which significantly limits their ability, for example, to keep their homes, clothes, shoes in order. 71.1% of older people need food delivery, 77% - laundry, 72% - home cleaning, 23.6% - cooking (Karpenko-vat. V., 1998).
The surrounding physical world makes the elderly person more and more vigilant and causes a feeling of tension due to the possible occurrence of various dangers. Everything becomes more and more dangerous everywhere: at home, on the stairs, on the street, in public transport, indoors and in the square - on a lonely standing bench, in a crowd and alone. 22% of men and 39% of women around the age of 70 do not feel
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security nowhere (Potanina Yu. A., 1999). Thus, the physical world becomes less and less malleable, reliable, manageable, predictable, and increasingly dangerous.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
From the foregoing, it becomes clear that the social world for a person at this age gradually comes into conflict with accumulated experience, knowledge and skills. It seems that young people only pretend to listen to the opinion of the old. Conflicts with the younger generation are a common phenomenon (Panina N.V., Sachuk N.N., 1985).
In modern society, “experience is no longer equivalent to knowledge, and older people fail to engage in social evolution. Therefore, they are not respected by the young as “strategic teachers”” (Krasnova O.V., 1997, p. 5).
Meanwhile, for many it is at this age that the desire to be useful and useful for the first time appears. the right people(Shakhmatov N.F., 1996). However, young people see in this desire importunity, senile grumbling and do not take it seriously.
Elderly people who have retained common sense and reason can only wisely come to terms with their position as "behind the times" and patiently, to the best of their ability and abilities, help their loved ones - children, relatives, each other - If strength allows - to work and thus communicate with people Otherwise, unbearable loneliness piles up.
In Russian conditions, moreover, work is a means for the survival of the elderly. In the new economic conditions, the isolation of the elderly increased: 63% of pensioners noted that, compared with 1991, the circle and intensity of communication they had decreased (Patrushev V.D., 1998).
BEHAVIOR IN THE FAMILY
The most optimal type of family at this age is a married couple. At the same time, an important condition for maintaining a favorable emotional atmosphere in the family is the traditional distribution of household duties (Panina N.V., Sachuk N.N., 1985).
It should be noted once again that in this regard, men are more “lucky”, because of them aged about 70 years old 75% are married, while only 35% are women.
Development factors
In connection with the appearance of a large amount of free time in older people, the question arises of its rational use. It turned out that the attitude towards the use of free time is not only a matter of common sense and benefit for others, but also a matter of
CHAPTER 5. BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS ■ 605
growth related to personal health: among pensioners who rationally use free time, chronically ill only 7-26%, among those leading an unhealthy lifestyle (passivity, bad habits, etc.) seriously ill 97% (Panina N.V., Sachuk N.N., 1985). 7.7% of working and 4.1% of non-working pensioners continue to study and improve their skills. The leisure activities of the rest are watching TV programs (84.6%), interest in radio compositions (80%), reading literature (72%) and communication (69%).
RELIGIOSITY
The approaching end of life inevitably raises "eternal questions" for the elderly. It is possible that religiosity, which increases in old age, is a reaction to the aggravation of the relevance of these issues. Faith in God gives hope that with the end of physical existence, the existence of the soul will not cease, but will acquire some new form.
Be that as it may, but among believers, according to various sources, persons over 60 years old from 53% to 65.8% (Kaariainen K., Furman D. E., 1997; Novikova L. G., 1998).
The assumption that the elderly hope for salvation after death seems to be true because among believers of all ages, 45% believe in the existence of the soul after death (it is possible that most of of them are elderly), 52% - to heaven, 46% - to hell, 49% believe that "life makes sense because there is a God" (Kaariainen K., Furman D. E.). The total number of believers among persons over 18 years of age in our country is currently 47%.
HAPPY OLD AGE
Not all older people experience old age hard and unhappily. Many of them, by the end of their lives, develop a calm and tolerant attitude towards life and what is happening around them. If this happens, then the life of an elderly person is filled with an even, calm and peaceful light emanating from the very fact of life.
The so-called "happy old age" accompanies those who, in relation to life, take a position similar to the position of Ecclesiastes: everything in life - knowledge, titles, honorary positions, interpersonal relationships, money - all this is "vanity of vanities."
People with such a position are characterized by a calm, contemplative look at today's life, at current events. Essentially, it is not passive, but active position, since it determines the nature and form of behavior
"Happy old age".
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niya, activity and communication of the person. Older people with such a position argue less, dramatize events less, say “yes” more often, although at the same time they remain in their opinion and pursue their own line of behavior. They do not sit still, but leisurely act in accordance with their ingrained interests, affections and personal aspirations. They do not make decisive bets on the future, but enjoy the current present.
The important thing is that such a happy old age is possible even with adverse conditions- not very good health and material troubles (Shakhmatov N. F., 1996, p. 65).
SUMMARY
The most important factors that determine human behavior at this stage of life are: a decrease in psychophysical capabilities, gender, personality type, gradual withdrawal from active social life(the so-called "dissociation"), material well-being, the loss of loved ones and loneliness, as well as the consciousness of the approaching end of life.
The physical world with which older people interact directly is increasingly narrowing. Subjectively, things that perform an auxiliary role play an increasingly important role: glasses, a cane, dentures, a hand cart for moving weights.
Many older people have a growing sense of danger that lies in wait for them everywhere: on the street, in the yard, in an empty square, and even in their own apartment.
The degree of social activity of older people is increasingly decreasing and for many it is limited to family communication and communication with the immediate environment. A significant part of pensioners find themselves alone. Overcoming loneliness and increasing material prosperity contributes to the continuation professional activity or other work.
In old age, interest in religion sharply increases.
Not all elderly people experience old age hard and unhappily, some of them live a “happy old age”. Many by the end of their lives develop a calm and tolerant attitude towards life and what is happening around them. If this happens, then the life of an elderly person is filled with an even, calm and peaceful light emanating from the very fact of life. The ability to have such a view of a given period of one's life depends primarily on a person's personal attitudes.
CHAPTER 6
DEATH AND DYING
Man differs from all other living beings in that he knows about the inevitability of his death. True, in early childhood there is still no awareness of the finiteness of one's physical existence. However, a clear picture of the inevitable end life.
This circumstance, connected with the knowledge of the finiteness of one's own life and the inevitability of death, throughout the history of man has been the basis for the creation of various concepts of the meaning of life, theories of the other world and life after death.
The theme of death is the most important in all religions of the world. At the same time, some believe in the frailty and temporality of earthly existence and in the eternal life of the soul after physical death, after liberation from a sinful body. Others accept the theory of reincarnation, which allows for the possibility of multiple physical rebirth and return to the earthly world in various living forms: in another person, in an animal, in a tree, etc. Note, by the way, that the concept of reincarnation also existed in Christianity until 553, until it was condemned by the Second Council of Constantinople. Some do not believe in any form of life after death. However, for everyone, the knowledge of the inevitability of death is the most important circumstance that directly affects a person's life. To a certain extent, it can be argued that it is the knowledge of the inevitability of death that gives meaning to life.
Describe from a psychological point of view the final period of a person's life
love is quite difficult. And the point here is not only that
This topic is to a certain extent taboo, and therefore little known.
followed. In addition, the attitude towards death is extremely personal.
dimensional, individualized, dependent on a set of subjective
objective factors. Obviously, people of different ages have different
perceive death and relate to it differently. However, along with the
a direct parameter in relation to ______________________________
death is influenced by the existential system of the individual, the degree of religiosity, subjective life experience, state of health, finally. Despite this, we still
608 ■ Part VIII. Late adulthood and old age (60... 75...) SHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSH
we try to consider some general tendencies associated with the process of dying and death.
FEAR OF DEATH
Some studies have shown that older people experience less anxiety at the thought of death than relatively young people (Kastenbaum, 1986). A survey of a large group of elderly people, conducted in the course of one study, showed that the question "Are you afraid of dying?" only 10% answered yes (Jeffers & Verwoerdt, 1977). At the same time, it is noted that older people think about death often, but with amazing calmness (Craig, 2000). It is clear that these statements reflect a general trend, from which not only can there be, but, of course, there are significant exceptions due to individual differences. So, on the one hand, it has been established that people who have a clear goal in life are less afraid of dying (Durlak, 1979), and other studies suggest that older people who are physically and mentally healthy, have plans for the future and feel adapted in life, death worries the most (Craig, 2000). Truly, as A. Schopenhauer accurately noted, the fear of death is nothing but the reverse side of the will to live.
There are different ideas about these spaces in the literature, some of them are mentioned in the article "Living Space". Here are suggestions that do not pretend to reflect the current points of view.
In the personal space of a person, it is advisable to single out the material and spiritual parts. Personal spiritual space can be defined as all the knowledge of a person, his ideas about the world, about God, his attitude towards other people. The spiritual space is largely inaccessible from the side of society, from the outside it can be judged mainly by indirect signs. A person is able to hide his true knowledge, moods, inclinations. Therefore, the inner world of one individual is objectively and at his will essentially separated from the world of another person.
At the same time, the concealment, or even the absence of knowledge and a rich inner world, does not contribute to mutual understanding in society and the influence of a person on this society. On the contrary, you can share your experience not only without harm to yourself, but with benefit for everyone.
Despite the undoubted individuality of the spiritual space, to a large extent it is shaped by upbringing and environment. A citizen often considers beliefs and beliefs to be his family, but in fact they were imposed from the outside, and insufficient education and an uncritical attitude did not allow us to weed out everything random and extraneous.
Personal material space can include things and various resources (financial, housing, land, food), which are to some extent assigned to each citizen by legal or moral norms. Unlike spiritual, material resources are limited. If they got to one, they did not get to another. Anything that can satisfy the needs of one person will usually work for another. Any material property is potentially the property of any person, and therefore it has to be protected.
In the material space, the boundaries are not determined by the properties of things, but by social norms that can change, be violated, trampled. These rules are conditional. You can have a personal desk at the workplace, a personal bank account, a garden plot, your own room in an apartment for a family, but all this is at the same time the property of more general structures that can change the rules at any time.
Thus, the boundaries of personal space objectively exist, but they are rather arbitrary, relative, transient. But, probably, this is how it should be philosophically for any phenomenon.
The living space of a person, family, organization, state, the whole society is what is covered by their activities and, to one degree or another, is necessary for this activity. In particular, it covers the personal space of a person.
In the living space, one can also distinguish the spiritual and material parts. But here, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the second, since all spirituality is concentrated mainly in the heads of living citizens, in their personal spaces. And without people, books and works of art are nothing more than a boring chronology of Egyptian dynasties.
In the broadest sense, the material living space of each person coincides with the living space of mankind - with the planet Earth. Perhaps in the future it will expand to the scale solar system and the Galaxy, but so far the conditions there are clearly not conducive to expansion. Today it is not difficult to visit almost any country. But even if a citizen is an inveterate homebody, he is still aware of world events, which will certainly affect the life of even the most remote corners. Therefore, if we single out the living spaces of each citizen, then they are strongly intertwined and interdependent.
The living space of one person can be divided into different levels, associated respectively with his country, city, enterprise, family, and various public organizations. Each level has its own items, resources, symbols, rules of conduct.
Although this can be disputed, but with some reservations, I would include many other people in the living space of a person, and above all, his immediate environment. No matter how independent this environment may be, it is precisely this environment that recognizes the rights of the individual, reflects his ideas and protects his interests. In fact, a person lives as much as he lives in other people. If he is forgotten, and no one needs him, then he is no longer a person as a member of society.
Therefore, along with the development of the actual spaces in meters and resources in kilograms, the study of the ideas of other people, as well as the promotion of their ideas, if the individual considers them useful for himself and for society, is of paramount importance. When mutual understanding is established between people, then meters and kilograms will quickly go. But you won’t achieve anything alone, and even if you chop off a piece of resources for yourself by force, you won’t squeeze much out of it without outside help.
Thus, the living space of other people is actually a continuation of the space of one person. By influencing your neighbors, you can partly manage their economy and benefit from it. additional features and acquisitions. Often this mechanism is used for selfish purposes, and it is not so easy to break it. Against this background, social conflicts are unfolding, somewhere with implicit, and somewhere with explicit claims to dominance and to expand living space, not only physical and material, but also in the minds of citizens.
In today's world, the struggle for minds is of particular importance. Information is ubiquitous and relatively cheap in itself, it imperceptibly reaches the very depths of a person's spiritual space and thus turns out to be a powerful tool for manipulating people and redistributing social wealth. Today, in front of sophisticated means of influence, the spirituality of a person is more unprotected than ever. Therefore, opening your soul to people, it is not out of place to protect your spiritual space and see if dangerous weeds of imposed ideas have settled in it, attractive at first glance, but leading to disunity of people and therefore destructive for themselves and for society.
So, the concepts of personal and living space, of course, do not occupy a central place in psychology and sociology, but if desired, they can reflect important aspects of personality and community development. N.V. Nevesenko
Living space
The living space is key concept in Kurt Lewin's field theory. The content of this term includes the entire set of real and unreal, actual, past and future events that are in the psychological space of an individual at a given moment in time. These can be expectations, goals, images of attractive (or repulsive) objects, real or imaginary obstacles to achieving the desired, human activity, etc. In general, everything that can determine the behavior of a person. Proceeding from this, behavior is a function of the personality and its living space at a given moment in time. It is significant to note that Lewin recognized the existence of the influence of non-psychic events on human behavior. Therefore, even influences that are unconscious to a person, associated with socio-economic and physiological factors, are also included in the analysis of his living space. Sometimes living space is called psychological.
Regions and borders
The psychological space consists of different sectors, regions, which are graphically represented by divided boundaries. Boundaries are permeable. The "harder" the border, the barrier, the thicker the line depicting it. The fact of living space is everything that can be realized by a person. An event is the result of the interaction of several facts. The number of sectors, regions is determined by the number of facts currently in the living space. The closer the sector is to a person's personal space, the more influence it has.
locomotion
Communication between regions is carried out through locomotion. Locomotions (actions) can take place both in real physical space and in unreal, imaginary. The function of locomotion is to regulate tension in a person's living space. The level of tension in one sector can be regulated by the implementation of locomotion in another sector. For example, dreams can be surreal locomotions associated with the regulation of tension caused by needs that at a given moment in time cannot be satisfied in physical space. If dreams do not reduce tension, a person uses other regions for relaxation. If locomotion in regions accessible to a person does not reduce the level of tension, and the remaining regions are characterized by rigid boundaries “at the entrance”, then human behavior can be described as obsessive.
... When we derive an event, such as locomotion ... from the living space, three principles must be followed.
"one. The principle of connectivity (an event is always the result of the interaction of two or more facts).
2. The principle of concreteness (only concrete facts can have an effect. A concrete fact is a fact that actually exists in the living space).
3. The principle of simultaneity (only the facts of the present can produce behavior in the present) ”(K. S. Hall, G. Lindsay, 1999, p. 304).
Time perspective
Kurt Lewin raised the question of the existence of units of psychological time of various scales, due to the scale of life situations that define the boundaries " psychological field Currently". This field includes not only the present position of the individual, but also his ideas about his past and future - desires, fears, dreams, plans and hopes. All parts of the field, despite their chronological diversity, are subjectively experienced as simultaneous and equally determine human behavior. This view has stimulated research into the time perspective of the individual. In his article "Defining the concept of "field at the moment"" Kurt Lewin defines the time perspective as a phenomenon "including the psychological past and future at real and various unreal levels" (Levin K., 1980 a). The very term "time perspective" was introduced into science by L. Frank in 1939 to characterize the relationship and interdependence of the past, present and future in human consciousness and behavior.
Valence
Another construct used by Kurt Lewin to analyze mental phenomena and included in the conceptual apparatus of field theory is valence. Valence refers to the property of an object to attract or repel. That is we are talking about the value of the region for a person. The attractive region has positive valence, and repulsive - negative. There are regions that have for a person neutral valence. If a person is hungry, then a hamburger will have a positive valence for him, and if he is full, then the attitude towards a cutlet located between two buns will be neutral. If the individual ate too many hamburgers, then the brainchild of McDonald's will cause rejection in him and will have a negative valence.
The tension that exists in the psychological space of a person determines the force acting on him and directed to the region, which is designed to lower the level of tension. If several forces act on a person, then his locomotions are directed towards their resultant. In the figures, as is customary in physics, the force is denoted by a vector. “Force, or“ the tendency to move ”, has a conceptually different character than actual movement, although movement is one of the signs (operational definition) for the constellation of forces ...” (Levin K., 2000 b, p. 61). The force is due to the value of the valency inherent in the object at a given moment in time.
On the basis of the valency construct, Kurt Lewin interprets the phenomenon of conflict. According to him, the conflict is psychologically defined as the opposition of approximately equal field forces. For driving forces (that is, for forces associated with positive and negative valence), he identifies three main types of internal conflict (Levin K., 1980).
1. The person is between two positive valences. He needs to choose between two attractive objects. Hesitation is caused by the fact that after making a choice, the goal may look much less attractive than in a conflict situation.
2. Collision with an object that has both positive and negative valency (“both wanting and scared”). Human behavior in this situation has the character of a "shuttle": approach-removal from the object.
3. Conflict between two negative valences (for example, between the need to do unpleasant work and the threat of punishment). Energy costs in this case increase significantly, even if the work is quite easy.
Thus, according to Lewin's theory, a person's behavior in conflict is related to the valence of objects located in his psychological field.
Practical application of field theory: undergraduate stress.
Since “things like field theory can be understood and mastered only in practice” (Levin K., 1980 a, p. 131), it would be reasonable to illustrate the possibilities of describing the living space as the first stage on the path of analyzing the phenomena of human mental reality. Consider the phenomenon of pre-graduation stress in some students. What components characterize their living space in the period three to four weeks before graduation?
“The strength of Lewin's theory is its suitability for solving many problems in a form that would correspond to meaningful experience” (Back K. W., 1992, p. 55).
First, it is, of course, the defense of the thesis itself. Most of the students had no previous experience of such protection, and this region is a “zone of unknown” for them. Even the most detailed information about how usually passes the defense of the diploma, is not exhaustive. Therefore, sectors containing information about the defense of a diploma are associated with this region: classmates, scientific director, teachers, parents' stories, visualization of the situation of protection, etc. It is in relation to these regions that students make purposeful real and surreal locomotions to obtain information and reduce the level of tension in the "thesis defense" sector. The more sectors of such a “search”, the more time the student spends on them, the less time is left for the actual reduction of tension in the “thesis defense” zone, which leads, respectively, to an increase in work time in the evening and at night.
Secondly, this is the “state exam” zone, which, as a rule, takes place after the defense of a diploma, but for which it is necessary to prepare in advance, since the amount of information necessary for preparation is quite large. Any delays associated with a decrease in tension in the “thesis defense” sector increase the tension in the “state exam” sector. This can happen to the extent that the boundary of the indicated sector becomes so impenetrable that it is impossible to approach this sector until the defense of the diploma.
Thirdly, this is the area of leisure or "distraction", which can be indicated by sectors such as "distraction from study" (or "ventilation"), "joint preparation for the exam", "celebrate the defense of the diploma (passing the exam)", etc. e. "Visit" to these sectors can reduce the tension of the "thesis defense" region for a while. Therefore, the boundaries of these spheres are easily permeable when “entering” them and difficult to permeate when leaving them, then we can observe the effect of uneven distribution of energy, accompanied by diffuse human activity. A situation may arise when the border associated with the “thesis defense” region becomes so difficult to penetrate, and its valence for a person, in this regard, acquires such a negative charge that a person gives the impression of randomly rushing about in search of regions to squander his energy. He goes to the library, but meets classmates and talks to them for two hours. Approaching the library, he notes that it is closed for lunch. The student goes to a cafe and spends time there almost until the library closes, and when he finally finds himself in the reading room, he states that his library card is not in his bag. Completely exhausted after the “assault” of the borders of the “thesis defense” region, he is literally “thrown” into the “friends” region, and this can continue until, due to the increasing tension in the region we are studying, his “bastions” fall and the tired student does not will direct its locomotions into its space.
Often the level of tension that has risen in the “leisure” regions during the preparation and defense of a diploma is discharged immediately after the defense in the form of parties. The more surreal locomotions (that is, locomotions carried out in an imaginary space) students tried to perform, thinking about how good it will be when the thesis defense is carried out, the higher the level of tension in the "entertainment" zones. If, on the other hand, the function of the reflections just given was only the regulation of tension in the “thesis defense” system, then after the implementation of this system, the student may not feel the need for stormy celebrations, since thoughts about leisure arose only in connection with the area under study.
Fourth, but by no means last, will be the region associated with future fate student after graduation. Let's call this region "professional and personal realization". It is the largest of those described and the most uncertain. It is from the point of view of this region that the “thesis defense” sector is inherently ambivalent. The fact of defending a diploma puts the student one on one in front of the "millstones" adult life requiring him to make independent decisions and certain actions. If a person clearly knows that after graduating from a university, a certain field awaits him, which will provide material prosperity, professional and personal growth, then, of course, the tension of the “thesis defense” sector will not be so high. On the contrary, it will have a higher positive valence for the student, as a gate that opens the way to a better life. But there may be a situation where the mark for a diploma is directly related to future career. If only a certain mark (“excellent”, for example) is needed, on the basis of which the student will receive an honors degree and be able to get a job in a prestigious organization, then the surreal sector “defending a diploma with a low mark” that accompanies the “thesis defense” sector can create additional tension. in the zone we are studying, making it ambivalent and generating conflict situation, described by Levin in the thirties (Levin K., 1980b, p. 128).
The higher the level of tension in the system, the less, according to Levin's dedifferentiation concept (Hothersall D., 1995, p. 247), the human life space will be differentiated (that is, it will consist of a smaller number of regions). The living space of some students is limited to the sectors "thesis defense", "state examination", "TV" and "eating". Of course, this lifestyle does not lead to better health.
For reflection
1. Remember when in last time you are in conflict. Describe it in terms of field theory. Was it an internal conflict or an external one? What was it due to? Make a conclusion.
2. Draw your living space at this moment in time. What are you thinking about? What facts, events disturb you? What people play a big role in your life? Draw your living space as an ellipse, and the regions included in it as sectors that “break” this ellipse into components. Place yourself in this ellipse. Now describe your life situation in terms of field theory. Which regions' borders are rigid and which are too porous? What regions are inaccessible to you and why? What locomotion are you doing at the moment? Which regions have a positive valence and which have a negative one? What is it connected with? Look again at your living space. What conclusion can you draw?
So, we have considered the situation of undergraduate stress from the standpoint of field theory and the concept of living space. We can now draw some conclusions. Summing up can probably be considered the second stage in the use of field theory as a method of analysis.
1. The zone of uncertainty associated with the future of the student increases the level of tension in the system and thus gives the region "thesis defense" an ambivalent character. On the one hand, positive expectations are associated with it (release of tension, new opportunities, new status), and on the other hand, negative ones (uncertainty life path, tension associated with making an independent decision, possible failure in defense, negative criticism from loved ones).
2. The level of tension in the “thesis defense” region can be regulated through the use of the so-called “leisure” sectors and sectors associated with the “thesis defense information increase” zone. These zones can be located both in the real physical and in the unreal, imaginary world. At a certain voltage level, the number of regions can be reduced to two or three, which provides easier control over the voltage in the system.
3. Voltage regulation in the system is carried out by distributing energy between different regions.
Consequently, pre-graduation stress is due (to use the terminology of Kurt Lewin) to the permeability of the borders of the “thesis defense” region at the exit from it and their rigidity at the entrance. As already mentioned, it is difficult for some students to carry out locomotion in relation to the region under study in order to reduce the level of tension in it.
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