Where is the earth's magnetic pole now? Why do the earth's magnetic poles drift? Magnetic North Pole
You can create a beautiful body not only in the fitness room on complex simulators. Figure perfection methods are available at home with absolutely simple equipment. In this case, we will talk about kettlebells - a universal sports equipment for men and women. Kettlebell exercises will help to pump up muscles, tighten the stomach, develop strength and endurance, strengthen and tone the body. They are simple to perform, do not require special preparation, and the result is always positive.
Effect of kettlebell training
Kettlebells are a fairly simple, well-known to everyone, sports equipment. It is used mainly by men in power sports. In fact, it is universal and its possibilities are very extensive. Women can freely use weights, doing fitness at home or in gym. A variety of exercises is suitable for both a physically unprepared beginner and an experienced athlete.
The weight is a projectile with a displaced center of gravity. The main weight is concentrated in the lower part, the handle is located on top. This distinguishes it from the barbell and dumbbells, but is not a minus. Thanks to this design feature, almost the entire body is involved in the work, and not individual muscle groups. The possibility of rotational movements and control of inertial force contributes to this.
The kettlebell is an excellent sports equipment for training strength indicators at home.
Sports activities with kettlebells are highly effective for several reasons:
- not only the arms work, as it may seem, but also the buttocks, back, hips, shoulders, abs;
- strength develops, muscle mass builds up, fat is burned;
- small and large muscles are involved simultaneously, not working in isolation;
- a simple, affordable, compact projectile that can be hidden anywhere and cannot be broken;
- training is carried out in any convenient place and at any time;
- groups of exercises with kettlebells are easy and understandable, do not require complex equipment and special physical training;
- kettlebell lifting is one of the safest sports, the risk of injury is minimal;
- the work of the central nervous system, musculoskeletal system, metabolism and metabolism;
- suitable for women and men of any age;
- time is saved - one lesson lasts from 15 to 40 minutes.
Kettlebell training effectively develops functional strength and tone the entire body. The result is a toned and strong body without much effort.
This sports equipment is great for training at home.
Kettlebell training can be done at home. Special difficulties will not arise even for a beginner. The technique of exercises is simple and understandable, there are no strict canons and methods. Everyone selects their optimal program and load level depending on physical fitness and personal preferences.
Read also:
How to do the Planck exercise at home?
Before starting training, it is necessary to take into account some rules and nuances of kettlebell lifting:
Kettlebell training will significantly accelerate the growth of muscle mass
Kettlebell exercises for beginners
You should not start training immediately with complex exercises. So you can overload the muscles, undermine health or get injured, while getting a zero result. You need to enter into classes with a kettlebell gradually, studying various exercises and the body's reaction to them. The optimal starting weight for women is 6-8 kg, for men - 16 kg.
The basic program for a beginner may include the following set of exercises with a kettlebell:
- Jerk. We stand straight, we place our legs shoulder-width apart, we align our back. We bend over and take the weight with one hand, with a smooth, but sharp, movement we raise it to the level of the chest, then push it up. We carefully lower the projectile to the floor. We use our hands alternately.
- Tilt pull. In a standing position, we bend our knees a little, lean forward, the pelvis is set back, the back remains straight. We take the weight in our hand and pull it towards us, bending the elbow. Pull up on the exhale, lower on the inhale. Only the shoulders and elbows move, the rest of the body remains motionless. You can lift two weights at once or hold one projectile with both hands.
- Mill. We take a kettlebell in one hand and stand straight, squeeze it with a jerk upwards, fix in this position. Next, gently lean in the opposite direction so as to touch the foot. We slowly return to the starting position. We keep the projectile at arm's length all the time. Change hands after 5 sets.
At the first stage, until the strength indicators increase, the training will take no more than 10 minutes. Subsequently, of course, the time will increase
Having learned to perform these basic exercises, you can move on to strengthening the muscles of the hands. To do this, several simple training options have been developed.
- Stand in a standard position, lift the kettlebell up on an outstretched arm. Place your other hand on your waist. Raise and lower the projectile to shoulder level, while the elbow remains static. Movements occur exclusively along a vertical trajectory.
- Take weights with a small weight in two hands, turn your palms outward. Raise the shells in the direction of the shoulders, lower on both sides of the body. During the exercise, only the forearms move.
- Sit on a chair, straighten your back, spread your legs a little. With one hand, rest against your side, with the other, take a weight and put it on your knee. Do bending movements, as in the previous exercise.
- Stand next to the back of the chair, bend over a little and lean on it with your hand. Raise and lower the other hand with the kettlebell along the body, in a vertical straight line.
The listed exercises are recommended for unprepared beginners to accustom the body to the loads and master the technique. Suitable equally for women and men. To begin with, start with 5 exercises of each type, then increase to 15.
During classes with a kettlebell, fats are perfectly burned, and a surge of hormonal levels occurs in the body.
Kettlebell exercises at home for women
It is wrong to consider kettlebells as an exclusively male sport. They are quite suitable for women who want to keep their body in shape with minimal financial and time costs. For classes, you will need 2-3 shells for 8, 12 and 16 kilograms (if necessary, you can take 24, 32 kg) and 15-20 minutes a day three times a week.
Read also:
How to pump up your hands correctly and quickly?
We offer an indicative program for one workout, consisting of 4 simple and effective exercises:
- We warm up the body with the help of rotations. We stand straight, feet shoulder-width apart, take the weight with both hands. We rotate it around the hips, throwing it between the hands. We perform 40 seconds in each direction.
- We do an exercise for the back - traction in a standing position. We take the weight in the right hand, make a lunge with the left foot forward (not very deep), lean a little (back is even). With the free hand rest on the knee. We pull the projectile towards us, bending the elbow. The position of the body does not change. Enough 8-10 times on each side.
The kettlebell is an excellent sports equipment for training strength indicators at home. In this article, beginners will receive answers to all questions related to home training.
The kettlebell is used by representatives of almost all sports to increase strength. This sports equipment is great for training at home.
Beginners who decide to start training should first consult a doctor, and then a trainer who will suggest a training program. If this is not possible, then just read this article - in it you will find answers to all questions regarding kettlebell exercises at home.
Kettlebells - the sport of the strong
No one will argue that kettlebell lifting is popular. A lot of people do kettlebell training at home. Among the main factors that influenced the development of kettlebell lifting, the following can be noted:
- Compact sports equipment that can be placed anywhere. In addition, it cannot be broken.
- Kettlebell training will significantly accelerate the growth of muscle mass.
- Training can be done anywhere and at a convenient time for the athlete.
- At the first stage, until the strength indicators increase, the training will take no more than 10 minutes. Later, of course, the time will increase.
- During classes with a kettlebell, fats are perfectly burned, and a surge of hormonal levels occurs in the body.
- No need to learn a large number of different techniques. All exercises in kettlebell lifting are based on human physiology.
- With constant exercises, strength increases, the work of the central nervous system improves.
- To create a beautiful sports figure, you just need to buy a kettlebell and remember a dozen exercises.
- Kettlebell classes are available to women.
- Despite the seeming high danger of training, statistics say otherwise - this is one of the safest sports.
How to choose the weight of the kettlebell
When choosing the weight of a sports equipment, it is necessary to take into account only two indicators: the strength of the athlete and the type of exercise. Beginners can be advised to start with a minimum weight, which is 16 kilograms. Gradually, most often during the year with constant training, you can reach the maximum weight of the kettlebell at 32 kilograms. The training program should be designed in such a way that exercises for different muscle groups alternate.
The time of one lesson should not exceed 40 minutes, and it is desirable to conduct training at the same time. At the end of the lesson, you should do breathing exercises, calmly walk for a minute or two, after which you can go to the shower.
The first thing a beginner kettlebell lifter needs to master is the snatch. You can perform this exercise with one or two hands. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the back is even, and the weight is located in the center of the athlete's body. To perform the exercise, you should bend over and, taking the projectile by the handle, jerk it down to your chest. After that, grab the kettlebell with your other hand and lower it into place.
When the first exercise is mastered, you can move on to bent over rows. The growth of muscle mass during this exercise directly depends on the weight of the sports equipment. However, you should correctly calculate your physical capabilities so as not to get injured.
According to the technique of execution, the pull is not much more complicated than the snatch. The left knee should be on one edge of the bench, and the left hand, respectively, on the other. Take the kettlebell with your right hand, and at the same time as you exhale, pull the kettlebell towards you. The arm should be bent at the elbow joint. Return the projectile to its original position while inhaling. Only the elbows and shoulders should be involved in the work.
The third exercise was called the "mill". The torso leans to the side so that the hand touches the foot. The second hand with the kettlebell rises high up.
What to do if the muscles are weak?
Of course, each person is at a different level of physical fitness. If the arm muscles are still weak, then they should be strengthened. For this, there are special exercises:
- The back is straight. Take 16 kg kettlebells in both hands, or if it's still too much weight for you, then smaller ones. Lower your hands down, and palms should look up. In total, from 2 to 4 approaches should be done, consisting of 8 or 10 repetitions each. This exercise strengthens the muscles of the hands and arms well.
- Sit on a chair, feet shoulder-width apart. The left hand is placed on the waist, and the weight is in the right hand on the right knee. With your palm pointing up, make bending movements so that the kettlebell moves in a vertical plane.
- Stand straight, feet shoulder width apart. In one hand is a sports equipment, and the second is at the waist. Raise the kettlebell over your head, and then raise and lower it. You need to make sure that the elbow does not move. This exercise is designed to train the biceps brachialis. It is enough to perform three sets of 10 repetitions each.
- Stand next to a chair and bend over. With one hand, hold on to the back, and in the other, hold the kettlebell. Start raising and lowering the projectile along the torso. The exercise is also performed in three sets of 10 repetitions.
- Kettlebell in one hand, and the second is located at the waist. Raise the projectile to the chest along a tangent path and make sure that the elbow does not move.
Exercises to train the muscles of the back
The main task of an athlete is to develop his muscles harmoniously. If you train your arms, but forget about your back, then there will be no benefit from such training. The following are exercises that will help you strengthen your back muscles:
- Stand next to a chair. Hold on to the back with one hand, and take the projectile with the other.
- Slightly bend your knees, left leg slightly behind. Raise and lower the projectile to the chest. You should do 5 sets, each with 10 repetitions.
- Take the weights in your hands, the back is straight. Pull the projectile to your chest. Do about 5 sets of 10 reps.
- The weight is located on the floor. Lean on the projectile with one hand, and put the other on the floor. Do push-ups.
- The standing press works well on several muscles at once. Place the kettlebell on your shoulder, then start lifting it. It is allowed to help with the feet.
Now you can get acquainted with a complex of 7 most effective exercises that allow you to harmoniously develop all muscle groups.
- Projectile throw. Perform 3 sets of 15 or 20 sets. Tilt your hip joint and grab the kettlebell. It is necessary to raise it sharply, while straightening the leg, simulating a jump. In this case, the elbows should be located outward from the projectile, and the shoulders should be directly above it. This position should be held for as long as possible. Make sure that the weight is always located near the body. While straightening your legs, simultaneously raise your shoulders, and when the arm with the kettlebell is at their level, stretch the projectile with your hands. Then turn your elbows so that they are below the projectile. All movements should be performed smoothly.
- Thrust projectile by hand. It is necessary to do 3 sets of 15 or 20 repetitions. Feet shoulder-width apart and slightly bent at the knees. Bend at the hip joint, while keeping your back straight. One hand is on the back of the chair, and the other holds the weight. Pull the weight up, bringing the shoulder blades together. Remember that the back must always remain level to avoid injury.
- Squats. Also 3 sets of 15 or 20 reps. The legs are slightly wider than the hip line, the projectile is on the chest. Start squatting. In this case, the knees should always remain above the feet. Return to the starting position after the thighs are parallel to the ground.
- Projectile impact. The number of approaches and repetitions is the same. Feet shoulder width apart, slightly bent at the knees. The weight is located near the ear. Perform a squat and immediately rise, while simultaneously lifting the projectile up.
- Mahi. The number of repetitions and approaches remains unchanged. The projectile is located between the legs, the body is tilted. Swing the kettlebell back, and swing it forward as hard as you can to chest level. The arms are straight, and the hips are straightened.
- "Mill". The arm with one projectile is straightened and raised up. At the same time, take another kettlebell with your other hand, and start lifting. Change hands and repeat. The number of approaches and repetitions is the same.
- Bench press. 3 sets of 15 or 20 sets. Lying on your back, squeeze the projectile.
At the beginning of the year, foreign media showed extraordinary interest in the movement of the Earth's magnetic poles and simply burst into fantasies about the "incomprehensible jumps" of the planet's North Magnetic Pole. As it turned out, they were given food for thought by Canadian Geological Survey professor Larry Newit, who, in his own words, gave an interview to a reporter who wanted to hear "how soon the pole would leave Canadian territory." The story of the professor with distortions was placed on the site "National news service", which fans of sensations came across.
In March, the story of the poles stirred up the Russian media in the capital. Domestic correspondents referred to the information of Yevgeny Shalamberidze, an employee of the Central Institute of Military-Technical Information. In this institute, as reported by many journalists, "an unexpected shift of the North magnetic pole by 200 kilometers" was allegedly recorded. This phenomenon was immediately called "polarity reversal" in the mass press.
So, with the sources that sowed so many rumors, we figured it out. It remains to understand what is really happening with the magnetic poles? Does their movement obey generally accepted theories pole drift? Is their polarity reversal possible in the near future, and what should earthlings expect if it does happen? With these questions, we turned to the Deputy Director of the Institute terrestrial magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN), Professor Vadim Golovkov and Evgeny Shalamberidze, Leading Researcher of the Central Institute for Military-Technical Information (CIFTI) of the RF Ministry of Defense.
DRIFT ACCELERATION
V. Golovkov was not surprised by the questions asked, the scientist, on the contrary, wanted to dispel the misunderstandings that had arisen. He explained that over the past 150 years, the position of the magnetic poles relative to geographical coordinates clearly tracked. Thus, the position of the North Magnetic Pole (NMP) for 2001 was determined by the coordinates of 81.3 degrees north latitude and 110.8 degrees west longitude (the northern island part of Canada, see map).
Really, soonaxis of the NSR not constant. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was only a few kilometers a year, in the 70s it accelerated to 10 kilometers a year, and now is about 40 kilometers per year. That "jump" of 200 kilometers, which the media reported with horror, magnetic pole did not overnight, but over the past ten years. The magnetic pole is moving almost to the north, and if this speed is maintained, the NSR will go beyond the 200-mile Canadian zone in 3 years, and in 50 years it will reach Severnaya Zemlya.
IS REVERSAL POSSIBLE?
From the school bench, we know that the Earth's magnetic field in the first approximation is a dipole, permanent magnet. But besides the main dipole, the planet has so-called local magnetic anomalies, "scattered" unevenly over its surface (Canadian, Siberian, Brazilian, etc.). Each anomaly leads its own specific way of life - they move, intensify, weaken, disintegrate.
The compass needle, which is also a magnet, is oriented relative to the total field of our planet and with one tip points to the North magnetic pole, the other - to the South. So the location of the first is greatly influenced by the Canadian magnetic anomaly, which currently occupies the entire territory of Canada, part of the Arctic Ocean, Alaska and the north of the United States. The anomaly "pulls" the position of the North geomagnetic pole by several degrees. Therefore, the real, total magnetic pole does not coincide with the geographic one, and the north-south compass reference turns out to be not perfectly accurate, but only approximate.
Under the inversion of the Earth's field understand the phenomenon when the magnetic poles change their sign to the opposite. The compass needle after inversion should be oriented diametrically opposite. V. Golovkov said that on the basis of paleomagnetic data (studies of ancient deposits of lava layers with iron-bearing inclusions), it was shown that the inversion of the poles on the scale of the geological time of the Earth is a fairly common phenomenon. However, the polarity reversal does not have any pronounced periodicity, it occurs every few million years, and last time took place about 700 thousand years ago.
Exhaustive explanation of inversion modern science cannot give. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the intensity of the Earth's dipole field changes twice with a period of about 10 thousand years. For example, at the beginning of our era, its value was 1.5 times greater than now. It is also known that at times when the dipole weakens, the local fields increase.
Modern models of polarity reversal suggest that if the strength of the main field weakens sufficiently and reaches a value of 0.2 - 0.3 of its medium size, then the magnetic poles will begin to "shake" under the influence of enhanced anomalous regions, not knowing where to stumble. So, the north pole can "jump" to middle latitudes, to the equatorial ones, and if the equator "jumps over", then an inversion will occur.
V. Golovkov believes that the accelerated movement of the North Magnetic Pole observed today is fully described by modern mathematical models. The scientist is convinced that the pole will not reach Severnaya Zemlya - the Canadian anomaly will simply “not let it in”, and it will drift in the same area without going beyond the anomaly. Inversion, according to V. Golovkov, is really possible at any moment, but this "moment" will not happen sooner than in several millennia.
GALACTIC SCALE CHANGES
Now let's talk about the information expressed by Yevgeny Shalamberidze, a leading researcher at the Central Institute for Military-Technical Information (CIVTI) of the Russian Defense Ministry, at a round table devoted to the problem of the growth of aviation accidents and catastrophes.
As E. Shalamberidze said in an interview to a correspondent of the Interfax VREMYA weekly, this organization conducts a comprehensive analysis of the results of dozens and even hundreds of domestic and foreign studies of various profiles. They show that one of the main sources of the accelerating drift of the planet's magnetic poles is the entry solar system into a certain energy-saturated zone of our Galaxy (as NASA experts put it, the system "plunged" into a hydrogen "bubble"). This area of increased concentration of atomic hydrogen began to fundamentally change the "energy order" of the development and interaction of all bodies of the solar system.
So, according to official data from NASA (including those obtained with the help of the Ullis space probe) and the Joint Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
Power electromagnetic radiation Jupiter has increased since the beginning of the 90s by 2 times, and Neptune only in the late 90s - by 30 times,
The energy intensity of the basic electromagnetic frame of the solar system, which forms a bunch of the Sun - Jupiter, has increased by 2 times,
On Uranus, Neptune and the Earth, ongoing processes of drift of the magnetic poles are growing.
Thus, the accelerating drift of the poles on our planet is only an element global processes occurring in the Solar and Galactic systems and exerting various influences on all phases of the development of the biosphere and the life of mankind.
WHAT ALREADY "IS WRONG" ON THE EARTH?
Registration data from satellite systems show that since 1994 there has been an inversion of the ocean surface temperature, and almost the entire system of world ocean currents has changed. Over the past 2 years in America, Canada, Western Europe, winter temperature records have been broken. The temperature of the water at the equator rises, and this leads to intensive evaporation of moisture. At the same time, the ice of the North Pole is melting. Few people know that the land area in the Arctic and Antarctica is currently undergoing rapid development flora. And our taiga is advancing to the north. The base of the Earth's radiation belt has shifted, the lower edge of the ionosphere has descended from a height of 300-310 km to 98-100 km. The number of all kinds of catastrophes is constantly increasing.
Total number of disasters\ With damage over 1% of the gross\ With the number of victims\ With the number of deaths
1963-67 16 39 89
1968-72 15 54 98
1973-77 31 56 95
1978-82 55 99 138
1983-87 58 116 153
1988-92 66 139 205
As Professor A.Dmitriev from the Joint Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences testifies, the space that now surrounds the Earth is in constant magnetoelectric "flicker", i.e. we have a magnetoelectric instability. There are conditions for sharp fluctuations in temperature, the emergence of typhoons, hurricanes. The constant introduction of additional energy and matter into the state of the Earth causes complex adaptive processes in the planet itself, it is forced to constantly adapt to new conditions. And that is exactly what we are seeing at the moment.
In order for us to be able to effectively predict the prospects for the drift of the magnetic poles and other basic geophysical forecasts on Earth, it is necessary, as the specialists of the Center for Information and Intervention Technologies emphasize, to create specialized state institutions that would begin to coordinate and integrate numerous narrow-industry studies of various organizations, so far completely unrelated between themselves. Only on this basis will it be possible to reasonably foresee what awaits us tomorrow ...
WHAT THEY KNOW IN THE USA AND DO NOT KNOW IN RUSSIA
At the same time, studies of the TsIVTI of the RF Ministry of Defense indicate that the US ruling circles received primary information about the growing planetary destruction by the middle of the 20th century and began to comprehensively and covertly take them into account in their long-term geostrategy.
Even in the open version of the 1980 government report to the President of the United States "On the state of the world by the year 2000" (where one of the 4 volumes was completely devoted to a detailed and multivariate forecast of the natural situation on the planet after 20 years) it was clearly indicated that the aggravation of the natural situation in the region of the year 2000 could be caused by: "... a change in the Earth's orbit and its rotation", "...these changes will have consequences for our future...", "...the duration of the consequences (reaction time) can stretch from several days to several millennia".
In 1998, under the Congress, and since 1999 under the US government, special committees were organized to prepare the country for emergency activities in the period up to 2030. Moreover, the leading scientific and government authorities of the United States strictly block the public dissemination of any objective and systemic information about the growing fluctuations of the earth's poles and cataclysms of the planet.
So why does the US geostrategy take into account the latest knowledge in the sciences, while ours, the domestic one, does not? One of the important factors in the uncontrollability of the processes taking place today on Earth is the ignorance or denial by humanity of the very fact of these processes. But even when a person gets their hands on such data, they often do not find a wide audience, or are distorted. Is it not time for us to boldly face the truth and make a difference?
Elena NIKIFOROVA, Columnist for the weekly Interfax TIME
The Earth has two north poles (geographic and magnetic), both of which are in the Arctic region.
Geographic North Pole
The northernmost point on the Earth's surface is the geographic North Pole, also known as True North. It is located at 90º north latitude but does not have a specific line of longitude because all meridians converge at the poles. The axis of the Earth connects the north and, and is a conditional line around which our planet rotates.
The geographic North Pole is located about 725 km (450 miles) north of Greenland, in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, which is 4,087 meters deep at this point. Most time the North Pole is covered by sea ice, but in recent times water has been seen around the exact location of the pole.
All points are south! If you are standing at the North Pole, all points are located to the south of you (east and west do not matter at the North Pole). While a full rotation of the Earth occurs in 24 hours, the planet's rotation speed decreases as it moves away from, where it is about 1670 km per hour, and at the North Pole, there is practically no rotation.
The lines of longitude (meridians) that define our time zones are so close to the North Pole that time zones don't make sense here. Thus, the Arctic region uses the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) standard to determine local time.
Due to tilt earth's axis The North Pole experiences six months of round-the-clock daylight from March 21 to September 21 and six months of darkness from September 21 to March 21.
Magnetic North Pole
Located approximately 400 km (250 miles) south of the true North Pole, and as of 2017 lies within 86.5°N and 172.6°W.
This place is not fixed and is constantly moving, even on a daily basis. The magnetic North Pole of the Earth is the center of the planet's magnetic field and the point to which conventional magnetic compasses point. The compass is also subject to magnetic declination, which is the result of changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
Due to the constant shifts of the magnetic N Pole and the planet's magnetic field, when using a magnetic compass for navigation, it is necessary to understand the difference between magnetic north and true north.
The magnetic pole was first determined in 1831, hundreds of kilometers from its present location. The Canadian National Geomagnetic Program monitors the movement of the magnetic North Pole.
The magnetic North Pole is constantly moving. Every day there is an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole about 80 km from its central point. On average, it moves about 55-60 km every year.
Who first reached the North Pole?
Robert Peary, his partner Matthew Henson, and four Inuit are believed to be the first people to reach the geographic North Pole on April 9, 1909 (although many assume they missed the exact North Pole by several kilometers).
In 1958, the United States nuclear submarine Nautilus was the first ship to cross the North Pole. Today, dozens of aircraft fly over the North Pole, carrying out flights between continents.
According to modern ideas, formed about 4.5 billion years ago, and since that moment our planet has been surrounded by a magnetic field. Everything on Earth, including people, animals and plants, is affected by it.
The magnetic field extends up to a height of about 100,000 km (Fig. 1). It deflects or captures solar wind particles that are harmful to all living organisms. These charged particles form the Earth's radiation belt, and the entire region of near-Earth space in which they are located is called magnetosphere(Fig. 2). On the side of the Earth illuminated by the Sun, the magnetosphere is bounded by a spherical surface with a radius of about 10-15 Earth radii, and on the opposite side it is elongated like a cometary tail to a distance of up to several thousand Earth radii, forming a geomagnetic tail. The magnetosphere is separated from the interplanetary field by a transition region.
Earth's magnetic poles
The axis of the earth's magnet is inclined with respect to the axis of rotation of the earth by 12°. It is located about 400 km away from the center of the Earth. The points at which this axis intersects the surface of the planet are magnetic poles. The magnetic poles of the Earth do not coincide with the true geographic poles. At present, the coordinates of the magnetic poles are as follows: north - 77 ° N.L. and 102° W; southern - (65 ° S and 139 ° E).
Rice. 1. The structure of the Earth's magnetic field
Rice. 2. Structure of the magnetosphere
The lines of force that run from one magnetic pole to the other are called magnetic meridians. An angle is formed between the magnetic and geographic meridians, called magnetic declination. Every place on Earth has its own angle of declination. In the Moscow region, the declination angle is 7° to the east, and in Yakutsk, about 17° to the west. This means that the northern end of the compass in Moscow deviates by T to the right of the geographical meridian passing through Moscow, and in Yakutsk - by 17 ° to the left of the corresponding meridian.
A freely suspended magnetic needle is located horizontally only on the line of the magnetic equator, which does not coincide with the geographic one. If you move north of the magnetic equator, then the northern end of the arrow will gradually drop. The angle formed by a magnetic needle and a horizontal plane is called magnetic inclination. At the North and South magnetic poles, the magnetic inclination is greatest. It is equal to 90°. At the North Magnetic Pole, a freely suspended magnetic needle will be installed vertically with the north end down, and at the South Magnetic Pole, its south end will go down. Thus, the magnetic needle shows the direction of the magnetic field lines above the earth's surface.
Over time, the position of the magnetic poles relative to earth's surface is changing.
The magnetic pole was discovered by explorer James C. Ross in 1831, hundreds of kilometers from its current location. On average, he moves 15 km per year. AT last years the speed of movement of the magnetic poles has increased dramatically. For example, the North Magnetic Pole is currently moving at a speed of about 40 km per year.
The reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles is called magnetic field inversion.
Throughout the geological history of our planet, the earth's magnetic field has changed its polarity more than 100 times.
The magnetic field is characterized by intensity. In some places on the Earth, magnetic field lines deviate from the normal field, forming anomalies. For example, in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), the field strength is four times higher than normal.
There are diurnal changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The reason for these changes in the Earth's magnetic field is electric currents flowing in the atmosphere at high altitude. They are caused by solar radiation. Under the action of the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field is distorted and acquires a "tail" in the direction from the Sun, which extends for hundreds of thousands of kilometers. The main reason for the emergence of the solar wind, as we already know, is the grandiose ejections of matter from the corona of the Sun. When moving towards the Earth, they turn into magnetic clouds and lead to strong, sometimes extreme disturbances on the Earth. Especially strong perturbations of the Earth's magnetic field - magnetic storms. Some magnetic storms begin unexpectedly and almost simultaneously throughout the Earth, while others develop gradually. They can last for hours or even days. Often, magnetic storms occur 1-2 days after a solar flare due to the passage of the Earth through a stream of particles ejected by the Sun. Based on the delay time, the speed of such a corpuscular flow is estimated at several million km/h.
During strong magnetic storms, the normal operation of the telegraph, telephone and radio is disrupted.
Magnetic storms are often observed at a latitude of 66-67° (in the aurora zone) and occur simultaneously with the auroras.
The structure of the Earth's magnetic field varies depending on the latitude of the area. The permeability of the magnetic field increases towards the poles. Above the polar regions, the magnetic field lines are more or less perpendicular to the earth's surface and have a funnel-shaped configuration. Through them, part of the solar wind from the day side penetrates into the magnetosphere, and then into the upper atmosphere. Particles from the tail of the magnetosphere also rush here during magnetic storms, reaching the boundaries of the upper atmosphere at high latitudes of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It is these charged particles that cause the auroras here.
So, magnetic storms and daily changes in the magnetic field are explained, as we have already found out, by solar radiation. But what is the main reason that creates the permanent magnetism of the Earth? Theoretically, it was possible to prove that 99% of the Earth's magnetic field is caused by sources hidden inside the planet. The main magnetic field is due to sources located in the depths of the Earth. They can be roughly divided into two groups. Most of them are associated with processes in the earth's core, where, as a result of continuous and regular movements of the electrically conductive substance, a system of electric currents is created. The other is related to the fact that rocks earth's crust, being magnetized by the main electric field (the field of the nucleus), they create their own magnetic field, which is added to the magnetic field of the nucleus.
In addition to the magnetic field around the Earth, there are other fields: a) gravitational; b) electrical; c) thermal.
Gravity field The earth is called the gravity field. It is directed along a plumb line perpendicular to the surface of the geoid. If the Earth had an ellipsoid of revolution and the masses were evenly distributed in it, then it would have a normal gravitational field. The difference between the intensity of the real gravitational field and the theoretical one is the anomaly of gravity. Various material composition, density rocks cause these anomalies. But other reasons are also possible. They can be explained by the following process - the balance of the solid and relatively light earth's crust on the heavier upper mantle, where the pressure of the overlying layers is equalized. These currents cause tectonic deformations, the movement of lithospheric plates and thereby create the Earth's macrorelief. Gravity keeps the atmosphere, hydrosphere, people, animals on Earth. The force of gravity must be taken into account when studying processes in geographical envelope. The term " geotropism”call the growth movements of plant organs, which, under the influence of the force of gravity, always provide a vertical direction of growth of the primary root perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. Gravitational biology uses plants as experimental objects.
If gravity is not taken into account, it is impossible to calculate the initial data for launching rockets and spacecraft, to make a gravimetric exploration of ore minerals, and, finally, it is impossible further development astronomy, physics and other sciences.