What is the name of Stalingrad today? Stalingrad: history and modern name of the city
Remember the history of the Second World War - 1942, for example. The battle for the city of Stalingrad (as it is now called, probably, outside of Russia and not everyone knows), in which the Red Army gained success, turned the tide of the war back. It deservedly bears the title of Hero City.
The city of Stalingrad: what it is called now and what it used to be called
During the Paleolithic period, on the outskirts of the city, there was a parking lot called Dry Mechetka. In the 16th century, in historical sources, this area is associated with the stay of representatives of the Tatar people. Since in the memoirs of the English traveler Jenkinson, "the abandoned Tatar city of Meskhet" is mentioned. In official royal documents, this city was first mentioned on July 2 under the name Tsaritsyn. So it was called until 1925.
As is known, in the 1920s and 1930s, cities were mainly called by the names and surnames (pseudonyms) of Soviet leaders and party leaders. The former Tsaritsyn in 1925 was the 19th city in the USSR in terms of the number of inhabitants, so its fate of renaming could not be avoided. In 1925 the city was renamed Stalingrad. It is under this name that he is best known, because he entered world history How major event Second World War.
In 1956, the debunking of the cult of Stalin began. The party had a lot of work in this direction, so the party leaders got to the renaming of the city only in 1961. From 1961 to the present locality bears the name that very accurately characterizes its location - Volgograd
Brief history of the city from 1589 to 1945
Initially, the city concentrated on a small island. Why is it based here? Because until that time people had already lived here, and the place was convenient for trade. The location on the Volga gave the settlement good chances for dynamic development. Real transformations in the city began to take place in the 19th century. The first gymnasium was opened for noble children, in which 49 children studied. In 1808, a doctor came to the city, who did a lot for the development of medicine in it (she was the first local doctor).
With the development (Volga-Don and other railways) since the late 1850s, industry and trade in the city have been developing very strongly, the well-being of residents has increased.
For the first three decades of the 20th century, the territory of Stalingrad was expanding. New industrial facilities, residential buildings, places of mass recreation of the population are being built. In 1942, the Germans came to the city of Stalingrad. What is this time called now? An occupation. 1942 and 1943 were the worst years in the history of the city.
Our time: the city is flourishing
Stalingrad - what city is it now? Volgograd. This name fully reflects its essence, because the river is one of the main trade routes. In the 1990-2000s, Volgograd acquired the status of a millionaire several times. Industry, services and recreation, sports are actively developing in the city. The football team of the Volgograd "Rotor" has played more than one season in the major league of Russia.
But still, the settlement played its most important role in history under the name "city of Stalingrad" (as it is now called, you should also not forget, because the old name is unlikely to return).
Volgograd- a city in the south-east of the European part of Russia, the administrative center Volgograd region, hero city. It is located on the right bank of the Volga River in its lower reaches. The city stretches for 70 km along the Volga River.
It was founded in 1589 as a guard fortress at the confluence of the Tsaritsa River (from the Turkic "sary-su" yellow water) into the Volga. Until 1925 it was called Tsaritsyn, and from 1925 to 1961 - Stalingrad.
In 1607, there was an uprising against the tsarist troops in the fortress, which was suppressed six months later.
In 1608, the first stone church appeared in the city - John the Baptist. At the beginning of the 17th century, the garrison of the fortress was 350-400 people.
In 1670, the fortress was taken by the troops of Stepan Razin, who left it a month later.
In 1708, also for about a month, the fortress was in the hands of the rebellious Cossacks Kondraty Bulavin. In 1717 it was plundered by the Crimean and Kuban Tatars. Later, in 1774, the city was unsuccessfully stormed by Yemelyan Pugachev.
The city was part of the first Kazan, then Astrakhan province. According to the 1720 census, 408 people lived in the city. In the 18th century, the city had the status of a county.
Since 1773 the city became a voivodship, since 1780 - a county one.
In 1807, less than 3,000 people lived in Tsaritsyn. After the appearance in 1862 of the first railway population growth increased markedly and by 1900 - the population of the city was about 84 thousand people.
The first theater opened in the city in 1872, and a cinema in 1907.
The first institute (Stalingrad Tractor Institute) opened in the city in 1930, a year later it was opened and pedagogical institute.
In the years civil war there were fierce battles for Tsaritsyn, which received the name "Defense of Tsaritsyn" in Soviet historiography. Since 1920, Tsaritsyn has been the center of the Tsaritsyn province. In 1925 the city was renamed Stalingrad. Until 1928, Stalingrad was the center of the district within the Nizhnevolzhsky region, in 1932 - the center of the Nizhnevolzhsky region. In 1934, after the division of the Lower Volga region into Saratov and Stalingrad, Stalingrad became the center of the latter. In 1936, the Stalingrad region was transformed into the Stalingrad region.
The most serious shock in the history of the city was the Great Patriotic War and the Battle of Stalingrad. The Headquarters of the Supreme High Command sent the 62nd, 63rd and 64th armies to the Stalingrad direction. On July 12, the Stalingrad Front was created, which was faced with the task, defending itself in a strip 520 kilometers wide, to stop the further advance of the enemy. On July 17, 1942, one of greatest battles Great Patriotic and World War II - the Battle of Stalingrad, which lasted 200 days and nights. The Nazis sought to capture Stalingrad as soon as possible.
On August 23, the city was subjected to a terrible bombardment, which destroyed or seriously damaged most city buildings. The Nazi troops broke through to the Volga north of Stalingrad. Workers, the city police, units of the NKVD troops, sailors of the Volga military flotilla, cadets of military schools stood up to defend the city.
On August 25, a state of siege was introduced in Stalingrad. Up to 50 thousand workers of Stalingrad joined the ranks of the people's militia. 150 thousand workers of the Stalingrad factories, under the conditions of continuous bombardment from the air and under the most severe artillery fire, gave the front tanks, cannons, mortars, Katyushas, as well as shells. On the outskirts of Stalingrad and in the city itself, four defensive bypasses were built. In total, by the beginning of the defense, up to 2,750 kilometers of trenches and communications, 1,860 kilometers of anti-tank ditches were built.
By September 12, 1942, despite the heroic resistance of the Soviet troops, the enemy came close to the city. The whole country came to the aid of Stalingrad. During the defensive battles, the fascist German troops lost about 700,000 killed and wounded, more than 2,000 guns and mortars, more than a thousand tanks, assault guns and other equipment.
By November 19, 1942, favorable conditions had developed for the transition of the Soviet troops to the counteroffensive.
It took the Soviet troops 75 days and nights to encircle and defeat the Nazi troops near Stalingrad. The population of the Stalingrad region provided great assistance to the troops in preparing the counteroffensive. In the battle for Stalingrad important role played by the Volga military flotilla. In September-November alone, the flotilla transported 65 thousand soldiers, up to 2.5 thousand tons of various cargoes, to the right bank of the Volga.
In January 1943, the Nazi troops stationed in the city were defeated. On January 31, the commander of the 6th German Army, Field Marshal F. Paulus, who was with his headquarters in the basement of the central department store, surrendered. On February 2, the last Nazi units capitulated. During Battle of Stalingrad the fascist bloc lost about 1.5 million soldiers and officers killed, wounded, captured and missing.
For military distinctions, 44 formations and units were given the honorary names of Stalingrad, Kantemirovskoye, Tatsinskoye. 55 formations and units were awarded orders, 183 became guards, 112 most distinguished soldiers were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. The medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad", established on December 22, 1942, was awarded to over 700 thousand participants in the battle.
The battle of Stalingrad became turning point Great Patriotic War. After it, the advantage passed to the side of the Soviet army. Therefore, Stalingrad became one of the main symbols Great Victory the Soviet people over Nazi Germany. But why was this hero city soon renamed? And what is the name of Stalingrad now?
Tsaritsyn, Stalingrad, Volgograd
In 1961, by decree of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the city was renamed, and now Stalingrad is called Volgograd. Until 1925, this city was called Tsaritsyn. When Joseph Stalin actually came to power in the USSR, the personality cult of the new leader began, and some cities began to bear his name. So Tsaritsyn became Stalingrad. But after Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the country, and in 1956, at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, he debunked Stalin's personality cult, pointing out all its negative consequences. After 5 years, the mass dismantling of monuments to Stalin began, and the cities that bore his name began to return their former names. But the origin of the name Tsaritsyn did not fit into the Soviet ideology, the city began to choose a different name and settled on Volgograd, since it stands on the great Russian river Volga.
Volgograd - on weekdays, Stalingrad - on holidays
True, in 2013, deputies of the Volgograd City Duma partially returned the old name to the city and decided to use the combination of the Hero City of Stalingrad as a symbol of Volgograd on holidays such as May 9, February 23, June 22 and others. significant dates associated with the history of the city. This was done as a tribute to veterans of the Great Patriotic War.
The Battle of Stalingrad is the largest land battle in world history that unfolded between the forces of the USSR and Nazi Germany in the city of Stalingrad (USSR) and its environs during World War II. The bloody battle began on July 17, 1942 and continued until February 2, 1943.
Causes and background of the Battle of Stalingrad
As everyone is well aware, the forces of Nazi Germany launched a massive attack on the USSR on June 22, 1941, and their troops advanced rapidly, defeating units of the regular army of the Union one after another.After the defeat in the attempt to capture Moscow, Adolf Hitler wished to strike where the Soviet leadership did not expect, this target was the city of Stalingrad. This city was an important strategic point that opened the way to oil deposits, as well as the Volga River, the main water artery of the USSR. Hitler understood that the capture of Stalingrad would be a strong blow to industry for the Union.
After the defeat of the Red Army offensive near Kharkov in May 1942, the road to Stalingrad was completely open to the Germans. Hitler hoped, by capturing this city, to undermine morale Soviet army and most importantly, to motivate your regular units, because the city bore the name of the leader of the Soviet Union.
Composition of forces
Before the Battle of Stalingrad itself, the German army had 270 thousand soldiers, more than three thousand guns and almost a thousand tanks. air support german army had in the form of 1200 aircraft of the latest models of fighters.The number of soldiers of the Red Army before the start of the battle became almost 600 thousand soldiers, but a small amount of equipment, guns and aircraft. The number of aircraft was more than two less, tanks, by about a third.
The course of the Battle of Stalingrad
The Soviet leadership, realizing that the German army would hit Stalingrad, began preparing for the defense of the city. Most Union soldiers are recruits who have not yet seen combat. In addition, some parts suffered from the absence or small amount of weapons and ammunition.The Battle of Stalingrad began on July 17, when the advanced units of the Red Army clashed with the German vanguard. Vanguards Soviet soldiers firmly held the defense and the Germans, in order to break their defense, needed to use 5 out of 13 divisions in this area. The Germans managed to break the forward detachments only five days later. Then the German army advanced to the main defensive lines of Stalingrad. Seeing that the Soviet army was desperately on the defensive, Hitler reinforced the Sixth Army with even more tanks and aircraft.
On July 23 and 25, the forces of the northern and southern groups of the Germans launched a large-scale offensive. The Nazi army, thanks to technology and aviation, successfully pushed through the direction and took up positions in the Golubinsky area, reaching the Don River. As a result of a massive enemy attack, three divisions of the Red Army were surrounded, a catastrophic situation developed. A few days later, the Germans managed to push the Red Army even further - now the defense of the Red Army was located behind the Don. Now the Germans needed to break through the defenses along the river.
More and more German forces were converging near Stalingrad, at the end of July there were already desperate battles for the outskirts of the city. At the same time, an order came from Stalin, which said that soviet soldiers should stand to death and not give the enemy not a centimeter of land without a fight, and anyone who refuses to fight and runs should have been shot without delay in the same place.
Despite the onslaught of the Germans, the soldiers of the Red Army firmly held their positions and the Germans' plan - a swift, massive blow to immediately break into the city, did not work out for them. In connection with such resistance, the German command somewhat reworked the offensive plan, and already on August 19 the offensive began again and this time successfully. The Germans managed to cross the Don and fortify themselves on its right bank. On August 23, a powerful air strike was carried out on Stalingrad, total number the departure of German bombers was about 2 thousand, entire neighborhoods were badly destroyed or completely wiped off the face of the earth.
A massive attack on Stalingrad began on September 13, and as a result, the Germans managed to enter the city for the first time, the Soviet soldiers did not expect such an onslaught and could not resist it, fierce battles ensued for every street and house in the city. In August-September, the Red Army made several attempts to organize a counterattack, but only a few kilometers were able to break through and with very heavy losses.
Before the Germans managed to break into the city, they managed to evacuate only a quarter of the entire population of the city (100 thousand out of 400 thousand). Many women and children remained on the right bank and were forced to help organize the defense of the city. On the day of August 23, the German bombardment claimed the lives of more than 90,000 civilians, a terrible figure paid by a mistake in the evacuation of the city. Terrible fires raged in the city, especially in the central regions, caused by incendiary shells.
A fierce battle was fought for the tractor factory, where tanks were now being built. Right during the battle, the defense and work of the plant did not stop, and the tanks released from the assembly line immediately went into battle. Often even these tanks went into battle without a crew (having only a driver) and without ammunition. And the Germans moved deeper and deeper through the city, but suffered heavy losses from Soviet snipers in assault groups.
From September 13, the Germans continue to advance mercilessly and by the end of the month they completely push back the 62nd Army and capture the river, now it is in full fire for the German troops, and the Soviet army has lost the opportunity to transport its forces without huge losses.
In the city, the Germans could not fully use their ability to interact different kinds troops, so the German infantry was on a par with the Soviet and she had to fight for every room of a residential building without the cover of her powerful tanks, artillery and aircraft. In the fire of Stalingrad, sniper Vasily Zaitsev was born - one of the most productive snipers in history, he has more than 225 soldiers and officers, 11 of them snipers.
While the fighting in the city continued, the Soviet command developed a counteroffensive plan, which was called "Uranus". And when it was ready, the Red Army went on the offensive on November 19. As a result of this attack, the Soviet army managed to surround the 6th army of the Wehrmacht, which interrupted its supply of supplies.
In December, the German army went on a new offensive, but was stopped on December 19 by fresh Soviet forces. Then the offensive of the Red Army resumed with renewed vigor, and a few days later fresh tank forces were able to break through the depth of 200 km, German defense started to burst at the seams. By January 31, the Soviet army during the operation "Ring" managed to divide the 6th army of the Wehrmacht and capture parts of Paulus. It was soon defeated, and the rest of the 6th Army and about 90 thousand soldiers were taken prisoner.
After the surrender of Paulus, almost all parts of the Wehrmacht began to capitulate, and the Soviet army liberated the city and its environs inexorably, although some parts of the Germans were still firmly on the defensive.
Battle results
The Battle of Stalingrad went down in history as the bloodiest battle in the history of mankind. Also, this battle was decisive during the Great Patriotic War, as well as during the Second World War. After this victory, the Soviet army continued to advance inexorably along the entire front, and the Germans could not stop this offensive and retreated to Germany.The Red Army acquired for itself the necessary experience of encircling enemy forces and their subsequent destruction, which later came in very handy during the offensive.
It’s sad to talk about the victims of the Battle of Stalingrad - both German and Soviet side lost many of their best units, the amount of destroyed equipment went off scale, but besides this, German aviation also weakened forever, which later had a great effect on the attack of the Soviet army.
The world highly appreciated the victory of the Soviet army. It was also the first time during the Second World War that the German army had suffered such a crushing defeat, and in fact it had won one victory after another before. The world saw that the ingenious tactics of the Germans could crack. The leaders of many states (Churchill, Roosevelt) wrote to Stalin that this victory was simply brilliant.
Stalingrad
2nd world war
Unsuccessful offensive operations Soviet troops in the spring of 1942 allowed the Germans to break through the front and reach the Don in July, creating a threat to Stalingrad and North Caucasus. On July 22, the Germans had 18 divisions (250,000 men, 7,500 guns, 740 tanks) in the Stalingrad direction against 16 Soviet-431 divisions (187,000 men, 7,900 guns, 360 tanks). Going on the offensive on July 23-25, 1942, the Germans broke through the defenses of the 62nd Army and pushed back the 64th Army, but the stubborn resistance of the Russians forced them to narrow the offensive zone of the 6th Army and remove the 4th Panzer Army from the Caucasus direction; after a month of fierce fighting, the plan to capture Stalingrad with one blow was thwarted. The new plan called for the capture of Stalingrad by simultaneous strikes by the 6th and 4th armies in converging directions. Aug 23 the Germans reached the Volga, and on September 13. launched an assault on Stalingrad with nine divisions; street fighting continued in the city until February. Exhausting four-month battles undermined the power of him. troops, their location in Stalingrad was extremely unfavorable, since both flanks were deeply covered Soviet troops. With this in mind, the Soviet command developed a plan for a strategic operation, which provided for the defeat of the 3rd room. army with a blow southwest of Serafimovich, an attack on Kalach and a connection with the troops of the Stalingrad Front, striking from the Sarpinsky Lakes region to the northwest. The South-Western and Stalingrad fronts were part of the forces to create an outer ring of encirclement of the Stalingrad group, and the Don Front was instructed to encircle and destroy the enemy in a small bend of the Don. The troops of the Southwestern (gen. N. F. Vatutin) and the right wing of the Don (gen. K. K. Rokossovsky) fronts went on the offensive on November 19, and the troops of the Stalingrad Front (gen. A. I. Eremenko) on November 20. 1942 and immediately broke through the enemy defenses. Nov 23 the main forces of it. The 6th and 4th tank armies (approx. 330,000 people) were surrounded, by November 30. the territory they occupied was halved. The operation planned by the Germans to unblock Stalingrad was thwarted by the offensive of the Southwestern and Voronezh fronts on Morozovsk and Kantemirovka on December 16; defeat of the 8th Italian. and 3rd room. armies, as well as the Hollidt task force was deprived of the opportunity to provide assistance to the troops surrounded in Stalingrad; in January, the outer front of the encirclement was 170-250 km away from them, and attempts to organize air supplies failed. Jan 26 the encircled group was divided into two parts, after which mass surrender began. Jan 31 surrendered the commander of the 6th Army F. Paulus with his headquarters. In total, 91,000 people were captured.
Encyclopedia of World History Battles. Thomas Harbolt. 1904
Synonyms:See what "Stalingrad" is in other dictionaries:
The name of the city of Volgograd in 1925 61 ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- "STALINGRAD", USSR USA Czechoslovakia GDR, Warner Bros./Mosfilm, 1989, color, 196 min. Movie epic. Continuation of the epic film dedicated to the Great Patriotic war("Liberation", "Soldiers of Freedom", "Battle for Moscow") about the largest military ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia
Exist., number of synonyms: 3 volgograd (5) city (2765) tsaritsyn (3) ASIS synonym dictionary ... Synonym dictionary
Volgograd Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographic Encyclopedia
The name of the city of Volgograd in 1925 61. * * * STALINGRAD STALINGRAD, the name of the city of Volgograd (see VOLGOGRAD) in 1925 61 ... encyclopedic Dictionary
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