The theme of freedom in Ossetian poetry. The theme of freedom in Russian literature
"Chelkash"
The story “Chelkash” was written by M. Gorky in the summer of 1894 and published in No. 6 of the magazine “ Russian wealth"for 1895. The work is based on a story told to the writer by a neighbor in a hospital ward in the city of Nikolaev.
The story opens with a detailed description of the port, in which the author emphasizes the contradiction between the scope various works and funny and pathetic figures of people living in slave labor. Gorky compares the noise of the port with the sounds of a “passionate hymn to Mercury” and shows how this noise and hard labor suppresses people, not only drying up their souls, but also exhausting their bodies.
We see a detailed portrait of the main character of the work already in the first part. In it, M. Gorky especially clearly emphasizes such features as cold gray eyes and a humpbacked predatory nose. Chelkash takes life lightly, not hiding his thieving trade from people. He caustically ridicules the watchman who does not let him into the harbor and reproaches him for theft. Instead of a sick accomplice, Chelkash invites a random acquaintance to be his assistant - a young, good-natured guy with big blue eyes. Comparing the portraits of two heroes (Chelkash, who looks like a bird of prey, and the gullible Gavrila), the reader initially thinks that the young peasant guy, out of gullibility, became the victim of a treacherous swindler. Gavrila dreams of earning extra money so she can live on her own household, and not go to her father-in-law’s house. From the conversation we learn that the guy believes in God, seems trusting and good-natured, and Chelkash even begins to experience fatherly feelings for him.
A unique indicator of the characters’ attitude to life is their thoughts about the sea. Chelkash loves him, but Gavrila is afraid. For Chelkash, the sea represents vitality and freedom: “His seething nervous nature, greedy for impressions, was never satiated with the contemplation of this dark breadth, boundless, free and powerful.”
Gavrila understands from the very beginning that the night fishing to which Chelkash invites him may turn out to be a bad thing. Subsequently, becoming convinced of this, the hero trembles with fear, begins to pray, cry and asks to let him go.
After Chelkash commits the theft, Gavrila’s mood changes somewhat. He even vows to serve a prayer service to Nicholas the Wonderworker, when suddenly he sees in front of him a huge fiery blue sword, a symbol of retribution. Gavrila's experiences reach their climax. However, Chelkash explains to him that this is just a lantern from a customs cruiser.
An important role in the story is played by the landscape, which Gavrila recreates with the help of personification (“... The clouds were motionless and like a dum and some kind of gray, boring thought,” “The sea woke up. It played with small waves, giving birth to them, decorating them with a fringe of foam , pushing each other and breaking into fine dust”, “The foam melted, hissed and sighed”).
The deadening voice of the port is opposed by the life-giving power of the musical noise of the sea elements. And against the backdrop of this life-giving element, a disgusting human drama unfolds. And the cause of this tragedy is Gavrila’s elementary greed.
M. Gorky deliberately informs the reader that the hero planned to earn two hundred rubles in the Kuban. Chelkash gives him forty for one night trip. But this amount seemed too small to him, and he begs on his knees to give him all the money. Chelkash gives them back with disgust, but suddenly finds out that Gavrila, who just a few hours ago was shaking like a leaf during a night trip, wanted to kill him, considering him worthless, not worth anyone. the right person. In anger, Chelkash takes the money and brutally beats Gavrila, wanting to teach him a lesson. In retaliation, the Goth throws a stone at him, then, obviously remembering his soul and God, begins to ask for forgiveness. The wounded Chelkash gives him almost all the money and, staggering, leaves. Gavrila hides the money in his bosom and walks in the other direction with wide, firm steps: at the cost of humiliation, and then by force, he finally received the desired freedom that he so dreamed of. The sea has washed away the traces of the bloody fight on the sand, but it will not be able to wash away the dirt that bubbles up in the soul of the God-fearing Gavrila. Selfish desire reveals the insignificance of his nature. It is no coincidence that when Chelkash, before dividing the money, asks if he would commit a crime again for two hundred rubles, Gavrila expresses his readiness to do this, although a little earlier he sincerely repented of agreeing. Thus, M. Gorky the psychologist shows in this story how deceiving the first impression of a person is and how low under certain circumstances human nature can fall, blinded by the thirst for profit.
Characteristics of the main characters:
Chelkash is a tramp and lives by theft. He needs money to drink and take a walk. Loves freedom. The author emphasizes the spiritual superiority of Chelkash over Gavrila. He despises cowardice and greed. But Chelkash is not needed by society with all his creative possibilities;
Gavrila is a peasant guy who doesn’t know how to make money. Envy, fear, submissive willingness to serve, greed. He cannot stand the temptation of money and is ready to kill for it. He believes that Chelkash does not need money. The economical Gavrila will arrange his life.
Topic: a story about a small drama that broke out between tramps.
Idea: a realistic description of the life of the “people of the bottom” of the early 20th century, opposing views on freedom, on the price of money.
Reader's position: strong, brave, freedom-loving people like Chelkash inspire admiration.
They “do not find themselves” in society, theft for them becomes a dangerous profession. Philistine morality is contrasted with the "tramp", a person of the "bottom", who stands out for his spiritual qualities.
Updated: 2017-08-19
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In my cruel age I glorified Freedom...
A. Pushkin
Pushkin's lyrics are always a confession, intimate and secret confessions in which his personality and wealth are revealed inner world. With the help of Pushkin’s priceless poetic heritage, we strive to understand and purify the soul, to comprehend the depths of our own personality.
The theme of freedom has always been the leading one in Pushkin’s work, especially in the romantic period, but the very concept of “freedom” was constantly expanding, going through its own path of development.
In his early works, freedom for Pushkin is, first of all, political independence, freedom of the people, “holy freedom” (poems “Village”, “To Chaadaev”, “Licinius”, “Dagger”):
While we are burning with freedom, While our hearts are alive for honor, My friend, let us dedicate our Souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!
The poet hopes that a “beautiful Dawn” will rise over his fatherland! "Enlightened freedom." However, the freedom of a country is unthinkable without the emancipation of its citizens, without their internal growth, awakening “from sleep,” spiritual maturation, i.e., liberation of the Personality. The motif of personal freedom is heard in the poems “Bird”, “Desert Sower of Freedom...”, “Village”. Pushkin can discern many signs of a truly free person, who becomes independent from other people’s opinions (“don’t listen to the grumbling of the unenlightened crowd”), from false idols (“a villain or a fool in unjust greatness”), brings goodness and mercy to the world (“with participation to answer the shy prayer"). Free and independent people are contrasted with human “herds”, to whom the feeling of freedom is inaccessible due to their limitations and ignorance:
Why do the herds need the gifts of freedom? They should be cut or trimmed. Their inheritance from generation to generation. A yoke with rattles and a whip.
The symbol and ideal of absolute freedom for Pushkin is the sea. In the poem “To the Sea”, a poetic image of the water element is combined with reflections on personal fate and the fate of the “rulers of thoughts” - Napoleon and Byron. And if here the French emperor is “the heir and murderer of rebellious liberty,” then great poet- singer, “mourned by freedom.” The sea here symbolizes not only the power of the elemental forces of nature, but also the rebellious freedom of the Personality.
In the poem "From Pindemonti" Pushkin states that
Other, better rights are dear to me; I need a different, better freedom...
Here he talks about freedom creative personality to walk “the free road where a free mind leads”,
Do not give a report to anyone, only serve and please yourself...
However, while “pleasing” himself, the great poet never encroaches on someone else’s independence, even if he is connected with the person by the strongest bonds of love: Material from the site
I loved you: love, perhaps, has not yet completely died out in my soul; But don't let it bother you anymore; I don't want to sadden you with anything...
The freedom-loving lyrics of the “mysterious singer” of freedom will always excite our hearts, since freedom and independence for Pushkin have always been the highest ideal human life(“God forbid, God forbid me to go crazy...”, “It’s time, my friend, it’s time...”, “I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”). Pushkin hoped that his thoughts would find a lively response in the hearts of not only his contemporaries, but also his descendants:
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people, That I awakened good feelings with my lyre, That in my cruel age I glorified freedom And called on mercy for the fallen.
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On this page there is material on the following topics:
- the theme of freedom in Pushkin's lyrics summary
- Pushkin and freedom, independence
- epigraph to the theme of love and freedom in Pushkin's lyrics
- outline for an essay on the theme of freedom in Pushkin's lyrics
- Pushkin from Pindemonti analysis
Pushkin's lyrics are closely related to some historical events. His poems reflect the Decembrist uprising, brutally suppressed by the autocracy. Pushkin experienced all these events; they became part of the poet’s life. All this was reflected in the lines of Pushkin’s poems. The theme of freedom deeply worried Pushkin's lyrics. In his poems of those years, his attitude to what was happening is clearly visible. Analyzing such works. like “Liberty” (1817), “To Chaadaev” (1818), “To the Sea” (1824), “In the depths of the Siberian ores” (1827), which were written by the poet during the period liberation movement Decembrists of the first quarter of the 19th century. you can clearly see the theme of freedom, liberty and the not hidden struggle against autocracy.
After graduating from the Lyceum, Pushkin writes the ode "Liberty" in 1817. Analyzing this work, one can notice that Pushkin openly expresses freedom-loving thoughts in his poems. In "Liberty" he strives to "smite vice on the thrones." In this poem, the author expressed dissatisfaction with the Russian monarch of that time, Alexander I. Pushkin was not an opponent of the monarchy. He wanted a ruler who was fair, humane and wise. The poet is outraged by the monarch’s non-compliance with the law, he writes: “Lords! your crown and throne / is given by the Law - not nature.” Monarchy is a legal power, but the monarch should not put himself above the law, he must strictly observe the law (“You stand above the people , but the eternal law is above you"). Pushkin considers it unacceptable that the country is ruled by a person who does not obey the law. The young poet denounces the “tyrants of the world” who deprive the people of their right to freedom. He is confident that those who break the law will sooner or later be punished, like Louis XVI and Paul I, who paid with their lives for trying to place themselves above the law. Thus, in the ode he refers to history and points to future destiny powerful autocracy. This ode was the poet's first work. addressed to the topic of human and personal freedom.
His next call for the overthrow of autocracy was the poem “To Chaadaev,” written in 1818. It was a message to his Decembrist friends who were in exile. In it, Pushkin expresses the same thought. Freedom-loving motives are also present in this poem. Addressing Chaadaev, Pushkin protests against tyrannical power, calling it “fatal.” The author believes that “the star of captivating happiness will rise,” that is, “autocracy” will fall. The image of the star was not chosen by chance; it was a Decembrist symbol, containing main goal December uprising. Pushkin emphasizes that his feelings are also the feelings of a friend, to whom he appeals to dedicate his “souls to the beautiful impulses” (“The deception did not last long for us,” “But desire still burns in us”). This is how the poet emphasizes his commonality with young people, his peers. Expresses words of support to them. In the poem there is an exact confidence that freedom-loving ideas will triumph, that the just cause will win: “And on the ruins of autocracy. / They will write our names!”
Thus, in this poem one can discern one and openly expressed theme of freedom. Pushkin used many expressive epithets: “quiet glory”, “impatient soul”, as well as vivid metaphors: “desire is burning”, “we are burning with freedom”. Thanks to the means of poetic expressiveness, we can vividly imagine all those experiences and sympathies of our friends the Decembrists, who filled the poet's soul.
By this time all the revolutions in European countries were suppressed, none of them were successful. These events, like the Decembrist uprising, were deeply imprinted in the poet’s soul, and this significantly influenced his lyrics. The poems of this period sound sad, melancholy notes. If at the beginning of his work Pushkin painted his lyrical hero in a circle of true friends, a free person, then in the poem “To the Sea” his hero is lonely, unfree. This work was written in 1824 and was the next poem. reflecting the theme of freedom. The sea for Pushkin is a symbol of freedom. The poet says goodbye to the elements. The sea can be gentle, but it can also be destructive, which depends only on its “whim.” The element is free, but this free element is opposed by the “shore”, where slavery flourishes. The free sea is closer to the poet than the “boring, motionless” land, but he is forced to say goodbye to it. The poet is worried that the king did not heed his warnings in the ode “Liberty”, in the poem “To Chaadaev”: “The fate of the earth is the same everywhere.” On earth there is no freedom that is characteristic of the poet’s soul and the sea. This poem had a slightly different direction. There was no such pressure and zeal for the struggle against the autocracy; there was only a dream about the freedom of the poet, about the freedom of his personality and the entire people.
The next work was the poem "In the Depths Siberian ores. ", written three years later. It is addressed to the poet’s friends who were sent into exile in Siberia. Pushkin raises the spirit of the Decembrists, supports their hope as a person who remains free, but is faithful to their cause. He tells the Decembrists that their cause is not died, their “brothers” remained free. The poet is convinced that autocracy will fall, that freedom will triumph. The understanding has come that freedom cannot be given as a gift to anyone, it must be valued like nothing.
The human understanding of the importance of things comes only when you lose it. We sometimes don't notice it of great importance freedom for man. Pushkin reflected this in his works. He realized how difficult it is to be an unfree soul. His struggle against autocracy is clearly reflected in these works. They very clearly illustrate the tense atmosphere of those days.
The poet knows that people need poetry. The hero of these works is reborn from a person tormented by “spiritual thirst” into a poet-prophet. The author feels this wonderful transformation within himself. Now his goal is to burn “the hearts of people” with a “verb.” It was not by chance that Pushkin chose such a task. He wants to continue the work of his Decembrist friends. The whole power of a poet lies in his words, in his works. All of Pushkin's poems are filled with a thirst for justice, freedom, and patriotism. In his poems, the poet accurately conveys the historical situation of that time. He openly points out the vices of the tsarist regime: lawlessness, slavery, injustice. Pushkin glorifies the light for which the Decembrists fought. Even after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, the poet remained faithful to freedom-loving ideals. The theme of freedom in Pushkin’s understanding takes on enormous value, exceeding in significance everything in the world:
“There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and will.” (A.S. Pushkin)
The theme of freedom in Pushkin’s lyrics was clearly presented in these works and was not hidden from prying eyes... (A.V. Averyanova)
Information about the work “The Theme of Freedom in Pushkin’s Lyrics”
In addition to all other definitions, Pushkin chose the word “incorruptible”: “incorruptible voice.” This is how Pushkin remains forever in our memory. Gogol argued that Pushkin’s lyrics are “an extraordinary phenomenon.” Defining the versatility of the poet’s work, he wrote with admiration: “What was the subject of his poetry? Everything became her subject, and nothing in particular. The thought becomes numb before the countlessness of its objects...”
he is perplexed why the Russian people, who won freedom for many peoples, remain slaves in their own country. The author reflects on when this slavery will end. Pushkin's freedom-loving lyrics could not help but be noticed by the autocratic authorities. Pushkin was exiled to the south of the country. He was upset that the king did not follow his advice. He became disillusioned with the power of poetry. Four years later, Pushkin was sent under.
He loved to make fun of the lyceum students, but his jokes never affected the honor and dignity of his comrades. The lyceum students were especially courageous and united in disputes and poetry competitions. The teachers encouraged literary creativity. Pushkin was recognized by everyone and it was he who was offered to write a poem and read it at the exam of 1815 in the presence of noble nobles. The lyceum students knew that Derzhavin himself would be there.
Gorky's Mother is similar in the general inevitability of revolutionary events, the impossibility of avoiding this historical turning point, in the intensity of the conflict, just as Blok depicts conflicts between classes. Bulgakov's White Guard - the similarity of the author's position from the point of view of an intellectual, an intellectual, the destruction of traditional life by the spontaneous force of revolution. Yesenin Anna Snegina - The poem “Anna Snegina” plays a special role in the poet’s work. It reflected both Yesenin’s personal experiences and his thoughts - premonitions about his future fate.
To whom and why does Mayakovsky challenge “could you?” in the finale of the poem?
Mayakovsky's lyrical hero is a rebel. Mayakovsky challenges everyday consciousness, the dullness and vulgarity of thinking, the lack of spirituality and dullness of life. “I immediately blurred the map of everyday life.” The “map of everyday life” here expresses sketchiness, orderliness, and a certain schedule for the course of life. Mayakovsky, as a revolutionary poet, strives to awaken a sense of protest in people against generally accepted rules, norms of behavior, standard thinking. Being one of the futurist poets who positioned their work as a protest against social consciousness, he expressed the general mood of this avant-garde movement in Soviet art of the twentieth century. As a revolutionary poet, he calls for a new future. But a new future is unthinkable in conjunction with the old social consciousness. It is to a cultural revolution at the level of consciousness that Mayakovsky calls his readers.
In which works of Russian poets does the theme of inner freedom sound and how is it consonant with Tsvetaeva’s poem “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay..”
There is a sense of protest in Tsvetaeva’s poem. She doesn't want to be like everyone else, she doesn't want to be mundane, made of flesh. The most important thing for her is a feeling of inner freedom, including from earthly material existence. The theme of inner freedom is reflected in the poem Tyutcheva Silentium . But if Tsvetaeva boldly opens her inner world to everyone, is not afraid of being misunderstood, and has no doubt that she will touch every heart, then Tyutchev’s lyrical hero, in order to gain inner freedom, on the contrary, hides her inner world from everyone, as if afraid that an invasion of this world will lead to lack of freedom, that openness may lead to misunderstanding. The theme of inner freedom is also touched upon in the poem Lermontov "Clouds" " In Lermontov, the theme of freedom and exile have something in common. In the poems "Clouds". Lermontov's hero feels like the same wanderer as the clouds, alien to society and its passions; the loneliness of having freedom is especially acutely felt. But if Tsvetaeva’s heroine seems to pose an open challenge to society, then Lermontov’s feeling of alienation from society is natural, this is his usual state, and he cannot feel any other way.
What is unique about the embodiment of the eternal theme of poetic work in a poem?
Akhmatova “If only you knew from what kind of rubbish”
For Akhmatova, poetic work is a joy, it is a creative process, individual, unique. For her, poetry is simple lines, rhymes of words, turned into poetry, and they grow out of everyday life, from ordinary visible signs and symbols that are encountered, perhaps, every day.
For Tsvetaeva “Poems grow like stars and like roses” poetry is something alien to everyday life, everyday life. This is unearthly, these are messages from another world, these are secrets revealed only to the poet. Therefore, poetic work for Tsvetaeva is more inspiration, insight and the ability to hear the voice of heaven than earthly work and internal effort.
For Yesenin " Being a poet means the same thing...” poetic work is life in truth, it is mercilessness towards oneself and others, it is going through pain, through loss and suffering, but on the other hand, poetry for him is protection from everyday life, from vulgarity, it is “life-giving moisture” that can replace shelter , family, all the blessings of life.
Which of the Russian poets addressed the image of the mother in their work, and in what ways are their works consonant with Tvardovsky’s poem “in memory of the mother”?
Yesenin "Letter to Mother"" For them, the mother is a symbol of the source, this is the starting point to which poets strive to return. Both live far from their mother and feel melancholy and nostalgia. But if Yesenin has a greater sense of love for his mother, concern for her fate, for her maternal pain, then Tvardovsky has a greater sense of filial duty, respect for an elderly person, Tvardovsky shares the feeling of loneliness of his mother, understands what separation and alienation from children means to her . Yesenin shares his mother’s pain from separation from her son and the uncertainty about his fate.
Akhmatova "Requiem" - The image of the mother is examined from the inside; it is the image of a lonely, sick woman suffering from separation from her children.