Military Observer. Tarutino maneuver - a march of great importance for Russia Tarutino battle of 1812
The Patriotic War of 1812 occupies not the last place in the series of the most important historical events. Its main reasons were the contradictions between Russia and France regarding the policy pursued in Europe by Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as the violation by these states of the terms of the Tilsit Treaty.
The fact that Napoleon was twice refused to marry the sisters of Alexander the First can also be considered an indirect cause of the unfolding war, one of the key moments of which was the Tarutinsky maneuver.
The significance of this movement of troops near Moscow and the further battle for the victory over Napoleon will be considered further.
Starting from 1810, both warring parties were actively preparing for hostilities, forming their military forces.
Napoleon Bonaparte - a wise commander, proved to be an outstanding politician and statesman.
He expanded the borders of France in the shortest possible time, thereby turning it into a powerful empire. European monarchs were forced to submit to the political and economic interests of an ambitious Frenchman.
This fact had a negative impact on internal discipline: such people were hostile to the commanders and their orders. There were also those who voluntarily joined Napoleon's army - as a rule, these were subjects of the allied states.
In this regard, the French troops were distinguished by their multinationality. They included:
- Poles,
- Germans,
- Italians,
- Dutch,
- Spaniards,
- Austrians,
- Saxons.
It was the Polish regiments that were the most militant and friendly to representatives of other nationalities and the command. The Poles, however, remained with Napoleon Bonaparte until the very end - the final battle of Waterloo.
Attracting representatives to the ranks of the troops different peoples, on the one hand, gave a constant opportunity to replenish its numbers. On the other hand, to some extent this explains the defeat of Napoleon at the decisive stage of the war.
In turn, the Russian army under the command of Kutuzov during the war with the French was considered one of the best in Europe, and therefore in the world.
The troops were armed with the best types of artillery and small arms. It was this, combined with the personal qualities of the soldiers and the excellent Suvorov school, that made the Russians a very serious adversary.
Such experienced Russian commanders as Suvorov, Ushakov, Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Kutuzov and others, built Russian art combat planning to the highest level.
For this reason, our soldiers not only were not inferior to the French, but in many ways surpassed them. The principles of combat operations and Suvorov's strategic maneuvers were closely studied by the French.
Napoleon appreciated the skill of the Russian commander and even adopted his offensive style of battle and some tactical ideas. The troops included infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineering troops.
Important! The highest fighting spirit of Russian soldiers, solidarity, speed, determination and clear calculation gave Russia the opportunity to win victory after victory.
The difference in the balance of power between the two opposing forces was not too staggering - the French were about 600 thousand, and the Russian - about 500 thousand.
The command of the troops had information that Napoleon wanted to defeat the enemy with one blow. Therefore, Kutuzov's main strategy was to evade the decisive battle. This tactic was personally approved by Alexander the First.
Tarutinsky maneuver
War is not a chain of accidents, all actions taken entail certain consequences. They can change not only the course of the war itself, but also the course of history.
In the war of 1812, there were two such turning points that forced Napoleon's troops to change their plans and abandon their goal.
The first one is battle of Borodino, the second is the Tarutinsky maneuver. Wikipedia contains an article called "Tarutin battle", but the battle itself was preceded by a cunning maneuver of the Russian command.
After the Battle of Borodino, it became clear that it was not possible to keep Moscow - the forces of the Russian troops were too small. The situation was really tragic: there had never been cases when, after the fall of the capital of the state, the army would continue the battle.
Napoleon was firmly convinced that, having lost the capital, Alexander the First would be forced to negotiate. The decision to retreat was very wise: the loss of Moscow as such meant nothing, while the death of an entire Russian army would have been the collapse of everything.
As mentioned earlier, Bonaparte from the very beginning of hostilities in Russia tried to impose a general battle. So far, he has not been able to do this, and it would seem that the battle for Moscow should have definitely become that very decisive moment.
However, the Russian command, led by General Field Marshal Kutuzov, did not allow this, and this time the forces were still unequal.
2 (September 14), 1812 is the date when the army was withdrawn from Moscow along the Ryazan road. A crossing was made across the Moscow River - this happened near the Borovsky ferry (now the city of Zhukovsky is located there).
Tarutinsky maneuver: general information
The rearguard under the command of General Raevsky was responsible for covering the army. After that, the main forces of the army, on the orders of Kutuzov, turned to the west. The Cossacks, on the other hand, carried out a diversionary maneuver: by simulating a retreat to Ryazan, they managed to drag the main forces of the French along with them.
In addition, the same "retreats" were made by the Cossacks in two more directions: along the Kashirskaya and Tula roads. An important role in the withdrawal of the Russian army was played by the peasants of the surrounding villages - locals actively participated in the guerrilla war, destroying small detachments of the French.
On September 7 (19), the Russian army safely reached Podolsk, and then to the village of Krasnaya Pakhra. The main location of the troops was the vicinity of the village of Tarutino across the Nara River (this is shown on the historical map).
Here the troops remained for the next week, until 14 (26) September. This gave a small but vital respite: both the strength of the soldiers and food supplies were running out.
At the same time, detachments of generals Raevsky and Miloradovich moved to Moscow to conduct a partisan war.
The tasks of the Tarutinsky two-week "sitting" (to distract the French and prepare for battle) were completed.
In fact, it turned out that Napoleon simply lost sight of the Russian army, thus finding himself in a very difficult situation.
The French army could not get everything they needed in Moscow. This was largely facilitated by the unfolding guerrilla war. Indeed, in search of provisions for the army, detachments were constantly sent in different directions from Moscow, but there was no case that they returned without loss.
The best commander of Napoleon, Murat, was sent in search of the Russians. Starting from September 24, Murat's vanguard, having discovered the Russian army, watched it near Tarutino on the Chernishna River (at a distance of about 90 km from Moscow).
The number of the French group was 26540 people. There was only one forest between the Russians and the French. However, for some time this neighborhood did without any clashes. This situation lasted for about two weeks.
The Tarutino maneuver made it possible not only to restore the forces of the Russians, but also to replenish their numbers. Having taken a fortified position, the Russians had a connection with the south of Russia.
This made it possible to simultaneously increase the number of troops, cover the arms factory in Tula, the Kaluga supply base, and maintain contact with the armies of Chichagov and Tormasov.
The Tarutino maneuver is a truly outstanding tactical move by Kutuzov. Thanks to him, Napoleon did not have the opportunity to strike, as a result, he had to retreat along the war-ravaged area along the Smolensk road.
Battle of Tarutino
The location of the Tarutino camp was very favorable - the front and left flank were surrounded by rivers, forests, in addition, the entire front line was fortified with fences and blockages.
The location made it possible to observe three directions from Moscow at once - the Kaluga, Ryazan and Tula roads.
In the camp, the army received the necessary ammunition, weapons and food. The number of cavalry has been increased. Soldiers were constantly trained in the camp.
The general of the cavalry, Bennigsen, planned the attack itself. Dense forests, located close to the left flank of the French, allowed Russian troops to get as close as possible to the enemy camp - this greatly simplified the general's plan.
The very idea was that the attack should be carried out in two parts. The first of them, under the command of Bennigsen himself, should hit the left flank of the enemy. The second part, led by Miloradovich, had the goal of attacking Napoleon from the right flank.
The additional detachment of Dorokhov cut off Murat's retreat along the Old Kaluga road. At the same time, Kutuzov himself exercised command from the camp, having with him a significant reserve of military forces.
Important! The French had some idea of the upcoming events, so on the night before the battle, all the forces of the enemy army were in full combat readiness. Murat was well aware of the danger of his position.
The attack took place at 7 am on the personal initiative of General Orlov-Denisov. At first, Murat even managed to repel the Russian attack with the help of a counterattack and stop their advance. Defeat Murat completely did not work out due to the incomplete coherence of the Russian troops.
Excerpt from Kutuzov's letter
The night march of Bennigsen's column delayed the attack. If it had been possible to avoid this, then the victory would have been even more beneficial for the Russians. To a large extent, the looting of the Cossacks played a negative role - the rich convoys of the French became a truly tasty bait for them.
Despite the fact that the goal of the Tarutino battle was not fully achieved, the success was still considerable, especially in terms of lifting fighting spirit Russian soldiers. The outcome of the battle was:
- 2500 French killed,
- 1500 prisoners,
- 38 units of captured guns.
Russian losses amounted to 300 people.
Useful video
Summing up
The Tarutino maneuver is briefly described in an open Internet encyclopedia, but the uniqueness of both it and the subsequent battle lies in the fact that they forced Napoleon's troops to retreat and leave Moscow. The role of the Tarutino maneuver of the Russians is well studied by historians. different countries, including the French.
In contact with
Tarutinsky maneuver Patriotic War 1812 is an important stage on the way to victory over Napoleon's army. Tarutino march-maneuver of the Russian army - from Moscow to the village of Tarutino, located on the Nara River, 80 kilometers to southwest from Moscow, - was held from September 17 to October 3 (from September 5 to September 21, old style) 1812.
After the Battle of Borodino, it became obvious that it was impossible to keep Moscow with the remaining forces without replenishing reserves. Then the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, General Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, outlined a plan. It was necessary to break away from the enemy and take a position that would cover the Russian supply bases in Tula and Kaluga and would threaten the operational line of the Napoleonic troops in order to gain time and create conditions for a counteroffensive.
14 (2 old style) September, leaving Moscow, the Russian troops headed southeast along the Ryazan road. On September 17 (5, according to the old style), after crossing the Moskva River near the Borovsky Bridge, Kutuzov, under the cover of the rearguard of Lieutenant General Nikolai Raevsky, secretly turned the main forces of the army to the west from the enemy. The Cossacks of the rearguard succeeded in defiantly retreating to Ryazan to drag the vanguard of the French army behind them.
On September 19 (7, according to the old style), the Russian army arrived in Podolsk, and two days later - in the area of the village of Krasnaya Pakhra, where they camped, closing the Old Kaluga road.
In the direction of Moscow, the vanguard of General of Infantry Mikhail Miloradovich and the detachment of Raevsky were advanced, detachments were allocated for partisan operations.
Having lost sight of the Russian army, Napoleon I sent strong detachments to search for it along the Ryazan, Tula and Kaluga roads.
On September 26 (September 14, old style), the cavalry corps of Marshal Joachim Murat discovered Russian troops in the Podolsk region. Subsequently, Kutuzov secretly (mostly at night) led the army along the Old Kaluga road to the Nara River.
The skillfully organized and carried out Tarutinsky maneuver allowed the Russian army to break away from the enemy and take an advantageous strategic position, which provided it with preparations for a counteroffensive. As a result of the maneuver, Kutuzov retained communication with the southern regions of Russia, which made it possible to strengthen the army, cover the arms factories in Tula and the supply base in Kaluga, maintain contact with the 3rd Reserve Observation Army of Cavalry General Alexander Tormasov and the Danube Army of Admiral Pavel Chichagov.
In the Tarutino maneuver, Kutuzov's talent as a commander, his art of strategic maneuver, manifested itself.
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Everything that happens has its serious consequences. But there are events that radically change the course of history. The Tarutino maneuver of the Russian army in the war of 1812 is one of such episodes. He became the second turning point after the battle of Borodino and forced the army of Napoleon I to retreat from the intended goal.
War of 1812
Russia in its entire thousand-year history has had to defend itself more than once from enemies who want to enslave it. Early XIX century was no exception. Great French revolution, and then the coming to power in the country of Napoleon Bonaparte, who proclaimed himself emperor, spoiled relations between the two once friendly countries. The Russian authorities, represented by Alexander I, feared the impact of what had happened on the situation within the Russian Empire. But the relationship was finally spoiled by the aggressive policy that Napoleon I began to pursue against European countries, especially England, which was a longtime ally of Russia.
In the end, the actions of France led to a war with Russia, which in Russian historiography was called the year.
Causes of military conflict
By 1812, all of Europe, with the exception of the ancient enemy of France - England, was conquered by Napoleon's army. Of the rest of the world powers, only the Russian Empire continued to pursue an independent foreign policy which did not suit the French emperor. In addition to this, Russia actually violated the continental blockade, which she was forced to accept against England as the main condition of the Tilsit agreement between Russian Empire and France. The blockade caused serious damage to the country's economy, so Russia began to trade with England through neutral states. At the same time, she did not formally violate the conditions. France was indignant, but could not express a protest.
Russia, with its independent policy, prevented Napoleon from realizing his dreams of world domination. Starting a war with her, he planned to deliver a crushing blow to the Russian army in the first battle and then dictate his terms of peace to Alexander I.
balance of power
The Russian army numbered from 480 to 500 thousand people, and France - about 600 thousand. Such a number, according to most historians, both countries were able to put up for military operations. In such difficult conditions, knowing that Napoleon expects to finish off the enemy with one blow, the leadership of the Russian army decided in every possible way to avoid a decisive battle with the enemy. This tactic was approved by Alexander I.
battle of Borodino
Following the approved plan not to engage in a general battle with the enemy, after the invasion in June 1812 by Napoleon's troops, the Russian armies began a slow retreat, trying to connect with each other. It was possible to do this near Smolensk, where Napoleon again tried to give a decisive battle. But the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Barclay de Tolly, did not allow this and withdrew the army from the city.
It was decided to give the general battle at the position chosen by the army leadership itself. By that time, Mikhail Kutuzov had taken command of it. It was decided to fight not far from Mozhaisk, on the field near the village of Borodino. Here one of them happened during the war. The Tarutino maneuver that would follow this later would change its history completely.
Although the battle was not won, and both sides remained in their positions, he inflicted severe losses on the French army, which was what Kutuzov wanted.
and the surrender of Moscow
After the Battle of Borodino Russian army went to Mozhaisk. Here, in the village of Fili, Kutuzov held a military council, which was to decide the fate of the Russian capital. The overwhelming majority of officers were in favor of giving another battle near Moscow. But some generals, who had inspected the future combat position the day before, strongly spoke out in favor of preserving the army at the cost of surrendering Moscow to the enemy. Kutuzov gave the order to leave the capital.
Tarutinsky march-maneuver: date and main participants
To realize the complexity and tragedy of the situation, one must understand the following: never after the fall of the capital did the army continue to fight. Napoleon did not fully believe that the loss of Moscow would not force Alexander I to negotiate. But Russia did not lose anything with the surrender of the capital to the enemy, the death of the army meant final defeat.
For Napoleon, from the very beginning of the Russian campaign, it was vital to impose a general battle on the enemy army. The leadership of the Russian army did everything possible to avoid this while the forces were unequal.
Having withdrawn the army from Moscow on September 14 (according to the new style), the field marshal sent it along the Ryazan road, first to the village, and a little later chose the village of Tarutino as the location of the army. Here, the Russian troops received, albeit a short, but much-needed rest. At the same time, the army was supplied with food and volunteers.
Kutuzov's ingenious plan
What was Kutuzov's plan? The Tarutino maneuver, which began on September 17 and ended on October 3, was supposed to confuse Napoleon and give the Russian army time to rest. We had to hide our location from the enemy. The Russian rearguards and Cossacks helped to realize this plan. The Tarutino maneuver can be briefly described as follows.
On September 14, late in the evening, when Napoleon's army was already entering Moscow, the last units of the Russian army under the command of General Miloradovich were just leaving it. In such a situation, pursued by the vanguard of the French cavalry, the Russian troops had to hide their movement.
Kutuzov led the army along the Ryazan road, but then ordered to turn onto the old Kaluga. Here the implementation of the plan to hide the Russian forces from Napoleon began - the famous Tarutino maneuver of Kutuzov. The retreat along the new road and the crossing across the Moscow River was covered by the rear guards of the cavalry under the command of Generals Vasilchikov, Raevsky and Miloradovich. The vanguard of the French followed the crossing of the Russian army. The Russian troops left in two columns.
After the crossing, the army accelerated the movement and broke away from the French. Raevsky's corps, leaving among the last, burned all the bridges at the crossing. So on September 17, the Tarutinsky maneuver of the Russian army was successfully launched.
cover operation
Breaking away from the persecution of the French avant-garde was not enough. Immediately after arriving in Moscow, Napoleon sent his best marshal Murat to search for the Russian army. The Russian rearguards of Raevsky and Miloradovich, as well as detachments of Cossacks, created the appearance of an army retreat to Ryazan, misleading Napoleon. They managed to completely disorient the French regarding the location of the Russian army for several precious days for Kutuzov. During this time, she safely reached the village of Tarutino and camped there for a rest. So Kutuzov's plan was brilliantly implemented.
Helped to cover the withdrawal of the army and the peasants of the surrounding villages and villages. They organized partisan detachments and, together with the Cossacks, attacked the French avant-gardes, inflicting significant damage on them.
Tarutinsky fight
For almost two weeks, Napoleon did not know about the whereabouts of the Russian army, until Murat's corps revealed its location. This time was used to the maximum advantage. The soldiers received a long-awaited rest, the supply of food was organized, fresh replenishment arrived. New weapons arrived from Tula, and the rest of the provinces, by order of the commander-in-chief, began to supply winter uniforms for the army.
At the same time, Kutuzov's army covered the roads to the rich southern provinces and to Tula with its military industry. Being in the rear of the French army, Kutuzov created a serious threat.
Napoleon's army found itself in a real trap in Moscow. The road to the rich southern provinces was covered by the strengthened Russian army, and partisan detachments of Cossacks and peasants were actually surrounded by the capital.
On September 24, Murat discovered the location of the Russian army and camped not far from it for observation on the Chernishna River. The number of his troops was about 27 thousand people.
In early October, Napoleon tried to enter into negotiations with Kutuzov, but he refused. It was decided to attack Murat's grouping, because, according to the reports of the partisans, he had no reinforcements. On October 18, the French camp was suddenly attacked by Russian troops. It was not possible to completely defeat Murat's army, he managed to organize a retreat. But the Battle of Tarutino showed that the Russian army had become stronger and now posed a serious threat to the enemy.
The meaning of the Tarutino March
The Tarutino maneuver of 1812, brilliantly conceived and brilliantly implemented by Kutuzov with the help of his generals and officers, had crucial to defeat the invader. Having managed to break away from the enemy and having won several weeks, the Russian army received the necessary rest, supplies of weapons, provisions and uniforms were arranged. Also, the army was replenished with a new reserve, amounting to more than 100 thousand people.
The ideally chosen location of the Russian camp did not allow Napoleon to continue the offensive and forced the French army to leave along the old Smolensk road, which led through completely plundered territories.
There are small moments in history, seemingly insignificant, sometimes even curious, which in the future have a significant impact on the course of further events. These include the Tarutinsky battle, rather not even a battle, but a clash that took place on October 18, 1812. near the village of Tarutino, the Russian army with the vanguard of the French army, where M.N. Kutuzov leaving Moscow. This clash was more moral than military - the vanguard of the French under the leadership of Marshal Murat was not defeated, but could.
In all sources, this episode is interpreted as the Tarutinsky battle, but as I said above, it is more like a collision with big blunders, where the principle “it was smooth on paper, but forgot about the ravines!” was justified.
The main strategic success of Kutuzov at Borodino was that the heavy losses of the French gave time to replenish, supply, reorganize the Russian army, which the commander-in-chief then launched into a formidable counteroffensive against Napoleon.
Napoleon did not attack the Russian army during its retreat from Borodino to Moscow, not because he considered the war already won, but because he feared a second Borodino, after which he would have to ask for a shameful peace.
While in Moscow and soberly assessing the situation, Napoleon sent his representatives to Alexander 1 and M.I. Kutuzov with a proposal to make peace. But got rejected. And realizing that Moscow was a trap for him, he gave the order to retreat.
Meanwhile, in the Tarutinsky camp, the Russian army received reinforcements and increased its strength to 120 thousand people. In 1834, a monument was erected in Tarutino with the inscription: “At this place, the Russian army, led by Field Marshal Kutuzov, saved Russia and Europe».
Although the Cossacks initially misled the vanguard of the French, who followed the Russian army on their heels, Murat's corps nevertheless discovered Kutuzov's camp and stopped not far from Tarutino, watching the Russian army. The number of the French corps consisted of 26,540 people with artillery of 197 guns. Only the forest separated the Russian camp from the French positions.
It was an odd neighborhood. The enemy troops stood for two weeks without clashes. Moreover, according to General A.P. Yermolova: " Gentlemen generals and officers gathered at the front posts with expressions of courtesy, which was a reason for many to conclude that there was a truce.(Napoleon was waiting for an answer to the world - V.K.). By this time, the partisans reported that the French had no reinforcements at a distance from their position and to Moscow. This caused the plan to encircle and destroy the French corps, but ..., as I said above, the human factor is to blame for everything.
Murat, apparently, received information about the impending Russian attack, the day before the start. The French were in full combat readiness all night, but the attack did not happen due to the fact that General Yermolov was at their dinner party. The next day, Murat ordered the withdrawal of artillery and carts. But the adjutant, who delivered the order to the chief of artillery, found him sleeping and, unaware of the urgency, decided to wait until morning. As a result, the French were not ready to repel the attack.
In turn, mistakes were made on the Russian side. They were let down by the lack of interaction among the detachments of Bennigsen, Miloradovich and Orlov-Denisov, allocated to attack the French. Only the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov, who reached their original positions at the time, attacked the camp of the French, who rushed to their heels, and the Cossacks took up the "shmon" of their camp. This allowed Murat to stop the fleeing French and organize counterattacks, thereby saving his corps.
The goal of the Tarutinsky battle was not fully achieved, but its result was extremely successful: not so many guns were captured in a single battle during that war (38).
But the significance of this battle was not only the success and effectiveness of the military component, this battle helped to raise the spirit of the Russian army and marked a new stage in the Patriotic War - the transition to active offensive operations, which the army had dreamed of for so long and that’s all Russian society. This battle showed that the Russians could beat the French, just as the battle of Moscow in 1941 showed that the Nazi army could be crushed.
The next day after the battle, M. I. Kutuzov wrote to his wife: “ It wasn't smart to break them. But it was necessary to smash it cheaply for us ... The first time the French lost so many guns, and the first time they fled like hares ... ".
The next battle will be on October 22-23, 1812 near Maloyaroslavets, which will become Borodino -2 for the French, but already with a negative sign.
The battle near Tarutino on October 18, 1812 was the beginning of the countdown of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. On this day, October 18, 1962, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Victory in Moscow, the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum was opened - an eternal monument to those days.
VADIM KULINCHENKO, retired captain 1st rank, publicist
Tarutinsky maneuver of 1812 - a march maneuver of the Russian army during World War II from Moscow to Tarutino (a village on the Nara River, 80 kilometers southwest of Moscow, now the Kaluga Region), conducted under the leadership of Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov 5 - September 21 (September 17 - October 3, new style).
After the battle of Borodino, when it became obvious that it was impossible to keep Moscow with the remaining forces, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov outlined a plan, which consisted in breaking away from the Napoleonic army and taking a flank position in relation to it, creating a threat to French communications, preventing the enemy from entering southern regions of Russia (not devastated by the war and rich in supplies) and prepare the Russian army for a counteroffensive.
Kutuzov kept his plan a great secret. On September 2 (14), leaving Moscow, the Russian army headed southeast along the Ryazan road.
On September 4 (16), after crossing the Moskva River at Borovsky Perevoz (not far from the current city of Zhukovsky), Kutuzov, under the cover of the rearguard of General Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, unexpectedly turned the main forces of the Russian army to the west.
The Cossacks of the rearguard succeeded in defiantly retreating to Ryazan to drag the vanguard of the French army behind them. I must say that covering the retreat, the Cossacks imitated a retreat 2 more times, and the French followed them along the Kashira and Tula roads.
The vanguard of General Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich and the detachment of Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky were advanced towards Moscow; detachments were assigned for partisan actions.
Having lost sight of the Russian army, Napoleon sent strong detachments along the Ryazan, Tula and Kaluga roads. For several days they searched for Kutuzov, and only on September 14 (26) the cavalry of Marshal Joachim Murat discovered Russian troops in the Podolsk region.
Subsequently, Kutuzov secretly (mostly at night) retreated along the Old Kaluga road to the Nara River.
On September 21 (October 3, according to a new style), Russian troops stopped near the village of Tarutino, where they took up a new fortified position. The brilliantly organized and carried out Tarutinsky maneuver allowed the Russian army to break away from Napoleon's army and take an advantageous strategic position, which provided it with preparations for a counteroffensive.
As a result of the Tarutino maneuver, Kutuzov retained communications with the southern regions of Russia, which made it possible to strengthen the army, cover the arms factory in Tula and the supply base in Kaluga, and maintain contact with the armies of Alexander Petrovich Tormasov and Pavel Vasilyevich Chichagov.
Napoleon was forced to abandon the attack on St. Petersburg and eventually, leaving Moscow, retreat along the Old Smolensk road, that is, through the areas already devastated by the war. In the Tarutino maneuver, Kutuzov's outstanding military leadership talent was manifested, his ability to impose his will on the enemy, put him in unfavorable conditions, and achieve a turning point in the war.
Tarutinsky camp
Tarutino camp - a fortified camp in the Tarutino region (a village on the Nara River, now the Zhukovsky district of the Kaluga region, 80 kilometers southwest of Moscow), which was occupied by the Russian army from September 21 (October 3, new style) to October 11 (23) during the Patriotic War of 1812 after leaving Moscow.
The Tarutinsky camp was located on a terrain favorable for defense, relying on which it was possible to keep under the supervision of the road from Moscow - Old Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan.
The front and the left flank of the Tarutino camp were covered by rivers (Nara and others), earthen fortifications were built along the front in the form of flushes and lunettes (14 in total), the banks of the rivers were escarped.
In the forest that covered the rear of the Tarutinsky camp, notches and blockages were arranged. The army was located on both sides of the Old Kaluga road: in the 1st line - the 2nd and 6th infantry, in the 2nd - 4,5,3 and 7th infantry and 1st cavalry corps, in the 3rd - the 8th infantry corps and part of the cavalry, in the 4th - two cuirassier divisions and reserve artillery (about 400 guns).
Fleches are field (sometimes long-term) fortifications. They consist of two faces 20 - 30 meters long each at an obtuse angle. The apex angle is directed towards the enemy.
Lunette - an open field or long-term fortification, consisting of at least 3 faces. In the field lunette, usually, there were 1 - 4 companies.
To cover the flanks of the battle order, the following were advanced: the left - 5, the right - 2 jaeger regiments; the vanguard of the army (2nd and 4th cavalry corps) was located 3 kilometers north of Tarutino.
The apartment of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov and his headquarters were located first in Tarutino, and then in the village of Letashevka (at the moment - the tract Maloye Litashovo, 3 km SW from Tarutino).
In the Tarutinsky camp, the Russian army was reorganized, understaffed, supplied with weapons, ammunition and food, and prepared for active offensive operations. Army partisan detachments were sent to the rear of the enemy.
In connection with the preparation of the counteroffensive, the number of cavalry in the army increased significantly. The troops were reinforced combat training. Kutuzov used his stay in the Tarutinsky camp to prepare for the transition of the Russian army to the counteroffensive and already in the Tarutinsky battle on October 18 (October 6) defeated the vanguard of the French army.
In 1834, with the money of the peasants of the village of Tarutino and nearby villages, a monument was erected at the entrance to the village with the inscription: "In this place, the Russian army, led by Field Marshal Kutuzov, having strengthened, saved Russia and Europe."
By the way, it was in the Tarutinsky camp that the great Russian poet, and then a lieutenant of the Moscow militia, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky wrote the poem "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors", which glorified him throughout Russia.
The Nara River in the Tarutino region. The river served as a natural strategic barrier that protected the Russian army.
From the high slopes of the river valley, the surrounding area was visible many miles ahead.
The clear edges of the lunettes are still clearly visible on the ground.
Here and there in the vicinity of Tarutino you can find ditches and ramparts of ancient fortifications.
Monument in Tarutino.
Battle of Tarutino
Tarutino battle or Tarutinsky battle - a battle between Russian and French troops on October 6 (October 18, according to a new style) during the Patriotic War of 1812 near the Chernishnya River (a tributary of the Nara River), 8 kilometers north of the village of Tarutino. The participants themselves called the battle “The Battle of Chernishnia” (Kutuzov) or “The Battle of Vinkovo” (Kolenkur). Vinkovo is the old name of the current village of Chernishnia.
Battle of Tarutino
In early October 1812, having completed the preparation of the Russian army for a counteroffensive, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov directed the first blow against the French avant-garde (28 thousand people, 187 guns, under the command of Marshal Joachim Murat), located on the banks of the Chernishnya River.
Kutuzov's idea was to apply main blow a group of General Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen (3 infantry and 1 cavalry corps, 10 Cossack regiments) against the left flank, and a group of General Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich (2 infantry corps, guards and reserve cavalry), together with the main forces of the Russian army - against the center of the French avant-garde, in cooperation with partisan detachments Ivan Semenovich Dorokhov and Alexander Samoilovich Figner, advancing behind enemy lines, surround and destroy him.
At 7 am on October 6 (18), the Cossack regiments of Vasily Vasilyevich Orlov-Denisov attacked the French in the village of Teterinka, threatening to cover their left flank. Behind them, the advanced units of the main forces of the Bennigsen group began to attack. The position of the French avant-garde became critical. Murat retreated. Russian troops (Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov and Miloradovich's cavalrymen) pursued them to Spas-Kupli.
The main forces of the Russian army, which advanced to the Chernishnia River, were not brought into battle: Kutuzov, having received a report about the withdrawal of Napoleon's troops from Moscow, stopped them and returned them to the Tarutino positions.
The result of the Tarutinsky battle was the partial defeat of the French avant-garde, which lost about 2,500 (according to other sources - 4,000) people killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners, 38 guns and the entire convoy. Russian losses amounted to 300 people killed and 904 people wounded (according to Kutuzov's report). According to the inscription on the wall of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Russian army lost 1183 people killed and wounded.
The Tarutinsky battle was the first major tactical victory of the Russian army after the battle of Borodino, which strengthened the morale of its troops on the eve of the counteroffensive.
Bust of Ataman Platov at the military memorial near the village of Kuzovlevo (near Chernishni).
The Cossacks of Ataman Platov accomplished many feats during the Battle of Tarutino. Near the village of Teterinki, the Cossacks captured a French battery of 18 guns. Captain Kostin, who was the first to capture a French gun, distinguished himself. The centurion of carps captured the golden standard of the 1st Cuirassier Regiment. Officer Filatov stabbed General Deri, the commander of Murat's guards. During the battle, more than 170 Cossacks were killed, but they themselves destroyed almost 2,000 French.
Although, there are other opinions about the Cossacks, such as the memoirs of General A.P. Yermolov: "... Rich carts were a tasty bait for our Cossacks: they took up robbery, got drunk and did not think to prevent the enemy from retreating".
A memorial sign near the village of Chernishnya.
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