In Bekhterev's biography of the discovery of the life of the individual. V.M contribution
An outstanding Russian medical psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.
In 1907 he founded the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg, now named after Bekhterev.
He was born into the family of a petty civil servant in the village of Sorali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province, presumably on January 20, 1857 (he was baptized on January 23, 1857). He was a representative of the ancient Vyatka family of Bekhterevs. Educated at the Vyatka Gymnasium and the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. At the end of the course (1878), Bekhterev devoted himself to the study of mental and nervous diseases and for this purpose he worked at the clinic of prof. I. P. Merzheevsky.
In 1879, Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. And in 1884 he was sent abroad, where he studied with Dubois-Raymond (Berlin), Wundt (Leipzig), Meinert (Vienna), Charcot (Paris) and others. - Associate Professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and since 1885 he was a professor at Kazan University and head of the psychiatric clinic of the Kazan district hospital. While working at Kazan University, he created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. In 1893 he headed the Department of Nervous and Mental Diseases of the Medico-Surgical Academy. In the same year he founded the journal Neurological Bulletin. In 1894, Vladimir Mikhailovich was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895 - a member of the military medical scientific council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill. From 1897 he also taught at the Women's Medical Institute.
Organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society of Normal and experimental psychology and scientific organization of labor. He edited the journals "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", "Study and Education of Personality", "Issues of the Study of Labor" and others.
In November 1900, Bekhterev's two-volume "The pathways of the spinal cord and brain" was put forward Russian Academy Sciences for the Academician K.M. Baer Prize. In 1900 Bekhterev was elected chairman of the Russian Society for Normal and Pathological Psychology.
After the completion of work on the seven volumes of "Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain", Bekhterev's special attention as a scientist began to be attracted to the problems of psychology. Proceeding from the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and, above all, on the doctrine of combination (conditioned) reflexes. In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book "Objective Psychology". The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and vegetative reactions that are available for observation and registration.
He was a member of the editorial committee of the multi-volume "Traite international de psychologie pathologique" ("International Treatise on Pathological Psychology") (Paris, 1908-1910), for which he wrote several chapters. In 1908, the Psychoneurological Institute founded by Bekhterev began its work in St. Petersburg.
In May 1918, Bekhterev petitioned the Council of People's Commissars to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and mental activity. Soon the Institute was opened, and Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was its director until his death. In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
He died suddenly on December 24, 1927 in Moscow, a few hours after being poisoned by canned food. There is a version that Bekhterev's death is associated with a consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.
After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.
Scientific contribution
Bekhterev studied a wide range of psychiatric, neurological, physiological, morphological and psychological problems. In his approach, he always focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. Carrying out the reformation modern psychology, developed his own teaching, which he consistently designated as objective psychology (from 1904), then as psychoreflexology (from 1910) and as reflexology (from 1917). He paid special attention to the development of reflexology as integrated science about man and society (different from physiology and psychology), designed to replace psychology.
Widely used the concept of "nervous reflex". Introduced the concept of "associative-motor reflex" and developed the concept of this reflex. He discovered and studied the pathways of the human spinal cord and brain, described some brain formations. Established and identified a number of reflexes, syndromes and symptoms. Physiological Bekhterev's reflexes (scapular-shoulder reflex, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological reflexes (Mendel-Bekhterev's dorsal foot reflex, carpal-finger reflex, Bekhterev's reflex - Jacobson) reflect the defeat of the pyramidal pathways.
He described some diseases and developed methods for their treatment (“Postencephalitic symptoms of Bechterev”, “Psychotherapeutic triad of Bechterev”, “Phobic symptoms of Bechterev”, etc.). In 1892, Bekhterev described "stiffness of the spine with its curvature as special form diseases" ("Bekhterev's disease", "Ankylosing spondylitis"). Bekhterev singled out such diseases as "chorea epilepsy", "syphilitic multiple sclerosis", "acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics". Created a number of drugs. "Ankylosing spondylitis" was widely used as a sedative.
For many years he studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion, including alcoholism.
For more than 20 years he studied the issues of sexual behavior and child rearing. Developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children.
He repeatedly criticized psychoanalysis (the teachings of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, etc.). But at the same time, he contributed to the theoretical, experimental and psychotherapeutic work on psychoanalysis, which was carried out at the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity headed by him.
In addition, Bekhterev developed and studied the relationship between nervous and mental illnesses, psychopathy and circular psychosis, the clinic and pathogenesis of hallucinations, described a number of forms of obsessive-compulsive disorders, various manifestations of mental automatism. For the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, he introduced combination-reflex therapy for neuroses and alcoholism, psychotherapy by the method of distraction, and collective psychotherapy.
Creation
In addition to the dissertation “The experience of a clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness” (St. Petersburg, 1881), Bekhterev owns numerous works:
1) according to normal anatomy nervous system;
2) pathological anatomy of the central nervous system;
3) physiology of the central nervous system;
4) in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases and, finally,
5) in psychology (Formation of our ideas about space, Bulletin of Psychiatry, 1884).
In these works, Bekhterev was engaged in the study and study of the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition white matter spinal cord and the course of the fibers in the gray matter and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments performed, the clarification of the physiological significance separate parts central nervous system (visual tubercles, vestibular branch of the auditory nerve, lower and upper olives, quadrigemina, etc.). Bekhterev also managed to obtain some new data on the localization of various centers in the cerebral cortex (for example, on the localization of skin - tactile and pain - sensations and muscle consciousness on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, Vrach, 1883) and also on the physiology of the motor centers of the cerebral cortex ("Doctor", 1886). Many works of Bekhterev are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases. Works: Fundamentals of the doctrine of the functions of the brain, St. Petersburg, 1903-07; Objective psychology, St. Petersburg, 1907-10; Psyche and life, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1904; General diagnostics of diseases of the nervous system, parts 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1911-15; Collective reflexology, P., 1921: General Basics human reflexology, M.-P., 1923; Conducting pathways of the spinal cord and brain, M.-L., 1926; Brain and activity, M.-L., 1928: Selected. Prod., M., 1954.
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Foreword
"... Only two know - the Lord God and Bekhterev"
He was surprised. Professor Mikhail Pavlovich Nikitin, a student of Academician Bekhterev, recalled his conversation with one of the foreign scientists, who unexpectedly admitted: “I would believe that Vladimir Bekhterev alone did so much in science and wrote so many scientific works if I were sure that they could be read in one lifetime. Various bibliographic reference books testify that Vladimir Bekhterev wrote and published more than a thousand scientific papers.
They believed in him. Recommending the young scientist Bekhterev to head the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, his teacher I. M. Balinsky wrote that “he stood firmly on anatomical and physiological ground - the only one from which further success should be expected in the science of nervous and mental illnesses.”
There were legends about him. One of the most famous even received the name "Bekhterev on the round." “Bekhterev walked around the wards, accompanied by a “tail”, joked, smiling, somehow freely solving today issues that baffled others.
- This patient became deaf after a quarrel. Otolaryngologists do not find any changes in the hearing aid. It was believed that the deafness was hysterical, but ... - Raisa Yakovlevna Golant reported to Bekhterev, throwing up her pointed chin in a businesslike manner.
- Hm! - He clapped his hands over the very ear of the patient: no reaction. “However…” He gestured to the patient to undress to the waist. He wrote on a piece of paper: “I will run a finger or a piece of paper along your back, and you will answer me - with what?” And then, swiping his finger, he rustled the paper at the same time.
“A piece of paper,” said the sick man quickly.
- You are healthy, already hear! You can be discharged.
“Thank you,” the patient agreed quietly. Bekhterev told the doctors who accompanied him:
– Simulation vulgaris.
“…This patient was transferred to us from Maximilianovskaya,” Golant continued. - Right side paralysis. The patient suffers from heart disease. Vascular embolism was suspected. Treatment for two months did not give any improvement. We have decided to consult with you...
Bekhterev carefully examined the patient and, putting the tube to the skull, began to listen to him. He called everyone in turn:
- Do you hear? This is what is called "the noise of the top." I'm guessing an aneurysm. It presses on the motor area of the left hemisphere. The patient must be operated on immediately.
The round continued.
- Aphasia ... An engineer by profession, who came to us already with a complete loss of speech. However, it can be explained in writing or with the help of a special dictionary. Hearing is not broken.
Bekhterev paused, cleared his throat. Finally, he leaned over to the patient, took hold of the button of his dressing gown:
- Tell me, dear ... how much is two plus two?
The patient was embarrassed, shrugged his shoulders in bewilderment, wrinkled his forehead pitifully. Bekhterev sighed:
- Apparently, the anterior part of Broca's center, anatomically connected with the center of the account, is affected ... - and, moving away from the patient, he said: - Symptomatic treatment. Bromides. Physiotherapy. Peace! - and spread his hands, emphasizing the impotence of medicine.
And to this frail, nimble old woman, who got up, smiling, at the entrance of the academician to the ward, Bekhterev approached himself:
“Well, grandma, is it better?”
“Better, falcon, better.
- Here you go. Wonderful. Go to your old man. And all will be well. I'll come to your golden wedding."
They were truly admired. Bekhterev's colleagues said in earnest that only two people know the anatomy of the brain - the Lord God and Bekhterev.
The stages of his "great journey" were amazing. Vladimir Bekhterev was a genius. He was the first in the world to create a new scientific direction- Psychoneurology and devoted his whole life to the study of the human personality. It was for this that he founded 33 institutes, 29 scientific journals. More than 5,000 students have passed the Bekhterev school. Starting with studying the physiology of the brain, he moved on to studying its work in various modes and reflecting them on physiology.
He seriously studied hypnosis, and even introduced his medical practice in Russia.
First made laws social psychology, developed the issues of personality development.
With his titanic work, he proved that one person can do a lot if he goes to a big goal. And on the way to the goal he acquires a lot of titles and knowledge. Bekhterev is a professor, academician, psychiatrist, neuropathologist, psychologist, physiologist, morphologist, hypnotist and philosopher.
The genius was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province, in the family of a bailiff. At the age of nine, he was left without a father, and a family of five - a mother and four sons - experienced great financial difficulties.
In 1878 he graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy. Since 1885, he was the head of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, where he first created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the journal Neurological Bulletin and the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists.
Since 1893 he worked in St. Petersburg, served as a professor at the Military Medical Academy. Since 1897 - professor at the Women's Medical Institute.
In 1908 he became director of the Psychoneurological Institute organized by him.
In 1918, he headed the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Psychic Activity, created on his initiative (later - the State Reflexological Institute for the Study of the Brain, which received his name).
In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
As a scientist, he was always interested in man - his psyche and brain. According to experts, he studied personality based on a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods, later - through an attempt to create a comprehensive science of man and society (called reflexology).
The largest contribution to science was the work of Bekhterev in the field of brain morphology.
He devoted almost 20 years to the study of sex education and the behavior of a young child.
All his life he studied the power of hypnotic suggestion, including in alcoholism. Developed the theory of suggestion.
He was the first to identify a number of characteristic reflexes, symptoms and syndromes that are important for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases. He described a number of diseases and methods of their treatment. In addition to the dissertation "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", Bekhterev owns numerous works that are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases. For example, he studied and treated many mental disorders and syndromes: fear of blushing, fear of being late, obsessive jealousy, obsessive smile, fear of someone else's gaze, fear of impotence, obsession with reptiles (reptilophrenia) and others.
Assessing the importance of psychology for solving the fundamental problems of psychiatry, Bekhterev did not forget that psychiatry as a clinical discipline, in turn, enriches psychology, poses new problems for it and solves some problems. difficult questions psychology. Bekhterev understood this mutual enrichment of psychology and psychiatry as follows: “... having received an impetus in its development, psychiatry, as a science dealing with painful disorders of mental activity, has rendered enormous services to psychology. The latest advances in psychiatry, due to to a large extent clinical study of mental disorders at the bedside, formed the basis of a special branch of knowledge known as pathological psychology, which has already led to the solution of very many psychological problems and from which, no doubt, even more in this respect can be expected in the future.
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, an outstanding Russian psychiatrist, one of the founders of Russian experimental psychology, possessed outstanding abilities and exceptional diligence.
Future great doctor was born on January 20, 1857 in the family of a minor civil servant in the village of Sorali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province (now the village of Bekhterevo, Republic of Tatarstan).
In 1856, his father, Mikhail Pavlovich, who rose to the modest rank of collegiate secretary, died of tuberculosis, leaving three sons orphans. He was not even 40 years old. The youngest, Volodya, was prepared for exams at the gymnasium by his elder brother Nikolai, with some help from his mother. He passed the exams successfully, and the commission decided to enroll him immediately in the second grade.
On August 16, 1867, he began his studies. Later, in his Autobiography, recalling that time, Bekhterev writes: “I believe that there was no well-known popular book on natural science that would not have been in my hands and would not have been more or less studied with the corresponding extracts. Needless to say, such books of that time as Pisarev, Portugalov, Dobrolyubov, Draper, Shelgunov and others were read many times with enthusiasm. The sensational theory of Darwin at that time was, by the way, the subject of the most careful study on my part.
The knowledge he received while studying at the gymnasium allowed Bekhterev to enter the famous Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg at the age of sixteen and a half, while only applicants who had reached the age of 17 were accepted there.
At the age of 21, having completed his studies, he remained at the academy for scientific improvement under the guidance of the largest Russian psychiatrist Ivan Pavlovich Merzheevsky (1838-1908). On April 4, 1881, Bekhterev successfully defended his doctoral dissertation in medicine on the topic “The experience of a clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness” and received the academic title of Privatdozent.
On June 1, 1884, at the age of 27, he, as a particularly talented scientist who has many of his own studies published in Russian and foreign languages, are sent abroad for two years. Bekhterev trains in the laboratories and clinics of such world-famous specialists as the Leipzig neurologist Paul Flexig (1847-1929), one of the founders of modern neuromorphology, the outstanding Parisian neuropathologist Charcot and Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology. Bekhterev left a good impression on them, striking them with the breadth of interests and depth of knowledge. It should be noted that thanks to a visit to the Charcot clinic, where work on the study of hypnosis was in full swing, Bekhterev learned to treat with the help of hypnosis and suggestion.
In the spring of 1885, Bekhterev went to Munich, where he got acquainted with the clinic and laboratories of the famous German psychoneurologist Bernard von Gudden, who tragically died a year later, on June 13, on Sunday, while rescuing the mentally ill King Ludwig II in Lake Starnberg.
The young scientist spent the summer months of 1885 in Vienna. There he was interested in the methods of work of the "old connoisseur of the brain" anatomist and psychiatrist Meinert. Upon his return to Russia in July 1885, the 28-year-old Bekhterev was appointed by order of the Minister of Education as a professor and head of the department of psychiatry at Kazan University.
After returning from a business trip, Bekhterev begins to give a course of lectures on the diagnosis of nervous diseases to fifth-year students of Kazan University. Since 1884, a professor at the Kazan University at the Department of Mental Diseases, Bekhterev provided the teaching of this subject with the establishment of a clinical department in the Kazan district hospital and a psychophysiological laboratory at the university; founded the Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, founded the journal "Neurological Bulletin" and published a number of his works, as well as those of his students in various departments of neuropathology and anatomy of the nervous system.
In 1883 Bekhterev was awarded silver medal Society of Russian Doctors for the article "On forced and violent movements during the destruction of some parts of the central nervous system." In this article, Bekhterev drew attention to the fact that nervous diseases can often be accompanied by mental disorders, and with mental illness, signs of an organic lesion of the central nervous system are also possible. In the same year he was elected a member of the Italian Society of Psychiatrists.
His most famous article "Stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" was published in the capital's magazine "Doctor" in 1892. Bekhterev described "stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" (now better known as Bekhterev's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid spondylitis), that is, a systemic inflammatory disease connective tissue with damage to the articular-ligamentous apparatus of the spine, as well as peripheral joints, sacroiliac joint, hip and shoulder joints and involvement of internal organs in the process.
Bekhterev also singled out such diseases as choreic epilepsy, syphilitic multiple sclerosis, acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics. These, as well as other neurological symptoms first identified by the scientist and a number of original clinical observations, are reflected in the two-volume book "Nervous Diseases in Individual Observations", published in Kazan. Since 1893, the Kazan Neurological Society began to regularly publish its own printed organ - the journal Neurological Bulletin, which was published until 1918 under the editorship of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev.
In the spring of 1893, Bekhterev received an invitation from the head of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy to take the chair of mental and nervous diseases. Bekhterev arrived in St. Petersburg and began to create the first neurosurgical operating room in Russia. In the laboratories of the clinic, Bekhterev, together with his staff and students, continued numerous studies on the morphology and physiology of the nervous system. This allowed him to complete the materials on neuromorphology and begin work on the fundamental seven-volume work Fundamentals of the Teaching of Brain Functions.
In 1894, Bekhterev was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895 he became a member of the Military Medical Academic Council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill.
In November 1900, the two-volume "Conducting Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain" was nominated by the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Academician K.M. Baer. In 1902, Bekhterev published the book "Psyche and Life". By that time, Bekhterev had prepared for publication the first volume of Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain, which became his main work on neurophysiology. Here are collected and systematized general provisions about brain activity. So, Bekhterev presented the energy theory of inhibition, according to which the nerve energy in the brain rushes to the center that is in an active state.
According to Bekhterev, this energy, as it were, flows to him along the pathways connecting individual areas of the brain, primarily from nearby areas of the brain, in which, as Bekhterev believed, “a decrease in excitability, therefore, depression” occurs. In general, Bekhterev's work on the study of brain morphology made an invaluable contribution to the development domestic psychology. He, in particular, was interested in the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments, he managed to find out the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (optic tubercles, vestibular branch auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigemina).
Dealing directly with the functions of the brain, Bekhterev discovered the nuclei and pathways in the brain; created the doctrine of the pathways of the spinal cord and the functional anatomy of the brain; established the anatomical and physiological basis of balance and spatial orientation, discovered in the cerebral cortex centers of movement and secretion of internal organs, etc. After completing work on the seven volumes of Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain, Bekhterev's special attention began to be attracted to the problems of psychology.
Bekhterev spoke about the equal existence of two psychologies: he singled out subjective psychology, the main method of which should be introspection, and objective psychology. Bekhterev called himself a representative of objective psychology, but he considered it possible to study objectively only the externally observable, i.e. behavior (in the behaviorist sense), and the physiological activity of the nervous system. Based on the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and above all on the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.
Thus, Bekhterev creates a whole doctrine, which he called reflexology, which actually continued the work of objective psychology of Bekhterev. In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book "Objective Psychology". The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and vegetative reactions that are available for observation and registration. To describe the complex forms of reflex activity, Bekhterev proposed the term "associative-motor reflex". He also described a number of physiological and pathological reflexes, symptoms and syndromes.
Physiological reflexes discovered by Bekhterev (shoulder-shoulder reflex, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological reflexes (Mendel-Bechterev dorsal foot reflex, carpal-finger reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect the defeat of the pyramidal pathways . Ankylosing spondylitis symptoms are observed in various pathological conditions: dorsal tabes, sciatic neuralgia, massive cerebral strokes, angiotrophoneurosis, pathological processes in the membranes of the base of the brain, etc. To assess the symptoms, Bekhterev created special devices (algesimeter, which allows you to accurately measure pain sensitivity; baresthesiometer, which measures pressure sensitivity; myoesthesiometer - a device for measuring sensitivity, etc.).
Bekhterev also developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children, the relationship between nervous and mental illnesses, psychopathy and circular psychosis, the clinic and pathogenesis of hallucinations, described a number of forms of obsessive states, and various manifestations of mental automatism. For the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, he introduced combination-reflex therapy for neuroses and alcoholism, psychotherapy by the method of distraction, and collective psychotherapy. Ankylosing spondylitis was widely used as a sedative. In 1908, Bekhterev created the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg and became its director.
After the revolution in 1918, Bekhterev petitioned the Council of People's Commissars to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. When the institute was created, Bekhterev took the position of its director and remained so until his death. The Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity was subsequently named the State Reflexology Institute for the Study of the Brain. V.M. Bekhterev.
In 1921 Academician V.M. Bekhterev, together with the famous animal trainer V.L. Durov carried out experiments of mental suggestion to trained dogs of pre-conceived actions. Similar experiments were carried out in the practical laboratory of zoopsychology, which was headed by V.L. Durov with the participation of one of the pioneers of mental suggestion in the USSR, engineer B.B. Kazinsky. By the beginning of 1921, in the laboratory of V.L. Durov, over 20 months of research, 1278 experiments of mental suggestion (to dogs) were carried out, including 696 successful and 582 unsuccessful. Experiments with dogs showed that mental suggestion the trainer does not have to conduct it, it could be an experienced inductor. It was only necessary that he knew and applied the method of transmission established by the trainer. Suggestion was carried out both in direct visual contact with the animal, and at a distance, when the dogs did not see or hear the trainer, and he did not hear them.
It should be emphasized that the experiments were carried out with dogs that had certain changes in the psyche that arose after special training. An internationally recognized scientist, academician Bekhterev was distinguished by the versatility of his scientific interests. In all encyclopedias, three specialties are named after his name at once: neurology, psychology and psychiatry, and in each of them he left a deep mark. Peru Bekhterev owns many works on hypnosis, to name some of them: "On the objective signs of suggestions experienced in hypnosis" (1905); "On the question of the medical significance of hypnosis" (1893); "The Medical Significance of Hypnosis" (1900); "On Hypnotism" (1911), etc.
At the end of 1927, V.M. Bekhterev was supposed to participate in the work of the I All-Union Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists and the I All-Union Congress, dedicated to the problem of raising and educating children. In Moscow, he settled in the house of an old acquaintance, university professor S.I. Blagovolina.
On December 22, at the opening congress of neuropathologists and psychiatrists V.M. Bekhterev was elected honorary chairman. On the same day, his last public speaking: he made a report on the collective treatment by suggestion under hypnosis of patients with drug addiction and, in particular, alcoholism, as well as various forms of neuroses; he spoke about the method of collective hypnopsychotherapy and its advantages over the individual method of treatment, which is associated with the peculiar mutual induction sick.
The next day, he presided over a meeting of the congress devoted to the problem of epilepsy. The meeting took place in the building of the Institute of Psychoneuroprophylaxis of the People's Commissariat of Health on Kudrinskaya Street. After the meeting V.M. Bekhterev expressed a desire to get acquainted with some of the institute's laboratories. Accompanied by the director and prominent Moscow psychiatrists, he visited the laboratory of morphology of the central nervous system and the department of pathophysiology of labor, which was headed by a former student of V.M. Bekhterev - Ilyin.
In the evening of the same day, he was at a performance at the Bolshoi Theater, and at 23:40 on December 24, 1927, the largest neuromorphologist, neuropathologist and psychiatrist V.M. Bekhterev died. V.M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors. However, none of his students could replace the late scientist-encyclopedist, endowed with brilliant organizational skills. The psycho-neurological academy he founded soon disintegrated.
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a world-famous neuropathologist, psychiatrist, physiologist, founder of the Russian school of psychoneurologists, was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province.
The choice of specialty was influenced by Bekhterev's illness, mental disorder. Therefore, in the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, in his senior years, he chooses nervous and mental illnesses as a direction. Subsequently, he participated in Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878
In 1881, Vladimir Mikhailovich defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", and also received the academic title of Privatdozent.
After a number of years of leadership of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, in 1893 Bekhterev headed the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and
He also became director of the Clinic for Mental Diseases of the Clinical Military Hospital.
AT 1899 Bekhterev was elected an academician of the Military Medical Academy and awarded the gold medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For a short time, Vladimir Mikhailovich acted as head of the academy.
Vladi The world Mikhailovich Bekhterev took the initiative to create the Psychoneurological Institute, and thanks to his efforts in 1911 the first buildings of the institute appeared behind the Nevskaya Zastava. Soon he becomes president of the institute.
Bekhterev actively participated in public life. In 1913, he took part in the famous politically engaged "Beilis affair". After Bekhterev's speech, the main defendant was acquitted, and the examination in his case entered the history of science as the first forensic psychological and psychiatric examination.
Such behavior displeased the authorities, and soon Bekhterev was dismissed from the academy, the Women's Medical Institute and was not approved for a new term as president of the Psychoneurological Institute.
V.M. Bekhterev was engaged in the study of a significant part of psychiatric, neurological, physiological and psychological problems, while in his approach he invariably focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. He studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion for many years.
Support Soviet power provided him with a relatively decent existence and activity in new Russia. He works in the People's Commissariat of Education, creates the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. However, the alliance with the authorities was short-lived. As a great scientist and independent person, he was burdened by the totalitarian system that was taking shape in the country. In December 1927, Vladimir Mikhailovich died suddenly. There is a lot of evidence that the death was violent.
The urn with the ashes of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was kept for many years in the memorial museum of the scientist, in 1971 it was buried at the "Literary bridges" of the Volkovsky cemetery. Famous domestic sculptor M.K. Anikushin became the author of the tombstone.
The Psychoneurological Institute bears the name of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, and the street on which it is located is also named after the great scientist. There is also a monument to Bekhterev.
- Moscow, USSR
Kazan University
In 1879, Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. And in 1884 he was sent abroad, where he studied with Dubois-Reymond (Berlin), Wundt (Leipzig), Meinert (Vienna), Charcot (Paris) and others. He organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society for Normal and Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Organization of Labor. He edited the journals "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", "Study and Education of Personality", "Issues of the Study of Labor" and others. In November 1900, the two-volume Bekhterev's "Pathways of the spinal cord and brain" was nominated by the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Academician K. M. Baer Prize. In the same year, Vladimir Mikhailovich was elected chairman of the Russian Society of Normal and Pathological Psychology. After the completion of work on the seven volumes of "Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain", Bekhterev's special attention as a scientist began to be attracted to the problems of psychology. Based on the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and, above all, on the doctrine of combinational (conditioned) reflexes. In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book "Objective Psychology". The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and vegetative reactions that are available for observation and registration. He was a member of the editorial committee of the multi-volume "Traite international de psychologie pathologique" ("International Treatise on Pathological Psychology") (Paris, 1908-1910), for which he wrote several chapters. In 1908, the one founded by Bekhterev began work in St. Petersburg. Pedagogical, legal and medical faculties. In 1916, these faculties were transformed into the private Petrograd University at the Psychoneurological Institute. Bekhterev himself took an active part in the work of the institute and the university, headed the economic committee of the latter. In May 1918, Bekhterev petitioned the Council of People's Commissars to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. Soon the Institute was opened, and Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was its director until his death. In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. At the age of about 70, he married a second marriage to Yagoda's niece Berta Yakovlevna Gurzhi (née Are, Latvia, Valka County, 1887-1937). The granddaughter of Vladimir Mikhailovich, Natalya Petrovna, in her memoirs, indicates that she was her "governess, who spoke Russian poorly" [ ] . After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors. Versions of the causes of deathV. M. Bekhterev died a few hours after he, according to the official version, was poisoned by food - canned food or sandwiches. This poisoning occurred after a consultation he gave to I. V. Stalin. The theory with Lenin's diagnosis does not seem very likely, since the latter died almost four years earlier than Bekhterev. According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director:
According to another version, V. M. Bekhterev was poisoned the day after, during a medical examination of Stalin about dry hand (Stalin carefully concealed his partial dry hand, tried not to undress in public and was rarely shown even to doctors, because at that time dry hand considered a hereditary disease of prodigal people) along the way made him a psychiatric diagnosis of "severe paranoia". On this subject there is a story by L. Feuchtwanger “The Story of the Physiologist Dr. B.” (1934, published in the USSR in 1968; Stalin is not mentioned there, instead there is a character called the Dictator). A family
AddressesIn Petersburg:
In these works, Bekhterev was engaged in the study and study of the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments performed, elucidating the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (optic tubercles, vestibular branches of the auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigemina, etc.). Bekhterev also managed to obtain some new data on the localization of various centers in the cerebral cortex (for example, on the localization of skin - tactile and pain - sensations and muscle consciousness on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, Vrach, 1883) and also on the physiology of the motor centers of the cerebral cortex ("Doctor", 1886). Many works of Bekhterev are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases. Compositions
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