Features of the general physical training of schoolchildren. Physical readiness of the child for school
Oksana Merezhko
Physical readiness of the child for school
Physical readiness of the child for school
READINESS OF THE CHILD FOR SCHOOL - WHAT IT IS? child waiting for several ages crises: the first at the age of 3 years, the second at the transition from preschool to primary school and a third teenager. These periods are hard to experience as child as well as his parents. Admission to school radically changes the habitual way of life of the baby as in physiological as well as in the socio-psychological sense. Most first-graders at the age of 7 are ready for school, they are able to adapt to changing physical, intellectual, social and psychological stress. But there are children for whom adaptation is painful, and further education causes a number of problems. A child's readiness for school is a combination of physical, intellectual, emotional, communicative and personal qualities that help child to successfully master the school curriculum to become aware of yourself in a new social role schoolboy adapt to the new team, learn the rules and responsibilities of the new school life . Different specialists assess the importance of developing certain qualities in different ways. child to determine his readiness for school.
For successful learning in school child not only mental, moral-volitional preparation, but above all child's physical readiness for school.
Preparing children for school includes, first of all, complete physical education aimed at maintaining health, the formation of healthy lifestyle habits.
One of the Natural Health Remedies preschoolers, is the use of the entire variety of motions (walking, running, jumping, climbing, throwing); some types of sports exercises; sports games (football, hockey, gorodki, badminton, basketball); elements of acrobatics and rhythmic gymnastics; mobile games. Along with the formation of motor skills and abilities, physical exercises develop the will child, physical qualities, mental and emotional stability. (FGOS DOW).
Physical readiness is a state of health, a certain level of maturity of the body child, the necessary level of development of motor skills and qualities, especially fine motor coordination, physical and mental performance.
Changing lifestyles, breaking old habits, increasing mental stress, establishing new relationships with the teacher and peers are factors of significant stress nervous system and other functional systems of the child's body, which affects the health the child as a whole. It is no coincidence that in the first year of study at school in many children, the incidence is on the rise. Some kids don't adapt school regime even throughout the year, which indicates insufficient attention to their physical state in the previous preschool period of life.
Sufficient physical training suggests a high level of hardening and general physical development, cheerful and active state of the body. Good hardening helps not only to resist various unfavorable factors, arising in new school conditions , but also without much difficulty, with interest to work in the classroom, timely and firmly master the knowledge, skills and abilities. Achieving positive results in raising a healthy child can be noted if, during his stay in kindergarten, purposeful work is carried out to form physical education
and culture of health. One of the most urgent tasks of the educational policy of Russia is to ensure equal starting opportunities for children when entering school. Its solution is connected with the preservation of health and the development of the personality of each child.
Over the last 10 years in Russian Federation children's health has deteriorated preschool age.
All tasks for physical training graduate kindergarten can be successfully solved if the work is carried out systematically and in stages in each age period. By the end of the sixth year of life, indicators physical development of the child on average reach: body length - 116 cm, body weight - 22 kg, chest circumference - 57-58 cm. The main movements become more complex: the speed of running, the length and height of the step increase, in jumping it is already possible to pay attention to the correctness of the run, grouping and landing.
Children get acquainted with the technical elements of various sports, master the skills of cycling, master some sports games (badminton, slides, etc.). Serious requirements are placed on the development physical qualities of older preschoolers- such as endurance, agility, speed, strength.
By the time of admission to child's school the ability to endure static loads should be developed, the ability to independently and creatively use the accumulated arsenal of motor vehicles should be formulated. Motor activity should become a natural need for almost everyone. child regardless of the level of his individual physical activity. The daily rate of steps is 1200-1500. Despite the fact that children vary greatly in types of mobility and character traits, each of them needs to form an interest in the lessons. physical culture, the desire to participate in games, to be active in the classroom.
Physical education of preschool children age includes systematic classes physical education which are held three times a week in various forms, including a training work: physical culture and recreation activities, morning exercises, physical education, physical exercises and outdoor games on walks. To ensure the activity of recreation, new forms of physical culture and recreation have been introduced. work: sports leisure, holidays, days of health. Filled with plot and thematic content, they leave vivid emotional impressions, contribute to the development of interest and creative activity of children.
Together with organized forms physical education, it is necessary to pay attention to independent motor activity preschoolers. It is here that individual needs for active movements are most clearly manifested, which requires appropriate educational influences. One of the indicators of good physical training for school is high performance. It is associated with many biological, social, hygienic and other factors, therefore, in its development, it is necessary to take into account the age of children, their state of health, the level of cognitive abilities, etc.
mental performance preschoolers in the classroom, it manifests itself primarily in the desire to work independently, in the ability to maintain attention and not be distracted during 30 minutes of the lesson, in high activity and good assimilation of the program material, in the absence of pronounced fatigue after the lesson. For kids preschool age is characterized by a wide range of performance. For example, when performing special tasks, preschoolers with high efficiency, they show great perseverance and composure, which allows them to efficiently and effectively cope with a significant amount of work in accordance with educational requirements.
At the same time, when performing long and difficult mental tasks, productivity in different periods activities for these guys can be different. So, some of them, achieving high results in the first half of the lesson, sharply reduce them in the second, as if "going all out" at the start of work. Others maintain a high level of performance throughout the session, but it is characterized by separate short-term declines and subsequent rises.
The problem of the development of mental performance preschoolers not yet fully resolved, which is associated with large individual differences, often overlapping age norms. AT preschool At the same age, children have great potential for the formation of mental performance, and it is very important to correctly assess and determine their limit. This requires appropriate attention and care.
It is important to consider not only the volume and quality of the work performed child work, but also the state of his body during labor process, the cost of energy that is needed to carry out this activity. Before entering child's school it is important to develop a desire to learn, to arouse interest in knowledge, in independent activity. Interested in the content of the material and able to work preschooler without much difficulty will withstand the duration of the lesson, will actively participate in the educational process.
What is leading to the definition child's readiness for school? Let's look at the qualities needed to kid to be a successful student. Firstly, child must have good physical health and stamina, child a daily routine must be established. Secondly, child must have a good memory and be able to concentrate, as well as count, read, understand what they read and retell it in their own words. Thirdly, child should be able to manage their emotions. Violent reactions, tears, laughter, screams, fights, showdowns, mimicry are unacceptable during the lesson. Fourth, he must be able to communicate on the job with classmates and the teacher. Games and doing your own business in the classroom are unacceptable. He must do whatever the teacher asks of him. Fifth, child should take responsibility for their own learning. He must understand that he is studying for himself, and not for mom and dad, that the results of his studies depend on him, and he must make efforts for this.
Sections: Sports at school and children's health
I have been teaching FK for over 30 years. During the work, I realized that physical training requires constant and focused efforts. The greatest difficulty is the lack of the necessary periodicity in this work, since physical education lessons are held 1-2 times a week. A good help can be the homework of those involved or classes in sports sections.
Instructions for the use of means and methods for the development of physical qualities in physical education lessons. Physical fitness testing. Methods of organizing students in the lesson.
1. Measure the indicators as accurately as possible and enter them correctly into the computer.
2. Comprehensive testing should be repeated regularly and constantly at least 2 times a year, because the body of students develops at an uneven pace.
3. The test is best done at the beginning of the week when the body is not tired.
4. Before testing, students must master the technique of control exercises.
TESTING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.
Suggested test tasks very simple and effective. The teacher needs to prepare for their control.
1. TEST "ENDURANCE RUN 1000m"
Execution Method:
Running is carried out in a stadium or on a flat track, it is possible on a dirt or asphalt track, if conditions allow and security measures are provided.
Time is recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 sec. Before the test, a warm-up and briefing is carried out. All participants must run the course.
2. TEST "SHUTCH RUN 10 TIMES 5 METERS".
This test allows you to assess the level of development of speed and agility.
Execution Method:
AT gym at a distance of 5 m, two lines are applied parallel to each other. Test takers stand in the high start position on one side. On the command "March", they run to the second line and, crossing it, return to the first line in a run. And this is repeated five times. The job runs at maximum speed.
Time is recorded for each individual stopwatch with an accuracy of 0.1 sec.
INSURANCE. All participants must be in sports shoes, there must be a distance of at least 5 m between them, and voluminous heavy objects cannot be used as indicators.
3. TEST "PULL-UPS" /boys/.
Hanging bar equipment.
The test allows you to determine the level of development of endurance of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and arms.
The technique of execution in the hang on straight arms is performed by bending the arms and pulling up. Only those are considered correct in which there is a complete flexion and extension of the arms, the chin rises above the crossbar. Legs should not participate in movements. It is forbidden to perform jerks or swings. Pull-ups performed with errors do not count.
4. TEST "Hanging on the crossbar" /girls/.
The test helps to assess the strength endurance of the arms and shoulder girdle.
Equipment: low bar.
Method of execution: the subject takes a standing position, performs flexion and extension of the arms. The chin should rise to the level of the crossbar.
5. TEST. Standing long jump.
It is carried out to determine the level of development of speed-strength qualities.
Methodology: knots i.p. narrow stance "legs apart", hands at the top, the subject crouches and performs a jump from two legs to two into a deep squat. The push of the legs and the swing of the arms are the maximum. The result is measured by the last touch with an accuracy of 1 cm.
6. TEST Triple jump from a place.
Helps to determine jump endurance.
Methodology. The subject accepts and n "swimmer start" and from two legs performs a jump on the pushing leg, then on the fly / in the way from foot to foot / and the last on two legs. Hands can work both differently and in a circle, reminiscent of the movements of athletes in a triple run jump. Measurement of the result as in the long jump.
7. TEST Bending the arms in the lying position.
The test allows you to determine the level of development of the muscles of the shoulder girdle.
Method of carrying out: The subject assumes the position of an emphasis lying on the floor and, bending his arms at the elbows, does push-ups. The torso must remain straight.
The chest should touch the object at a height of 7-10 cm from the floor. You can use a special simulator, where the light on indicates the correct execution.
8. Pistol One-Leg Squat Test
The test helps to determine the strength of the leg muscles and the coordination of the student's efforts.
Methodology: Standing at the support, the subject squats on one leg while maintaining and. n. The other leg is brought forward straight. Squats should be performed on the entire foot.
Young men perform the exercise without support.
9. TEST Hanging Angle.
Methodology: the subject takes the position of hanging on the Swedish wall and raises straight legs forward to an angle of 90 degrees. holding them in that position.
The level of strength of the flexor muscles is determined.
10. TEST Lifting the torso from a sitting position "bending legs"
The value is similar to the previous test.
Methodology: The subject assumes a sitting position on the mat, the partner holds his legs in and out. n. Lowering and raising his shoulders, the subject touches his knees with his elbows bent arms. The exercise can be performed without taking into account the time / the most difficult option, / for 1 minute, for 30 seconds.
11. TEST Jump up from a place.
Determines the level of development of jumping ability.
Method of carrying out: the subject measures the growth at the support according to the markup, standing with his hand, and then performs several jumps in turn from a place. The difference in touching the hand markings in the jump and standing is counted.
this technique allows avoiding special devices as in the Abalakov technique. The starting position can be facing or sideways to the markings.
12. TEST Medicine ball throw.
The test allows you to determine the levels of development of speed-strength qualities and coordination.
Methodology. The subject assumes a standing / sitting / legs apart position facing the throwing direction and sitting down / or leaning back / throws a stuffed ball from below. The ball is released at face level. The hands can perform an additional movement. It is impossible to go beyond the measurement line. you can not take your legs out of the line.
13. TEST Forward tilt.
The test determines the level of flexibility of the spine.
Method of implementation: the slope can be performed while sitting on the floor or standing on a gymnastic bench.
After several warm-up inclinations with a jerk, the subject performs an inclination and holds the position of the hands for 1-2 seconds. The measurement is carried out along the ruler with an accuracy of 1 cm.
14. TEST Run 30 m on the move.
The test determines the level of speed development.
Methodology: after running 20-30 m, the subject runs at full speed 30 m. The assistant gives the go-ahead when the subjects run the beginning of the 30-meter mark. Time is recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 sec. If several people run at the same time, each is detected by a separate stopwatch or by two.
15. TEST Running 30 m. from a low start.
Specifies the level of speed.
Methodology. The subject runs from the blocks from the n / start distance for a while.
It can be carried out at a distance of 60 m.
With electronic timing, the result is determined with an accuracy of 0.01 sec.
WARM-UP FOR TESTING.
The warm-up should include exercises similar in structure to those being tested. The following is a sample workout routine.
Warm up:
1. Run 30 sec. slow, 30 sec. faster.
2. Tilts of the torso to the sides, back and forth. 30 sec.
3. Squats 30 sec. with full amplitude at a calm pace.
4. Jumping 30 sec. On one, the other, both legs.
5. Walking with the restoration of breathing.
O.F.P. REGULATIONS
1. Run 1000m. | By program | 5 | 4 | 3 |
2. Shuttle run | By program | |||
3. Pull-ups in / lane | . young men | 14 | 10 | 8 |
4Pull-up n/l | . girls | 25 | 18 | 10 |
5. Long jump s/m | young men | 250cm. | 230 cm. | 210 cm. |
Long jump s. /m | girls | 200 | 180 | 160 |
6. Triple s/m | young men | 760 | 650cm. | 550 cm. |
7. Bending the arms in an emphasis lying on the floor | Boys girls | 25 14 | 20 10 | 15 8 |
8. "Pistol" | At a support without support by hand | 10 7 | 7 5 | 5 3 |
9. “Angle” in hanging | Boys girls | 10sec. 7 sec. | 5 sec. 5 sec. | 3 sec. 3 sec. |
10. Sitting torso raise | Y. and D. without regard to time | 50 | 35 | 25 |
11. Jump up s / m. | Boys girls | 50 40cm. | 40 30 cm. | 30cm 20 cm |
12. Throw the ball | Boys girls | 11m. 8 m | 9.50 7m. | 8.50 6 m. |
Tilt /flexibility/ | 25 cm. | 15 cm. | 7 cm | |
14. Run 30 m from the move | Boys girls | 5,0 5,5 | 5,3 5,9 | 5,8 6,1 |
15. Run 30 m | 5,2 | 5,5 | 6,0 |
These standards will determine the level of development of certain physical qualities.
To determine the level of endurance / performance / you can use the following method:
MEASURE HR IN THE FOLLOWING MODES:
1. After 5 min. rest lying down. /rest pulse/.
2. Pulse while standing.
3. Take into account the difference between the first two indicators.
4. After 1min. easy run.
5. After 1 minute of sitting rest.
A lower pulse count indicates more high level readiness. The average heart rate is 280 beats. /min
After 8 weeks of regular exercise, repeat measurements.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES.
PHYSICAL QUALITIES - innate morpho-functional qualities, due to which a person's physical activity is possible, manifested in expedient activity. The main physical qualities include: muscle strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility.
DEVELOPMENT F. QUAL. - natural course of change physical quality.
EDUCATION - an active and purposeful impact on the growth of physical qualities.
MOTOR ABILITIES - individual characteristics of a person that determine the level of his motor capabilities.
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT METHODS.
The maximum effort method. This mod ensures the development of strength abilities and the concentration of neuromuscular efforts, which provides a large increase in strength. Possible from 16 years old.
For example: rest against the wall with your hands and "move" it for 2-8".
Unlimited Effort Method. Near maximum weights are used with the maximum number of repetitions. /"To failure"/
Method of dynamic forces. Medium weights when performing movements at maximum speed.
- "impact" method. Performing special exercises with small weights.
static dynamic method. Consistent combination of different modes of muscle work.
Circuit training method. Consistent work on different muscle groups at stations. 8-10 stations. Mode of work and rest: 15"-45",30"-30", 45"-15". Transfer to the next station during the rest.
game method. Mobile and sports games.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED-STRENGTH QUALITIES.
Method of strictly regulated exercise:
Repetitive at maximum speed,
Variable / ex. with different intensity/
Variable / depending on the conditions of performance /.
competitive method. Estimates, relay races, handicap and final competitions.
game method. Performing various exercises with maximum speed in the conditions of outdoor and sports games.
METHODS OF DEVELOPING SPEED ABILITIES.
REPEATED. Execution of ex. with an interval of rest until complete or incomplete recovery Repeat-interval, repeat-progressive, repeated "to failure" / a decrease in performance does not allow continuing work of this intensity /.
GAME. Raising the speed of complex motor reactions.
Most of them are reactions of "choosing" from several options of one.
These are martial arts, mobile and sp games.
Those involved learn "starting intuition", that is, they determine the opponent's actions by the position and the beginning of the movement.
Methods of educating the speed of movements. Performing exercises at maximum speed: actual high-speed, outdoor switchgear, special exercises, auxiliary / from other sports /.
CONTROL METHOD. Performing tests, determining the speed of one movement, the speed of reaction to the tempo signal - the number of movements per unit of time.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE.
The measure of endurance is time.
The method is uniform. It is the main one in the development of general endurance.
Continuous work of low intensity for a long time.
Long cross run.
Special endurance: speed, power, speed-strength.
Tempo cross.
- "fartlek" - a game of speeds. On a whistle or other signal, "race for the leader", "overtake the column."
intermittent method. Repeated run, variable run on segments, interval.
competitive method.
FLEXIBILITY DEVELOPMENT METHODS.
The main method is repeated. Exercises are performed in various joints actively and passively. Muscles should be warmed up / at the end of the session / The number of repetitions in one approach is 15-50 times, depending on the task.
TESTS: mechanical / toniometer /, electro-mechanical, optical, radiographic.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF AGGRESSION.
Actually dexterity simple movements develops up to 11-12 years in outdoor games. UVP - skills higher order develops when performing exercises in an unusual or extreme situation. For example, in competitions.
According to Bernstein, dexterity manifests itself at 5 levels:
A - muscle tone. /the lowest/ It is lost in a person only when he loses consciousness. Spinal cord.
B - level pos. Preservation of body position in space.
For example: maintaining a sitting position by a person sleeping in transport. Motor center of the medulla oblongata.
C - level of simple movements. For example ORU. These are motor skills.
D - the level of motor skill, i.e., automated motor actions. Adjustable under the cortex.
E - UVP level. Ability to perform movements in an extreme situation, sometimes with a threat to life. For example, driving a car, etc.
dexterity is a universal physical quality, if necessary, it can compensate for others.
METHODS OF ORGANIZING STUDENTS IN THE LESSON F.K.
The organization of those involved in the F.K. lesson presents a certain difficulty and has its own specifics. Students are not bound during class learning place just like in a regular class, so the teacher must organize them. The ability to organize students with the least amount of time passes with experience and requires knowledge of the methods of organizing those involved in the lesson.
The following methods are most often used in physical education lessons:
FRONT. It consists in building those involved in a line or circle. It is used when familiarizing with a motor action, initial learning. When explaining or demonstrating an exercise.
This method is that it gives a high motor density of the lesson
Something that cannot be captured by the attention of all those performing the exercise.
This method is also used in the warm-up when performing outdoor switchgear.
GROUP. It consists in dividing those involved into groups-departments. Each can perform its own motor task. Branches can be 2.3 or more. As for example in gymnastics, where when installing 5 - 6 shells there will be the same number of compartments.
Allows you to increase motor density several times,
Something that requires strict adherence to safety rules and the teacher's ability to distribute attention.
INFLOW. It consists in the sequential execution of those involved in one task. For example: running long jump, vault in gymnastics, etc.
REPLACED. It consists in dividing those involved into shifts to perform the exercise. For example: throwing a ball in athletics. The number of throwers depends on the size of the court and the availability of balls.
CIRCULAR. It consists in placing those involved in a circle at the stations. Each consists of one task. Time at each station is limited, often 1 minute. With this method, you can conduct both a warm-up of the outdoor switchgear and physical training in the main part of the lesson.
1. BASIC.
1. Velitchenko V.K. Physical culture without injuries. - M. Enlightenment. 1993
2. Vilensky N. Ya. Mishin V. I. Pekhletsky N. N. ZagoruikoV. I. Shcherbakov V. G. An exemplary program for the discipline "Physical culture of a secondary specialized educational institution." M. 1997
3. Gleyberman A. N. Exercises in pairs Series "Sport in drawings" - M. FiS 2005
4. Gurevich I. A Circular training for the development of physical qualities. Minsk. graduate School 1985
5. I. M. Korotkov, Outdoor games. -M. F&S. 1982
6. Korobeinikov N. K. Mikheev A. A. Nikolenko I. G. "Physical education" Textbook for SUZs. M. Higher school. 1989
7. Nikolaychuk L. V. Osteochondrosis Scoliosis Flat feet. - Minsk. Book house. 2004
8. Malkov E. A. Make friends with the "queen of sports". M. Enlightenment. 1991
9. Shefer I. G. Gymastics. Tutorial. M F and S. 1996
10. Kholodov Zh. K. Workshop on the theory and methodology of physical education and sports. M. FiS. 2001
2. ADDITIONAL LITERATURE.
1. Test - the program of the mayor of Moscow. - M. 1996
2. Requirements for testing the physical fitness of students - M. 1996
3. Passport of the methodological support of the educational process in physical education by means of training. 1992
4. Companion of a sports worker - M. FiS 1972
Since ancient times, the idea of introducing complex physical training for people has come. It has long been known that in this way the basic physical abilities of a person develop in the best possible way, while the harmony in the activity of organs and all systems of the body as a whole is not disturbed. For example, the development of strength should occur in unity with the development of speed, agility and endurance. Only through such coherence is the mastery of vital skills.
Why do you need general physical training?
OFP is undoubtedly a beneficial effect on the psychological and physical health of the child. And systematic training can have a beneficial effect on behavior and emotional condition schoolboy.
Who needs OFP?
- with frequent colds;
- with violations of posture;
- with excessive hyperactivity of the child.
Help children to calm down and focus on a particular hobby. At the same time, both the child and the parents will feel more comfortable and confident with each other.
How and where is general physical training carried out?
There are special circles for general physical training, which work on the basis of schools or in special sports complexes. Training in such circles is carried out in order to:
- improve health and temper athletes;
- develop a comprehensive outlook;
- acquire instructor skills and master the ability to independently engage in sports;
- develop moral and volitional qualities citizen.
Any student who has successfully passed a medical examination is allowed to study in such circles.
General physical training can affect the development of the following qualities in a person:
- you were fast;
- dexterity;
- strength;
- flexibility;
- endurance.
It is possible to conduct OFP for children even at home, as it includes very affordable exercises. Outdoor sports activities are encouraged, especially in spring and autumn.
Such physical activities are able to keep the muscles in good shape all the time, improve the functioning of the musculoskeletal system, the functioning of internal organs and systems, and the mental and emotional state of the child.
In addition, a set of program activities is aimed at developing the personal qualities of the student, the manifestation of the ability to be independent in solving many problems and easy digestibility. school curriculum.
An important aspect when supervising a circle of general physical education is to interest the child in the leader of the circle. After all, only an experienced specialist will be able to find an individual approach to the baby and develop his interest in the lesson, thereby favorably affecting his physical and mental health.
Circle OFP
There are many sports sections for general physical education for children, it will be very difficult to list everything. In such a variety of choices, it is not easy to single out one thing. In the case when you want to do several sports at once, you can turn your attention to the circle of general physical training.
OFP circle program
The general physical education program in the circle is very similar to the program and methods that children study in secondary schools. It is designed for one year when visiting the circle one hour a week.
Plan of training sessions
Since the OFP program is, first of all, various independent types of motor activity that differ in the nature of execution and the volume of loads, it is necessary to take into account individual characteristics specific child. The head of the circle should approach this issue quite seriously and carefully study the data of his future pupils in order to avoid negative consequences in the future.
The OFP section implies the following steps for drawing up an individual lesson plan. The first meeting of the trainer with the future pupil is the initial stage in studying the child and drawing up a lesson plan. The head of the circle personally communicates with the child and his parents, learns about the preferred types of sports activities.
An important role is played by a medical examination of children and a conversation with a doctor about each specific child. In the course of this conversation, it is already possible to more clearly define the boundaries of the load for children. Already in the first lessons, watching the circle members, you can clearly identify the strengths and weaknesses of the children, select certain individual lesson plans. The results of control exercises, which should be carried out upon admission and at the end of each month, can become the conclusion.
But even after that, it is worth paying attention to each child, evaluating their reaction to the proposed load, in order to avoid overstraining children.
Main stages of work
- First communication with the child and parents.
- The results of the medical examination of the child.
- Pedagogical observations at the first lessons.
- Results of control exercises.
- Systematic assessment of student response to stress.
Responsibilities of a coach
But not only working programm on OFP is the responsibility of the educator. The coach should teach children proper nutrition and daily routine, if necessary, help to compose them, help form the child’s skills and abilities in relation to sportswear and shoes, personal hygiene, make sure that children learn and follow safety precautions and monitor their health, on time reporting changes.
Selection of means and methods of practical training
When drawing up a lesson plan, the coach must not only take into account the educational side of the process, but also instill in children an interest in different types of sports activities. Each lesson should be exciting, it should keep children busy, this task will be easy to handle if the lesson combines several sports (orienteering, athletics, volleyball, table tennis). The general physical education circle involves the systematic holding of sports competitions - this will qualitatively increase the interest of children in sports and help develop their leadership qualities.
Should be considered:
- individual characteristics of each child;
- medical indications;
- the age of each group of children;
- various sports tasks;
- interest in winning.
If you take into account all of the above factors, then the lesson in the circle will be interesting and entertaining for every child.
Classes in general physical training. Their construction
The duration of the academic year is nine months (September - May). Throughout this time, general physical training classes are held.
There are several types of OFP groups. So, in groups with initial training, classes throughout the entire academic year do not have any distinctions and proceed as a single process. This feature is associated with the absence of any participation in competitions of any level. The activity of such groups consists in holding a large number of internal relay races, passing basic standards and various sports entertainments. The intensity of classes remains high regardless of the change of seasons. Particular emphasis is placed on outdoor activities.
OFP planning
Planning is based on two main characteristics of loads:
- Lesson of low intensity and low volume.
- High intensity and high volume activity.
In each of the results are individual in terms of GPP. The circle is designed for individual load options for children of different physical fitness.
Another type is this. In this version, the construction of classes takes place taking into account the following types of exercises:
- For the development of dexterity. These are complex coordination exercises.
- Strength exercises. They are used in parallel with exercises for the development of flexibility, and endurance training techniques are also included.
So, OFP is a subject, an obligatory element of which should be a game. It can be both mobile and sporty. Games are used for emotional lifting in a group, increasing the level of speed and strength indicators, dexterity. Moreover, depending on the specific task set, the set and sequence of exercises change, which affects the final result.
The physical training of the student is divided into three stages according to the periods of study.
In the junior level, it is mainly necessary to develop general endurance through a gradual increase in the amount of movement in all sections of the school curriculum. The most promising qualities should be recognized as the development of agility, speed, flexibility, mobility in the joints and a sense of balance. The development of these qualities should be given due attention in each lesson. In the structure of the lesson, dexterity and balance are first developed, then, until fatigue sets in, speed. They work on flexibility and mobility in the joints in the pauses between speed exercises and after they are completed. According to the sections of the program, flexibility, balance and dexterity are developed in the lessons of gymnastics and sports games; speed in the lessons of athletics and sports games; balance, mainly in the lessons of ski training. Rest breaks can be filled by studying and improving the drills and formations needed to increase the density of the lesson. Motor skills and abilities that students should master elementary school, have been described previously. The level of development of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems can be considered good if, at the end of the fourth grade, children are able to run two and a half kilometers in twenty minutes. The level of development of other physical qualities can be considered sufficient if the student is taught the motor skills provided for by the school curriculum.
In the middle link, motor skills, improving from class to class, move to the level of motor skills. Children are already ready to work most of the lesson at a variable pace. That is, a rest pause, after completing a task with high intensity, is filled with minced running or work with the ball in slow running or walking. For example, when improving a long jump from a running start, after leaving the jump hole, the student immediately runs three hundred to four hundred meters in a mincing run. Then it returns to the sector for the next attempt. He does the same after acceleration, starting acceleration, or performing special running exercises with high intensity. In any lesson, before you sit down on the gymnastic bench after doing an exercise with high intensity, you need to spend part of the recovery time actively. On the one hand, such a mode of work and rest contributes to a faster recovery, on the other hand, it increases overall performance. The complication of program requirements for middle-level students should be expressed, first of all, in the requirement to perform previously studied elements and their bundles with high intensity. The most promising exercises at this stage of training. In the gymnastics section: from the stop, crouching with a jump, take the emphasis while lying down and jump back to the starting position; bend and unbend arms as quickly as possible in the initial position, lying down; somersaults in a row; a bunch of somersault forward - somersault back; from an emphasis in a lunge, quick swings with a straight leg up for yourself.
In the athletics section: running with a high hip lift, standing in support against the wall; departure in a step through a step; fast jumps on one leg on a segment up to fifteen meters; accelerations and starts in a gentle slope and downhill; acceleration with maximum frequency in shortened steps; specifically - running exercises.
In the sports games section: the fastest possible transfers and receiving the ball in pairs; passing and receiving the ball in a high jump; dribbling the ball at maximum speed along a broken line; basket attack with gradually increasing distance to the shield; basket attack through a jump block; kicking the ball; dribbling in difficult conditions.
As soon as the speed of execution of technical elements increases, it is necessary to combine them into bundles and gradually increase the speed of their execution. After increasing the speed of the ligaments, they move on to using them in a training game. It should be emphasized that the educational game is not aimed at satisfying the need for self-affirmation, but at improving the mutual understanding of team members, at practicing technical and tactical actions in the team. It is advisable to divide the class into three or four pairs of teams of equal strength. Each pair of teams must spend one to two minutes on the court. Then the rest time will be two to four minutes, and the total playing time can reach twenty minutes.
With this organization of lessons, by the tenth grade, students will have a good basic training in sports, athletics, gymnastics and ski training. If desired, by analyzing the growth rate of results and their level, it is possible to predict the further progress of any student for the remaining two years of study. That is, the teacher can conditionally divide future high school students into three groups. The first group will include the most gifted young men and women in terms of motor skills, for whom it makes sense to continue to improve themselves in professional sports. The second group should include young men who want to prepare themselves for service in law enforcement agencies. The third group will continue to strengthen their health to continue their studies and future professional activities. The proposed option of dividing into groups does not have the goal of moving towards a narrow specialization in a particular sport in work with schoolchildren. It's about about how to engage in more depth with the first two groups of one or another sports discipline in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Regardless of motor talent, it is advisable to continue to harmoniously develop all physical qualities until the completion of puberty, that is, up to twenty to twenty-five years. And the latter is possible only if the student is focused on strengthening his health, and not on achieving sports results in professional sports. Ideally, it is in this age period that the body is most protected from various diseases, is most efficient, and has optimal body weight. If at the moment a young man knows his best results in running a hundred and a thousand meters, in pull-ups on the crossbar or in other sports disciplines that objectively reflect the level of development of physical qualities, then he can focus on these indicators in the future. The slower these indicators decrease with age, the slower pathological changes accumulate in the body. One of the most informative indicators of the performance of the heart muscle is considered to be the maximum oxygen consumption. This indicator is reflected as a result of running a thousand meters. The deterioration of this result by ten seconds in ten years can be considered optimal if a person leads a healthy lifestyle, which includes high physical activity. At twenty - twenty-five years old, any healthy person is able to run a hundred meters in thirteen seconds. Such a reserve of speed is enough to show two minutes and fifty-five seconds in a thousand-meter run. Accordingly, at fifty-five years old, this person can run the same distance in three twenty-five. Moreover, according to WHO, a man is not at risk of acquiring a cardiovascular disease if he is able to run three thousand meters in thirteen minutes or faster. (Women need to run two kilometers no worse than eleven minutes). Theoretically, our veteran can overcome this distance in eleven minutes, five to ten seconds. Good margin of safety. From the above example, we can draw the following conclusion: the development and strengthening of the cardiovascular system at school age should be a priority in the work of a physical education teacher.
CONTENT
Introduction……………………………………………………………………2
Chapter I. On the development of physical fitness- schoolchildren (History)……………………..... ............... 8
- secondary schools №22……………………….............. ...21
- 2.1. Control tests (testing) ..........................................23 2.2. Analysis of the results of physical
- preparedness in progress age development………...25
- 2.2.1. Mandatory test exercises……………25
- 2.2.2. Additional test exercises………..28
- 2.2.3. Tests for determining general physical
- preparedness of schoolchildren………………………………..30
- 2.3. Characteristics of the physical training program for students of school No. 22………………………………………….40
- Chapter III. Comparative analysis of the results of testing students of school No. 22………………………………………………………..45
- Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….47
Applications………………………………………………………………........54
INTRODUCTION
- In the "Great Didactics" (1633 - 1638) Ya.A. Kamensky /18/ wrote: "a person must learn to become what he should be."
- Movement training is necessary in any activity. However, only in the field of physical education their study is the core of education, since here motor activity acts both as an object, and as a means, and as a goal of improvement.
- The implementation of the reform of the general education school in the field of physical education of students, its nature and scale require considerable time. For the coming years, the priority is to improve the existing forms of school physical culture, increase their efficiency, organizational level and effectiveness of all components of the program.
- The end result of the influence of physical culture throughout the education, development and upbringing of students from grades 1 to 11 should be a “physically perfect” person. /2, 3, 27, 28, 32 etc./
- Excellent health, a strong and hardened body, strong will, formed in the process of physical culture and sports, are a good basis for the intellectual development of a person. /3, 25, 36, 38 etc./. To achieve high physical perfection, to get rid of some congenital and acquired physical defects is possible only through the correct and systematic use of exercise. /11, 15, 21, 22, 23, 37 etc./.
- Unfortunately, many parents do not understand the health-improving significance of physical culture and sports, do not pay due attention to the physical education of children. Therefore, the task of physical education teachers and trainers is to explain the positive impact of physical culture on the health and physical development of children.
- As practice shows, children with an increased motor regime, that is, actively involved in physical culture and sports, do better than their peers in general education school. In addition, schoolchildren who are actively involved in physical exercises increase their resistance to colds. /3, 4, 13, 24, 33, etc./.
- Observing the formation of the body of children, we are usually interested in the state of their health, physical development and physical fitness, fixing this with appropriate indicators. The complex of these indicators creates a complete picture of the body of children.
- Considering the motor activity of children, we observe it in movements of various forms, in which speed, strength, dexterity, endurance, or a combination of these qualities are manifested to one degree or another. The degree of development of physical qualities determines the qualitative aspects of the motor activity of children, the level of their general physical fitness.
- Physical education at school is an integral part of the formation of a general culture of the individual modern man, systems of humanistic education of schoolchildren. Physical culture most fully implements its social functions in the system of physical education as essential tool social formation of a citizen, a purposefully pedagogical process to familiarize schoolchildren with the values of nationwide physical culture.
- Combining physical culture with general physical training, we thereby carry out the process of comprehensive physical training, which is of great health significance.
- Usually, by developing physical qualities, we improve the functions of the body, master certain motor skills. In general, this process is unified, interconnected, and, as a rule, a high development of physical qualities contributes to the successful mastering of motor skills.
- For example, the better speed a teenager develops, the faster he will run short distances, the faster he will be able to dribble when playing football, move faster in any other games, that is, a high level of speed development will have a positive effect on the performance of specific physical exercises. The same can be said about the development of strength and endurance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop these qualities, first of all, in terms of general physical fitness, using the most appropriate and most effective means for this purpose.
- Thus, the development of physical qualities, in essence, is the main content of general physical training.
- AT last years Much attention is paid to the organization of physical education. The most interesting in this direction are the studies of M.M. Boyana, B.A. Ashmarin, M.A. Godina, B.V. Sermeeva, prof. Yu.D. Zheleznyak, prof. SOUTH. Travin, prof. IN AND. Egozina and others. However, all works consider the improvement of the organization of physical education. Therefore, there is a need for theoretical and practical development of the introduction of modern methods of pedagogical control over the physical fitness of schoolchildren, taking into account the use of tests by the mayor of Moscow.
- These circumstances predetermined the choice of topic, setting goals, objectives and main directions of this thesis research.
- Theoretical and methodological basis thesis became modern concepts of the organization of pedagogical control, the works of leading Russian scientists in the field of physical education and sports. The studies were carried out taking into account the regulatory framework.
- The introduction into practice of the provisions developed in the thesis work makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of pedagogical control over the physical fitness of schoolchildren.
- Hypothesis
It is assumed that the correct pedagogical control over the physical fitness of schoolchildren will help to increase the level of the physical condition of schoolchildren and will make it possible to more rationally distribute the level of load on each individual student.
- Object of study of this thesis are: high school students aged 15-17 in the amount of 100 people.
- Subject of research is: "physical training of schoolchildren in the system of physical education".
- Purpose of the study
- The purpose of the thesis is to consider the problem of improving pedagogical control; determination of methods, means and forms of physical fitness of high school students at physical education lessons.
- Research objectives
- 1. Give a comparative analysis of the physical fitness of schoolchildren by class.
- To study the relationship of physical fitness in the process of age development with the characteristics of physical development.
- 3. Compare the physical fitness data with the existing program standards for some tests in physical culture.
- Research methods
- Analysis of scientific and methodological literature
A survey of physical education teachers in order to identify the experience of planning physical education classes in the educational process.
- 3. Pedagogical observations of physical education classes.
- 4. Control exercises for physical training.
- 5. Method of mathematical statistics.
- Organization of the study
- The solution of the tasks was carried out in stages:
- At the first stage of pedagogical practice, the experience of teaching physical education was studied.
- At the second stage, the analysis of physical readiness of 10-11th grades was carried out.
- At the third stage, statistical processing of the collected material was performed.
Everyone knows that the programs indicate educational standards. Can they be used as control tests (tests)? Is it possible to judge the dynamics of motor readiness by the fulfillment of educational standards by them? “Not quite,” answers Z.I. Kuznetsova / 22 /, - because in different classes training standards are given for various types of exercises.
These standards characterize the possession of this type of movements to a greater extent and reflect the general level of physical fitness to a lesser extent. To a lesser extent, because educational standards are not differentiated taking into account the physical development of schoolchildren. Meanwhile Scientific research showed (N.A. Lupandina /25/) that motor readiness depends on physical development. G.P. Salnikova /35/ showed that children with a high and above average level of physical development are more likely to have high rates of motor fitness. In schoolchildren with a low and below average level of development, low indicators of motor fitness are more common. And for schoolchildren with a high and above average level of physical development, higher requirements must be made.
According to G.P. Salnikova /35/ revealed a direct dependence of motor fitness on the degree of puberty and previous diseases. It becomes obvious how wrong it is to make the same demands on different students. We observed the motor activity of schoolchildren in movements of various forms, in which speed, strength, dexterity, speed, and flexibility are manifested to one degree or another.
Tests were carried out at physical culture lessons. In order not to disturb the usual course of school lessons, not to create new conditions, not to excite students, the class was divided into subgroups. One subgroup went to the examination, two or three others went to classes according to the teacher's plan. Then the subgroups changed. For one lesson, all students were tested in one type. And so schoolchildren were examined in four types of tests. The results obtained were recorded in the protocols: separately by sex and by class.
- The objectives of this study included: to identify the impact of means and methods of physical education. There were no other factors of influence of educational work at school on the level of physical fitness. The content of the curriculum in physical culture is organically linked with the tests of the mayor of Moscow. But the meaning of the lessons should not be reduced to the direct preparation and passing of norms. The foundation in the form of general physical training, equipping each student with the necessary knowledge and skills is provided by the program, which is implemented in compulsory lessons.
- Practical and theoretical significance
- A distinctive feature of this study is its practical value, since it was carried out on the basis of a functioning school No. 22 in Irkutsk for a specific problem situation.
- - substantiated a set of theoretical provisions, reflecting the role and place of pedagogical control in the system of physical culture;
- - the sequence and features of pedagogical control in the system of physical culture are methodically substantiated;
- - methodical methods, means and organizational forms of conducting pedagogical control are characterized.
- Based on the data obtained, I have developed guidelines aimed at developing lagging indicators of the physical condition of schoolchildren of senior school age.
- Chapter I. On the development of physical fitness of schoolchildren (history)
A huge mark in the development of medicine and the influence of physical exercises on human health left the greatest doctor antiquity Hippocrates (460 - 374 BC). In matters of human anatomy up to the 15th - 16th century. in. the ancient Roman physician Galen (c. 200 - 130 BC) remained an indisputable authority. It should be noted that with the name of the Czech humanist Ya.A. Kamensky (1592 - 1670) is connected with the formation of modern pedagogy as a science.
During the period new history, especially in the late XIX - early XX century, pedagogical views on physical education were determined by new knowledge in the field of biological sciences, sports physiology, biomechanics. In the 1920s there is a new direction in physical culture - professionally applied physical training. Late XVIII- early 19th century It is significant that quantitative methods of research are emerging in physical education, when observation, experiment, surveys, testing begin to enter the arsenal of research methods in physical education. Thus, we can already talk about a new stage in the development of the science of physical education - as a truly scientific one.
In Russia, development scientific method is inseparable from the scientific and pedagogical activity of P.F. Lesgaft (1837 - 1909). His name is inextricably linked with the creation of a domestic science-based system of physical education.
In 1923, the publishing house "Physical culture and sport" was created, which to this day publishes the latest experimental studies of leading domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners of physical culture and sports.
Currently, the target settings of physical culture are largely reoriented to the fact that it should be directed, first of all, to solving the health problems of schoolchildren. At the present stage of development of our society, the upbringing of a new person is required, in which spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection would be organically combined.
“Physical perfection” primarily means ideal health, harmonious physical development, well-developed motor functions, and comprehensive physical fitness. /11, 29/.
From a wide range of problems related to physical improvement, we want to take a closer look at the issue of physical fitness in the process of age development of schoolchildren. In the theory of physical education, general and special physical training are distinguished /32, 35, 37/.
Special physical training is associated with professional or sports activities, such as a football player; training of a diver, fireman, skier, gymnast, skater, etc. /17, 38/. General physical training includes the general level of knowledge and skills /8, 27/. In the process of formation of motor skills and abilities, physical qualities develop: dexterity, speed, endurance, strength, etc. /24, 36, 38/.
The main feature that characterizes a high level of general physical fitness is the ability to consciously control the movements of one's body, achieving the greatest results in the shortest time with the least effort.
The healing effect of the development and formation of basic movements is well known, because. a large number of muscle groups simultaneously participate in these movements, which contributes to an increase in the metabolism in the body, an increase in the functional activity of internal organs, and the mobility of nervous processes is improved /12/.
Knowledge of the basics of the age-related development of physical qualities should help improve the methodology with schoolchildren. At present, objective data on the age-related development of physical qualities have already been accumulated (B.A. Ashmarin /1/, V.P. Bogoslovsky /5/, V.I. Balsevich /3/ and others), but there are still few studies dedicated to the development of movements, especially the main ones, from the first grade to high school graduates.
In recent years, there has been a public opinion that in our country it is required to evaluate the work on physical culture at school not only by "cups", "diplomas" and various prizes won in sports competitions, but to evaluate the organization of physical education at school according to the physical fitness of all students, their state of health and physical development /2, 32, 42/. Assessment of the health and physical development of schoolchildren does not cause great difficulties, because. At present, a number of techniques have been developed and successfully applied /3, 5/. The assessment of the physical fitness of schoolchildren is somewhat difficult, because. there is very little data to compare the level of preparedness of students /5, 8, 25/.
The present study was conducted in the period from September 2002 to April 2003 during the teaching practice at school No. 723 of the Eastern District of Moscow.
In the process of development of human motor abilities special place occupies a versatile physical fitness.
B.V. Sermeev /30/, V.M. Zatsiorsky /14/, Z.I. Kuznetsova /21/ characterize physical fitness as a combination of such physical qualities as strength, endurance, speed, dexterity. It is largely determined by the morphological features and functional state of the whole organism and its individual systems, and first of all, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the practitioner.
HELL. Nikolaev /28/ believes that the physical training of an athlete is the upbringing of physical qualities, abilities necessary in sports activities, improvement of physical development, strengthening and hardening of the body.
ON THE. Lupandina /25/ subdivides it into general and special. General physical training means a versatile education of physical abilities, including the level of knowledge and skills, basic vital, or, as they say, applied natural types of movements. Special training refers to the development of physical abilities that meet the specific characteristics and requirements of the chosen sport.
B.V. Sermeev /30/, B.A. Ashmarin /1/ just like N.A. Lupandina /25/, divide physical training into general and special, but propose to subdivide the latter into two parts: preliminary, aimed at building a special "foundation", and the main one, the purpose of which is a wider development of motor qualities in relation to the requirements of the chosen sport.
Thus, B.V. Sermeev /30/ offers three steps in the process of achieving the highest level of physical fitness, and at the first stage special and general physical training should be combined. During the transition to the highest special level, both the general physical fitness and the special “foundation” must be maintained at the achieved level.
This point of view is consistent with the studies of a number of authors of previous years (A.N. Krestovnikov /20/, N.V. Zimkin /15/, A.V. Korobov /19/, Z.I. Kuznetsova /22/, etc.) .
The concepts of "physical fitness" and "training" are closely related and to a certain extent characterize the degree of health. L.B. Kofman /23/, N.D. Graevskaya /9/, V.L. Karpman /16/ note that in the process of systematic training, a gradual adaptation of the body to loads occurs, associated with functional and morphological restructuring of various organs and systems, expanding their potential.
Physiological changes in the body in the process of systematic physical education and sports occur in parallel with the improvement of motor skills, the development of physical qualities, mastering the technique and tactics of the chosen sport. The authors define fitness as a state that develops in an athlete's body as a result of repeated repetition of physical exercises and characterizes his readiness for the most effective muscle activity.
The problem of studying the development of motor abilities of schoolchildren has attracted and continues to attract many researchers. Some studied "motor talent", as if independent of upbringing and training (N.M. Gurevich / 11 /, N. Ozeretsky / 29 /), others studied "simple, vital movements acquired in Everyday life". For examination, they offered “tests”, with the help of which the ability to dress, wash, tie a knot, thread a needle, etc. was revealed. (Y.V. Ermolenko /13/).
Some authors studied "motor activity" (R.I. Tamuridi /37/, I.M. Yablonovsky /42/). According to the method of A.V. Ermolenko /13/ were studied: walking in a straight line, in a circle, grasping, jumping (in length, from a running start), the ability to quickly get up and lie down, carrying weights, etc.
THEM. Yablonovsky /42/, M.V. Serebrovskaya /36/ when studying the motor activity of schoolchildren, tests were used for such types of movements, which to some extent reflected the physical fitness of students. They studied: running, long and high jumps, throwing, etc. But in different age groups, their methods offered different tasks and requirements: in running - different distances, in throwing - objects for throwing, unequal distance to the target and etc. hence the extreme difficulty in identifying the features of the age-related development of certain types of movements. However, these works at one time served as some justification for the program for the physical education of schoolchildren. The development of movements among Kyiv schoolchildren was devoted to the works of R.I. Tamuridi (1985) /37/. The author studied the development of such movements as jumping, throwing, etc. As a result, age dynamics was shown for some movements.
In recent years, a number of works have been carried out by physiologists (V.S. Farfel /40/, N.V. Zimkin /15/, V.V. Vasilyeva /6/, Z.I. Kuznetsova /22/). In "The main directions of the reform of general education and vocational school» the tasks and ways of restructuring secondary education, the formation of a worldview and high civic qualities of students, the improvement of labor education, training and professional orientation are determined. This document gives specific directions for the physical improvement of students.
From a wide range of problems related to physical improvement, we want to take a closer look at the issue of physical fitness in the process of physical education of schoolchildren. In the theory of physical education, a distinction is made between general and special physical training. If general physical training includes the level of knowledge and skills in vital applied natural, basic types of movements, then special physical training is associated with professional or sports activities (training of a gymnast, skier, athlete, etc.).
The main feature that characterizes a high level of general physical fitness is the ability to consciously control the movements of one's body, achieving the greatest results in the shortest possible time with the least effort /22/. The healing effect of the development and formation of basic movements is well known, because. a large number of muscle groups simultaneously participate in these movements, which contributes to an increase in metabolism in the body, an increase in the functional activity of internal organs, and an improvement in the mobility of nervous processes.
Versatile physical fitness is based on a high level of development of basic motor qualities (endurance, strength, dexterity, speed, etc.), which are achieved by systematic work in physical education lessons, as well as in the process of extracurricular mass sports work. Man, unlike animals, is not born into the world with a ready ability to perform natural movements for him. Movements in walking, running, throwing, jumping, pulling up, climbing developed in the process of human evolution, as a result of its interaction with environment. These movements a person learned in the process of life. Everyone knows how children love to run, throw, throw, catch objects, climb.
The physical fitness of schoolchildren, as Z.I. Kuznetsov /22/, characterize two indicators:
- The degree of mastery of the technique of movements.
The level of development of motor (physical) qualities.
To manage educational process, to make adjustments in time, it is necessary to control the motor preparedness of schoolchildren. However, this issue has not yet been given due attention in scientific research. The available literature data on the study of the basic movements of school-age children indicate the absence of a single approved examination technique. Examination on various tasks in the age groups of boys and girls and under various test conditions does not make it possible to reveal the characteristic features of age-sex development.
For a long time there has been an urgent need to develop a unified methodology for taking into account the development of basic movements and collecting material that can serve as starting data for assessing the physical fitness of schoolchildren of different age groups. Some attempt to create a unified control system at present in general education schools and secondary special educational institutions in Moscow, began conducting tests "Tests of the mayor of Moscow", and on a scale of Russia - "Presidential competitions", which included tests in speed running, endurance running, jumping, pull-ups, inclinations. The development of motor skills and physical qualities of schoolchildren in the process of physical education is the main goal in the practical work of physical education teachers.
In the next academic year, the "Mayor's Tests" will be replaced by a more improved and adapted version of the tests - "Presidential Tests".
Development and implementation into practice of the state physical culture, health and sports complex of the Russian Federation "Presidential Tests" (hereinafter referred to as the "Presidential Tests" complex) is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation" (FZ- 80 of April 29, 1999), decisions of the State Council of the Russian Federation "On increasing the role of physical culture and sports in shaping a healthy lifestyle of Russians" (January 30, 2002).
The introduction of the "Presidential Tests" complex allows the most effective use of physical culture and sports in increasing the motivation of citizens to improve health, develop healthy lifestyle skills and organize active leisure.
The "Presidential Tests" complex will provide an opportunity to involve wide sections of the population in physical culture and sports, and will also contribute to the creation of continuity in physical culture and sports activities at different stages of a person's life path.
The introduction of the “Presidential Tests” complex is, to a certain extent, a revival of the national tradition of preparing and passing the regulatory requirements for physical fitness of the population aged 7 to 60 years and older. For more than 70 years in our country there has been a system for assessing and stimulating the physical fitness of the population, being in general the basis of the physical education of the population.
In different countries of the world, great attention is paid to the issues of testing the level of physical fitness, stimulating physical culture and sports among various groups of the population. In the United States, such a testing system is under the patronage of the President and is carried out under the name "President's Challenge". In Canada, Germany, China, Japan and other countries of the world, their own national testing systems have been created and are being implemented. In Europe, a single testing system, Eurofit, is becoming widespread.
The formation of a unified nationwide testing system that allows creating an effective mechanism for stimulating the population to engage in physical culture and sports is facilitated by: the introduction by the Government of the Russian Federation of an all-Russian system for monitoring the physical state of health of the population, the physical development of children, adolescents and youth; joint development of the draft federal component of the State educational standard of secondary (complete) with the Ministry of Education of Russia general education on the subject "Physical culture"; sports and recreation program "Presidential competitions", implemented in the regions of the Russian Federation.
The idea of introducing the “Presidential Tests” complex was supported by the vast majority of heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of physical culture and sports. According to a survey conducted by the State Committee for Sports of Russia, this idea is also supported by teachers, organizers of the physical culture and sports movement, scientists and the general public.
The introduction of the “Presidential Tests” complex completes the creation of a programmatic and regulatory framework for the national system of physical education of the population, in which monitoring, education standards, and the “Presidential competitions” program will become components.
The purpose of creating the “Presidential Tests” complex is to intensify physical culture and health and sports work among various groups of the population, increase the role of physical culture and sports in the improvement of the nation, distract teenagers and young people from bad habits, and improve the forms and methods of physical education.
The main tasks of the Presidential Tests complex are:
- increasing the level of physical fitness of various groups of the population;
- improvement of the normative and program-methodical support of the process of physical education;
- increasing the importance of physical culture and sports activities;
- ensuring the continuity of the process of physical education of the population;
- promoting the formation of healthy lifestyle skills among various socio-demographic groups of the population;
- involvement of children, adolescents and youth in active sports;
- implementation of the most effective organizational forms of physical culture and sports, including at the place of residence of the population. (Rozhkov P.A. /34/)
But since the "Presidential Tests" are not used at this stage, we will not further address this issue.
A number of researchers (N.N. Binchuk /4/, A.P. Kashin /17/, L.I. Gendzegolskis /7/, H.V. Tiik /38/) indicate a lack of physical fitness among young people enrolled in 1 courses to universities, and explain this by the fact that in schools there is still a high percentage of students exempted from physical education without sufficient grounds, and the organization of the process of physical education in many of them is not at a high level. Unfortunately, even in Moscow there are a number of schools that do not have sports halls, or they are in such a state that children are forced to study in the corridors, there is no sports equipment and equipment. A number of schools do not have physical education teachers due to low wages.
Analysis of the state of physical readiness of children, adolescents and youth in various types of educational institutions of the Russian Federation according to the spring (May) monitoring of 2001 showed that the average physical readiness index in the Russian Federation was 62% for boys and 59% for girls. In general, the level of physical fitness of children and students turned out to be 8-11% below the lower limit of the hygienic standard, which is 70% of the proper age and sex level, which makes it possible to attribute the surveyed population to the "risk" group. The average value of the index of physical readiness in schools was 67% for boys and 70% for girls. This level of physical fitness of students can be regarded as "below average" for boys, and "average" for girls. Although specifically in Moscow, this level was 72% for both boys and girls. But in the Moscow region, the level of IFG is one of the lowest. For boys 58%, for girls - 59%. /31/
In recent years, the focus of attention of researchers who consider it necessary to further improve the system of physical education of schoolchildren (E.S. Gromadsky /10/, G.I. Kukushkin /24/, N.A. Lupandina /25/) is the issue of improving regulatory requirements with the purpose of more effective development of the physical abilities of schoolchildren. So A.R. Jamalov /12/ conducted a study of the physical condition of schoolchildren and found that the most effective in the development of physical fitness is a higher mode of motor activity, achieved by using a complex of various means of physical culture and sports. The physical culture program has been repeatedly changed (since 1987, seven programs).
In the thesis work, we study the state of physical fitness of older schoolchildren of school No. 723 in Moscow.
Physical education- this is a type of education, the specific content of which is the training of movements and the management of the development of the physical qualities of a person. When it is necessary to emphasize the applied orientation of physical education in relation to labor, defense and other activities, one speaks of physical training. The process of improving physical fitness is called physical fitness. Z.I. Kuznetsova /22/ proposes to call physical fitness motor fitness. One way or another, physical training promotes health, the development of motor qualities and body shapes, as well as the expansion of motor ideas.
The problem of studying the development of schoolchildren's movements has attracted and continues to attract many researchers. Some studied "motor talent", as if independent of upbringing and training /9/. Others studied "simple vital movements acquired in everyday life" /30/.
THEM. Yablonovsky /42/, A.V. Serebrovskaya /36/ when studying the motor activity of schoolchildren, tests were used on such types of movements, which to some extent reflected the physical fitness of students. They studied: long and high jumps, running, throwing, etc.
Noteworthy are the works carried out by a group of specialists led by G.I. Kukushkin /24/ on the study of the state of physical fitness of students according to age educational standards.
The starting point in these studies was that "the process of physical education at school should be regulated by uniform educational standards." The basis of the program in close connection with educational material According to the authors, age-specific educational norms should be established that stimulate the comprehensive and harmonious development of the physical abilities of students and, from a certain age, sports improvement. In the research, the task was to analyze the application of educational norms, improve them and make them an important condition for further improvement of educational and extracurricular work in the physical education of students.
A variety of motor skills and abilities acquired by schoolchildren in the process of physical education classes at school is aimed at increasing the level of general physical fitness of students. Many researchers and everyday life confirm the position that a physically prepared person has better labor productivity, high efficiency. The main indicators of the general physical fitness of schoolchildren were, are and will be achievements in the main movements. In them, as in a focus, one can see the ability to control one's body, the ability to perform a movement economically, quickly, accurately. In these movements, the level of development of physical qualities, speed, dexterity, strength, etc. is revealed. A quality is understood as such a property that is reflected in the ability to perform not one narrow task, but a more or less wide range of tasks united by a psychophysical community. The main movements most fully reveal this community of qualities. Of course pedagogical process in physical education is not limited to a narrow set of exercises “applicable in life conditions”. The more motor conditioned reflexes the student acquires, the more complex and varied motor tasks the teacher can set for the students, the easier the skill is acquired. A motor skill is characterized by the unification of particular operations into a single whole, the elimination of unnecessary movements, delays, an increase in the accuracy and rhythm of movements, a decrease in the time for performing an action as a whole, a strict system in movements, and the coherence of various body systems.
Motor skill allows you to save physical and mental strength, facilitates orientation in the environment, frees the mind for timely understanding of the action. Among schoolchildren of middle and older ages, interest in these movements does not weaken, depending on pedagogical tasks, gradually becoming more complicated over the years of study, the requirements for rational ways performing exercises. The motor activity of a growing and emerging student is learned in development, where the decisive role belongs to education.
Teaching students the main types of movements and improving them is one of the most important tasks of physical education at school. It is required not only to teach the student the correct methods of movement; it is equally important to achieve that students are able to run quickly and dexterously, jump high and far, training should be closely related to the achievement of practical results. Achievements of schoolchildren in the basic movements (with proper educational work) mainly determine the quality of the organization of work on physical culture at school.
Chapter II. Physical fitness of students of school No. 22 of middle classes
One of the most important conditions contributing to the better implementation of the "Unified Metropolitan System of Physical Education and Health Improvement of Students" is systematic observation (pedagogical diagnostics and monitoring) of the state and shifts (dynamics) of indicators of students' motor fitness achieved by them during the academic year.
For these purposes, the program of physical education provides for special scientifically based tests. The most objectively reflecting the degree of development of students' basic physical qualities and functional capabilities in combination with the state of their physical development.
Giving great importance testing students in order to increase the effectiveness of their rehabilitation by means of physical culture, the Moscow Committee of Education by the decision of the collegium dated March 27, 1984 No. 6/1 drew the attention of physical education teachers to the introduction of a unified system for monitoring the state of physical fitness and health of students based on the mayor of Moscow. The organization of testing aims to create a personality-oriented system for monitoring the physical fitness and health of school students.
Based on the data on the level of physical fitness of students received at the beginning of the school year (September), the teacher of physical education corrects the system of physical education for the parallel groups. The teacher develops special recommendations on motor modes and methodological techniques for the proportion of correction, prevention of complications that characterize the low and medium levels of physical fitness of each student. The process of physical education is subject to adjustment if more than 15% of students with a low level of development of one or more physical qualities, or with disharmonious development, are identified in the class. With a high level of development of physical qualities, educational and training models are used for their further development.
At the end of the academic year (May), the teacher conducts a mandatory final test. Based on the final data of testing the physical fitness of students, recommendations are formed for them on individual summer sports and recreational activities and plans for educational, sports and recreational work for the new academic year.
We studied physical fitness in movements of various forms, in which speed, strength, dexterity, endurance or a combination of them appear to one degree or another. Moreover, the degree of development of these qualities determines the measure of motor abilities of children, the level of their general physical fitness, which affects both the mastery of educational standards in physical education and the mastery of other, more complex motor skills.
For the study of physical fitness for each student (by gender and age), a card was filled out, in which data on motor skills were entered at the beginning of the school year (September) and at the end (May) of each school year. It also recorded the results of control exercises.
The main qualities of a person include strength, speed, endurance, manifested in motor activity, as well as jumping ability and dexterity, morpho-functional properties of the body directly related to them. These qualities determine the various physical abilities of a person (strength, speed, coordination, etc.) and are realized in them.
In the process of age development, the following were studied:
- standing long jump;
pull-ups on the crossbar;
lifting the body lying on the back;
run 1000 m;
hanging on the crossbar;
shuttle run 10X5 m;
tilt forward;
sitting in 30 seconds;
- compliance with the unity of conditions in the tests.
availability and intelligibility of tasks and requirements.
the possibility of identifying the maximum achievements of the student.
simplicity and familiar test environment (hall, sports ground).
expression of this accounting in digital terms (cm, sec).
ease of accounting.
A measurement or test done to determine a student's condition or ability is called a test. Only those that meet the following metrological requirements can be used as tests:
- the purpose of applying a particular test should be determined;
a standardized testing methodology should be used;
it is necessary that the tests used meet the requirements of reliability and informativeness;
a system for evaluating test results should be developed;
it is necessary to specify the type of control (operational, current, stage, final).
The reliability of a test is the degree of agreement between results when the same people are tested repeatedly under the same conditions. Reliability criteria are:
- stability (reproducibility) is a kind of reliability that manifests itself in the degree of coincidence of test results when the first and subsequent measurements are separated by a certain time interval;
consistency - the independence of test results from the personal qualities of a person;
equivalence - equivalent test results when using control exercises.
- purpose of the test: to determine the strength endurance of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle.
age of schoolchildren: 16 - 17 years.
gender: exercises are performed only by young men.
equipment: parallel bars, their height is set so that the subject, performing the exercise, does not touch the floor with his feet.
testing procedure: I.p. - emphasis on straight arms. Bending your arms at the elbows, lower yourself until they are fully bent. Then push up, straightening your arms to I.p. When performing the exercise, keep the body in a vertical position, swinging is not allowed. Perform the maximum possible number of repetitions ("to failure").
reliability of the test: r = 0.90 if the second measurement was taken the next day. If the second attempt followed immediately after the first, then the reliability was low r = 0.56.
consistency of scores in the test: 0.99.
information content of the test: according to the results of logical examination, it was recognized as high.
evaluation of results: points are awarded depending on the number of repetitions on the following scale.
Analysis of the results of the study of physical fitness in the process of age development
When analyzing Table 1 for each type of test, it can be seen that the level of physical fitness of both girls and boys is increasing, but for each type of test, the growth in achievements has its own characteristics: in some types, there is a steady and almost uniform increase in achievements in boys and girls ; in others, the growth of achievements goes in the form of “scissors”: the older the age, the greater the difference in results between boys and girls.
Mandatory test exercises
- Standing long jump test (to measure the dynamic strength of the muscles of the lower extremities). From the starting position standing, feet together or slightly apart, toes of the feet on the same line with the starting line, jump forward from a place to the maximum possible distance. The participant preliminarily bends his legs, takes his arms back, tilts his torso forward, shifting the center of gravity of the body forward and, with a swing of his arms forward and a push of two legs, performs a jump. The jump from two legs in cm is determined. For this test, it is advisable to mark the place in the gym with paint - the line from which the jump will be performed, and the line perpendicular to it with marked divisions every 1 cm to determine the length of the jump. The test is given three attempts.
- A characteristic feature of the age-related development of movements in standing long jumps is that the achievements of boys and girls increase unevenly. A small amount of jumping ability and a uniform increase in the result in younger age from 8 to 13 years old (106.0 - 146.2 cm in girls and 119.8 - 184.2 cm in boys), from the age of 13 in boys, jumping ability increases sharply (194.1 - 216.5 cm), while in girls (152.9 - 170.7 cm) it increases slightly . These sex differences persist in the following years, the results increase significantly in boys, reaching 216.5 cm, and in girls only 170.7 cm.
- The data obtained allow us to draw practical conclusions related to control jumping exercises for training sessions in the classroom. Gradual uniform increase in jumping requirements does not coincide with the actual capabilities of schoolchildren, especially girls. Therefore, for boys from the age of 14, the requirements for an increase in the length of the jump should be somewhat less compared to other possibilities. In girls, a gradual increase is possible up to 14 years. And then, from the age of 15 and older, it is very important to maintain the level of results achieved by this age (with two hours a week for physical education lessons).
- The result of achievements by age groups and classes are presented in Appendix 1 (Table 1).
- The 1000-meter run test (to determine overall endurance) is carried out in a stadium or on a flat dirt track after a preliminary warm-up. The presence of medical personnel is recommended. Time is recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 sec.
- In order to ensure medical safety, testing must be preceded by lead-up exercises:
- Running short segments (200 - 400 m) with an intensity of 50% of the maximum and with a heart rate of 120 - 140 beats / min;
Running the entire distance in segments in the interval mode (5 times 200 m with 5-minute rest intervals and heart rate 120 - 140 beats / min;
Running the entire distance in segments in the interval mode (5 times 200 m each with decreasing rest intervals and a gradual increase in heart rate intensity from 120 - 140 beats / min to 150 - 170 beats / min;
Control estimates, taking into account the time of running the entire distance with gradually increasing intensity: from 50% to 75% of the maximum and heart rate from 120 - 140 beats / min to 150 - 170 beats / min.
Control sketches. It is allowed in the process of running, in case of fatigue, to switch to walking.
- Test "Pulling up on the crossbar" (to assess the strength and strength endurance of the muscles of the shoulder girdle).
- Hanging on the bar, arms straight, perform the maximum possible number of pull-ups. A pull-up is considered to be performed correctly when the arms are bent, the chin is above the bar, then they are fully extended, the legs do not bend at the knee joints, movements without interruptions and swings. Incorrectly performed pull-ups do not count. Determines the strength of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle by counting the number of pull-ups. I.p. hanging on the bar with a direct grip, legs do not touch the floor. When performing pull-ups, swinging, swinging movements of the legs are not allowed. When moving up, the chin should be above the crossbar, when moving down, the arms are fully extended.
- Trunk lift test (to measure the speed-strength endurance of the trunk flexor muscles). From I.p. lying on the back, legs bent at the knee joints strictly at an angle of 90?, feet shoulder-width apart, arms behind the head, elbows apart, touching the floor, the partner presses the feet to the floor. At the command "March!" perform the maximum possible number of torso lifts in 30 seconds, vigorously bending until the elbows touch the hips and returning to the I.P., spreading the elbows to the sides until the shoulder blades, elbows and the back of the head touch the floor. The exercise is performed on a gymnastic mat or carpet. For safety, a low (not higher than 10 cm) pillow is placed under the head. Incorrect execution: the absence of a full touch of the floor with three parts of the body (shoulder blades, back of the head, elbows). The participant, lowering the body into the I.p., can touch the floor sequentially, first with the shoulder blades, then with the back of the head, then with the elbows. However, in the final phase, the body of the participant must come to the I.p., i.e. touch the floor simultaneously with three parts of the body: shoulder blades, back of the head and elbows.
- Additional test exercises
- 1. Test "Shuttle run 10 times 5 meters" (to assess speed endurance and agility associated with changing the direction of movement and alternating acceleration and deceleration. In the hall, at a distance of five meters from each other, two parallel lines are drawn on the floor. On command "March!" Participants (participant) start from the first line, run to the second, cross it with one foot, be sure to touch the floor, turn around and return to the start line. It is necessary to complete 5 such closed cycles as quickly as possible, turning all the time in one and tighter side (back and forth - one cycle). Movements with side steps, turns in different directions are not allowed. Time is recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 seconds at the moment of crossing the line from which the start was made. All participants must be in non-slip shoes. Special attention must be paid to turning while running.To prevent injuries to the foot and knee joint, work out with students the correct positioning of the foot and torso for entry driving into the turn and starting after the turn.
- The test subject on the command "March!" runs a five-meter segment takes a bar (5x5x10 cm), runs the second segment, puts the bar and, having run the third segment, finishes the test. The running time of three segments is determined.
- Sitting forward bend test (to measure the active flexibility of the spine and hip joints).
- The subject without shoes sits on the floor of the legs apart, the distance between the heels is 30 cm, the feet are vertical, the arms are forward - inward, the palms are down. As a measure, you can use a ruler or centimeter tape placed between the feet along the legs. The countdown (zero mark "0") is from the number located at the level of the heels of the subject. The partner presses the knees to the floor, not allowing the legs to bend during the bends. Three slow tilts are performed (palms slide forward along the ruler), the fourth tilt is the main one. The subject must remain in this position for at least 2 seconds.
- The best result - the maximum possible number that the student can reach, is counted on the fingertips with an accuracy of 1 cm. This figure is recorded with a “+” sign if the subject was able to touch the number in front of the feet, and with a “-” sign if his fingers did not reach the level of the heels.
- For a faster test, two cubes (supports) are used to support the feet and maintain straight legs without assistance. Between the legs of the participant there is a cube, which, during the third tilt, he tries to push forward with his fingers towards the heels to the maximum possible distance.
- This test is borrowed from the "U.S. Presidential Tests". The distance between the feet is 20 - 30 cm. Standards (in cm) that are adopted in the USA, where the assessment of two levels is “passed” and “not met” (see Appendix 3, Table 3).
- Test "Hang on the crossbar" (to assess the strength and static endurance of the muscles of the shoulder girdle).
- After the adoption of I.p. hang on the crossbar with arms folded (bent) as much as possible, the chin is located above the crossbar, but without touching it and not helping to stay in the hang, turn on the stopwatch. The maximum possible time of holding in the hang is estimated: from the start to the moment of initial extension of the arms. This test characterizes strength endurance.
- Before testing, it is necessary to teach students to correctly perform each test exercise through lead-in exercises and preliminary estimates. The teacher must ensure that each student can perform the test exercise technically correctly. Testing is recommended to start at the end of September and beginning of May after the students have fully worked out and familiarized themselves with the control exercises. The list of necessary equipment for the school and testing is given in Table. 5.
- Tests to determine the general physical fitness of schoolchildren
- Tests to determine the actual power features:
2. Flexion and extension of the arms from the emphasis on the gymnastic bars. The strength of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle is determined by counting the number of movements performed (the procedure for this test is presented in detail in section 3.1.).
Tests to determine speed-strength capabilities:
1. Jump up from a place. The height of jumping up is determined in cm. For this, a device designed by V.M. Abalakov. In the practice of our school, we carry out testing as follows: a square of 40X40 cm is marked on the floor, in the middle of it a bar 8–10 cm long and 1.5–2 cm thick is attached to the floor with screws, another bar 4–6 cm long is superimposed on top of it. two planks are fastened together with screws. A centimeter tape is passed between the slats, the clamping density of which is regulated by screws fastening these two slats. The upper end of the measuring tape is attached to the subject's belt.
In I.p. standing in the main rack in a square of 40x40 cm, the initial number on the tape is fixed in the lower pulling device. The test subject receives the task to perform the maximum jump up with the obligatory landing in the designated square. The ribbon, naturally, stretches during the jump, and the difference between the initial number on the ribbon and the number on the ribbon after the jump will be the height of the jump. For example, the initial value was 41 cm, and after the jump - 69 cm. Therefore, the height of the jump was 28 cm (69 - 41 = 28).
Each student may be given two attempts. The best of them is recorded in the protocol. The test can be performed with or without a wave of the hands.
2. Number of squats in 10 seconds. The second option - the time of ten squats is determined. Exercise requirement: when performing fully, straighten the legs in the upper position and completely bend them when squatting. The second option allows you to more accurately determine the result.
The level of motor abilities most fully reflects the functional state of the schoolchildren's organism, which is manifested in the ability to perform various motor actions with an appropriate level of development of motor qualities.
- The number of flexion and extension of the arms from I.p. lying emphasis. The number of movements in 10 seconds is determined. The second option - is determined by the execution time with a maximum frequency of ten specified movements. Requirement for the exercise: when bending the arms, touch the floor with the chest, when unbending, the arms are fully extended. The second option is preferable.
The number of flexion and extension of the arms from the emphasis on the gymnastic bars in 10 seconds. The second option is to determine the execution time with the maximum possible frequency of ten movements. Requirements when performing the test: when unbending the arms, they are fully extended, when bent, the legs do not touch the floor.
- The number of flexions and extensions of the body in 10 seconds from I.p.: lying on the floor (or on the mat), hands behind the head, legs bent at the knees at an angle of 90 °, the partner holds the feet of the person performing the test, pressing them to the floor. When bending the torso (lifting it), the elbows touch the knees. The second testing option is to determine the execution time with the maximum possible frequency of 10 movements. He, when testing, can be given preference.
- Tests to determine the speed of movements:
- Running 20 or 30 meters on the move. The time of running these distances is fixed, i.e. maximum running speed is determined. At 2 - 3 m from the running line on one or the other side of it, two racks are installed on the start and finish lines. The assistant coach stands on the start line 2 - 3 m from the stand; coach - at the finish line, also 2 - 3 m from the stand. The test subject accelerates (usually 10-15 m is enough for acceleration) so that he reaches the maximum speed possible for him to the start line. At the moment the test subject runs into the starting target, the assistant gives a go-ahead, according to which the coach starts the stopwatch, at the same time the test subject runs into the finish target, he turns off the stopwatch. Racks are installed in order to more accurately fix the moment of stratum and finish. The go-ahead by an assistant is performed as follows: the arm is bent at the elbow at an angle of approximately 90 °, held in front of you, the hand is extended forward, the go-ahead is done by a sharp movement of the brush towards you.
The frequency of movements in running in place. In the first option, the number of running steps that the subject is able to perform in 10 seconds is determined; in the second, the time for performing 20 running steps is determined. For testing, it is necessary to stretch an elastic band or cord between two racks at such a height when the subject's leg, bent at the knee, takes the position "thigh parallel to the floor", while touching the stretched cord. At the command "March!" the subject starts running on the spot with the maximum possible frequency of movements, while touching the stretched cord with his hips. If testing is carried out with 20 running steps and the movement starts, say, with the right foot, then the 20th step will be performed with the left foot, i.e. the stopwatch should be turned off under the left foot and vice versa. The second test option is preferable.
The hand-eye reaction can be determined using an electric or electronic stopwatch. The essence of this test technique is to determine the time of motor response to a certain light signal.
- Endurance Tests
Definition of general endurance:
- Running a distance in 5 or 6 minutes. When testing, it is necessary to inform the subjects how much they still have to run. With insufficient preparedness, the test-takers can switch to walking, and after recovering, they can start running again.
Distance run in 12 minutes (K. Cooper test). This test is widely used in the world. The method of its application is the same as in the previous test. With its help, you can determine the level of development of general endurance, it is a very informative indicator of a person's cardio-respiratory capabilities, i.e. largely characterizes the state of his health (see Appendix 3, Table 4).
Determination of critical speed in running. Critical running speed is the lowest speed (intensity) at which maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) is reached. And, as you know, the MPC indicator largely determines the level of general endurance. In other words, the critical speed (Vcr.) is a pedagogical expression of the physiological indicator of a person's aerobic capabilities, i.e. his IPC level. According to this value Vkr. It largely characterizes the degree of development of general endurance. Along with this Vkr. serves as the main criterion for determining the intensity of running during the development of this physical quality. To calculate Vcr. use the calculation method. For this purpose, two distances are run at competitive speed. For schoolchildren 16 - 18 years old - 800 and 2000 m.
- S2 - S1
- Vcr. = ----------- ,
- t2 – t1
- Where S 1 – length of the first distance, m;
- S2 – length of the second distance, m;
- t1 – time shown at the first distance, s;
- t2 – time shown at the second distance;
The volume of load is found as follows: in running to failure, the distance that a student is able to overcome with a speed that develops general endurance (intensity in running is 70%) is determined. Suppose he is able to run N minutes at this speed, i.e. N m. This will be its maximum load. A load of 25% of it is considered low, 50% - medium, 75% - high and 100% - maximum. Gradually, starting with a low load, observing how schoolchildren endure it, they regulate the degree of impact on the body.
A year later, it is determined again Vcr. and accordingly, it is selected, developing overall endurance, physical activity. So, I use an objective criterion Vcr., it is possible to methodically correctly regulate the load during the development of this physical quality.
Definition of speed endurance:
- Determination of the running time of 600 m by schoolchildren 16 - 18 years old.
Determination of running a distance in 90 seconds.
- Number of squats on one leg. The subject, holding (in order not to lose balance) with his hand on the gymnastic wall, squats on the leg closest to the wall, then, turning to the wall with the other side, squats on the other leg. The grip of the hand on the gymnastic wall is at the level of the lowered hand in the position of the main rack.
the number of flexions and extensions of the body in 1 min from I.p.: lying on the floor
- (or on the mat), hands behind the head, legs bent at the knees at an angle of 90 °, the partner holds the feet of the performer of the test, pressing them to the floor. When bending the torso (lifting it), the elbows touch the knees.
- Definition of endurance in static effort (static endurance):
- Holding hands with a load of 1 kg in a horizontal position. I.p. - the main stand, arms to the sides, in each load 1 kg (dumbbells can be used as a load). Planks with divisions of 1 cm are installed next to the hands. The static endurance of the muscles of the shoulder girdle is measured. Depending on the readiness of the tested, the weight of the load can be increased up to 2 kg.
Maintaining the position of the "angle" in the hang on the gymnastic wall (depending on the readiness of the tested, this test can be performed in the emphasis on the gymnastic bench, in the emphasis on the parallel bars, in the emphasis sitting on the bench). The time of holding the position of the “corner” is determined until the moment the feet are lowered by more than 10 cm. The level of static endurance of the abdominal muscles is revealed.
Maintaining the semi-squat position. I.p. - standing on toes in a semi-squat position, the angle between the thighs and shins is 90 °, the torso is vertical, arms forward - up. The level of statistical endurance of the muscles of the thighs and lower leg is measured.
Maintaining the position "lying on the chest lying on the table." I.p. - lying on the chest on the table so that the edge of the table is at the level of the belt, the legs are extended parallel to the floor, the test person is held by the shoulders. The time of holding the specified position is determined until the feet are lowered by more than 10 cm. The static endurance of the back muscles is revealed.
Alternately holding the legs in the “angle” position. I.p. - main stance, straightened leg raised to right angle(90°) in relation to the body, hands on the belt. A bar with divisions of 1 cm is set next to the foot. The time of holding the leg until the foot is lowered by more than 10 cm is determined. The static endurance of the pelvic girdle is measured.
- Lean forward with straight legs. The subject stands on the gymnastic bench in the main stance. Then, without bending his legs, he smoothly leans forward - down to the limit, pushing with his fingers the latch, marked after 1 cm, of the plank. In the final position of the tilt, it is necessary to fix the position of the hands for 1 - 2 seconds. The value of the slope is measured in cm, and the level of the bench is taken as the “0” mark, the markings with the “-” sign upwards from it, and the “+” sign downwards. The test is carried out twice in a row, the best result is recorded in the protocol. Flexibility (mobility) in the hip joint is revealed.
The movement of the straight leg in the hip joint forward - up. I.p. - lying on your back, on the floor (or mat). One leg (straight) is held on the floor by the partner, the other leg (free) is swinging forward - up. To measure the amplitude of movement in degrees, a special device is used - a goniometer or goniometer.
The movement of the straight leg in the hip joint back - up. I.p. - lying on the stomach, the goniometer is fixed in the inner part of the lower leg at the ankle joint. The tested performs the maximum for him swing movement of one or two legs back - up. The mobility result is also measured in degrees.
The movement of the straight leg in the hip joint to the side - top. I.p. - lying on your side, hands behind your head. The goniometer is fixed on the back of the lower leg at the ankle joint. The subject performs the maximum possible swing movement to the side - up. The result is measured in degrees.
Circular movements with straight arms in the shoulder joints with a gymnastic stick ("twist"). I.p. - main stance, hands with a gymnastic stick in front. From this position, make a circular motion with straight arms so that the hands with the gymnastic stick are behind. Mobility in the shoulder joints is determined by the distance between the hands.
As you know, the criterion for the appearance of dexterity is the coordination capabilities of a person. A number of authors believe that coordination abilities include the manifestation of the entire complex of the motor sphere: motor qualities, motor skills, the ability to control and regulate motor actions, energy and aesthetics of movements, social factors of motor activity.
In this regard, we offer a wide range of tests to determine dexterity:
- Marking jumps. The subject jumps from a box 110 cm high to a marked line (1.5 - 2 m from the box) so as to get on this line with his heels. After the explanation, he is given two attempts. The result (in cm) is determined by the deviation from the line (average of two). The most distant heel of one of the legs is taken as the deviation. Evaluation: "excellent" - 3 cm, "good" - 5 cm, "satisfactory" - 9 cm, "enough" - 12 cm, "bad" - more than 12 cm.
Assessment of the ability to kinesthetic differentiation. A gymnastic mat 1x2 m is attached to the wall, a rectangle of the specified size can be marked on the wall of the gym with paint), a hoop with a diameter of 0.8 m is attached to the center of the mat (it can be marked with paint). The test subject, standing with his back to the target two meters away from it, throws a tennis ball at the target, performing a throw over his head or shoulder (as convenient for the test subject), half-turned looking at the target. After the explanation, one trial and 5 test throws are given. Score: hitting the mat - 1 point, hitting the hoop - 2 points, between the hoop and the ball - 3 points, hitting the ball - 4 points.
Assessment of the ability to orientate in space. Around a large stuffed ball at a distance of 3 m (in a sector with a radius of 3 m) there are 5 small balls, between which 1.5 m. Flags with numbers from 1 to 5 are set near the small ones (you can write these numbers with paint on the balls themselves). Fulfillment: the subject stands facing the big ball (he should not see what numbers are set on each small ball). On command (the number is called), he turns around and runs touching the named ball, runs back touching the big ball with his hand, at the moment the big ball touches the command follows again (another number is called), etc. The test ends when the subject runs 3 times, i.e. three numbers will be called consecutively. The time is determined. It is advisable to change the location of the balls (their numbers) after testing each subject.
Throw at a moving target. At a height of 2.3 m, a rope 0.6 m long is attached to the wall, to which a hoop (0.8 m) is tied. Fulfillment: the teacher releases the hoop from a horizontal position. The test subject, standing three meters from the wall, throws a tennis ball, trying to hit the target of the hoop after it starts moving in the opposite direction. One trial and 5 credit attempts are given. Hitting the hoop - 2 points, hitting the hoop - 1 point. Evaluation: "excellent" - 9 points, "good" - 7, "satisfactory" - 4, "enough" - 2, "poor2" - less than 2 points.
Evaluation of the ability to complex reactions. Two gymnastic benches cling to the gymnastic wall at a height of 1.2 m so that there is a space of 10–12 cm between them (a kind of gutter along which the ball will roll). At the top end of this groove, the teacher holds the ball. The tested person stands on the line of the lower ends of the benches 1.5 - 2 m from them with his back to them (without looking at the ball). On a signal, the teacher releases the ball. According to this signal, the subject must turn around, quickly run up and stop the rolling ball. The distance in cm covered by the ball to the point of its stop by the subject is estimated (the best of two attempts.
Evaluation of the ability to dynamic balance. The subject, standing 1.5 m from the gymnastic bench turned upside down (its narrow part at the top), with the fingers of the left hand under the right hand, takes the right ear, on the palm of the outstretched right hand the ball (volleyball or light rubber). On command, the test subject runs along the bench, pushes the lying stuffed ball with his foot at the opposite end of the bench and returns back. The test execution time is determined. If the subject, losing balance, jumps off the bench more than 3 times, then the test is not counted. For each touch of the floor with one foot, one second is added to the total time.
Evaluation of the ability to static balance. Standing on one leg, the other leg is bent, deployed in the frontal plane, its heel touches the knee joint of the supporting leg, hands on the belt, head is held straight. Testing is performed with open and closed eyes. The countdown begins from the moment a stable position is taken, and stops at the moment of loss of balance. Small fluctuations of the body are allowed (see Appendix 5, Table 6).
Evaluation of the ability to static balance (test by A.I. Yarotsky). Execution: main stance, eyes closed, continuous rotation of the head in one direction at a pace - 2 rotations per second. The time is recorded from the beginning of the head rotation to the loss of balance. Evaluation: "excellent" - 35 seconds, "good" - 20, "satisfactory" - 16, "bad" - less than 16 seconds.
Sit for 3 sec. The level of motor abilities most fully reflects the state of the student's body, which is manifested in the ability to perform various motor actions with an appropriate level of development of motor qualities.
- Given the unequal level of physical fitness, each student should be approached individually, since everyday life has confirmed the position that a physically prepared person has better labor productivity, high working capacity, high physical capacity.
- Thus, the physical fitness of schoolchildren in standing long jumps shows the uneven growth of achievements by age groups. Achievements are gradually growing, but in girls after 16 years of age it is still insignificant, and in boys jumping ability increases more.
- The results for hand strength and hanging on bent arms in boys are higher than in girls; a large variability indicates insufficient educational work on these types of movements.
- In running at speed (10X5 m), the pattern of development of achievements has its own peculiarity. Boys of school age run faster than girls, while girls should have an equivalent development of speed quality. This fact is not taken into account in the educational work of teachers.
- For each age period of schoolchildren, anatomical and physiological features are characteristic. Teachers, psychologists, doctors, specialists in physical culture proceed from these features when drawing up a school program in physical education, tasks, content, forms, workload in physical education lessons and other issues are determined. Based on the characteristics of childhood and adolescence, from physical development and physical training, educational standards are established. These characteristics of children are not constant and unchangeable. As a result of a number of environmental factors, a set of living conditions, including the organized process of physical education, signs of their ability typical for school age change.
- As L.P. Matveev (1994) “Taking into account age characteristics, it is very important to proceed from the fact that the task of the teacher is by no means a passive adaptation to it. On the contrary, he must contribute to their progressive change, thoughtfully using their conditions and the laws of the objective process of human development. It is necessary to actively reinforce and correct, even deliberately cause the desired changes in the functional manifestations of the body. It is even more necessary to identify and very strictly take into account in the process of training and education all individual manifestations of age characteristics in order to build educational work on the basis of the real capabilities of children.
- In this regard, first of all, we must bear in mind the process of intensive growth and development of the child's body, which proceeds, although unevenly, but continuously throughout all school age periods. The metabolism in the body can be activated by a significant amount of physical activity in the daily routine of students. You can save sufficient energy resources by adjusting physical activity, avoiding debilitating, exhausting energy resources efforts, as well as providing the necessary rest and good nutrition.
- The second feature that is characteristic of the entire school age and requires constant attention to itself is the immaturity and insufficient resistance of the child's body in relation to various external influences, which is associated with a high degree of its vulnerability. In this regard, it is necessary, firstly, to protect the body from such influences and influences that do not yet correspond to its capabilities and therefore cause various overstrains and slow down the development process, and secondly, persistently, but strictly consistently, strengthen and harden the body, increase its viability and resistance to adverse external influences.
- To achieve this, it is necessary to know the specific conditions in a given period of all systems and organs, carefully select and apply exercises, calculate the volume, intensity, and its distribution in time of the corresponding loads, with great responsibility to ensure optimal hygienic conditions for training, as well as the technical serviceability of the shells, sufficient insurance, etc.
- Also A.A. Lisin (1989) points out that, given the characteristics of the musculoskeletal system, it is necessary to persistently avoid incorrect postures, high loads on the spine, unilateral tension of the muscles of the body, strong shocks and shaking of the body, overstrain of the articular-ligamentous apparatus and muscles during prolonged muscular efforts, especially static character, etc. at the same time, the activity of the muscular system should be constantly activated, leveling the level of development of individual muscle groups and controlling this work by posture.
- Great care in the loads must be observed in relation to the circulatory and respiratory organs, especially in middle school age. It is always worth remembering the danger to the heart of overestimated, overly compacted loads in running and similar cyclic movements, large muscle tension with straining, as well as the formation of effort after the flu, tonsillitis and other painful conditions.
- The greatest attention should be paid to the still fragile nervous system of children, to which very high demands are constantly made by all academic subjects. Intellectual efforts in the process of learning motor actions, control over their movements and their management, increased volitional and emotional stress associated with overcoming different kind difficulties in the conditions of motor activity - all this is also a significant burden on the nervous system. Proper regulation and a gradual, strictly consistent increase in this load allows you to strengthen the nervous system and increase its performance. It is necessary to keep in mind one more feature of children - their easy, hourly
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