On the structure of military history as a science, its general provisions and methodology. Military history is really in decline
Discipline
"Military History"
Topic 1
“Military history as a science. The origin of armies and military art"
Lecture 1
"Military history as a science"
School time 2 hours
Reviewed and approved at the meeting of the AFP cycle
Minutes No. _____ dated "____" ____________ 20___
Topic 1. Military history as a science. The origin of the army and military art.
Lecture 1. Military history as a science and academic discipline.
School time: 2 hours.
Place: the audience.
Method: lecture.
Material support: projector, laptop.
Teaching questions and time allocation:
I. Introductory part - 10 min.
1. Checking the availability of students and readiness for class - 1 min.
2. Announcement of the topic of the lesson and the time allotted for its study - 3 minutes.
4. Substantiation of the relevance of this topic, its place in the curriculum and connection with the previous lesson - 3 min.
5. Setting learning goals - 1 min.
II. Main part – 70 min.
2. Object and subject military history. The relationship of military history with other disciplines.
III. Final part - 10 min.
1. Brief conclusions on the topic, answers to students' questions - 4 min.
3. Bringing questions to self-study- 5 minutes.
1. The origin of the military historical science. Structure, methods, concepts, categories and main tasks of military history.
Military history as a science and as an academic discipline studied in military educational institutions, is the result of its long development. It originated in ancient times in the form of the simplest stories about wars and battles, about the activities of generals and commanders in Egypt, Assyria, China, Persia, in the countries of the ancient world ( Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome). Russian military-historical science has its own way. At the dawn of the Fatherland, the original form of coverage of military-historical events was the chronicles that were kept in the princely courts and at monasteries. At the same time, the first military-historical works appeared. However, their theoretical level of generalization was low. These were descriptions of events and facts, as well as the glorification of military leaders of various ranks.
Subsequently, as a result of attempts to evaluate certain events, to identify causal relationships, to formulate the fundamental principles and patterns of military art, certain methods of military historical research gradually began to take shape, professional military historians appeared, and military history became an independent branch of science.
Object and subject of military history. The relationship of military history with other disciplines.
Each science has its own object and subject of study. The object of science is the phenomenon or process that is being studied. One and the same phenomenon can be investigated by various sciences, focusing on a certain aspect of it. Consequently, the subject of science is that side of the object that is investigated by this science.
The very name of the scientific discipline indicates that its object is the process of creating and functioning of the army, preparing and waging wars of the past. In it, military history explores the historical patterns of military development, the emergence, course and outcome of wars; military activity (in the unity of all its aspects) of states, the masses, classes, parties, movements, both in peacetime and in war time in various historical epochs. Moreover, this activity is connected both with the preparation and conduct of military actions, and with their prevention.
Subject military-historical science is the historical patterns of the emergence, course and outcome of wars, the emergence and development of the military organization of the state, military activity in the unity of all its aspects - economic, political, social, spiritual and military proper - of the masses, military armies, parties, movements both in peacetime and in wartime in various historical epochs. Moreover, this activity is associated
The object and subject of military history testify that it studies an extremely wide range of problems. In solving these problems, military history science functions as a certain aspect of world history and, as such, interacts with other sciences, including military science. In her research, she uses theoretical positions military science on the preparation, conduct and support of armed struggle and at the same time is the historical basis of military science.
Military history as a science changes under the influence of the totality of social relations, and above all the object of study: the army, war, military affairs, which determine the emergence and development of numerous branches of military history. Renowned historian and theorist A. Svechin wrote: “Each specialty of military affairs has its own history. There is a history of military knowledge, infantry, cavalry, artillery, long-term fortification, sieges, supplies, military law, discipline, etc. Many of these special disciplines have their own a very respectable, extensive and scientific literature. "Such a development of military history allows us to conclude that military history is a collective science. It consists of a number of relatively independent branches. The most important of them are: the history of wars, military art, the development of the armed forces, military equipment, military thought.
Military history consists of a number of relatively independent branches. The most important of them are: the history of wars, military art, the development of the armed forces, military equipment, military thought.
History of wars studies social entity, reveals the goals, causes and nature of specific wars, their course, consequences and results. In the study of wars, military history studies all the processes associated with it, focusing both on the history of direct armed struggle and its support, and on non-military forms and means of struggle during war - economic, diplomatic, ideological and others. All this provides an objective, concrete-historical approach to the war in question.
History of military art refers to the forms and methods of direct armed struggle. The very term "military art" came to us from the depths of the Middle Ages. At that time, any kind of activity - shoemaking, blacksmithing, carpentry, pottery, military and other business - was called art. In modern and recent times, when all these types of labor began to be called crafts, the art of war retained its name. Based on this, it should be borne in mind that in this case the concept of "art" cannot be identified with the concept of "skillful". Military art- this is the activity of military personnel in the preparation and conduct of armed struggle, which in some cases can be assessed as skillful, victorious, and in others - leading to defeat.
The forms and methods of armed struggle, depending on the scale, the forces and means involved, and the tasks to be solved, in military science are usually divided into campaign, operation and combat. The listed forms of armed struggle correspond to the components of military art: strategy, operational art and tactics.
Strategy(from Greek stratos - army and ägö - I lead) - the highest form of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the armed forces for war, planning and conducting strategic operations and war in general.
operational art - component military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combined arms (common fleet) joint and independent operations (combat actions) by formations various kinds armed forces.
Tactics(from the Greek taktika - the art of building troops) is an integral part of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat by subunits, units and formations of various types of armed forces and military branches1.
The history of military art accordingly includes the history of strategy, operational art and tactics.
History of the construction of the armed forces explores the forms of organization, the principles of manning the army, the emergence and development of the types of armed forces and military branches (ground forces, navy, air force, engineering troops, artillery, etc.). The emergence of new types of armed forces and branches of service as a result of scientific and technological progress has set before military history the task of studying and summarizing the experience of their creation and combat use. At present, the history of the country's Air Defense Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces, airborne troops, military space forces.
History of military equipment studies the process of creating and improving various types of military equipment and weapons: armored, aviation, missile, artillery, engineering, etc.
History of military thought explores the works, theoretical concepts of scientists and military leaders of many generations. It is known that not all theoretical and methodological developments of military thinkers are in demand in practice. Many remain in oblivion, although they contain original and rational conclusions and provisions, taking into account which in many respects will make it possible to avoid new mistakes in military organizational development and most objectively determine the main trends and directions in the development of military affairs.
Military history also includes the so-called auxiliary or special branches: military historiography, recreating the history of military-historical science; military historical sources, engaged in the theory and practice of studying and using written, oral, material, ethnographic and other military historical sources; military archeology investigating the activities of people in military area in the past; heraldry - herbal studies, which allows to establish the origin, authenticity and ownership of documents, samples of weapons, military equipment; phaleristics, studying the history of orders and medals, insignia, award documents and award statistics; emblems, special historical discipline on symbolic conditional images that reflect certain concepts and indicate the belonging of military personnel and various property to the type of armed forces, special troops and services, and a number of other industries.
In the study and generalization of the military experience of the past, all branches of military history are in organic unity and interaction. This is facilitated by the use of methods common to all branches of military history for the study of the past. The method of science is the ways of studying reality, the initial principles on which this science is based. The totality of applied methods forms the methodology of science.
Military history Soviet period was based on the provisions and principles of Marxism-Leninism, absolutizing some principles (for example, party membership and class analysis) and leaving other philosophical, sociological, historical views without due attention. The Marxist-Leninist methodology focused more on the analysis of the objective side of the military-historical process. As a result, the subjective aspects, the person with his spiritual world remained, as it were, in the background. Meanwhile, there are methodological approaches in which the subjective side of the historical process is a priority.
The revision of the meaning of Marxism-Leninism as the methodological basis of military history does not mean that everything previously stated by military historians is fundamentally wrong and that the principles of the Marxist methodology of military history should be completely abandoned. Many of them are based on the fundamental principles of other sciences and have not lost their significance. These include, for example, the principles of explaining history based on the laws of dialectics (the unity and struggle of opposites, the mutual transition of quantity and quality, the negation of negation), as well as categories (cause and effect, essence and phenomenon, content and form, necessity and chance, possibility and reality, etc.). General scientific methods have not become obsolete and have not lost their significance for military history: analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization, as well as logical methods: induction, deduction, analogy. And this is not a complete list of methods that were in the arsenal of the methodology of military historians for many generations.
The accumulated experience of domestic military historical science shows that in order to objectively reflect and cognize historical reality, it is necessary to use all the achievements in the field of methodology, not to be confined within the framework of any one doctrine or methodological approach, but to rely on the entire arsenal of social, historical thought, including number of foreign
3. Functions of military history. The development of military art.
Military history as a science and academic discipline, objectively reproducing the past, forms views and ideas, develops theoretical positions and assessments on the history of wars, military art, the history of military development, etc. Being included in the life of society, in the functioning of many of its institutions, military historical science performs a number of functions and, above all, cognitive. Being a historical form of knowledge, organically connected with the theoretical one, the following general patterns cognition, it is specific, because it is aimed at cognizing the events of the past, which are not reproducible experimentally and in this sense are unique. Military-historical knowledge always includes the moment of evaluating events, because people with their personal and social characteristics, characters and interests act in armed struggle.
Military-historical phenomena and events, their course and outcome, are studied (recognized), as a rule, in a specific chronological form. At the same time, the theory is present in it as a starting point and as a basis, and as a result of knowledge. And this is nothing more than the ability to understand the essence of military-historical events and the patterns that are manifested in them. The study of each war includes the knowledge of its causes and prerequisites, both essential and secondary, understanding its essence as the unity of politics and the actual armed struggle, considering the armed struggle in relation to the activities of the rear and the moral and political state of the people and the army. When studying armed struggle, it is important not only to understand what the balance of forces was and how it changed during military operations, but also how direct leadership of these actions was carried out, how the new, born of the war, fought against the obsolete, how the personal qualities of leaders and etc.
The multifaceted experience of military history carries a significant ideological, methodological, educational and educational burden.
Military history is by no means limited to reproducing the factual side of events. Its goal is not only to restore the picture of the military past, but also to explore it in a single natural process of history. And this inevitably leads the researcher to the discovery of historical patterns, general and typical. Military historians can discover and formulate historical regularities themselves, or they can borrow them from other sciences. Thus, military history as a science is an active and equal participant in the formation of a scientific picture of the development of society as a whole, that is, it performs ideological function.
Methodological function military history lies in the fact that military history, reflecting objective truth in concepts, categories, laws, makes it possible to use them in research in other sciences, to apply the methods of scientific knowledge of reality developed by it. Revealing the historical experience of previous generations in the field of military affairs, it equips contemporaries with specific forms and methods of this type of activity.
educational function military history lies in the fact that this science carries a huge charge of knowledge necessary for military personnel in their daily activities and on the battlefields. Arming military personnel with concrete knowledge on military issues, theory and practice of preparing for and conducting combat operations, it lays the foundation for a broad military outlook, is an effective means of improving operational-tactical thinking, and helps to solve the tasks facing the troops.
educational function It is expressed in the presence of great opportunities in military history for the formation of high spiritual and moral qualities in military personnel. True and vivid reproduction of the pages of the heroic past, selfless service to the Fatherland, showing the traditions of the people and the army, the history of their struggle for independence help to increase morale, foster a sense of patriotism, faith in one's own strength, devotion to the Motherland, one's people, readiness to show courage and heroism, up to end to fulfill his military duty.
It is impossible to correctly understand and explain military-historical events without relying on certain methodological foundations, which give the right direction of knowledge, points to its ways, methods and means. The methodology suggests how to approach the study of connections and relationships in military-historical events, to reveal the essence of wars and their patterns.
A special role is played by philosophical and general scientific principles and, first of all, by the principles of comprehensiveness, historicism, explanation of history based on a materialistic understanding of history, the law of causality (determinism), as well as such fundamental categories as essence and phenomenon, content and form, necessity and chance, possibility and reality. Of great importance for military history are general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization, and such logical methods as induction, deduction, and analogy. At the same time, their complex use is necessary. The principles of the historical and logical approaches are aimed at revealing the essence of military historical phenomena, their cause-and-effect relationships, and developing integral ideas about them. Heuristics as a set of techniques and methods that contribute to a faster and more targeted search for truth is becoming increasingly important in military history research. An important role is played by empirical methods - analysis of documents and historical descriptions, statistical research.
A methodological role is played by the position on the continuity of military historical experience, the need to preserve and develop everything valuable accumulated in the theory and practice of military affairs, and at the same time to identify trends and prospects for its development.
In modern conditions, some methodological problems of military history can be identified. Firstly, this is the problem of a person's personal responsibility for the course of history and related questions about the meaning of military history, denial and continuity in it, about the criteria for progress and its price. For example, the question of what the world wars of the 19th century left behind. mankind acquired not only scientific, but also important worldview and political significance. In this context, the problem of the cost of victory in war and the cost of war as a whole is of particular importance.
Secondly, in the process of studying military history, interest in the problem of the lessons of military historical events, wars and armed conflicts grows. The lessons of the past should serve the present. The meaning of history is seen through the past, ideas about historical experience are corrected. The latter is the result of man's cognitive and spiritual assimilation of the social world and its future. It is not only in knowledge, but also in value, worldview ideas.
Thirdly, in the knowledge of the phenomena and processes of past wars, in the development of military affairs, the problem of choice occupies an ever greater place. Because history is human activity, then it contains in itself the necessity of choosing from a series of possibilities. Solving the problem of choice means correctly defining the task of the activities of individuals, parties and movements.
Fourth, the importance of the problem of historical memory is growing. Whatever a person does, he is somehow forced to think about the military history of the fatherland, determining his place in the chain of generations. Historical memory carries an evaluative moment - to accept or not accept the past, approve or not approve of it, etc. On this basis, public consciousness, military-historical traditions, and patriotism are formed.
Of methodological importance is the increasing role of military history in the system social sciences. It plays an increasingly important role in the development of the military policy of states and in determining the tasks facing the armed forces, the national doctrine of the security of the country and society, both in peacetime and in wartime.
Realities of the 21st century with its global threats oblige military history to provide such knowledge that would help to strengthen the international, regional and national security, generalize the experience of using military force, both for the purposes of armed struggle and the prevention of wars, and the solution of peacekeeping tasks.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that military history solves the most important task - the study and generalization of military experience, which is of theoretical and practical importance for strengthening the country's defense capability.
Modern stage The development of military affairs places increased demands on the training of military personnel. The increasing complexity of military equipment and weapons, the growing role of man in the "man-weapon" system, the presence of numerous specialties in the army and navy necessitate a narrow professionalization of the officer corps, and aim future officers at the qualitative assimilation of academic disciplines in their chosen specialty. At the same time, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, leading to a rapid renewal of weapons and equipment, qualitative changes in the personnel drafted into the armed forces, a wide range of issues that an officer has to solve in his daily activities, during the preparation and conduct of hostilities require an appropriate fundamental and community training. For these reasons, military history is an obligatory military discipline in the training of the officer corps of the Russian army.
Conclusion.
Among the problems of fundamental military-historical knowledge are the questions of the construction and development of the armed forces, the emergence, course and outcome of the most significant wars, military art, the activities of great commanders and military leaders in the history of the Fatherland, as well as the features of military construction and military art. foreign countries. In order to deepen professional knowledge, it is planned to master the experience of organizing and conducting educational work, moral and psychological support of hostilities.
Cm.: Arzamaskin N.Yu. etc. History. Textbook. - M .: Kuchkovo field, 2014.
Cm.: Orlov A.S. etc. History of Russia. Textbook. – M.: Prospekt, 2014.
1 See: Military encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1986. S. 514, 711, 724.
| |
Municipal budgetary educational institution
« Average comprehensive school No. 9"
Story
HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE MILITARY NATIONAL FORM
Pozdnyakova Ekaterina Dmitrievna, 7 "A"
Supervisor :
Borisova A.V.,
teacher of history and social studies
Abakan, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction............................................... ...............................................2
2.Chapter 1. Pre-revolutionary form .............................................. ..........5
3. Chapter 2. Evolution of the domestic form of the post-revolutionary period ............................................ ................................................. ..........................fourteen
4.Chapter 3. History of modern domestic military uniform.....21
Conclusion................................................. ...........................................26
Bibliographic list .................................................................. .................27
INTRODUCTION
Leafing through a family album, we found that black and white photographs of great-grandfathers and grandfathers awe and admiration in us. What causes such feelings? Their open faces, sincere smile, outward kindred similarity… The main thing is that they are all dressed in military uniform!
We were interested in the fact that the military uniform looks different. The style of the uniform of great-grandfather - a soldier Imperial Army- differs from the uniforms of grandfathers who fought in the Great Patriotic War, and does not at all resemble the military suits of their parents - officers of the Russian Army. What is the reason for such a difference, where does the fashion of a military uniform come from?
With this question, we went to the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov. And here's what we found out:
Since ancient times, mankind has been conducting military operations, protecting its territories and conquering new lands. Warriors put on a certain outfit - a military uniform. Initially, such clothing served to protect vital organs from damaging factors, for example, chain mail protected from arrows. With the development of military technology, the military uniform is undergoing changes. In addition to protective and camouflage, the military uniform is gradually becoming practical, comfortable, aesthetic and even fashionable. The requirements for a modern military uniform are quite high - identical in style, cut, color, strictly regulated in appearance, it indicates that a soldier belongs to one or another armed forces.
As the anniversary approaches Great Victory becomes obvious relevance of the presented work: it is necessary to learn more about the heroes of the war who wore military uniforms. We consider it important for the development of patriotism among modern teenagers and the emergence of a sense of pride in the deeds of the heroes of their country, to interest young people in the history of the evolution of military uniforms. Maybe they want to know more about their relatives who took part in hostilities, they themselves decide to wear military uniforms, to defend their people and their homeland. I would also like to note that the information received during the research will be useful to me in life: I will definitely try to pass it on to my descendants.
Purpose of the study: to study the history of the evolution of domestic military fashion and analyze changes in the details of domestic military uniforms at different historical stages of time based on a study of museum exhibits, data scientific literature and family album photos.
Tasks:
Examine museum exhibits on the topic under study,
To study the principles and factors of changing military uniforms,
Learn more about the fate of relatives who wore military uniforms.
Consider photographs from the family archive of the author of the study related to the topic of the work.
Subject of study: military history of Russia.
Object of study: military uniform at different time stages of national history.
A military uniform or uniform is the clothing of military personnel that is mandatory for wearing in armed forces ah of the country and other formations in the public service. Military uniforms in various variations have been known since ancient times. different peoples and civilizations .
The evolution of the domestic military uniform took place at all stages of the existence of Russia, depending on a variety of reasons: from the personal preferences of the country's leaders, from fashion trends and practical considerations. In all the intricacies of changes in military uniforms, we have to figure it out in our study!
CHAPTER 1. PRE-REVOLUTIONARY FORM
The history of military fashion begins from ancient times. It is generally accepted that a uniform military costume, designed to distinguish between military units, appeared in the armies in the 17th century. However, the existence of special color combinations for military suits is also found in earlier times. Studying the exhibits of the museum, we find a reconstruction of the Ancient Turkic warrior at the turn of the 1st-2nd millennium AD.
A male warrior is dressed in chain mail covering his back, chest and shoulders, a helmet protecting his head and face, a mandatory attribute is a shield covering the frontal part of the body.
At this stand, we studied the items of clothing and weapons of the Kyrgyz warrior of the 16th-17th centuries. The exhibits are well preserved to this day, because they are made of metal. The main function of these suits is to protect vital organs from damaging factors - spears and arrows. We cannot judge the aesthetic side, perhaps in those days a man in such armor was considered the standard of fashion and style, albeit a little clumsy and bulky. Most importantly, he could protect himself and his land.
We have studied the exhibits of the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov, concerning the military uniform, but the full exposition of the military suit is in the archives and will be shown only by May 9th. Unfortunately, access to the archives is closed. To learn more about military fashion, I turned to the online Museum of Military Uniforms in the Moscow region. And here's what we found out:
The form, style and material of military clothing remained almost unchanged until the 17th century. We see how clothes change with the invention small arms and gunpowder. Gunpowder was invented in the 12th century, but it was only in the 17th century that they began to be used in the military industry. Therefore, since the 17th century, the military uniform has undergone significant changes.
Armor of a warrior of the 7th-9th centuries. n. e.
Local army of shootersXVI century.
Armor of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of the XVII century.
It is important to note that the replacement of clothes traditional for Russia in the army with European ones, as well as the ban on nobles to wear other types of costume, except for European ones, were among the reforms of Peter I, which were of a certain symbolic nature.
The period of the reign of Pavel and Pavlovich is called the heyday of the systematization of military uniforms in Russia. If Peter I was the initiator of the unification of clothing for the military, although he did not have time to finish it because of the war with the Swedes, then the entire 18th century the Russian military uniform changed according to the canons laid down by them. We remember the adherence of Paul I to the Prussian uniform traditions, but also we must not forget that Peter I, among other things, borrowed samples of military uniforms from the Germans to bring them into the Russian army. We are talking, first of all, about the Saxons, who were allies Russian Empire in the Northern War. It can be seen that in this period one of the predominant colors was red, which was the color of the uniforms of the Saxon soldiers.
After the accession to the throne of the new Emperor Alexander I, "epaulettes and buttonholes" again become an integral part of the life of the Russian army. Despite the fact that the cut of the uniform has changed, its essence remained "Pavlovian". The uniform, unlike military clothing in the 18th century, is already becoming an integral part of the life of Russian society. This can be explained quite simply: the Russian emperors were primarily military people who received military upbringing and education. The army was ideal for them since childhood. Even among the civil servants of the empire, it is difficult to name a person who, at least in his youth, at least for several years, would not wear an officer's uniform. On the one hand, the reason for this lay in the continuous wars waged by Russia at that time, on the other hand, in the fact that the form is gradually becoming mandatory, including for civilian departments.
By the beginning of the 30s. XIX century, the unification of the military uniform was completed. There are no longer any differences in the rules for wearing it. The main color of the Nikolaev soldiers is a dark green uniform with red trim. After the 50s. unification and the triumph of the standard will decline. But Alexander II will carry out cardinal changes precisely in the military sphere - he will start with a change in the cut of the uniform in 1855 in the entire army, and end with the law on universal military service, at the same time changing once again appearance military uniform.
Alexander III, known as the peacemaker king, did not welcome the waging of wars, and he introduced a military uniform that would suit his aesthetic tastes - monotonous and modest, which, as the emperor thought, took its roots in folk clothes. This modest "folk" style prevailed in the clothing of the Russian army until 1907, when, under the influence of defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the government tried to raise the morale of the army by introducing a new military uniform. The new samples were distinguished by the combination of different types of uniforms that were used in the Russian army from 1812 to 1881. With all this, in addition to the bright dress uniform, a field uniform, a protective color, was also introduced, which was the same for all military branches. In 1913, the last attempt was made to combine dress and field uniforms, by fastening bright details such as a lapel or epaulette on the latter, but due to the outbreak of the First World War, this idea was not fully realized.
Private of the Kyiv Hussars in full dress, 1845-1855
.
Military Uniform Museum in the Moscow Region
Studying the military uniform of the pre-revolutionary period, we decided to turn to the family archive of the Abakan Pozdnyakov family.
This 1910 photograph is the only photograph of the author's great-grandfather! The Pozdnyakov family cherishes this picture very much, since in the thirties of the last century, great-grandfather was repressed and all his property was taken away. Miraculously, this photo survived. In the picture, the great-grandfather of the author of the study, Zholobov Nikandr Galaktionovich, is only 20 years old. In the picture, he is on the right, dressed in the military uniform of the Tsarist Army. It can be seen that three comrades serve together in the same troops, captured at a joyful moment, perhaps they sang to the accordion. All three have smiles on their faces, a dashing look, their boots are polished to a shine ... How could they imagine that this is how their great-grandchildren will remember them.
You involuntarily realize that a military uniform and epaulettes impose a certain responsibility, encourage deeds and even feats, change the way of life ...
CHAPTER 2. EVOLUTION OF THE DOMESTIC FORM AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY TIME
For the first time after the 1917 revolution, the Red Army introduced a uniform uniform for all military personnel and uniform insignia for command personnel in 1919. By order number 116 of January 16, 1919, the RVSR introduced sleeve insignia for commanding officers: for junior command personnel, red cloth triangles under a red star, for middle officers, squares, and for senior officers, rhombuses and buttonholes with colors according to military branches.
Military Uniform Museum in the Moscow Region
The multi-colored form of the XVIII-XIX centuries has sunk into summer. Soon, the past "colorful" was replaced by an almost monotonous Soviet uniform: by order of April 8, 1919, the first uniforms were approved: a helmet, infantry and cavalry overcoats with three stripes-tapes on the chest made of colored cloth according to the type of troops, leather bast shoes and a summer shirt with three stripes of cloth on the chest in color according to the type of troops .
In 1924, when the military reform was carried out, the army switched to a new uniform, more simplified. Breast flaps and sleeve insignia were abolished, buttonholes were sewn on the overcoat and tunic. Metal insignia covered with red enamel were attached to the buttonholes: for the highest command staff - rhombuses, for the senior - for rectangles, for the middle - for squares and for the junior - for triangles. The numbers of the regiments were indicated on the buttonholes of the Red Army men.
one system military ranks in the army for the entire command and command staff was introduced in 19433, at the same time shoulder straps were also introduced. Thus, the Soviet military uniform takes on a modern look.
Introduced in 1943, the system of insignia of military ranks as a whole remained unchanged until the time of the collapse of the USSR, the transformation of the remnants Soviet army to the Russian army in 1992-94. There were only partial changes.
Military Uniform Museum in the Moscow Region
Clothes of the commander-in-chief of the Victory parade 1945
For a more detailed acquaintance with the features of the military uniform of the post-revolutionary period, we again turned to the archive of the Pozdnyakov family.
The yellowed photographs of the times of the Great Patriotic War presented below show the great-uncle of the author of the study - Chugunov Alexei Ermilovich. The style of the military uniform is quite simple and practical. The breeches are interesting, narrowed from the knees and significantly expanded at the hips. In such trousers it is not only convenient to wear boots, but also to sit on a horse.
We were able to learn the detailed fate of the grandfather from his daughter, the aunt of the author of the study, who lives in Moscow. Alexey Ermilovich was born in 1925 in Siberia. When the war began, he was 16 years old. From November 1941 to January 1943, grandfather was the commander partisan detachment near the city of Ruza (Moscow region)
From January 1943 to September 1943 - cadet of the machine gun regiment.
Since 1943 - commander of the 17/20 anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the first tank corps Bryansk, then the first Baltic Front, since 1945. - Belorussian front.
He met the victory in Königsberg and was immediately transferred east to Russo-Japanese War, then served in Chukotka. After the war, Alexey Ermilovich worked as the first secretary of the regional party committee in Ruza, then in Moscow. He died in 1999 and was buried in Moscow. His military uniform and awards are exhibits of the local history museum in the city of Ruza.
This photo shows the great-grandfather and great-grandmother of the author of the study in the form of a model of the Great Patriotic War: Urzhuntsev Vasily Markelovich (1920-1986) and Urzhuntseva Evdokia Georgievna (1924-1997) served together during the Great Patriotic War in the tenth Air Army They got married after the war and lived a long and happy life. They were buried in Makeevka, Donetsk region.
This photograph from the archive of the Pozdnyakov family shows the great-uncle of the author of the work - Abrosimov Ivan Vasilyevich 1920-1996. He served in the infantry troops on the Leningrad front. He was wounded and buried in the village of Kop'yevo, Ordzhenekidze district of the Republic of Khakassia. In his wardrobe, we see an invariable attribute of the military uniform during the Russian winter - a hat with earflaps and felt boots.
The first noticeable change in military uniforms occurred only in 1955, when colored piping was canceled on the field shoulder straps of sergeants and soldiers. Emblems of the armed forces of the green color are introduced, located just below the button, and not in the center of the shoulder strap. Because of this, the rank stripes have shifted a little lower in the shoulder strap. The uniform red stripes changed color to burgundy and brown.
"Daily colored epaulettes of soldiers and sergeants since December 1955 also lost their colored piping, the emblem also moved to the button, and the stripes of golden (yellow) color for command staff and silver (grayish-white) for everyone else also shifted slightly down" . It is important that with the liquidation of the cavalry as a branch of the military, blue shoulder straps were canceled.
With the introduction in 1970 new form clothes for soldiers, sergeants and cadets, only three main colors of shoulder straps were left: for motorized riflemen and as a combined arms - scarlet; for aviation and airborne forces - blue; for all other military branches - black. Somewhat later, the letter "K" was introduced on the shoulder straps of cadets of military schools. Shoulder straps and buttonholes on the entire uniform of soldiers and sergeants, without exception, became colored with golden stripes. Khaki shoulder straps with red stripes remained only on field soldier and sergeant uniforms.
CHAPTER 3. HISTORY OF THE MODERN DOMESTIC MILITARY FORM
Since the autumn of 1991, the nascent national armies of the former Soviet republics of the USSR have introduced their own insignia. In Russia, the creation of the Russian Army will be officially proclaimed by Decree of the President of Russia No. 466 of May 7, 1992. However, the former uniforms and insignia will legally exist until Decree of the President of Russia No. 1010 of May 23, 1994 on the introduction of uniforms and insignia of the Russian Army.
But in general, for a long time, a mixture of old and new could be found in the army: if by 2000 officers wore mostly new insignia and uniforms, then to a greater extent sergeants and soldiers still wear the signs of the Soviet Army. So, for example, on Soviet-style shoulder straps with the letters "SA" one could see new sergeant insignia. Or, on the contrary, Soviet sergeant stripes on shoulder straps of a new model.
These 1992 photographs from the Pozdnyakov family archive show the author's parents in field and everyday cadet uniforms. From their stories, you can find out with what excitement and awe they put on military uniforms for the first time. After all, by putting on a uniform and shoulder straps, you become responsible for your people and homeland.
Surprisingly, not only the representatives of the stronger sex like the military uniform. The photographs above are of the author's mother in 1993. According to her stories, the attractiveness of the military uniform also lies in the fact that the uniform even hides figure defects, giving harmony and elegance. Girls in military uniform on the streets of Tomsk caught the admiring glances of passers-by. From young people wishing to get acquainted, there was no passage. For some, military uniforms even helped to arrange their personal lives - this is another advantage of military uniforms!
This photo shows the father of the author of the presented work during the passing of the test in physical education. He is wearing a field military uniform of an officer of the Russian Army. Camouflage coloring allows you to perfectly camouflage in combat conditions, the cotton base of the fabric performs the function of thermoregulation with significant physical activity, loose cut does not interfere with active movements, and many pockets make the shape comfortable and stylish. The neckline, cuffs of sleeves and pants fit snugly to the body, protecting against tick bites, mosquitoes, snakes.
Comfortable shoes made of genuine leather with lacing with a high shank in the form of berets allow you to move freely in any climatic and geographical conditions with any physical exertion. The head is protected by a camouflaged cotton-based cap with a visor and drop-down ears.
This military uniform has no flaws. It is multifunctional, practical, comfortable, performs protective and masking functions. It is no coincidence that modern designers use this style in modern clothes, calling it military.
Photographs were also found in the family archive, which show models of parade military uniforms of the parents of the author of the study:
In this picture, dad and colleagues after the Victory Day parade on May 9, 2008. We see the dress suit of an officer of the Russian Army. It is decorated with an aiguillette, gold-colored shoulder straps and buttons, emphasizing the solemnity of the moment.
In this picture, the author's parents are shown in full dress uniform of the navy in the city of Severomorsk. Dad does not have aiguillettes here, but there is a dagger on his belt, stripes on the collar in gold in the form of oak leaves (the so-called oaks). The full dress uniform of a female officer is not so elegant, differing from the everyday one only in the white color of the shirt. I think it suits my mom.
So on May 9, 2014, in the military-patriotic game "Lasertak", the author of the study and his team were partially dressed in military uniforms. It is convenient, comfortable, safe to run, jump, crawl, even dirt is not visible!
In this picture, we are with a tourist club on Ergaki, almost half of the tourists have elements of a military uniform in their clothes, because practicality, convenience and safety are valued in such trips in clothes. It is no coincidence that the military style is so relevant in our time.
CONCLUSION
Thus, just as the fate of the army is inextricably linked with the fate of society, so the army is connected with its military clothing. Studying the history of the uniform not only at the everyday level, but also as the development of a military regulation system or a sign system, one can see another facet in the study of the history of the Russian army and Russian state generally.
Studying the history of military fashion, we learned not only about the styles, characteristics, functions of the military uniform of various times and peoples, but also learned in more detail about our relatives who wore military uniforms and fought in the Great Patriotic War. After all, before, leafing through a family album, we simply liked to look at people in military uniforms. Now we know the fate of these people close to us, our ancestors. After all, it was they who defended our country, preserved the peace and gave us the opportunity to be born and live under a peaceful sky. I will try to preserve and pass on the memory of them to my descendants.
Surprisingly, while preparing the material of this research work, the author of the study unexpectedly wrote a poem, with which we conclude our study:
Great-grandfather bequeathed.
Let the age is small and there is no gray hair,
I remember my relatives who brought peace to the country!
My great-grandfather fought, defended Russia
I see how my father tied his fate
To serve the Fatherland and in childhood said:
Your great-grandfather fought, defended Russia
Why are we all quarreling then, neighbor?
After all, we have been living on the same land for many years.
Our great-grandfather fought, defended the Fatherland
And I want to live in a cloudless country
And tell the children about that terrible war,
How great-grandfather fought, defended Russia
REFERENCES
1. Arkharova A.S. Patriotic education in the educational system of the school // Regional studies aspects of the education of a citizen of Russia. Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference. - Ryazan, 2001. -S. 98.
2. Gruzdov E.V. Heraldry behind semiotics and symbology // Culturological research in Siberia. - Omsk, 2000. - No. 1 - S. 44-53.
3. Dmitriev V.D. The male. Warrior. Okhotnik. − REM, St. Petersburg, 2014−S.12-19.
4. Zenkov Yu.V. Serve the Motherland. -Kaliningrad, 2000. -110 p.
5. Smirnov A. A soldier must be ... decorated // Motherland. - 1995. - No. 1 - S. 84-88.
12. [Electronic resource]: military uniform museum in the Moscow region
Arkharova A.S. Patriotic education in the educational system of the school // Regional studies aspects of the education of a citizen of Russia. Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference. - Ryazan, 2001. - S. 98.
Gruzdov E.V. Heraldry behind semiotics and symbology // Culturological research in Siberia. - Omsk, 2000. - No. 1 - S. 44-53.
Page 1
Military history as a body of knowledge arose at an early stage in the development of mankind. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the most typical form of historical writings were annals and chronicles (in Russia - chronicles) - stories about major events military life. At the same time, the first military-historical works appeared. However, their theoretical level of generalization was low. They were based on descriptions of events and facts, as well as the glorification of military leaders of various ranks.
Subsequently, as a result of attempts to evaluate certain events, to identify cause-and-effect relationships, to formulate the fundamental principles and patterns of military art, certain methods of military historical research gradually began to take shape, professional military historians appeared, and military history became an independent branch of science. In Russia, the process of formation of military history as a science took place in the 19th century. At the same time, the study of military history was firmly established in the practice of training the officers of the Russian army.
Each science has its own object and subject of study. The object of science is the phenomenon or process that is being studied. One and the same phenomenon can be investigated by various sciences, focusing on a certain aspect of it. Consequently, the subject of science is that side of the object that is investigated by this science.
The very name of the scientific discipline indicates that its object is the process of creating and functioning of the army, preparing and waging wars of the past. In it, military history explores the historical patterns of the army, the emergence, course and outcome of wars; military activity in the unity of all its aspects (economic, political, spiritual and actually military) of states, popular masses, classes, parties, movements both in peacetime and in wartime in various historical epochs. Moreover, this activity is connected both with the preparation and conduct of military actions, and with their prevention.
The object and subject of military history testify that it studies an extremely wide range of problems. In solving these problems, military history science functions as a certain aspect of world history and, as such, interacts with other sciences, including military science. In her research, she uses the theoretical provisions of military science on the preparation, conduct and support of armed struggle and at the same time is the historical basis of military science.
Military history as a science changes under the influence of the totality of social relations and, above all, the object of study: the army, war, military affairs, which determine the emergence and development of numerous branches of military history. The famous historian and theorist A. Svechin wrote: “Each specialty of military affairs has its own history. There is a history of military knowledge, infantry, cavalry, artillery, long-term fortification, sieges, supplies, military law, discipline, etc. Many of these special disciplines have their own very honorable, extensive and put on a scientific basis, literature. This development of military history allows us to conclude that military history is a collective science. It consists of a number of relatively independent branches. The most important of them are: the history of wars, the art of war, the development of the armed forces, military equipment, and military thought.
The history of wars studies the social essence, reveals the goals, causes and nature of specific wars, their course, consequences and results. In the study of wars, military history studies all the processes associated with it, focusing on both the history of direct armed struggle and its support, and non-military forms and means of struggle during war - economic, diplomatic, ideological, and others. All this provides an objective, concrete - historical approach to the war in question.
The history of military art refers to the forms and methods of direct armed struggle. The very term "military art" came to us from the depths of the Middle Ages. At that time, any kind of activity - shoemaking, blacksmithing, carpentry, pottery, military and other business - was called art. In modern and recent times, when all these types of labor began to be called crafts, the art of war retained its name. Based on this, it should be borne in mind that in this case the concept of "art" cannot be identified with the concept of "skillful". Military art is the activity of military personnel in the preparation and conduct of armed struggle, which, in some cases, can be assessed as skillful, victorious, and in others - leading to defeat.
Forms and methods of armed struggle, depending on the scale, the forces and means involved, and the tasks to be solved, in military science are usually divided into a campaign, an operation, and a battle. The listed forms of armed struggle correspond to the components of military art: strategy, operational art and tactics.
Results and consequences of the Patriotic War of 1812
The Napoleonic invasion was a huge disaster for Russia. Many cities were completely destroyed, many precious relics of the past disappeared forever in the fire of the Moscow fire. Huge damage was done to industry and agriculture. Subsequently, the Moscow province quickly recovered from the devastation, and in Smolensk and Pskov ...
Land management in the prewar years
Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture (since 1941 - the Ministry of Agriculture) decided to instruct cooperative organizations, including Western Siberia, take over a significant part of the procurement of bread, oats and meat for the army. Such attention to cooperatives was not accidental. They are...
The problem of the Slavic ancestral home according to history, archeology and philology
“On the vast East European plain, irrigated by great rivers, the Slavic peoples, our ancestors, have long lived. It is not known when they came here,” we read in the book-album “History of Russia”, published by the Ministry of Public Education in 1904. The question of the Slavic ancestral home - difficult topic because we are talking about the distant past. Co...
What Military History studies
Military history studies the past of peoples, states, evaluates it in order to reveal patterns community development, correctly understand its most important trends, as well as draw certain lessons from it and take them into account in the practice of today and tomorrow.
Military history is inextricably linked with the present, as the problem of war and peace continues to be one of the most acute. Secondly, military-historical science, objectively evaluating the military past of our country and other countries, develops theoretical positions and assessments on the history of wars, military art, military organizational development, etc.
Thus, it is actively involved in solving the defense tasks of the state. Thirdly, the objective truth obtained by military history is reflected in concepts that reveal the laws of military events and the forms of their implementation, help people better understand the essence of the historical process and its contradictions.
Revealing the activities of people in different eras, aimed at achieving political goals by military means, military history shows the features and forms of this activity, its mechanism. And finally, military historical science not only studies the history of wars and the military past as a single natural process, but also forms and determines the basic laws of the development of military art, thereby creating the basis for the development of modern military theory and practice.
Speaking about this side of the methodological function of military history, it should be noted that, by studying the past, especially military operations of various nature and scale, it provides direct assistance to military science and serves as an important scientific material from which the latter develops theoretical and practical recommendations for the armed forces. taking into account modern conditions, the level of development of military equipment, weapons, etc. With her research, she shows the factors and conditions that led to this, and not to another result, evaluates the various possibilities that exist in the studied military operations (war), but pays special attention to showing realized possibilities. For example, the factors and conditions for a successful counteroffensive of our troops near Stalingrad and Kursk in the Great Patriotic War and etc.
The facts show that the close, organic, strong connection between military history and military science is not accidental. It is natural and deeply necessary. This relationship justifies the words of N. G. Chernyshevsky, who said that "without history there is no theory, but without theory there is no history." By studying the experience of past wars, military history makes a huge contribution to the development of Russian military theory. In this sense, it is an important factor in strengthening the country's defense power. The most important function of military history is its ideological function. It is expressed, firstly, in understanding the place of the war in historical process, developing attitudes towards war and the role of man in it, as well as towards war and military operations (the art of their conduct) as a means of changing reality in the interests of society and the state.
Secondly, this function contributes to the development of a general, including military culture of a person, a citizen; influences the formation of correct ideas about the character modern war and understanding military doctrine states. In other words, military history as a science is an active and equal participant in the formation of the scientific component of the development of society as a whole (and this contains its ideological potential).
MILITARY HISTORY - 1) the process of development of military affairs from ancient times to the present; 2) the discipline of classical historical science, which studies such practices of the existence of human society as the conduct of wars, the construction and development of the armed forces. Military history, in addition to studying specific wars and military events, analyzes their goals and causes, results and significance, explores the history of the construction of the armed forces and the recruitment of armies, their equipment, the principles for distinguishing types and branches of troops, military leadership and the history of military thought, form and tactics military actions. The following sections are distinguished in military history: military historiography, military source studies, military archeography. The sources of military history are laws, charters, instructions, orders, reports, annals, legends, memoirs, and theoretical writings (L. G. Beskrovny).
The history of wars was written about in the Ancient East, especially by the historians of Ancient Greece (Herodotus, Plutarch, etc.) ancient rome(Tacitus, Josephus Flavius, etc.). In the XVIII century, during the formation of European historical science, attempts were made to make consistent descriptions of wars, individual campaigns, the past of regiments, warships, etc. Much attention was paid to military history in historical narratives, since the past and present of all European states were closely connected with wars. Military history played an important role in the training of future officers, so work on the history of wars was of practical importance. Military history became an independent discipline of historical science in the second half of the 19th century. One of the first historians who created scientific works on military history was an infantry general, a teacher at the Imperial Military Academy, Prince. N. S. Golitsyn. The military historian created a major work known as the "General Military History" in 15 parts, where he defined the concept of "military history", its subject and purpose, methods of study, sources and historiography, as well as the meaning of military history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the German military historian G. Dahlbrück introduced new rules for checking existing ideas about the events of past wars into the theory of military history: the correlation of such information with the theory of military science, with topographic data, physiological and technical capabilities of the warring parties. In Russia, military history has become one of the most developed branches of historical science. It was represented by numerous military-historical descriptions that supplemented general historical works on foreign policy and wars. D. F. Maslovsky, A. Z. Myshlaevsky, F. F. Veselago developed methods for analyzing sources on military history and published them. In the USSR, military history was ideologized and opposed to the studies of the so-called "bourgeois military historiography". Military history was studied by the Military History Commission (1918-1921), the Military History Department (1924-1946 and since 1953), and the Military History Department of the General Staff (1946-1953). In 1966, a directive was signed by the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR on the establishment of the Institute of Military History of the USSR Ministry of Defense; now it is called the Research Institute (of military history) - NII (VI). The Institute published about 1500 scientific papers, including more than 30 fundamental publications, including "History of the Second World War 1939-1945" (in 12 volumes), "Military Encyclopedia" (in 8 volumes), etc. Problems of military history are covered in periodicals: "Military History Journal" (Russia), "Army History", "The Journal of Military History" (USA), "Military History Monthly" (Great Britain) and others. history, - "International Commission of Military History" (Commission internationale d "histoire militaire).
S. I. Malovichko
The definition of the concept is cited from the ed.: Theory and Methodology of Historical Science. Terminological dictionary. Rep. ed. A.O. Chubaryan. [M.], 2014, p. 49-51.
Literature:
Beskrovny L. G. Essays on the source study of the military history of Russia. M., 1957; He is. Essays on military historiography of Russia. M., 1962; Golitsyn N. S. General military history of ancient times: in 4 hours of St. Petersburg, 1872-1875; He is. General military history of middle times. St. Petersburg, 1876; He is. General military history of modern times: in 3 hours St. Petersburg, 1872-1874; He is. General military history of modern times: in 2 hours St. Petersburg, 1872-1875; He is. Russian military history: at 5 h. St. Petersburg, 1877-1878. Essays on Soviet military historiography. M., 1974; Black Jer. Rethinking Military History. L.; N.Y., 2004; Delbruck H. Die Perserkriege und die Burgunderkriege. Zwei combinierte kriegs- geschichtliche Studien nebst einem Anhang iiber die romische Manipular-Taktik. Berlin, 1887.