What does environmental protection study. Abstract: Environmental pollution
Municipal Educational Institution
Secondary School No. 2
Message.
Environmental protection.
Performed:
Student 11 "B" class
Environment.
ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activities of mankind, the natural world surrounding man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e., a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and its negative consequences were especially intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope of the Earth, became comparable to the effect of global natural processes.
Protection of Nature.
NATURE PROTECTION - a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.
The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily, and a plant species - weekly (more than 20 thousand species are endangered). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.
About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen.
The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.
Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have resulted in significant improvements in environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.
The main substances polluting the environment, their sources.
Carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.
Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines.
Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines.
Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion.
Sulfur dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.
Nitrogen derivatives - combustion.
Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions.
Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines.
Organic substances, natural and synthetic - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides).
Conclusion.
The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to nature by man.
Literature.
Romad F. Fundamentals of applied ecology.
Dictionary.
environmental protection
environmental protection - a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, air of dwellings, water, soil. Environmental protection provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and human health.
In conditions scientific and technological progress and intensification industrial production The problems of environmental protection have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed countries have identified environmental protection as one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.
Advanced industrial countries developed a number of key organizational and scientific and technical measures for environmental protection. They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs to prevent possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. In addition, of particular importance in environmental protection is the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, in terms of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and waste. To assess the degree of risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens contained in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.
When addressing issues related to environmental protection, it should be taken into account that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals at home, at work, use of drugs, ingestion of chemical additives contained in foodstuffs, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular with industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.
Among environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million are known. chemical compounds, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. The world volume of production of chemical compounds increases for every 10 years by 2 1 / 2 times. The most dangerous is the entry into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.
The most effective measure to protect the environment from these compounds is the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as the neutralization of waste or their processing for recycling. Another important area of environmental protection is changing the approach to the principles of location of various industries, replacing the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. Mutual influence of different industrial and page - x. objects is becoming more and more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the resource base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be optimally solved, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles who are able to predict the adverse effects of diverse factors, use mathematical modeling methods. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, territories remote from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.
The most important issue of all discussed so far iswater protection problem . One of the main tasks is the regulation of water relations in order to ensure the rational use of water for the needs of the population and the national economy. In addition, there are other tasks:
Protection of waters from pollution, clogging and depletion;
Prevention and elimination of the harmful effects of water;
Improvement of the state of water bodies;
Protection of the rights of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strengthening the rule of law in the field of water relations.
Location, design, construction and commissioning of enterprises, structures and other facilities that affect the state of water.
Commissioning is prohibited:
New and reconstructed enterprises, workshops and units, communal and other facilities that are not provided with devices that prevent pollution and clogging of water or their harmful effects;
Irrigation and watering systems, reservoirs and canals until the implementation of the measures provided for by the projects to prevent flooding, flooding, waterlogging, land salinization and soil erosion;
Drainage systems until the readiness of water intakes and other structures in accordance with approved projects;
Water intake structures without fish protection devices in accordance with approved projects;
Hydraulic structures until the readiness of devices for the passage of flood waters and fish in accordance with approved projects;
Environmental protection is one of those global problems, the solution of which requires a comprehensive and universal solution, the introduction of a set of effective measures to restore natural resources, prevent pollution of the world's oceans and atmosphere, etc. For more than one century, people thoughtlessly spent natural resources, and today the time has come when we realize that the planet's reserves are not endless and require not only rational use, but also restoration.
The main factors that ecologists pay attention to are the provoking thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and leading to the "greenhouse effect", the discharge of harmful substances into the world's oceans, which causes the death of its inhabitants, and an increase in the volume of production waste that does not decompose. The BP oilfield incident that led to the present one showed how much more extensive protection is needed in the oil and gas complex. After all, it is in this sector of industry that any accident leads to horrific consequences, from which nature cannot recover for years.
Today, environmental protection is one of the critical issues, which are decided by the governments and most countries of the world. Scientists are looking for more gentle technologies for the production and processing of raw materials, developing complexes for its subsequent disposal or reuse, exploring the possibilities of reducing the amount and concentration of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, trying to use safe energy sources and more environmentally friendly fuels.
It is the unfavorable ecological situation that affects not only natural
resources, but also on human health: the average life expectancy of people is decreasing, the number of babies born with developmental pathologies or congenital diseases is increasing, the number of infertile couples and cancer patients is growing. It was such disappointing statistics that became the reason for the development of a set of measures aimed at changing the current situation.
Protection in Russia in last years became one of priority areas domestic policy of the state. It involves the development and implementation of new, safe production technologies, measures for the restoration of natural resources (new forest plantations and limitation of logging, restoration of the population of water bodies, rational use of subsoil resources, reuse of various raw materials, etc.). Along with these measures, the number of protected areas, national parks and reserves is increasing.
The State Committee for Nature Protection is called upon to regulate and control the use of resources. His direct responsibility is the development of regulations, requirements and rules. Only in our country the norms of environmental law are included in the main law of the state - the Constitution. In addition, in order to properly use resources in various industries, the Subsoil Law, as well as the Water, Forest and Land Codes have been developed. Despite a fairly large number of environmental departments, environmental protection in our country is still not sufficiently developed. And this is not so much a flaw in the state power as the own attitude of each person to the world in which he lives.
- Types of environmental pollution and directions of its protection .................... 3
- Objects and principles of environmental protection .............................................. 4
- Environmental activities of enterprises .............................................................. .....eight
- Regulatory framework for environmental protection..........10
Literature................................................. ................................................. ....................16
1. TYPES OF POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIRECTIONS OF ITS PROTECTION
A variety of human intervention in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped into the following types of pollution, understanding them as any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:
Ingredient (ingredient - an integral part of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a set of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;
Parametric pollution (an environmental parameter is one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment;
Biocenotic pollution, which consists in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;
Stationary-destructive pollution (station - the habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.
Until the 60s of our century, the protection of nature was understood mainly as the protection of its animal and plant life from extermination. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected areas, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were primarily concerned about the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now, it practically did not contain artificially created compounds that were not amenable to natural decomposition, and nature coped with it on its own. So, in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal speed flow, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of the processes of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc. polluted water completely restored its properties within 30 km from pollution sources.
Of course, separate centers of nature degradation were observed earlier in the vicinity of the most polluting industries. However, by the middle of the XX century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.
At present, even such full-flowing and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur are not self-purifying. What can we say about the long-suffering Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River ( Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take away for their needs and drain it back contaminated at least 3-4 times before it gets from the source to the mouth.
The ability of the soil to self-cleanse is undermined by a sharp decrease in the number of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of the immoderate use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of monocultures, the complete harvesting of all parts of grown plants from the fields, etc.
2. OBJECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.
Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, i.e., they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.
Since the problem of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "environmental protection".
Environmental protection consists of:
Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;
Material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;
Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.
According to the law Russian Federation"On Environmental Protection" the following objects are subject to protection:
The objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impact of economic and other activities are:
Lands, bowels, soils;
Surface and ground waters;
Forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic stock;
Atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.
As a matter of priority, natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are subject to protection.
Objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Heritage List are subject to special protection. natural heritage, state natural reserves, including biosphere ones, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and resorts, other natural complexes, original habitat, places of traditional residence and economic activity of indigenous peoples peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other value, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.
The main principles of environmental protection should be:
The economic and other activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals that have an impact on the environment should be carried out on the basis of the following principles:
Respect for the human right to a favorable environment;
Ensuring favorable conditions for human life;
scientifically based combination of environmental, economic and social interests of a person, society and the state in order to ensure sustainable development and favorable environment;
Protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources as necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety;
Responsibility of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety in the respective territories;
Payment for nature use and compensation for environmental damage;
Independence of control in the field of environmental protection;
Presumption of ecological danger of the planned economic and other activities;
Obligation to assess the impact on the environment when making decisions on the implementation of economic and other activities;
The obligation to conduct a state environmental review of projects and other documentation justifying economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;
Accounting for the natural and socio-economic characteristics of the territories in the planning and implementation of economic and other activities;
Priority of conservation of natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes;
The admissibility of the impact of economic and other activities on the natural environment based on the requirements in the field of environmental protection;
Ensuring the reduction of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment in accordance with the standards in the field of environmental protection, which can be achieved through the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors;
Mandatory participation in environmental protection activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals;
Conservation of biological diversity;
Ensuring integrated and individual approaches to the establishment of requirements in the field of environmental protection for economic and other entities that carry out such activities or plan to carry out such activities;
Prohibition of economic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the environment, as well as the implementation of projects that can lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, change and (or) destruction of the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms, depletion of natural resources and other negative changes environment;
Observance of the right of everyone to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in decision-making regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law;
Responsibility for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection;
Organization and development of the system of environmental education, education and formation of environmental culture;
Participation of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in solving problems of environmental protection;
International cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES
Nature protection is any activity aimed at maintaining the quality of the environment at a level that ensures the sustainability of the biosphere. It includes both large-scale activities carried out at the national level to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organize scientific research, train ecologists and educate the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises for the treatment of harmful substances from wastewater and waste gases, lowering the norms for the use of natural resources, etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.
There are two main areas of environmental protection activities of enterprises. The first is the cleaning of harmful emissions. This path "in its pure form" is ineffective, since it does not always succeed in completely stopping the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. In addition, reducing the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to increased pollution of another.
And For example, the installation of wet filters in gas cleaning reduces air pollution, but leads to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and drain waters often poison large areas of land.
The use of treatment facilities, even the most efficient ones, drastically reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since the operation of these plants also produces waste, although in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy costs, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.
In addition, pollutants, for the neutralization of which huge funds are spent, are substances for which labor has already been spent and which, with rare exceptions, could be used in the national economy.
To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of recycling trapped substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.
The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the raw materials and utilize the maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.
However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions for a sharp reduction in the amount of waste generated and their disposal, so at present we have to work in both of these areas.
Taking care of improving the engineering protection of the natural environment, it must be remembered that no treatment facilities and waste-free technologies will be able to restore the stability of the biosphere if the permissible (threshold) values of the reduction of natural, untransformed by man natural systems are exceeded, which manifests the effect of the law of biosphere indispensability.
Such a threshold may be the use of more than 1% of the energy of the biosphere and the deep transformation of more than 10% of natural areas (rules of one and ten percent). Therefore, technological advances do not remove the need to address the challenges of reprioritization community development, stabilization of the population, the creation of a sufficient number of protected areas and others discussed earlier.
4. REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The legal basis for environmental protection in the country is the law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (1999), in accordance with which sanitary legislation was introduced, including this law and regulations that establish safety criteria for humans, environmental factors and requirements for providing favorable conditions for his life. The requirement to protect the environment is fixed in the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the health of citizens" (1993) and in the law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of consumer rights" (1992).
The most important legislative act aimed at ensuring environmental safety is the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (2002). The law establishes the system of environmental legislation, the basic principles and objects of environmental protection, and the procedure for managing it. The law fixes the right of citizens of the Russian Federation to a favorable living environment. The most important section of the law "Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection" establishes the principle of payment for the use of natural resources. The amount of the fee depends on whether or not the established limits for nature use are exceeded, what were the scales of environmental pollution in this case (in accordance with the relevant government bodies limits or not). In some cases, payment is provided for the reproduction of natural resources (for example, forests, fish stocks, etc.). The law establishes the principles of standardization of the quality of the natural environment, the procedure for conducting state environmental expertise, environmental requirements for the location, design, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of enterprises. Separate sections of the law are devoted to emergency environmental situations; specially protected territories and objects; principles of environmental control; environmental education, education and research; resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection; liability for environmental offenses; order of compensation for the harm caused.
Of the other legislative acts in the field of environmental protection, it should be noted the Water Code of the Russian Federation (1995), the Land Code of the Russian Federation (2000), the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" (1999), the Federal Law "On Environmental Expertise" (1995), the Law of the Russian Federation " On the Use of Atomic Energy” (1995), Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Wastes” (1998).
One of the most important constituent parts environmental legislation is a system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with the standards entails legal liability.
Normative legal acts on environmental protection include sanitary norms and rules of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which ensure the necessary quality of natural resources (air, water, soil); SNiPs of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation, which establish the procedure for accounting for environmental requirements in the design, construction and commissioning of national economy facilities, administrative and residential buildings; documents of Gosgortekhnadzor that define the principles of environmental protection in the development of subsoil; federal regulations(OND) State Committee for Ecology, which establishes the principles of control of natural environments, calculations of expected concentrations of pollutants in them, etc.
The main type of legal acts on environmental protection is the system of standards "Nature Protection".
Industry regulatory documentation and documentation of enterprises for environmental protection include, respectively, OSTs, STPs, guidelines (RD), regulations, etc.
The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in natural environments.
MPC is approved for each of the most hazardous substances separately and is valid throughout the country.
B B recent times scientists argue that compliance with MPC does not guarantee the preservation of environmental quality at a sufficiently high level, if only because the influence of many substances in the future and when interacting with each other is still poorly understood.
On the basis of MPC, scientific and technical standards are developed for limiting allowable emissions(MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.
Due to the fact that the number and power of pollution sources change with the development of the productive forces of the region, it is necessary to periodically review the MPE and MPD standards. The choice of the most effective options for environmental protection activities at enterprises should be carried out taking into account the need to comply with these standards.
Unfortunately, at present, many enterprises, due to technical and economic reasons, are not able to immediately meet these standards. The closure of such an enterprise or a sharp weakening of its economic situation as a result of penalties is also not always possible for economic and social reasons.
In addition to a clean environment, a person for a normal life needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they no longer harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.
Therefore, temporary standards can be set for such enterprises, the so-called TSA (temporarily agreed emissions), which allow for increased environmental pollution in excess of the norm for a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.
The amount and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and in which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the ESS.
Management of environmental protection in the Russian Federation is carried out by legislative and executive authorities, local self-government and specially authorized bodies, the main of which is the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (MNR). The Ministry of Natural Resources is entrusted with the development and implementation of environmental policy in the country, the legal regulation of relevant work. The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia also ensures the rational use of natural resources (mining, use of water, wildlife), the safety of reservoirs and hydraulic structures, protection of surface and ground waters, as well as water in the systems of economic water use, protection and protection of the forest fund and performs a number of other functions. The department has territorial bodies.
Management of environmental protection in the subjects of the federation, in territories, regions and cities is carried out by representative (legislative assemblies, city dumas, etc.) and executive authorities (governments, city halls, etc.).
State environmental control bodies include executive authorities, Rostekhnadzor of Russia, as well as the Federal Service for Nature Management and Rospotrebnadzor of Russia, one of the functions of which is to conduct sanitary and epidemiological supervision, and some others that exercise state control in a rather narrow direction (protection from diseases of livestock and agricultural plants, protection and rational use of fish resources, etc.). Representatives of these bodies have the right to issue binding instructions, to bring to administrative responsibility officials who have violated environmental legislation, to file lawsuits for compensation for damage to nature, and much more.
The most important supervisory body for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is the environmental prosecutor's office.
Departmental environmental control is carried out by nature protection services of ministries and departments,
Public environmental control is carried out by trade union organizations. Collective agreements provide for measures aimed at protecting the environment. In addition, this type of control is exercised by public organizations and associations.
Environmental monitoring is a special form of environmental control. There are the following types of monitoring:
Global, held throughout the globe or within the continents;
National, held on the territory of one state;
Regional, held on a large area of the territory of one state or adjacent areas of several states;
Local, carried out in a relatively small area (city, water body, district large enterprise etc.).
In the Russian Federation, monitoring is entrusted to the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation is involved in the monitoring system for the state of the atmosphere, sea waters, land and soil, flora and fauna, land surface waters, groundwater and water management systems, as well as the geological environment and mineral resources.
The organization of work on environmental protection at enterprises and organizations is carried out, as a rule, by one of the services of the chief specialists (OGM or OGE). Most often this is the service responsible for the operation of ventilation systems. It is possible to create a special service for environmental protection. In any variant of the organization of work, the unit responsible for their implementation controls the implementation of environmental protection legislation at the enterprise, conducts inventories of sources of emissions and discharges, as well as energy pollution, and ensures control of atmospheric, hydrosphere and soil pollution created by the enterprise. The same subdivision is responsible for filling out the environmental passport.
The most important area of work of services related to ensuring the environmental safety of residential areas adjacent to the enterprise is production control. It includes an assessment of the level of pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil, as well as the state of gas and dust collection systems, water purification systems, noise suppression, etc.
Since 1999, the complex of international standards ISO 14000 series "Environmental Quality Management System" has been acting as Russian standards in the Russian Federation. GOST RISO 14001-98 establishes requirements for environmental systems in order to assist an organization (enterprise) in determining its policy in this area and the planned environmental characteristics that can be achieved by implementing this policy, taking into account their actual values and the requirements of laws and other legal acts,
Most effective way determining the effectiveness of such management systems is their audit, a systematic and documented process of checking objectively obtained and evaluated data to determine the compliance of the organization's environmental management system with the audit criteria for such a system established by this organization. If necessary, the organization's management adjusts its environmental policy, relevant tasks and work plans.
To conduct an environmental audit, as a rule, specialized organizations are involved that have a license to conduct it, issued by specially authorized bodies.
LITERATURE
- Demina T. A. Ecology, nature management, environmental protection. - M .: Aspect Press, 1998
- Life safety. Under general ed. Belova S.V. - M.: graduate School, 2006
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Vladimir State University
MUROM INSTITUTE (BRANCH)
Department of Social and Humanistic Disciplines
Discipline: "BZD"
Specialty: 080502.65
"Economics and management at the enterprise"
TEST
on this topic:
« ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. HER SECURITY»
Performed:
student gr. EZ-407
Borisova Tatiana
Anatolievna
Checked:
Professor
………………………….
………………………….
……………………………
Moore 2007
PLAN:
1. DIRTYHENVIRONMENTAL IE:
1. Pollution of land and sea .............................. 3
1.1. Cleaning.............................................. 4
2. Air pollution.............................................. 4
2.1. Acid rain.............................. 5
2.2. Ozone layer.................................. 6
2.3. Greenhouse effect.............................. 6
2.3.1. Where do greenhouse gases come from?.................................. 7
2. PROTECTION OF NATURE:
1. Contemporary Issues nature conservation:
1.1. The role of nature in life human society....... 8
1.2. Exhaustible and inexhaustible Natural resources... 9
1.3. Principles and rules of nature protection ............... 11
1.4. Legal Basis for Nature Conservation .................................. 13
1.5. Examples and additional information ............... 14
3. REFERENCES.......................... 16
1. POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
Environmental pollution harms the health of all living beings. There are also some types of natural pollution, such as smoke from forest fires and volcanoes, or pollen. However, from industrial enterprises, farms, power plants, transport, which emit harmful substances, nature is in real distress.
1. LAND AND SEA POLLUTION.
On land, waste is the main source of pollution. Huge areas are occupied by ugly garbage dumps. Some people even dump their garbage into rivers or directly onto the streets.
Industrial waste, such as waste rock dumps near coal mines, is also a huge landfill. There are also poisonous wastes, which are sometimes buried in the ground, which, however, is not always safe, since the poisons are mixed with groundwater. And if the water is contaminated, it can easily poison large areas land, as the contaminated stream enters the river, which spreads over a large area. Having reached the sea, it is carried by currents even further. Chemical industrial waste, pesticides and fertilizers used on farms are all washed into rivers and become food for bacteria. At the same time, bacteria also consume oxygen dissolved in water, as a result, fish and aquatic animals begin to suffocate. In a number of places uncleaned wastewater merge into rivers and seas and become the cause of diseases of both animals and people.
Many animals, for example, get entangled in plastic rings from cans and, having received serious injuries, are dying.
Metals in industrial waste poison fish. And then the animals diewho eat fish.
Oil spilled from tankers into the water sticks to the plumage of birds. Feathers, covered with oil, can no longer warm the birds, and they die.
1.1. CLEANING.
The natural environment is already so seriously contaminated that it is now very difficult to completely eliminate pollution. To keep our environment clean, governments pass laws to prevent further pollution.
For example, tankers are not allowed to pump oil into the water. If they do so, the captains of these ships are subject to heavy fines.. Several cases of severe pollution caused by tankers are known throughout the world.
For example, the wreck off the coast of Alaska in 1989 of the tanker Exxon Valdez. The spilled oil from the tanker caused great damage to the coast, fishing grounds and marine life. After the accident, the specialists had to act very quickly to save the animals and clean up the sea and its shores.
There are several ways to clean the sea from oil. Peat or straw that absorbs oil is spread over the surface of the water and then collected and burned. Or the spread of the oil slick is stopped with the help of floating barriers, booms, and then the tanker sucks the oil back.
2. AIR POLLUTION.
Emissions from industrial plants and car exhaust pollute the air with all sorts of substances that are harmful to health, such as lead. In some big cities, like Mexico City, it is very difficult to breathe - the air is very dirty. Such dirty air hanging over the city is called smog.
Loud noise is another type of environmental pollution. It can lead to deafness and other diseases.
2.1. ACID RAIN.
<
Animals and plants suffer from it.
<
These gases can increase the acidity of the moisture contained in the air, a thousand times more than normal. The wind carries this moisture over a large area until the anna falls in the form of rain, it happens that over neighboring countries.
In 80% of the rivers and streams of Norway, there will soon be no life at all. For the same reason, ancient buildings are being destroyed, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and forests are dying in Europe and North America.
2.2. OZONE LAYER.
destroy the ozone layer
and holes form in it.
It can only return to its original state if people stop using CFC completely.
2.3. GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
The earth stays warm thanks to the atmosphere, which traps heat from earth's surface. This phenomenon is called greenhouse effect, absolutely natural. However, many scientists believe that the temperature on Earth is gradually increasing.
This increase is caused by an increase in the content of gases in the air, called greenhouse gases. These include carbon dioxide, CFC and methane. They enhance the ability of the atmosphere to retain heat. This diagram explains how the greenhouse effect works.
2.3.1. WHERE DO GREENHOUSE GASES COME FROM?
A significant part of greenhouse gases occurs in normal conditions, but now they have accumulated in the air too much. Carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of fuels and is also found in industrial waste. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, but now a significant part of the trees are cut down, and therefore carbon dioxide is absorbed by them much less. Methane is emitted from certain types of farms, such as cattle and rice farms, and also from the decomposition of garbage. CFCs are not natural gases, they are formed exclusively as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises.
2. NATURE PROTECTION.
"People obey the laws
nature, even when they act
against them" I.V. Goethe.
1. MODERNPROBLEMS OF NATURE PROTECTION:
1.1. THE ROLE OF NATURE IN THE LIFE OF HUMAN SOCIETY.
For man, nature is a series of life and a source of existence. As a biological species, a person needs a certain composition and pressure of atmospheric air, pure natural water with salts dissolved in it, plants and animals, and the earth's temperature. Optimal for a person environment - this is the natural state of nature, which is maintained by normally occurring processes of the circulation of substances and energy flows.
As a biological species, man, by his vital activity, affects the natural environment no more than other living organisms. However, this influence is incomparable with the huge impact that humanity has on nature through its work. The transforming influence of human society on nature is inevitable; it intensifies as society develops, the number and mass of substances involved in economic circulation increase.
The changes introduced by man have now acquired such a large scale that they have become a threat to disturb the balance existing in nature and an obstacle to the further development of the productive forces. For a long time, people looked at nature as an inexhaustible source of material goods they needed.
However, faced with the negative consequences of their impact on nature, they gradually came to believe in the need for its rational use and protection.