Research work “Moral values” of the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh. Youth and schoolchildren "science
- "Instruction". The analysis of this work will be very interesting, since this work has almost a thousand years of history. It is imbued with faith in the good, elevates moral standards and guides descendants along the path of peace, advising them to forget disagreements in favor of a single common purpose. To understand this work in its entirety, however, requires not only careful reading, but also knowledge historical context, against which the wisdom of the ruler's recommendations stands out even more clearly.
Biography
Vladimir Vsevolodovich ruled over various regions of Russia before becoming the Grand Duke of Kyiv. He was nicknamed Monomakh, since his mother was, in all likelihood, the daughter of the emperor of Byzantium - Constantine Monomakh.
Future Grand Duke grew up in conditions of political tension - he survived a number of military conflicts with the Polovtsians, who posed a serious threat to the ancient Russian state, and internal strife. When analyzing the text "Instructions of Vladimir Monomakh", it is necessary to note some facts of his personal biography. Unlike many young offspring of the princely family, Vladimir showed an amazing peacefulness. For example, he renounced his claims to the throne of Kyiv after the death of his father in favor of his older brother. Of course, such a sequence was provided for by tradition, but in many other similar situations, the applicants unleashed conflicts for personal power, weakening the country.
Text basis
Faith in God becomes the main position of Vladimir, from which various strategies of behavior follow, approved and supported by Christianity: keep the given oaths, help the weak and the poor, honor the elders, lead a righteous life. Here he points to the need for prayer.
However, Vladimir Monomakh also discovers a more ancient motif in his will. The analysis of the "Instruction" demonstrates that the veneration of the guest is of high importance for the ruler. You may have heard that from ancient times there was an unwritten code in which the acceptance of a guest in your home was recognized as mandatory, regardless of the time of day and living conditions. As in fairy tales, where "feed, drink and put to bed" is the only possible option meetings stranger, in Everyday life a traveler who looked into the light was an inviolable person. It was not even supposed to ask who he was and where he came from - he could tell this only at his own request, already being accepted by the owners.
So, the analysis of Vladimir Monomakh's Teachings to Children shows that the text is a combination of ideas of religious and everyday morality.
Unity Theme
Vladimir, as a wise politician, opposes the fragmentation of the state. Of course, he saw throughout his life how often the thirst for personal power undermines the stability of the country: in internecine wars, the struggle for power with the use of intrigues and the involvement of external military forces, he sees only a way to "shatter" the well-being of Russia. As we know from the biography of the prince, he himself did not take the opportunity to increase his influence until he received the legal right to do so.
Looking into the coming century, we see how the reluctance of the descendants to analyze the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh and heed the advice of the wise ruler turned out: the Mongols, who swept through Russia in a whirlwind, swept away all the troops of the princes who had strayed from each other and established their rule for several centuries.
War theme
Vladimir, accepting the system and calling to believe in God and help those in need, is not in favor of renunciation of the war. Indeed: he is a politician, and without military force It is simply impossible to ensure the security of the country and the people. An analysis of the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh as a historical source shows that the prince participated in more than eighty campaigns and concluded dozens of agreements, which he himself narrates.
It cannot be said that the author has always acted "objectively fairly", but always - in the interests of his country. For example, having accepted a request for help from an impostor claiming the Byzantine throne, the prince could not help but realize the deception. Long fighting, which became the last between Kyiv and Tsargrad (Constantinople), ended without any serious success, and the agreement was sealed by a dynastic marriage.
Links
Vladimir is a highly educated person. The work is replete with quotations, especially from the Bible, which speaks not only of the developed morality of the prince, but also of a deliberate study of the issue in anticipation of writing his will to children.
When analyzing the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh, one can see the names of many Russian cities. Some of them today are major centers: Vladimir, Novgorod, Kursk, Smolensk, Rostov. Others have lost their former significance: Suteisk, Kordno, Starodub, Berestye, Turov.
Other scenes are also cited in the text: thanks to the records of the Grand Duke about hunting deer and boars, martens and aurochs, as well as many other animals, scientists can draw conclusions about the stability of their habitat. Thus, the historical source can serve the needs of the most diverse sciences.
Form of presentation
Unfortunately, you will not be able to read this text in the original without preparation - the Russian language of the 12th century is very different from the modern one, both in spelling and in pronunciation. Have you heard about such letters as “yat”, “nous big” and “nus small”? Do you know what sounds denoted symbols that look like soft and solid sign? So, reading the text in its original form will be problematic.
Thus, when analyzing the work "Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh" you should be guided by translations. They are usually accompanied by a large number of notes that will make your work easier. Commentaries written by professional historians will make it possible not to refer to encyclopedias and other sources on every issue.
Despite the difference in spelling, the grammatical structure of the Russian language has largely been preserved. This will let you see stylistic features and literary devices used by the author.
Conclusion
The original text of the Teaching might not have survived to the present day. Most likely, he would have died in the Moscow fire of 1812, if not for a fortunate combination of circumstances. For fun, look at original text and try to decipher what is written.
However, the analysis of the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh can also be carried out according to an adapted version. This work is an important historical document, reflecting both state problems and realities, as well as facts from the personal biography of the Grand Duke.
Be sure to get acquainted with other texts from different eras. Only by referring to original documents instead of free interpretations do you come closer to understanding the meaning that the author put into what was written, as well as the context that caused the creation of the text. And remember that hard work always pays off.
Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kyiv, was the son of Vladimir Yaroslavich and a Byzantine princess, daughter of Emperor Constantine Monomakh. The works of Vladimir Monomakh were written in the 11th-beginning of the 12th century and are known under the title "Instruction". They are part of the Laurentian Chronicle. "Instruction" is a kind of collected works of the prince, including the Instruction itself, an autobiography and Monomakh's letter to Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. The lecture was a political and moral testament of the prince, addressed not only to his sons, but also to a wide range of readers.
At the beginning of the Teaching, Monomakh gives a number of moral instructions: do not forget God, do not have pride in your heart and mind, respect old people, "going out to war, do not be lazy, beware of lies, give drink and feed the one who asks ... Do not forget the poor, give judge the orphan and the widow for yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person. Honor the old like a father, and the young like brothers. Most of all, honor the guest. Do not miss a person without greeting him, and say a good word to him "1. a man who embodied the ideal of a prince who cares about the glory and honor of his native land.
Before us are moral instructions, high moral precepts, which have enduring significance and are valuable to this day. They make us think about relationships between people, improve our moral principles. But "Instruction" is not only a set of everyday moral advice, but also a political testament of the prince. It goes beyond the narrow framework of a family document and acquires great social significance.
Vladimir Monomakh puts forward the tasks of a national order, considering it the duty of the prince to care for the welfare of the state, for its unity. Internecine strife undermines the economic and political power of the state, only peace leads to the prosperity of the country. Therefore, it is the duty of the ruler to keep the peace.
Gradually, "Instruction" develops into an autobiography in which the prince tells that he was a participant in 82 large military campaigns. He tried to build his life according to the same rules that he writes about to his sons. Monomakh appears in his work as an unusually active, zealous champion of enlightenment. He believes that in everyday life the prince should be a model for others, family relations should be built on respect. In "Instruction" Monomakh covers a wide range of life phenomena, gives answers to many social and moral questions of his time.
The third work of Vladimir Monomakh is a letter to his cousin Oleg Svyatoslavich, written about the death of his own son Izyaslav, who was killed by Oleg in battle. The letter is wise and calm. Bitterly regretting the death of his son, the prince is nevertheless ready to understand everything and forgive everything. War is war. His son died, as many die in battle. The trouble is not that another prince died on the battlefield. The trouble is that princely feuds and strife are ruining the Russian land. Monomakh believes that it is time to stop these fratricidal wars. The prince offers peace to Oleg: "I am not your enemy, not an avenger ... And I offer you peace because I do not want dashing, but I want good for all our brethren and the Russian land"2.
D.S. Likhachev noted that “Monomakh’s letter is amazing. I don’t know anything in world history similar to this letter of Monomakh. Monomakh forgives the murderer of his son. Moreover, he consoles him. inheritance of the principality, asks to forget the grievances"3.
Studying ancient Russian literature, we come across the teachings of Vladimir Monomakh, which he addressed to his sons, but it turned out that the significance of the teachings is great, and therefore they are relevant even in our time. It is like a testament that the prince left not only to his children, but also to us, the readers. And now, after many centuries, the teaching of Monomakh instructs everyone on the true path, affects moral and political issues. Thanks to the essay for grade 7, we will learn about instructions and about short biography Prince with a letter to Oleg Svyatoslavich. And now let's write on the topic: Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh.
Vladimir Monomakh teaching
Vladimir Monomakh - Prince of Kyiv, was the most authoritative prince of the Russian land and ruled at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. At this time, he writes his instructions. First of all, in my essay - reasoning, moral instructions should be noted. The prince urges not to forget God, not to be proud, to be kind and respect elders. Monomakh calls not to be lazy, to avoid lies, to help the weak, the destitute, to support widows and orphans. In his teachings, Vladimir gives a lot of practical advice, including not trampling other people's crops, learning languages, and the like. The prince urges to pay special attention to guests.
What does Monomakh teach? It seems to me that, first of all, the prince teaches relationships between people, talks about self-improvement and the need to adhere to moral principles.
At the same time, the prince speaks not only about household advice. It also touches on political issues, showing how important it is to stop the civil strife that harm the country's economy. He says how much these civil strife weaken the state. In the Teachings, the prince calls for public order. Vladimir also points out that the good of the state and its people is in the hands of the princes. It is very important to rule in a world that leads any state to prosperity.
Getting acquainted with Monomakh in his teachings, I note that the prince was educated, well-read, erudite, he was a champion of enlightenment. He believed that the prince is a role model, an example for others, so you need to be worthy of this high title.
What is striking in the work is a letter to his brother, who was the murderer of Vladimir's son. We see that the prince forgives the murderer. As for me, this is a strong act, I would never be able to forgive the killer, although I understand that at that time, during wars, deaths were commonplace.
I will conclude my essay Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh in the 7th grade with the opinion that the teachings written to the sons are wonderful, valuable and most importantly, they are relevant to this day.
Our world of computers, high technologies, the Internet is quite multifaceted, interesting, and has many perspectives in various fields. But what about the soul? This world of the present and future is nothing compared to the spiritual values of Russian literature.
Literature gives us a huge, deepest experience of life, thus being the basis for the education of any person. That no matter how literature develops a sense of beauty - the beauty of life, the beauty good deeds and good feelings. The art of the word gives us an understanding of life, all its complexities. From its inception in Ancient Russia Literature was not mere entertainment. The need for it appeared when people needed to remember the past, their roots, moral and spiritual values. Maybe right now our society should pay attention to the experience of their ancestors - to return to the beginning. And in the beginning there was a word ...
One of the oldest priceless literary monuments is Vladimir Monomakh's Teachings.
The Grand Duke, an outstanding personality, the smartest writer... Centuries later, there is hardly a person who could stand next to him, competing both in word and deed.
Vladimir Vsevolodich Monomakh was not only an active political figure, the organizer of joint campaigns against the Polovtsy, but also one of the most authoritative Russian princes, who defended his views and beliefs in word and deed. What is the greatness of his soul? In the fact that he knew how to deserve the love of everyone around “at any age”, in that he was an obedient son to his father, brave in battle, friendly at home, was a good sovereign, benefactor of the poor, a famous winner of the enemies of the fatherland, reasonably persuaded all Russian princes to unite, gathering together their troops, and completely defeat the enemy, and not only, but also conclude the most advantageous peace with them.
The people “begged” for their favorite the throne of the Grand Duke of Kyiv, although the turn to reign did not come to him. The princes not only ceded the throne to Vladimir, but also did not wage new wars for their inheritance.
Many glorious deeds were accomplished by Vladimir Monomakh during his twelve-year reign. At the end of his life, he left a "Spiritual Testament", which was known as the "Instructions" of Vladimir Monomakh.
In it, the Grand Duke addresses the "children" - not only to his sons, but to all younger contemporaries and descendants - with moral instructions. In addition to the general Christian precepts - calls for piety, "repentance, tears, alms", diligence, generosity, justice, Vladimir Vsevolodich also gives specific advice.
“My children or anyone else, listening to this letter, do not laugh, but which of my children will love it, let it be accepted in your heart and will not be lazy, but will work.”
With these words, the Grand Duke addresses the readers of his instructions and advice.
Each paragraph of the "Instruction" is a new commandment, a life experience shared by Vladimir Monomakh. In the "Instruction" there are quotations from the Psalter, which speaks of the Christian orientation of the instructions.
“And then I collected these beloved words and arranged them in order and wrote. If you don’t like the last ones, at least take the initial ones ... "
Evil to respond to the pain caused - this is the rule that reigns in our world, the 21st century. What does Vladimir Monomakh say about this:
“We people are sinful and mortal, and if someone does evil to us, then we want to swallow him up and shed his blood as soon as possible. And our Lord, owning both life and death, our sins above our heads endures our whole life. As a father, loving his child, beats him and again draws him to himself, so our Lord showed us victory over enemies, how to get rid of them with three good deeds and defeat them : repentance, tears and alms ... "
More than once we meet in the instruction of the line - attitude to the environmenttell them:
“Honor the old like a father, and the young like brothers…”
It is interesting that at the beginning of the "Instructions" Vladimir Vsevolodich gives instructions of a domestic nature, being the Grand Duke:
“Do not be lazy in your house, ... so that those who come to you do not laugh either at your house or at your dinner ... Beware of lies, and drunkenness, and fornication, because the soul and body perish from this ...”
How to disagree with the Grand Duke that at least for a while you need to try to understand the other, not to put personal gain above the good of your neighbor.
“Where will you go and where will you stay, give drink and feed the beggar, most of all honor the guest, no matter where he comes from, whether he is a commoner, or a noble, or an ambassador; if you cannot honor him with a gift, then with food and drink; for they, as they pass, will glorify man through all the lands, either good or evil. Visit the sick, see the dead, for we are all mortal. Do not miss a person without greeting him, and say a good word to him ... "
Why does Vladimir Vsevolodich speak so respectfully about his attitude towards the guest? The prince does not promise a heavenly life to his children, but focuses on a worthy life on earth, on which we are not eternal.
“If you do not remember this, then reread it more often: and I will not be ashamed, and you will be fine.”
This feature of Vladimir Monomakh to convince himself of the correctness of his “Instruction”, to predict the consequences of a particular mistake, is very interesting, in many respects intertwined with the biblical text. In the Bible, Jesus also backs up every instruction with a warning:
«… do it, ... for if you don't do it …» (fear of sin, of God).
The vital orientation of the "Instruction" makes it quite understandable and useful today, when everyone is in search of ideal program educating a Person with kindness in the heart, with love and compassion for others. The autobiography of the Grand Duke of Kyiv is an example to follow. His whole life is a book by which one can educate not only good man but also a wise just ruler. Needless to say, in Ancient Russia blood flowed in rivers. Vladimir Vsevolodich himself admits in the Teaching:
“All my campaigns were eighty-three; and others, unimportant, I do not remember. I ended up with Cuman nineteen peace treaties, captured and released from captivity more than a hundred of their best princes, and executed more than two hundred and drowned in rivers ... "
AT war time the concept of "enemy" implies the action of "kill". “Killing”, they become heroes, perform feats, cover themselves with the eternal glory of the defender of the Motherland. In peacetime, it is recommended to "forgive the one who did evil to you." Generosity, humility of anger, even if it is righteous, is a manifestation of wisdom.
“If you were able to forgive, rejoice, if you were angry, repent. In war, kill the enemy, but above all, honor peace ... "
This is what the prince of future warriors, defenders, teaches in his instructions. How many misfortunes, wars, destruction could have been avoided by our long-suffering people if the rulers and kings had been brought up in the spirit of the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh, the Grand Duke of Kyiv, a wise man, a just military leader.
The surest way to educate internationalism is the study of languages, several languages, many languages. Then there will be fewer foreign nations for us.
“What you know how to do well, don’t forget it, and what you don’t know how to do, learn from it. My father, sitting at home, knew five languages, which is why he was honored from other countries ... "
“Approaching the tomb, I thank God for my long days: His hand has brought me to a ripe old age… Fear of God and love for people is the beginning of virtue… Not fasting, not monasticism will save you, but good deeds…”
The whole life of the great Vladimir Monomakh shines in this teaching.
Not only a wise politician, a brave warrior, a man of high moral virtues, but also a highly educated and well-read person turns to us from the pages of his writings in the future: in his Teachings, Vladimir Monomakh uses quotations from the Psalter, from the writings of the Byzantine theologian Basil the Great (treatise " Shestidnev"), lines from the Gospel.
"I myself did everything that I could tell the lad."
Undoubtedly, Vladimir Monomakh was a great educator who raised ten sons, loved his Fatherland, was distinguished by courage, intelligence, who gave a great spiritual legacy of the educational nature of the Teaching, which is based on the norm of Christian morality - humility, patience, imitation of Christ, love to every living thing in your heart.
“People would be happy if they followed these instructions.”(A.O. Ishimova).
GUYS, I PLEASE TAKE PART IN THE DISCUSSION OF THE QUESTION: "IS THE "TECATION" OF VLADIMIR MONOMAKH REAL IN THE 21st CENTURY?"
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Lesson Objectives:
educational:
- systematization and deepening of students' knowledge about the genres of ancient Russian literature; formation of the idea of the "Instruction" as an ancient Russian cultural monument; deepening knowledge about Vladimir Monomakh, his role in Russian history and culture, the relevance of his work.
developing:
- development of thinking, memory; formation of communication skills, skills of working with computer programs; improving the skills of comparison, comparison of information obtained independently from different sources;
educational:
- fostering a sense of responsibility for the task assigned, the ability to work in a group; education of students' moral qualities through the image of Vladimir Monomakh.
preliminary homework: collect information about the genres of DRL. Prepare projects about the life of Vladimir Monomakh, about the content of the full text of Vladimir Monomakh's Teachings; compose a “Teaching” to peers.
Epigraph to the lesson: “He who has ears, let him hear ...” (from the “Gospel” of Matthew).
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Introductory speech of the teacher. Goal setting.
Hello guys and guests. Today we will continue our acquaintance with the DRL monument - “Instruction” by Vladimir Monomakh. Write down in your notebooks the number, the topic of the lesson: “The Meaning of the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh.”
As an epigraph to the lesson, I took the words from the "Gospel" from Matthew: "He who has ears, let him hear." How do you understand it? Write it down.
Based on the topic of the lesson and the epigraph, set a learning task for the lesson. (To find out what is the meaning of the "Teaching" in our time, what is it interesting for us.) Thank you, right.
I would like, guys, that today at the lesson you not only demonstrate your knowledge, but also show how you can translate it into real projects and use it not only in the classroom, but also in life.
Homework will be related to what will be discussed in the lesson. Write it down: write a miniature essay “What advice from Vladimir Monomakh do I consider important and why?”
Updating students' knowledge.
Teacher. Teaching is one of the genres of DRL. Let's remember what kind of genre it is and what other genres existed in the DRL.
A group of guys was given the task to conduct a survey in an interesting form on the topic “DRL Genres”. Attachment 1. Let's see what they got. (Assignment to the class). I ask you to write down the names of the genres that will be discussed.
Students guess a crossword puzzle, the word “instruction” is obtained vertically. Names of genres are written in notebooks.
Crossword discussion. Sample questions for the 1st group.
Why did you choose these genres?
- What other genres existed in the DRL?
Teacher. What do you think is the meaning of DRL? Why do you need to know and study it?
- Tell me, guys, what did you learn by doing this task?
Teacher. Well done boys. You prepared well and conducted an interesting survey, and learned a lot about the genres of DRL. You did a great job and deserve great marks.
3. Protection of student projects.
Assignment to the class: make a plan for the biography of V. Monomakh.
Project discussion. Sample questions for the 2nd group.
- One of the tasks that you set was to identify the features of a historical figure in the personality of V. Monomakh. What features do you find important?
How can you use your presentation?
– What sources did you turn to while working on the project?
- Were you interested in working on the project?
Teacher. You did a great job and deserve the very best. high marks. Thank you.
We learned a lot of interesting things about the personality of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Let's take a break: we'll have a physical activity.
- Physical education minute
The glorious Prince Monomakh ruled in Russia. (Turns of the body.)
Who has not heard of him, listen, understand:
He was honest, and brave, and full of strength (Mahi with his hands.)
Holy Russia to collect, save from the war.
He delivered Russia from the Polovtsian tribes. (Tilts of the body.)
He made friends with all the princes and led them.
Monomakh gave the following order to his sons: (Rotations of the eyes.)
Live in friendship, respect the old and the sick,
Do not be lazy, study, cherish friendship. (Rotations with hands.)
And then Russia will remember its sons.
Teacher. Vladimir Monomakh was an extraordinary personality, a wise man, if he created the "Instruction", which is still relevant today. Let's try to figure out what is its relevance.
The third group of children studied the full text of the Teaching in detail. Tell us about the work done.
- What is the history of the creation, structure and content of the "Instruction"? (Student presentation "Instruction" of Vladimir Monomakh as a testament to descendants”). Appendix 3
Assignment to the class: write down the structure of the “Instruction”.
Project discussion. Sample questions for group 3.
- Don't you think that the "Instruction" is outdated in our days?
– How did you work on the project?
– What was the most difficult?
Teacher. Thanks guys. You have quite deeply understood the structure and content of the “Instructions”, have done a lot of serious work and get excellent grades.
-
What advice of the "prince" Vladimir Monomakh seems useful and relevant to you in our time? What would you add to them? (Student project. Booklet "Teaching good people"). Appendix 4
Project discussion. Sample questions for group 4.
– How do you explain the choice of such advice to your peers?
– And why didn’t you limit yourself to advice to children and peers and turned to adults?
– Why did you choose the form of a booklet for the implementation of your project?
Teacher. What did you learn from doing the task?
How can you practically use your work?
Well done guys, you did a very good job and honestly earned excellent grades.
4. The final word of the teacher.
An outstanding monument of the DRL - "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh - must be considered in the context of the historical era of the end of the 11th century. Of course, political activity Vladimir Monomakh himself was by no means always morally impeccable. In his activities there were cases of deceit, and violation of promises, and abuse with the population of the captured cities. All this is so!
And with all that, Monomakh knew how to admit his mistakes, knew how, as in the case of Oleg, to forgive his sworn enemy. His example is amazing. And instructive for us. Remember the epigraph to the lesson: "He who has ears, let him hear ...". I hope that today you not only heard, but also understood much of what the great Vladimir Monomakh bequeathed to us, his descendants.
5. The results of the lesson. Reflection.
- Was the lesson interesting? Was the lesson helpful for you? How? Will the skills and abilities gained while working on projects be useful to you in the future?
Preparing for the lesson on your own, you managed to acquire new knowledge, comprehended it and presented it in the form of a crossword puzzle, presentations, booklet. That is, you showed how you can use your knowledge in practice.
Thank you for a fruitful and interesting lesson.