Ivan Kalita is kind or mean-hearted. Ivan Kalita - domestic and foreign policy, short biography
Target:
Questions: Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?".
Task for the implementation of the CDS No. 47: Write an essay on the topic: "Utopian picture of the society of the future in the dreams of Vera Pavlovna."
Form of control: essay.
Schedule for the delivery of SRS No. 47: 16 a week.
Literature:
Main:
Additional:
Topic 48: The activities of the writers of the "Contemporary" circle.
Target: promote in-depth study of this topic; to be able to highlight the main thing in the works of the author, to make a meaningful analysis; to develop the skill of selecting critical literature on the topic under study.
Questions: Article by N.G. Chernyshevsky "Is not the beginning of a change?".
Task for the implementation of the CDS No. 48: Synopsis of a critical article by N.G. Chernyshevsky "Is not the beginning of a change?".
To complete this task, know the content of literary texts, prepare a selection of articles from the journals "New World" and "New Literary Review" (at the department, at the laboratory assistant, in the branch library), which makes it possible to directly familiarize yourself with critical articles on this topic and improve the ability write the abstract of the article.
The essence of the independent work of students, which are carried out in general professional disciplines, is that they should be close to the independent work of a specialist in production, at school and in other areas where they will be assigned after graduation.
Such close attention to independent work is due to the fact that after graduation from a university it is difficult for a specialist to enter into a work rhythm, which at first affects not only work, but also the correct choice of his profession.
Therefore, the future specialist should already have the skills of independent work from the student's bench. Such work should be carried out through the organization of independent work.
On the part of the teacher, a schedule for the implementation of the IWS is given, where on certain days homework, notes and other types are checked. independent work.
Form of control: abstract.
Schedule for the delivery of SRS No. 48: 16 week.
Literature:
Main:
1. History of Russian literature of the XIX century. 40-60s [Text]: Study guide / under. ed. V.N. Anoshkina, L.D. Thunderous. M, 2007.
2. Mann Yu. V. World artistic culture. XIX century. [Text]: tutorial/ Yu. V. Mann.- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.- 460 p.
3. History of Russian literature of the XI-XIX centuries. [Text]: Textbook for universities. M., 2007.
Additional:
1. Babenko V. G. Muses of Russian literature [Text]: literary criticism / V. G. Babenko.- M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2010.- 344 p.: ill.
2. Russian literature of the 19th century: Big reader [Electronic resource]: electronic textbook. - M.: OOO Business-soft, 2007.
3. Reader on Russian literature: indispensable for essays and essays 22,000 pages of full texts of all works (CD) [Text]: artistic.- M .: DirectMedia Publishing, 2009.
4. Reader on Russian literature: Electronic book. – M.: Directmedia, 2007.
1325 - 1340 - this is a period of rivalry between the Tver and Moscow principalities under the Horde yoke. The reason for the struggle between Moscow and Tver was the need to obtain a label for a great reign, which meant the possibility of economic and military growth of the principality. Moreover, these principalities sought to unite Russia, and each of them wanted to be at the head of this process. This period is characterized by a noticeable increase in the influence of the Moscow principality, among others.
At this time, Ivan Danilovich Kalita was on the Moscow throne.
One of the important processes was the rise of Moscow. The reason was the assiduous and enterprising policy of Ivan Kalita, who wanted to strengthen the influence of his principality. In 1326, a very important event took place - the metropolitan see was transferred from Vladimir to Moscow. Important role this event was played by Metropolitan Peter, who personally insisted on moving not to Tver, but to Moscow. Under Ivan Kalita, the market and trade develop. A new wooden Kremlin was built. In the vicinity of Moscow, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was erected.
This process led to the rise of the Moscow principality. Due to the relocation of the Metropolitan, Moscow became the main cultural and religious center of Russia. It has gained great economic importance.
Other important event of this period there was an anti-Horde uprising in Tver in 1327. The reason for this was dissatisfaction with the abuses of the collector of the Horde exit. Baskak Chol Khan, or Shevkal, began to oppress the Tverichians, rob and beat citizens. In response to this, the local population raised an uprising. The uprising was reported to the Khan of the Golden Horde, who sent an army to suppress it.
An important role in suppressing the uprising was played by Ivan Kalita, who went with a denunciation to Golden Horde and there he received permission to lead an army to suppress the uprising. The punitive operation headed by him severely cracked down on the residents of Tver.
This event led to a redistribution of forces in favor of Moscow. The label of the Grand Duke of Vladimir was taken from Alexander Mikhailovich - the Prince of Tver - and transferred to Ivan Kalita. With this status, the role of Moscow grew in the eyes of other principalities, and above all in the eyes of the Golden Horde. As a sign of trust, the Khan of the Horde gives Ivan I the right to collect tribute from all Russian lands. The prince took advantage of this to enrich the Moscow treasury, which led to rapid development economy of this principality.
Historians evaluate the period of Ivan Kalita's reign ambiguously. To achieve success, the prince often used military force. He shed the blood of the Russian people, and the suppression of the Tver uprising was an example of this. However famous historian N. Borisov believes that if Ivan I had evaded participation in the punitive campaign, he would have doomed his land and his people to death, because the Tatar-Mongols would have defeated Tver anyway. The historian claims that by his actions, Kalita saved everything that could still be saved from the Horde pogrom. Indeed, the prince established a "great silence", having built the foundation for the independent future of Russia. It was during his reign that the economic and military potential began to accumulate, which allowed his future descendants to eliminate the Horde yoke.
The greatest prince in history or a hard-hearted miser?
One of the most controversial and controversial heroes of the history of Russia, who lived at the end of the thirteenth, beginning of the fourteenth century. Ivan Kalita, Moscow prince. Generous, brave, wise, warlike and talented ruler. At the same time, many historians characterize him as cruel, cunning, mercantile and secretive person. The Moscow prince got his nickname “Kalita”, which is translated from Slavic as “purse”, due to the fact that he always carried a small bag full of money with him: roofing felts for numerous donations, which he graciously distributed to all homeless and needy people, roofing felts, being mercantile and stingy, constantly saving up coins, collecting them in his wallet and not leaving him unattended. According to chronicle data, we can also find out the second name of this ruler - Ivan "The Merciful", so history tends to the first version of the origin of the nickname of Ivan Kalita.
Consider below the brightest moments of the biography of the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita.
History is unknown and the exact date of birth and death of the prince. Ivan Danilovich was born at the very beginning of the eighties of the thirteenth century, the date of death is considered to be 1340 or 1341. It was at this time that Russia was under the protection of the Golden Horde, which ruthlessly collected taxes from the Russian lands, but the main thing was that the appointment of princes to rule took place only by the great decree of the Horde prince. Being the youngest in the family, Ivan Kalita for a long time was next to his older brother, Yuri Danilovich, whom he helped not only in solving administrative and state affairs, but also participated with him in military operations to defend Moscow lands. In 1325, brother Yuri died at the hands of the Tver prince Dmitry, and Ivan Kalita ascended the throne of Moscow.
It was at the beginning of his reign that Ivan Kalita decided to unite all the principalities around Moscow, making it the business, political and spiritual center of Russia. Prior to this, the principality of Tver, where the Grand Duke sat, played a central role in the life of Russia. In 1328, Ivan I goes to bow to the Khan of the Golden Horde. Thanks to good and friendly relations with the khan, the prince achieves not only a label for a great reign, but also receives permission from the khan himself to collect taxes and taxes from his possessions. The prince gradually relieves the Moscow roads of robberies, raids and murders, thereby attracting new boyars with his goods. He introduced the practice of boyar courts, endowing the nobility with state lands in the Moscow principality. River trade is also beginning to gain momentum. At the same time, there is an active development of new lands to the north, where furs are mined, one of the most popular goods in Russia. The economic recovery and development of the principality were on the face. Having a large amount of free money in the treasury, in 1339 Ivan Kalita began the construction of the Moscow oak Kremlin. He, together with his spiritual father, Metropolitan Peter, decide to move the metropolitan residence from Vladimir to Moscow. Following the Kremlin, the active construction of cathedrals continued: the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor, the Church of John of the Ladder, the Archangel Cathedral, the Assumption Cathedral.
Seeing the strengthening of Moscow, the rest of the principalities gradually come under its authority. Some peacefully, such as the Principality of Galich, Belozersk and Uglich), others by military seizures: the Tver, Novgorod and Pskov principalities. He mercilessly cracked down on the Tver prince Alexander, denouncing him to the Horde Khan. As a result, Prince Alexander and his son Fedor were killed during a visit to the Golden Horde.
In foreign policy, Prince Ivan Kalita of Moscow was also not an adherent of bloody battles; he greatly preferred friendly agreements and negotiations with his enemies. Remaining on friendly terms with the Golden Horde, in 1331 the prince made peace with the then strong Lithuanian order, passing off his son as a Lithuanian princess. Ivan Kalita was very prudent in terms of dynastic marriages. Having four daughters, he perfectly married them off, securing peace agreements with neighbors with family ties of marriage.
Before his death, the Moscow prince Ivan I Kalita accepted the schema and went to the monastery. He died on March 31, 1340 (1341), and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow.
Throughout the entire time of his reign, from 1325 to 1340, Ivan Kalita managed to make the Moscow principality the center of Russian lands. He left to his successor, Semyon the Proud, one of the most powerful and developing principalities in all of Russia. For forty years, most of which fell on the reign of Ivan Kalita, Russia lived peacefully, without wars. It was at this time that two new generations were born and grew up, brought up in the right spiritual and cultural property. Soon this generation will take part in the Battle of Kulikovo, which will mark the beginning of a new era in the history of our people.
There are different ways to get into history. So not everyone has the right to a good memory only on the basis that it is written about him in history books. Examples of this darkness in the history of modern and new. And if you delve into the thickness of the centuries, then the number of legendary characters to whom merits or shortcomings were subsequently attributed increases almost exponentially.
Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich (c.1283 - 1340) nicknamed Kalita was recently ranked among the local Moscow saints. However, this respect does not correspond to the really small significance of the activities of this prince. He was not much different from other princes of that time. The greatness of Ivan Kalita is more connected with the fact that later Moscow turned into the capital of the Muscovite kingdom. That is a kind of posthumous award.
Emphasizing the role of Ivan Kalita in the process of formation of Russian statehood began in the 1880s, when the history of the Russian state was formed, which was subsequently studied in gymnasiums, and then (with some changes) in Soviet schools. The final consolidation of the "progressive" image took place in the year of the 800th anniversary of Moscow, in 1948. Even the nickname Kalita, that is, "purse", given to the prince is now interpreted in two ways. Either Prince Ivan was greedy and rowed everything for himself, or he was unusually generous. Therefore, he wore a purse on his belt in order to bestow alms on every beggar he met. In the first option, to be honest, I believe more.
Prince Ivan Danilovich had an older brother - Yuri Danilovich. Yuri ruled Moscow until 1319, after which he moved to Novgorod. Yuri Danilovich was the Grand Duke, that is, the eldest among all those who ruled in Russia. The right to a great reign was given by a label, a sign that one of his Russian vassals received from the Khan of the Golden Horde.
Until the death of his brother in 1325, Ivan Danilovich was, as it were, his deputy in Moscow. According to his will, he inherited the Principality of Moscow and the Grand Duke's label.
The Grand Duke label gave its owner the right to collect tribute in favor of the Golden Horde from all Russian principalities. Previously, it was done by visiting collectors, Baskaks. Now the collection of tribute became, as it were, internal affairs Russian princes, and Grand Duke took the collected to the Horde. That is, if you do not say lofty words, the Russian principalities were given to the Grand Duke at the mercy. The Horde was interested in a fixed, predetermined payment. How much tribute the prince collected from his own - it did not concern anyone. It is clear that it was possible to collect more than it was supposed to, leaving a significant surplus. Of course, at the same time, Moscow became much richer than other Russian principalities.
Ivan Danilovich used trips to the Horde to win the favor of Uzbek Khan, who was ruling at that time. He succeeded and the grand-ducal label remained in his hands.
The fact that tribute collectors from the Horde did not come to Moscow made this principality calmer than others, where the Baskaks now and then visited. Therefore, people from other areas moved to the cities under the hand of Ivan Kalita. The tribute here had to be paid more, but life was much more predictable and - let's not be afraid of this word - stable. Thus, the cruel, dishonest and cunning policy of Ivan Kalita led to the fact that Moscow rose above the other principalities of Russia. This was also facilitated by the transfer in 1325 from Vladimir to Moscow of the metropolitan see. Thanks to this, Moscow became not only the economic, but also the spiritual center of the Russian lands.
The main rival of Ivan Kalita was Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver. Geographical position Tver was no worse than Moscow. To Veliky Novgorod, practically independent of the Horde shopping center, and Tver was even closer to the then "window to Europe" than Moscow. The significance of Tver is described in the article “What is the merit of Mikhail Tverskoy before Russia?”, Published on 04/24/2015.
Ivan Kalita did everything to defeat the opponent. When in 1327 the ambassador of the Horde ruler Cholkhan (Shchelkan, as the Russians called him) was killed in Tver, the Grand Duke of Moscow immediately went to the Horde and expressed his readiness to punish the guilty. In response to such a noble desire, Khan Uzbek extended the label for the great reign, issued to Ivan Kalita, and also gave 50 thousand troops for punitive operations against Tver Principality. Tver was defeated, the prince of Tver fled first to Novgorod, then to Pskov, and finally to the principality of Lithuania. The ruined city was received by the brother of the former prince, Konstantin.
Later, in 1340, Ivan Kalita performed a similar punitive mission against Prince Ivan Alexandrovich of Smolensk.
Prince Ivan Kalita was married twice and had seven children by two wives. He favorably married off his daughters. They became the wives of Prince Yaroslavsky and Prince Rostov. At the same time, the cunning father-in-law made the condition of the wedding contracts the opportunity to completely dispose of the inheritances of the sons-in-law. Ivan Kalita bought Ryazan and Uglich (it was not for nothing that he collected money!). The addition of Novgorod to his possessions, the prince failed. Looks like the Novgorod army was strong, and vitality Ivan Kalita was already drying up. Still, 57 years old was a respectable age for those times.
After the death of Ivan I Kalita in 1340, the Moscow throne was inherited by his eldest son Simeon Ivanovich Proud.
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The image of Ivan Kalita in Russian history
The choice of this topic is dictated by the following considerations, the inconsistency of the image of Ivan Kalita in Russian history is surprising, on the one hand he is the Grand Duke of Moscow (since 1325), and on the other hand he appears before us as a traitor to the Russian people, a protege of the Mongol Khan Uzbek. So let's see what the image of Ivan 1 Danilovich Kalita really is.
He is the son of Prince Daniil Alexandrovich of Moscow, the grandson of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. Therefore, he is a primordially Russian prince, but on the other hand, when the Mongols invaded our land, Ivan Kalita decided, relying on Mongolian spears and bows, to expand his possessions at the cost of betraying the Russian liberation struggle. And he received for this from Uzbek a label (the authority of the governor) and military assistance. In exchange, he had to suppress all Russian anti-Mongolian uprisings, which he did with sophisticated cruelty, as is typical of all traitors to his people. Historian L.V. Cherepnin argued that “Kalita does not need to be idealized. He was the son of his time and class, a cruel, cunning, hypocritical ruler, but smart, stubborn and purposeful.” In the sources, we will not find unconditional confirmation of the image of Ivan Kalita. However, we will not find its complete negation. As is often the case, brief historical documents leave room for a variety of interpretations.
There are several approaches to this problem, for example Karamzin N.M., the first Russian historian wrote that Prince Ivan is “the Collector of the Russian land”. And about the "cunning" he continued with the words "he won the special mercy of the Uzbek and, along with it, the dignity of the Grand Duke." At the end, the power of Moscow, which allowed it to gain independence from the Tatars at the end of the 15th century, is “a force brought up by cunning” (about the descendants of Kalita).
Another historian S.M. Solovyov, in contrast to Karamzin, was restrained in characterizing the image of Ivan Kalita. He, following the annals, noted only that Kalita "delivered the Russian land from the tats." There are plenty of such images of the Grand Duke, in my opinion.
Encyclopedias write about Ivan Kalita only on the positive side. For example, he was very merciful and always wore a kalita full of silver money at his belt. And wherever he went, he gave to the poor, "as much as he could take out."
“Ivan Kalita achieved in the Horde the right to collect tribute himself ... Since then, Horde Baskaks have not been sent to Russia. A skilled diplomat, he protected Russian lands from Tatar invasions for several decades.
Summing up, we note that our knowledge about Ivan Kalita and his time is fragmentary and fragmentary. His image is like an ancient fresco, wounded by time and hidden under a thick layer of late oil painting. The path of knowing Ivan Kalita is the path of painstaking restoration.
It is impossible to evaluate Ivan Kalita only with negative side because, at the end of his life, he took monastic vows and wrote a will, after analyzing which, one can conclude about the moral qualities of the ruler: humility, kindness. It was Kalita who became the founder of Moscow's "big politics", defined its principles, goals and means. He gave a political order to his sons - to preserve by any means that "great silence", under the cover of which there was a slow "gathering of Russia" around Moscow.
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