China geographical. China: geographical location
Geography of China
Introduction
China is a developed state in East Asia, the largest state in the world in terms of population (over 1.3 billion), ranks third in the world in terms of territory, behind Russia and Canada.
After the formation of the PRC in December 1949, four constitutions were adopted (in 1954, 1975, 1978 and 1982). In accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (December 1982), the PRC is a socialist state of the people's democratic dictatorship. The supreme organ of state power is the unicameral National People's Congress (NPC), which consists of 2,979 deputies elected by regional people's congresses for a term of 5 years. Sessions of the NPC are convened on an annual basis. Due to the large number of deputies between sessions, the functions of the NPC are performed by a standing committee elected from among the delegates (about 150 people). Only deputies from the Communist Party of China and eight so-called democratic parties that are members of the People's Political Consultative Council of China (CPPCC) are allowed to vote. ). Own bodies of legislative power operate in the territory of special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau. All NPC deputies are representatives of the bloc of communists and democrats. President of the People's Republic of China - Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee. This is a representative of the fourth generation of the country's leaders. The transition of power to this generation began in 2002, when Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin as Secretary General CPC Central Committee. In March 2003, Hu Jintao was elected President of the People's Republic of China, and in September 2004 - Chairman of the Central Military Council (CMC) of the CPC Central Committee. Previously, all these posts were also held by Jiang Zemin. On March 8, 2005, the session of the Chinese Parliament (National People's Congress) approved Jiang Zemin's request for resignation from the post of chairman of the Central Military Council of the PRC. Later, this post was also taken by Hu Jintao, which completed the process of change of power in the country's top leadership.
What is washed, with what borders
From the east, China is washed by the waters of the western seas. Pacific Ocean. The territory of China is 9.6 million km². China is the largest country in Asia. The total length of China's land borders is 22,117 km with 14 countries. The coast of China stretches from the border with North Korea in the north to Vietnam in the south and has a length of 14,500 km. China is washed by the East China Sea, the Korea Bay, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea. Taiwan is separated from the mainland by the Taiwan Strait.
Climate
The climate of China is very diverse - from subtropical in the south to temperate in the north. On the coast, the weather is determined by the monsoons, which occur due to the different absorption properties of land and ocean. Seasonal air movements and accompanying winds contain a large amount of moisture in summer and are quite dry in winter. The onset and retreat of the monsoons to a large extent determine the amount and distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Huge differences in latitude, longitude and altitude in China give rise to a wide variety of temperature and meteorological regimes, despite the fact that most of The country lies in the temperate region.
More than 2/3 of the country is occupied by mountain ranges, highlands and plateaus, deserts and semi-deserts. Approximately 90% of the population lives in coastal areas and floodplains big rivers, such as the Yangtze, Yellow River (Yellow River) and Pearl. These areas are in a difficult ecological state as a result of long and intensive agricultural cultivation and environmental pollution.
China's northernmost province, Heilongjiang, has a temperate climate similar to that of Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, while the southern island of Hainan is in the tropics. The temperature difference between these regions during the winter months is large, but the difference decreases in summer. In the northern part of Heilongjiang, temperatures in January can drop to -30°C, with average temperatures around 0°C. The average July temperature in this area is 20°C. In the southern parts of Guangdong, mean temperatures range from 10°C in January to 28°C in July. Precipitation varies even more than temperature. On the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains, numerous rains fall, the maximum of which falls on the summer monsoons. As you move north and west of the mountains, the chance of rain decreases. The north-western regions of the country are the driest, in the deserts located there (Takla-Makan, Gobi, Ordos) there is practically no precipitation.
The southern and eastern regions of China often (about 5 times a year) suffer from devastating typhoons, as well as floods, monsoons, tsunamis and droughts. The northern regions of China are covered with yellow dust storms every spring, which originate in the northern deserts and are carried by winds towards Korea and Japan.
There are many rivers in China, the total length of which is 220,000 km. Over 5,000 of them carry water collected from an area of more than 100 square meters. km each. The rivers of China form internal and external systems. The outer rivers are the Yangtze, Yellow River, Heilongjiang, Zhujiang, Lancangjiang, Nujiang and Yalutsangpo, which have access to the Pacific, Indian and Arctic Oceans, their total catchment area covers about 64% of the country's territory. Inland rivers, the number of which is small, are significantly distant from each other and have become shallow in most areas. They flow into the lakes of the hinterland or get lost in deserts or salt marshes; their catchment area covers about 36% of the country's territory.
There are many lakes in China, the total area they occupy is approximately 80,000 square meters. km. There are also thousands of artificial lakes - reservoirs. Lakes in China can also be divided into external and internal. Outer lakes are mainly freshwater lakes rich in aquatic products, such as Poyanghu, Dongtinghu and Taihu. Salt lakes are inland, the largest of which is Qinghai Lake. Among the lakes of the hinterland, there are many dry ones, such as Lob Nor and Juyan.
Relief
China's topography is very diverse, with high mountains, depressions, deserts and vast plains. There are usually three major geographic region:
The Tibetan Plateau, over 2,000 meters above sea level, is located in the southwest of the country
The belt of mountains and high plains has a height of 200-2000 m, is located in the northern part
· Low accumulative plains below 200 m high and low mountains in the northeast, east and south of the country, where most of the population of China lives.
The Great Plain of China, the Yellow River Valley, and the Yangtze Delta join together near the sea coast, stretching from Beijing in the north to Shanghai in the south. The Pearl River Basin (and its main tributary the Xijiang) is located in southern China and is separated from the Yangtze River basin by the Nanling Mountains and the Wuyishan Range (which is listed world heritage in China).
In the direction from west to east, the Chinese relief forms three steps. The first of them is the Tibetan Plateau, where heights of more than 4000 meters above sea level prevail. The next step is formed by the mountains of Sichuan and Central China, whose height is from 1500 to 3000 m. Here the vegetation changes dramatically, at relatively short distances there is a change natural areas from high mountain cold deserts to subtropical forest. The last step is the fertile plains, occupying heights below 1500 m above sea level.
Vegetation
In China, about 500 species of bamboo grow, forming 3% of forests. Bamboo thickets, found in 18 provinces, are not only a habitat for many animals, but also a source of valuable raw materials. Their lignified straws (stems) are widely used in industry.
Minerals
China is rich in various types of fuel and raw mineral resources. Especially great importance have reserves of oil, coal, metal ores. China has deposits of almost 150 known minerals in the world. The main source of energy in China is coal, its reserves in the country account for 1/3 of the world's reserves. Coal deposits, in terms of reserves of which China is inferior to few countries, are concentrated mainly in Northern China. There are also large resources in Northwest China. Other areas are poorer in coal, especially the southern ones. Most of the deposits are coal. Coal deposits are mainly located in North and Northeast China. The largest coal reserves are concentrated in Shanxi province (30% of the total reserves) - Datong and Yangquan coal mines. Other important source energy resource is oil. In terms of oil reserves, China occupies a prominent place among the countries of Central, East and Southeast Asia. Oil deposits have been discovered in various regions, but they are most significant in Northeast China (Sungari-Nonni Plain), coastal areas and the shelf of Northern China, as well as in some inland regions - the Dzhungar Basin, Sichuan.
Historical reference
Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. According to Chinese scientists, its age may be five thousand years, while the available written sources cover a period of at least 3500 years. The presence of administrative management systems that were improved by successive dynasties, the early development of the largest agrarian centers in the basins of the Yellow River and Yangtze, created advantages for the Chinese state, whose economy was based on developed agriculture, in comparison with nomadic neighbors and highlanders. The introduction of Confucianism as a state ideology (1st century BC) and a unified writing system further strengthened Chinese civilization.
The defeat of militaristic Japan in August-September 1945 completed the Second world war, freeing the countries of the Asia-Pacific region from Japanese troops. A fierce civil war was going on in China.
Huge occupying an advantageous geographical position - China. It is located in East Asia. Its relief is very diverse. China has mountains, hills, plains, highlands, river valleys, deserts. This But the vast areas of China are deserted. After all, most of the population is concentrated on the plains.
Geographical position
China on the world map occupies a position on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its area is almost equal to the area of the whole of Europe. China covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. In terms of area, this country is overtaken only by Russia and Canada.
The territory of China stretches for 5.2 thousand kilometers from east to west and for 5.5 thousand kilometers from south to north. The most eastern point The country is located at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, the westernmost - in the southernmost - among the northernmost - on the Amur River in Mohe County.
China on the world map from the east is washed by several seas that are part of the Pacific Ocean. The coastline of the country stretches for 18,000 km. The sea in China creates a border with five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Brunei and the Philippines.
The land border runs from the south, north and west. Its length is 22117 km. By land, China has a border with Russia, North Korea, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, India, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar.
Geographical position China ranks quite well for its economic development.
Relief
The relief of the country is very diverse. China, whose geography is wide, has a stepped landscape. It consists of three levels, decreasing from west to east.
The Himalayas are also located in the southwest of the state. They are the most high level in the landscape of a country like China. Geography and relief mostly consist of uplands, plateaus and mountains. The lowest level, consisting of plains, is near the coast.
Southwest China
Part of the highest in the world mountain system located in the southwest of the country. In addition to China, the Himalayas are spread over the territories of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bhutan. On the border of the state in question there are 9 of the 14 highest mountains the globe- Everest, Chogori, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho-Oyu, Shishabangma, Chogori, several peaks from the Gasherbrum massif.
The Tibetan Plateau is located north of the Himalayas. It is the largest in area and the highest plateau in the world. It is surrounded by ridges on all sides. In addition to the Himalayas, the neighbors of the Tibetan Plateau are Kunlun, Qilianshan, Karakorum, and the Sino-Tibetan Mountains. The last of them and the adjacent Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are a remote area. It is cut by the deep Salween and the Mekong.
Thus, the characteristic of the geographical position of China in the southwest is distinguished by the presence of mountainous regions.
Northwest China
In the north-west of the country, near the Tibetan Plateau, there are the Tarim Basin, the Takla-Makan Desert and the Turfan Depression. The last object is the deepest in East Asia. Further north is the Dzungarian Plain.
To the east of the Tarim Basin, the geographical position contrasts even more. China in these places is changing the landscape to steppes and deserts. This is an autonomous region. It is located on a high plateau. Most of it is occupied by the Gobi and Alashan deserts. The Lessovoye Plateau adjoins them from the south. very fertile and rich in forests.
Northeast China
The northeastern part of the country is quite flat. There are no high mountain ranges here. The Songliao Plain is located in this part of China. It is surrounded by small mountain ranges - Big and Small Khingan, Changbaishan.
Northern China
The main agricultural zones are concentrated in the north of China. This part of the country consists of vast plains. They feed well on the rivers and are very fertile. These are such plains as Liaohe and North China.
Southeast China
The southeastern part of the country stretches from the Huaiyanshan Range to the Qinling Mountains. It also includes the island of Taiwan. The local landscape consists mainly of mountains interspersed with river valleys.
South China
In the south of the country are the regions of Guangxi, Guangdong, and partly Yunnan. This also includes a year-round resort, Hainan Island. The local relief is made up of hills and small mountains.
Climate and weather
The climate of the country is not uniform. It is affected by geographic location. China is located in three climatic zones. Therefore, the weather in different parts countries are different.
Northern and western China are located in the temperate continental climate zone. The average temperature here in winter is -7°C, although it sometimes drops to -20°C. In summer, the temperature is at the level of +22°C. Strong dry winds are typical for winter and autumn.
Central China lies in the subtropical climate zone. In winter, the air temperature ranges from 0 to -5°C. In summer it stays at +20°C.
Southern China and the islands have a tropical monsoonal climate. There, the temperature in winter ranges from +6 to +15°C, and in summer it rises above +25°C. This part of the country is characterized by powerful typhoons. They occur in winter and autumn.
Annual precipitation decreases from south and east to north and west - from about 2000 mm to 50 mm.
Population
According to 2014 data, 1.36 billion people live in the state. The large country of China is home to 20% of the world's inhabitants.
The state is on the verge of a demographic resettlement crisis. Therefore, the government is struggling with a high birth rate. His goal is one child per family. But the demographic policy is conducted flexibly. Thus, it is allowed to give birth to a second child to ethnic minorities, as well as to families living in rural areas, if the first child is a girl or has physical disabilities.
Part of the population opposes such a policy. She is especially dissatisfied in rural areas. After all, there is a higher need for birth a large number boys as the future workforce.
But population growth is projected to rise despite this. It is estimated that 1.5 billion people will live in China by 2030.
Population density
The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. This is due to the difference geographical conditions. The average population density is 138 people per square kilometer. This indicator looks quite acceptable. He's not talking about overpopulation. After all, the same figure is typical for some European countries.
But the average figure does not reflect the real situation. There are areas in the country where almost no one lives, and Macau has 21,000 people per square kilometer.
Half of the country is practically uninhabited. The Chinese live in river basins, on fertile plains. And in the highlands of Tibet, in the deserts of the Gobi and Takla Makan, there are almost no settlements.
National composition and language of the population
The country is inhabited by different ethnic groups. Most of the population consider themselves Han Chinese. But besides them, 55 nationalities are distinguished in China. The largest nations are the Zhuangs, Manchus, Tibetans, the smallest are the Loba.
Dialects in different parts of the country are also different. The difference between them is so great that the inhabitant of the south of China will not understand the inhabitant of the north. But the country has National language putungha. Residents of China moving from region to region are required to own it in order to avoid problems in communication.
Also in the country is widespread Mandarin, or Beijing, dialect. It can be considered an alternative to putunkhe. After all, 70% of the population speaks Mandarin.
Religion and beliefs of the population
Since the middle of the 20th century in China, as in a communist state, adherence to religious beliefs and beliefs was not welcomed. Atheism was the official ideology.
But since 1982 there has been a change in this matter. The right to freedom of religion was included in the constitution. The most common religions here are Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. But Christianity, Islam, Judaism are also popular.
Largest cities
Not much in China big cities. The population of this country is not urbanized. But where the construction of the city begins, it grows to the size of a huge metropolis, uniting a large number of residential, business, commercial, industrial and agricultural zones. For example, Chongqing. It is the largest representative of such megacities. According to information for 2014, 29 million people live in it. Its area is almost equal to the area of Austria and is 82,400 square kilometers.
Others major cities The countries are Shanghai, Tianjin, Harbin, Guangzhou and of course Beijing, the capital of China.
Beijing
The Chinese call Beijing Beijing. It means Northern Capital. urban layout has a strict geometry. Streets are oriented to parts of the world.
Beijing is the capital of China and one of the most interesting cities in the country. Its heart is Tiananmen Square. Translated, this word means "gate of heavenly tranquility." The main building on the square is the mausoleum of Mao Zedong.
An important attraction of the city is forbidden city. They call him Gugong. It is a beautiful and ancient palace ensemble.
No less interesting are Yiheyuan and Yuanminyuan. These are garden and palace complexes. They surprisingly combine miniature rivers, graceful bridges, waterfalls, residential buildings. There is a wonderful harmony and a feeling of unity between man and nature.
There are many temples of such religious trends as Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism in the capital. One of them is the most interesting. This is Tian Tan Temple of Heaven. It is the only round-shaped religious building in the city. It has a unique wall. If you utter a word near it, even in the quietest whisper, it will spread along its entire length.
Yonghegun Temple of Eternal Peace is also notable. It's lamaist religious building. It houses a Buddha statue carved from a single trunk of sandalwood. Its length is 23 meters.
There are many museums in Beijing. Of particular note is the National Art Gallery. It houses a large collection of Chinese paintings. No less interesting is the Museum of National History, where you can trace the entire path of China's development.
The attraction is Wangfujing Street. This favorite place for walks, both among tourists and the local population. The history of the street began over 700 years ago. Now it has been reconstructed. The street is in the area shopping center. It harmoniously combines ancient and modern cultures.
Not far from Beijing begins the Great Wall of China. Most people associate the country with it. This is a grand building. It stretches for 67,000 km. The construction of the wall lasted over 2000 years.
CHINA, People's Republic of China (PRC), a state in Central and East Asia, includes China proper (18 historical provinces of the Chinese Empire), Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Northeast (Manchuria) and Tibet. Taiwan Province, which is controlled by the People's Republic of China, considered separately by the PRC, covers an area of 9561 thousand square meters. km (without Taiwan).
Within China, three major orographic regions are distinguished: in the southwest, the Tibetan Plateau with a height of more than 2000 m above sea level; to the north of it there is a belt of mountains and high plains, located in the altitude range from 200 to 2000 m above sea level, and in the northeast, east and south of the country - low accumulative plains (below 200 m above sea level) and low mountains.
The Tibetan Plateau occupies more than a quarter of China's territory and includes the Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and the western part of Sichuan Province. The western and central parts of the highlands, located above 4000 m, are rightly called the "roof of the world." Numerous ridges crossing Tibet have a latitudinal strike and rise to altitudes of 5500–7600 m. The ridges are separated by wide valleys, cold and mostly uninhabited. The highlands are framed by even higher mountain ranges: from the south - the Himalayas with the highest peak Chomolungma (Everest, 8848 m), in the northwest - the Karakoram and Pamir mountains, in the north - the majestic Kunlun, Altyntag and Qilyanshan mountain ranges, which abruptly break off in the northern direction.
In the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, between the Kunlun mountains in the south and the Altyntag and Qilianshan ranges in the north, at altitudes of 2700–3000 m above sea level. the Tsaidam depression is located. The western part of the basin is occupied by the desert, and in its central part there are extensive swamps and salt lakes. The mostly nomadic population of this area has been breeding horses for many centuries. The discovery of oil, coal and iron ore deposits in this basin and the development of rich salt deposits contributed to the development of local industry.
The northern and western regions of Tibet and the Tsaidam Basin are basins of internal runoff. There are hundreds of endorheic salt lakes, into which small rivers flow. On the northern slope of the Himalayas, the Brahmaputra River originates (in China it is called Matsang, and then Zangbo) and flows east for 970 km, and then, cutting through mountain ranges, turns south and enters the plains of North India. The Brahmaputra and its tributaries flow in deep sheltered valleys, contributing to the concentration of the settled population in cities such as Lhasa, Gyangtse and Shigatse. Three of the the greatest rivers world - Yangtze, Mekong and Salween. In this area, the huge ridges that cross the Tibet Plateau curve in a southeasterly and then southerly direction and usually exceed 3000 m, with some peaks reaching higher elevations. For example, the peak of Guangshashan (Minyak-Gankar) in the Daxueshan Mountains in the west of Sichuan Province rises to 7556 m.
The belt of highlands and depressions adjoins the Tibetan Plateau in the north, northeast and east and has a range of altitudes from 200 to 2000 m. the nature of the relief.
In Xinjiang, located north of the Kunlun Mountains, there are two large depressions of internal flow - the Tarim and the Dzhungar. The Tarim Basin extends from Kashgar in the west to Khami (Kumul) in the east and has absolute heights from 610 m in the central part to 1525 m along the periphery. The depression is framed by the Kunlun and Altyntag mountains from the south, the Pamirs in the west and the Tien Shan in the north. All these mountains have heights of more than 6100 m. From the east, the Tarim Basin is limited by less impressive mountain ranges with individual peaks exceeding 4300 m. One of the driest and most inaccessible deserts in the world, Takla Makan, is confined to its central part. The Tarim River and its tributaries, which originate in the mountains and are fed by glaciers, are lost in the sands of this desert or flow into the Lop Nor salt lake (in this region the PRC conducts its nuclear tests). North of the lake Lop Nor is the lowest land surface in East Asia - the Turfan depression with a length of approx. 100 km latitudinally and approx. 50 km - in the meridional. Its most subsided part has an absolute mark of -154 m. The region of the Turfan depression is characterized by huge annual temperature ranges: from 52° C in summer to -18° C in winter. Precipitation is rare.
To the north of the Tien Shan is the Dzungarian depression, bounded from the northwest by a number of ridges, the highest of which is the Dzungarian Alatau, and from the northeast - Altai. The surface of the Dzhungar depression is about 600 m lower than the Tarim one, and the climate is not so arid. Nevertheless, large areas here are occupied by semi-deserts and steppes, where nomads live. In the north-west of Dzungaria, near Karamay, there is a large oil deposit, and in the south in the Urumqi region - a deposit of coal and iron ores.
China statistics
(as of 2012)
The Tarim depression is drainless, and the Dzhungar depression is drained by the Ili and Irtysh rivers, the flow of which is directed to the west, to the plains of Kazakhstan. Along the periphery of the Tarim Basin, on the loess foothill plains in the river valleys flowing down from the mountains, a ring of oases was formed. Through the cities located in these oases, already approx. 2000 years ago, the Great Silk Road ran, linking China with the Roman Empire.
Inner Mongolia occupies the Chinese part of the vast Mongolian depression with the Gobi desert in the center. In China, the depression extends in a large arc east of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the border with Russia. From the south and east, Inner Mongolia is framed by the Qilianshan (Richthofen), Helanshan (Alashan), Yinshan and Greater Khingan ranges, which have relatively low altitudes (900–1800 m). The heights of most of Inner Mongolia are 900–1500 m above sea level. The landscapes are dominated by dry steppes and semi-deserts. In the western part are the Alashan and Gobi deserts. A few short rivers, originating in the southern mountainous frame, flow north and are lost in the Gobi desert in Mongolia.
The highlands, midlands, and lowlands of China proper occupy a large part of the country's territory south of Inner Mongolia and east of the Tibetan Plateau. In the south, they form a system of ridges and extend to the east coast. This elevated area is subdivided into several large areas, including the Ordos Plateau, the Shaanxi-Shanxi Plateau, the Qinling Mountains, the Sichuan Basin, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and the Nanling Mountains. All of them are located in the altitude range from 200 to 2000 m.
The Qinling Mountains are a system of ranges that cross central China from southern Gansu in the west to Anhui in the east. The mountain ranges are the border of the two main drainage basins of the country - the Yellow River and the Yangtze, and sharply delimit China proper into northern and southern parts, differing in geological structure, climatic and soil features, the nature of natural vegetation and a set of major agricultural crops.
The Shaanxi-Shanxi Plateau, located north of the Qinling Mountains and south of the Ordos Plateau, extends from the Tibetan Plateau in the west to the lowlands of the North China Plain in the east. Distinctive feature The plateau is a loess cover up to 75 m thick, largely masking the original relief. The steep slopes of the hills are artificially terraced in many places, the soils formed on the loess are fertile and easily cultivated. At the same time, loess is subject to water erosion, as a result of which this area is deeply indented by a network of ravines.
To the north of the Loess plateau at altitudes of more than 1500 m above sea level. the Ordos plateau is located, characterized by desert landscapes. Sand dunes are widespread in its northwestern and southeastern parts, and the central part is replete with small salt lakes. The Ordos Desert is separated from the cultivated loess lands by the Great Wall of China.
The Sichuan Basin (or "Red Basin") lies south of the Qinling Mountains, immediately east of the ranges of the eastern framing of the Tibetan Plateau - Daxueshan and Qionglaishan, forming a steep high chain, many of whose peaks exceed 5200 m. These ranges, together with the Minshan and Dabashan mountains in the north and the plateau of Guizhou Province in the south frame the basin, the bottom of which drops from 900 m in the north to 450 m in the south. The soils of this region are very fertile. This is one of the most dense populated areas China. The Sichuan Basin is predominantly composed of ancient red sandstones, which cover large but deep Jurassic coal-bearing deposits. Large surface coal deposits are located along the northern, southern and southeastern edges of the basin. Clays and oil-bearing limestones are also widespread. Surrounded by high mountains, Sichuan has a reputation for being difficult to access.
The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which is a much lower (average altitude 1800–2100 m above sea level) continuation of the Tibetan Plateau, is located south and southeast of the Sichuan depression. Western part This area is crossed by narrow (only up to 500 m), but deeply incised (in some places up to 1500 m) valleys of the Salween and Mekong rivers, which present serious obstacles to movement. This heavily dissected territory has long served as a barrier between China, India and Burma. In the east, in Guizhou province, the nature of the relief is changing. In places, the surface height drops to 900 m or less, the slopes become less steep, and the valleys widen.
The Nanling Mountains ("Southern Ranges") stretch from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west to the Wuyi Mountains in the southeastern coastal provinces of Fujian and Zhejiang. This wide belt of low mountains, separating the basins of the Yangtze River in the north and the Xijiang ("Western") River in the south, is rich in minerals. Among them are numerous deposits of tungsten, antimony, lead, zinc and copper.
Low-lying accumulative plains. Only ok. 10% of China's territory is located at altitudes less than 200 m above sea level, but it is there that most of the country's population is concentrated. There are five main lowland areas: the North China Plain, the Great Plain of China, the valley of the Huaihe River, the basin of the middle reaches and the delta of the Yangtze River, the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain and the basin of the Xijiang River. The North China Plain, the valley of the Huaihe River and the Yangtze Delta merge near the sea coast, forming a single strip of plains stretching from Beijing in the north to Shanghai in the south, interrupted only by highlands in Shandong Province. In the depths of the mainland, the depression, to which the middle course of the Yangtze River is confined, is separated from this vast plain by the Dabeshan Mountains (the eastern continuation of the Qinling mountain system). In the north, a narrow coastal strip connects the North China Plain with the Northeast. The Xijiang river basin is located to the south of the Yangtze river basin and is separated from it by the Nanling and Wuyishan mountains. Each large low-lying plain is composed of sediments from one or more rivers.
Water resources - Yellow River and North China Plain. The Yellow River (translated as "yellow"), 5163 km long, originates in the Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai Province). Rushing eastward in a stormy stream, it makes its way down the plateau through the Liujiaxia Gorge and further through the highlands of Gansu Province. Near Lanzhou begins the "great northern bend" of the Yellow River Valley, 2400 km long, which from the north goes around the Mu-Us desert on the outskirts of the Ordos plateau, and then sharply turns south, crossing the central Loess region and forming the border between the provinces of Shanxi and Shaanxi. In this section, the river carries a huge amount of silt, especially in summer, when it is at its fullest. Due to the large amount of solid runoff on the plains located downstream, floods are frequent, and the Yellow River itself is nicknamed "the grief of China."
Having reached the Qinling Mountains, where the Weihe River flows into it from the west, the Yellow River turns sharply to the east, passes through the Sanmenxia (“Three Gate Gorge”) and enters the North China Plain. At the exit from this gorge, the river is at an absolute mark of only approx. 180 m, while the distance to the place of its confluence with the Bohai Bay is 970 km. Here, on a smoothly lowering section of the valley, the river loses speed. As a result, for millennia, the Huang He regularly overflowed, depositing sediment and gradually expanding and building up the accumulative plain. When ok. 3000 years ago, the Chinese civilization was born in this territory for the first time, people tried to regulate the flow regime with the help of dams. However, at the same time, the probability of destructive floods increased due to the fact that the area of sediment accumulation was limited to the riverbed. As the layer of silt grew, higher and higher dams had to be built until the river and ramparts were above the level of the surrounding plain. When the dam breaks, which often happens at the peak of summer floods, the river overflows the plain, flooding vast areas and destroying crops. Since the waters of the river cannot return to the elevated channel, the Yellow River often changes its course. From 1048 to 1324, it flowed into the Bohaiwan Bay north of the Shandong Peninsula. In 1324, it joined the Huai River, and their waters flowed into the Yellow Sea south of the peninsula, and in 1851, the Huang He again began to flow into the Bohai Bay. In 1938, the right-bank dams were destroyed by order of Chiang Kai-shek in order to prevent the advance of the Japanese army. In 1947, as part of a UN project, the river was returned to its former course and now flows back into the Bohai Bay. On its way through the North China Plain, the Yellow River does not receive large tributaries. The Grand Canal connects it with the Yangtze River and the major seaports of Tianjin and Shanghai. The total length of this canal is 1782 km.
In 1955, the Chinese government began to implement the so-called. a "step plan" for regulating the Yellow River, including the construction of four large and 42 auxiliary dams on the main river and its tributaries. After the construction of the most important dam in the Sanmenxia Gorge, a reservoir with an area of 2350 square meters was formed. km, length approx. 300 km and a volume of more than 35 km3. This hydraulic structure counteracts the most powerful floods, and is also designed to generate electricity, irrigate land and improve navigation. Large-scale programs are complemented by numerous local projects involving the construction of thousands of small dams on the tributaries of the Yellow River and small rivers, terracing of the slopes of loess hills to prevent erosion, and afforestation of large areas.
The Huaihe River and its basin. Immediately south of the lower reaches of the Yellow River is the smaller but important river system of the Huai River, separated from the Yellow River basin and the North China Plain by a barely visible divide that stretches from Kaifeng to Xuzhou, and by a slightly more pronounced upland on the Shandong Peninsula, from Xuzhou to the Yellow Sea. The length of the Huaihe river is only approx. 1090 km, however, unlike the Yellow River, it has many tributaries, mostly left, flowing from the northwest to the southeast. The river and its tributaries drain an area of 174 thousand square meters abounding in lakes. km, covering the southern and eastern parts of Henan Province, the entire Anhui Province and the northern part of Jiangsu Province. The Huaihe River flows into the large Hongzehu Lake, from which its waters are carried out in the form of natural rivers and through recently constructed canals into the Yellow Sea. The alluvial soils in the Huai River basin are very fertile, but the river itself has always been subject to powerful floods, so work on regulating the flow regime in its basin was of paramount importance. Ten dams have been built in the upper reaches of the main river and its tributaries. As a result, reservoirs were formed (the largest are Meishanshuiku and Fozilingshuiku in Anhui Province). Dams with a total length of hundreds of kilometers were built and reinforced, and complex irrigation activities were carried out.
Yangtze River and adjacent plains. The length of the Yangtze River is more than 5600 km. The river originates from glaciers in the central part of the Tibetan plateau, flows south, forming deep gorges in the eastern part of the plateau, and, having reached the highlands of Yunnan province, turns sharply to the east. In this turbulent stretch, the river is called Jinshajiang ("Golden Sand River"). Near the city of Yibin, the river enters the Sichuan basin and flows at the foot of the mountains of its southern frame. Here it receives four large tributaries - Minjiang, Tojiang, Fujian and Jialingjiang, which cross the basin from north to south and give it the name Sichuan ("Four Rivers"). In the middle reaches of the Minjiang River, near Chengdu, there is still a complex system for regulating the flow of water, created by the engineer Li Ping in the era of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC).
The Yangtze River makes its way from the Sichuan basin through several picturesque gorges located between Fengjie and Yichang. This section of the river is difficult and dangerous. In summer, the speed of the current in places can reach 16 km / h. Passing Yichang, the river passes through a series of basins (plains), which are often collectively called the middle course of the Yangtze River. The first of these is the territory abounding in lakes within the provinces of Hunan and Hubei. Its northern part is crossed by the Hanshui River, which originates in the Qinling Mountains, flows in a wide valley in a southeasterly direction and flows into the Yangtze near Hankou (“the mouth of the Han River”), one of the cities of the Wuhan agglomeration. In the south, the Hunan basin is drained by the Xiangjiang, which originates in the Nanling Mountains and flows into large lake Dongtinghu, which has a drain in the Yangtze River. Within this basin, the Yangtze is gaining full strength. While in the Chongqing region (Sichuan Province) the width of the river is only 275 m, in the vicinity of Wuhan its channel widens and reaches 1.6 km. The difference between low water and high water is estimated at about 12 m. In winter, vessels with a draft exceeding 2 m must move with caution, while in summer ocean-going vessels with a displacement of 15 thousand tons can reach Wuhan.
Below Wuhan, before entering the next basin, the river channel narrows somewhat. This basin, located almost entirely to the south of the Yangtze, belongs mainly to the drainage basin of the Ganjiang River, which, before flowing into the Yangtze, carries its waters through the large Poyang Lake. Lakes Poyanghu and Dongtinghu serve as large reservoirs on large tributaries of the Yangtze, regulating the flow of water in the summer, when the rivers are at their fullest.
The third basin, to which the middle course of the Yangtze River is confined, occupies the central and southern parts of Anhui Province. Approximately halfway between Wuhu and Nanjing, this plain merges with the vast delta plain of the Yangtze.
Floodplain soils in the basin of the middle reaches of the Yangtze, composed mainly of red-colored alluvium brought from the Sichuan basin, as well as sediments of the Hanshui, Xiangjiang and Ganjiang rivers, are very fertile. Hunan Province is one of the most important rice growing regions in China. Although the Yangtze carries a lot of silt sediments, the high speed of the current contributes to the removal of most of them into the sea, as a result of which the Yangtze does not experience such destructive floods as the Yellow River, and its banks are less dammed. However, floods occur during the summer when Tibet experiences particularly heavy snowmelt or unusually heavy rainfall. So, in 1931, an area of approx. 91 thousand sq. km. In order to prevent the recurrence of such floods, two reservoirs were built, the capacity of which complements the natural lake reservoirs of Poyanghu and Dongtinghu. The reservoir near Shashi (to the north of Dongting Lake) was built in 1954 almost exclusively by hand in 75 days. Its area is 920 sq. km, capacity - 5.4 km3. A slightly smaller reservoir is located near the city of Wuhan.
The Yangtze Delta begins about 50 km from Nanjing, upstream of the river. This completely flat surface, located slightly above sea level, is composed of silty deposits. It is steadily and rapidly advancing towards the sea, as well as in a southerly direction, into the Hangzhou Bay. The groundwater table of the low plain is located very close to the surface. This plain is crossed by countless drainage and irrigation canals, which are also used as communication routes. Trees, mostly mulberries, have been planted along the canals, serving as a base for local sericulture. The delta is replete with lakes, of which the largest is Taihu ("Great Lake"). The delta region is very densely populated. By 1968, three bridges had been erected across the Yangtze in the section from the western border of Sichuan Province to the sea. The largest, 6.7 km long, in Nanjing, has two levels - with a double-track railway and a four-lane road. In 1956 big bridge was erected in Wuhan, a somewhat smaller one in Chongqing. At the mouth of the river is the large port city of Shanghai. This is not only the main point of concentration and redistribution of all manufactured goods of the vast Yangtze basin, but also the largest center of heavy and light industry in China.
Valley of the Xijiang ("Western") River. The drainage basin of the Xijiang River, separated from the Yangtze River basin by the Nanling Mountains, is located mainly in the tropics. The sources of the river are in the Nanling Mountains and the Yunnan-Guizhou Highlands. Then Xijiang crosses an area characterized by a variety of karst landforms, the so-called. remnant tower karst. The Xijiang River with a total length of 2655 km in the upper and middle reaches has a narrow valley sandwiched between the mountains, and only below Wuzhou, where it forms a common delta with the Beijiang and Dongjiang rivers within the alluvial plain, its course becomes calm. Below the city of Xinan (Sanshui), where the Xijiang merges with the Beijiang River, it divides into many branches, mostly man-made. The soils of this delta region are very fertile, there is a high population density.
The Leizhou Bandao Peninsula and Hainan Island are located in the extreme south of the country. Hainan Island with an area of 34 thousand square meters. km is divided into two parts: the northern - a wide coastal plain and the southern - mountainous terrain. The plain is densely populated, predominantly by the Chinese. The Miao and Lu peoples live in the mountains, the population density there is low.
The Northeast Plain (Manchuria) includes the basins of the Liaohe River in the south and the Songhua River (Chinese Songhuangjiang) in the north, separated by ridges of low ridges. The Liaohe River originates in the Liaoxi Mountains and flows into the Liaodong Bay of the Yellow Sea. A significant part of its lower course passes within the Songliao Plain, where it is navigable. In the lower reaches are fertile lands used in agriculture. In the southeast, the Northeast Plain is bounded by the Yalu River (Amnokkan).
The Songhua River with its tributaries Nenjiang and Lalinhe crosses the Northeast Plain in the north and flows into the Amur (Chinese: Heilongjiang), along which the northern border of China with Russia runs. The Ussuri River (Chinese Usulijiang) is the eastern border of China with Russia. These rivers are important routes of communication during the summer months, but are ice-bound in winter. The Amur opens up later than the Sungari, which is why vast wetlands are formed at the place of their confluence.
Coastline. China's coastline is approx. 8000 km. It is divided into four main sectors. The northernmost part of the coast within the Bohaiwan and Liaodong bays is slightly indented. A huge amount of silt is brought here from the Shanxi plateau by the Yellow River and other less full-flowing rivers. The sea is shallow here, the coastline is annually pushed towards the sea, and there are few good natural harbors. To prevent silting of the outport of Tianjin - Tanggu in Bohai Bay, dredging is constantly carried out. Yingkou Port in Liaodong Bay freezes in the middle of winter.
The coasts of the Shandong and Liaodong peninsulas, composed of shales and gneisses and separated by an underwater hollow, are characterized by dissected, in some places steep shores. There are numerous natural harbors here. The most important port - Qingdao is located on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula. Due to frequent fogs and dust storms, navigation off the northern coast of China is difficult.
From the southern part of the Shandong Peninsula to the Hangzhou Bay, the coast becomes flattened again as a result of the accumulation of silt deposits carried by the Huang He and Yangtze rivers. These sediments move to the south by the cold East China Current and fill the Hangzhou Bay and adjacent parts of the water area around the Zhoushanquandao archipelago. There are no natural harbors here. Wusong, an outpost of Shanghai, is kept navigable only by constant dredging.
Throughout the southeastern and southern sections of the coast from the Hangzhou Bay to the Vietnamese border in the Gulf of Tonkin, mountains approach the sea directly. Due to tectonic subsidence, the banks are uneven, deeply indented, the so-called. rias type. It has many convenient natural harbors, including ports such as Ningbo, Wenzhou, Xiamen (Amoi), Shantou (Swatow) and Hong Kong.
Population of China
China ranks first in the world in terms of population. The first census was conducted on July 30, 1935 and determined the number of inhabitants at 601 million 938 thousand, of which 574 million 505.9 thousand were the population directly subjected to the census, this included emigrants, students abroad, as well as residents islands of Taiwan. The absence in the country of not only regular censuses, but even current records does not make it possible to get a true idea of the magnitude of the natural increase in the population, which was hardly significant, since along with a high birth rate, there was also a high death rate. But at the same time, by 1957, about 656 million people lived in China, which amounted to 1/4 of the entire population of the globe. And in 1986 the number of inhabitants reached 1060 million people, and according to the 1990 census - already 1 billion 134 million. Human. It is no coincidence that for two millennia China has been the most numerous country in the world, which leaves its mark on all aspects of society, and, above all, is reflected in the specifics of the ongoing demographic policy. According to the Chinese constitution, planned childbearing must be carried out in the country. It is forbidden to marry students, one family must have no more than one child, and the birth of a second or third child already requires permission from a special committee on planned childbearing. Despite the implementation of such a tough demographic policy, the population of China, according to experts, by the year 2000 will exceed 1.3 billion people.
In the PRC, as in any socialist country, the land, its subsoil and industrial enterprises belong to the people, and only a small part in relation to state property is in the hands of private owners, therefore in China there are no large owners, and the main classes are peasants, workers , merchants and intellectuals.
The ethnic composition of China has about 50 nationalities. The overwhelming majority of the population of China are Chinese (Han). In addition, representatives of the following national and ethnic groups live in the country: Zhuang, Uighurs, Huizu, Tibetans, Miao, Manchus, Mongols, Bui, Koreans, Tutszya, Dong, Yao, Bai, Hani, Tai, Li, Lisu, She , lahu, wa, shui, dongxiang, na - si, tu, kyrgyz, jingno, mulao, clogs, salars, bulans, gelao, maoan, pumi, well, aian, benlurs, yugurs, baoan, orogons, gaoshan, hechje, menba , Loba, Tatars, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Russians. The entire multinational population of China belongs to three language families and inhabits more than 1/2 of the entire territory of the country.
To date, there are more than 800 million working-age people in China, of which 2/5 are young people. 51.182% - men and 48.18% - women. Like for many national countries significant contrasts in settlement are very characteristic of China. The population is unevenly distributed throughout the country: to the east of the conditional line passing from the city of Heiheng to the city of Tengchong on Yunnan, about 90% of the total population is concentrated on an area of slightly more than 1/3 of the country's territory, and the average density here exceeds 170 people. km2. The rest of the larger western part of the country accounts for only a few people per square kilometer. Particularly densely populated are the plains along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the low-lying strip of the Southeast coast, where in some places the population density reaches 600-800 people / km2. In addition, there are more than 30 cities in China with a population of more than 1 million people, including: Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Harbin, Cang-shing, Tatuan, Luida, Slan, Chengdu, Qingdao.
Source - Internet sites
China is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent. The territory of China is 9.6 million square meters. km. This is the most big country in Asia. Among the countries of the whole world, China is second in area only to Russia and Canada.
East to West China's territory extends to 5500 km. The westernmost point (73º40′ E) lies in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR). The extreme eastern point (135º5′ E) is located at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri. The northern tip of the country (53º31′ N) is also located on the Amur near the city of Mohe. The southern point (4º15′ N) is Cape Zengmuansha at the southern end of the Nansha archipelago. Distance between the southern and northern points - 5200 km. The length of the land border of the country is 22.8 thousand km.
China borders on land with 14 countries: with Korea in the northeast, with Russia and Mongolia - in the north, with Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and India - in the southwest, with Burma, Laos and Vietnam - in the south. In the east and southeast, China has maritime borders with Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.
The relief of the country is extremely diverse. Mountainous regions make up 2/3 of the entire territory of China. The PRC is located within the fragmented Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger sites. The eastern part is mostly low-lying, while the western part is elevated and mountainous. The territory of China resembles a four-step staircase descending from west to east. In the West are Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau(the highest in the world average height is about 4500 m). In North-west- high plains and mountains Eastern Tien Shan, central part is loess plateau, Further to the East the lowlands stretched out Great Plain of China. Low chains stretch in northeast China Manchurian-Korean mountains and Khingan, A on South- mountains Nanling and Yunnan-Guizhou Highlands. rocky Takla Makan and Gobi deserts occupy vast areas in the north and west of the country, and subtropical forests - southeast China.
The coast of mainland China in the east and south is washed by the waters of the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas belonging to the Pacific Ocean. The total length of China's coastline is 32,000 km, including the length of the continental coastline is 18 thousand km. In China, there are many bays and convenient harbors, although for the most part they are shallow. In China there are 6961 islands, of which 433 are inhabited. Of these, Taiwan and Hainan are the largest. China's easternmost islands are Diaoyu and Chiweiyu, located northeast of Taiwan. To the south are the Spartly Islands.
The geographical position of China is quite advantageous. The coastal position contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations. The country has sea access from the hinterland through the Yangtze River. Sea vessels rise up the Yangtze for more than 1000 km. The water resources of the PRC are large; the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is best provided with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. China ranks first in the world in terms of potential hydropower resources, but their use is still very small.
China is located in three climatic zones. Northern and Western China located in the temperate continental climate zone. The average temperature in winter is -7°C, in summer +22°C. Strong dry winds are typical for winter and autumn. Central China lies in the subtropical climate zone. The temperature in winter is from 0 to -5°C, in summer +20°C. South China and the islands are located in a tropical monsoonal climate. Temperature in winter from +6 to +15°C, in summer +25°C. This part of the country is characterized by powerful typhoons.
More about the geographical position of China
This I know
1. Describe the geographical position of China.
China is located in East Asia. From the east it is washed by the waters of the western seas of the Pacific Ocean. In the northeast, China borders with the DPRK and Russia, in the north - with Mongolia, in the northwest - with Russia and Kazakhstan, in the west - with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, in the southwest - with Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan , in the south - with Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam. The benefits of such a geographical location are a wide outlet to the Asia-Pacific region, which is now rapidly developing. The high mountainous relief of Western China makes it difficult to contact with its western neighbors.
2. What is China's place in the world today?
Today's China is largest state peace. It ranks first in terms of population, second in terms of the cost of products and services, and third in area. Almost all types of industrial products are produced in China. Modern China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Every 7-8 years the country doubles the production of goods and services. China is able to fully provide its population with everything necessary. In addition, it is China that dresses and shoes half the world.
3. Tell us about the activities and lifestyle of the Chinese.
94% of the country's population are Chinese. Distinctive features of the Chinese are diligence, organization, diligence, a special sense of the unity of man and nature. Most of the inhabitants live in rural areas, but the number of city dwellers is growing. China has the largest labor force in the world. The number of people employed in the economy is almost 50%. Their predominant part (74%) is in rural areas.
4. Compare the maps in figures 206 and 207. Make a conclusion about the relationship between population density and land use in agriculture. Name the crops that are grown: a) in the South-East; b) in the Northeast.
Population density is directly related to natural conditions. Since ancient times, people have inhabited the most suitable areas for agriculture. Therefore, areas of highest population density and agricultural areas coincide.
a) irrigated rice, tea and other heat-loving crops are grown in the Southeast;
b) barley, wheat, sugar beets are grown in the Northeast.
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5. Fill in the table
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6. Imagine that you are traveling in China. Write a letter to a friend about your experience. Reveal in a letter the features of nature, life, life, economic activity the population of the country.
China is amazing country a must visit. The nature of China is diverse. There is a holiday for every taste: for lovers of landscapes, skiing, beach holidays, connoisseurs of architecture.
The people of China tend to respect knowledge, scholarship, and books. Chinese people greet each other with a handshake. Entrepreneurs should have business cards with them, the text on which should be printed in Chinese (preferably in gold ink) and English(just not red). The Chinese are extremely economical, trying to quickly accumulate capital.
In China, people dress quite normally, so don't bring anything special and extravagant with you. For formal occasions, bring a jacket and tie, a suit or formal dress. It is best to use small but capacious suitcases or bags on wheels. Prepare to change quite often, the weather in China is changeable.
Traveling around Beijing with a cycle rickshaw is an unforgettable experience. Although the cycle rickshaws that are on duty at the hotels waiting for customers often ask for a rather high price, it is definitely worth a ride.
Tipping is not customary, but the maid or porter at the hotel will not refuse 1-2 yuan.
The Chinese have never considered honesty a virtue, but in relation to foreigners, cunning and deceit are traditional. Deception of a foreigner is considered a sign of great intelligence. Therefore, tourists are advised to bargain furiously and check the change against the light, as the money is often counterfeit.
7. Do you have Chinese goods in your house? What can you say about their quality, price? Which of the Chinese goods would you advise to buy?
Today, Chinese goods are in every home. Most Chinese goods are consumer goods and not very High Quality. Today, absolutely everything and absolutely any quality is produced in China. This situation has arisen for one simple reason: cheap labor, low environmental standards. That is why there is a huge number of factories and enterprises in China, the number of which is in the tens of millions. The Chinese produce absolutely EVERYTHING: from food and socks to equipment for metalworking and heavy engineering. But many do not believe this, thinking that the Chinese are only capable of producing cheap consumer goods, plastic products and dangerous toys that our children break on the first day.
Today, however, many products of high and very high quality are produced in China. This is an iPhone and Apple products. Perhaps many of you are not at all surprised by the technologies that exist today, but, in fact, this is a real miracle. China is a supplier of metal profiles, from which, attention!, high-speed trains are made at European (including Bombardier) and Russian enterprises. China independently produces for itself all cars, ABSOLUTELY ANY BRANDS and they are all of excellent quality. I would say that they produce for themselves even better than we do for ourselves. You can understand this if you drive such a car at least once: they are all packed full of electronics. They simply don’t have such naked configurations as we have.
But the current situation is such that Russia is a place for the sale of low-quality rubbish. Because there are still a lot of Russian people chasing a low price, often neglecting quality. But on the other hand, the Chinese produce a lot of things and little things for us, the quality of which is not so important to us: some household items, plastic products, and so on.
Therefore, it is difficult to deny, but we simply need many Chinese goods and are not ready to buy similar things from other producing countries, which will cost us an order of magnitude more and will last much longer. Even when buying another obviously low-quality item, many are attracted by the price of the product, and we know that we can buy another one of the same without any problems, because it is very inexpensive.
8. Currently China by volume industrial production is among the world leaders. However, most of its population still has a low standard of living. Try to explain this fact.
Various sources claim that the well-being of the Chinese is growing and the indicators of the average wage confirm this. However, if we talk about ordinary workers in factories and factories, and even more so about rural residents, then their incomes are meager. This is due to the large labor market in China. The presence of a huge number of labor resources makes them cheap.
China, despite the rapid pace of development, still cannot provide a decent standard of living for all the inhabitants of the country precisely because of their number.