Famous heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! Heroes of the past
Museums section publications
Generals of 1812 and their lovely wives
On the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, we recall the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, look at their portraits from the Hermitage Military Gallery, and also study what beautiful ladies were their life companions. Sofia Bagdasarova reports.
Kutuzovs
Unknown artist. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov in his youth. 1777
George Doe. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.1829. State Hermitage
Unknown artist. Ekaterina Ilyinichna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. 1777. GIM
The great commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is painted in full length in Dow's portrait from the Military Gallery. There are few such large canvases in the hall - Emperor Alexander I, his brother Constantine, the Austrian emperor and the Prussian king were awarded such an honor, and only Barclay de Tolly and the British Lord Wellington were among the commanders.
Kutuzov's wife's name was Ekaterina Ilyinichna, nee Bibikova. In paired portraits commissioned in 1777 in honor of the wedding, Kutuzov is hardly recognizable - he is young, he has both eyes. The bride is powdered and rouged in the fashion of the 18th century. AT family life the spouses adhered to the mores of the same frivolous century: Kutuzov drove women of dubious behavior in the convoy, his wife had fun in the capital. This did not prevent them from tenderly loving each other and their five daughters.
Bagrations
George Doe (workshop). Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage
Jean Guerin. Wounding of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration in the Battle of Borodino. 1816
Jean-Baptiste Isabey. Ekaterina Pavlovna Bagration. 1810s Army Museum, Paris
The famous military leader Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was seriously wounded on the Borodino field: the cannonball crushed his leg. He was taken out of the battle in his arms, but the doctors did not help - after 17 days he died. When, in 1819, the English painter George Dow undertook a huge commission - the creation of the Military Gallery, the appearance fallen heroes, including Bagration, he had to recreate the works of other masters. In this case, engravings and pencil portraits came in handy.
In family life, Bagration was unhappy. Emperor Pavel, wishing him only the best, in 1800 married him to the beautiful, heiress of the Potemkin millions, Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The frivolous blonde left her husband and left for Europe, where she walked in translucent muslin, indecently fitting her figure, spent huge sums and shone in the light. Among her lovers was the Austrian Chancellor Metternich, to whom she gave birth to a daughter. The death of her husband did not affect her lifestyle.
Raevsky
George Doe. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage
Nikolay Samokish-Sudkovsky. The feat of Raevsky's soldiers near Saltanovka. 1912
Vladimir Borovikovsky. Sofia Alekseevna Raevskaya. 1813. State Museum of A.S. Pushkin
Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, who raised a regiment on the offensive near the village of Saltanovka (according to legend, his two sons, 17 and 11 years old, went into battle next to him), survived the battle. Dow most likely painted it from nature. In general, there are more than 300 portraits in the Military Gallery, and although the English artist "signed" them all, the main array depicting ordinary generals was created by his Russian assistants - Alexander Polyakov and Wilhelm Golike. However, Dow still portrayed the most important generals himself.
Raevsky had a large loving family (Pushkin recalled for a long time his journey through the Crimea with them). He was married to Sofya Alekseevna Konstantinova, the granddaughter of Lomonosov, together with his adored wife, they experienced many misfortunes, including disgrace and an investigation into the Decembrist uprising. Then Raevsky himself and both of his sons were under suspicion, but later their name was cleared. His daughter Maria Volkonskaya followed her husband into exile. Surprisingly, all the Raevsky children inherited a huge great-grandfather Lomonosov's forehead - however, the girls preferred to hide it behind curls.
Tuchkovs
George Doe (workshop). Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage
Nikolay Matveev. The widow of General Tuchkov on the Borodino field. State Tretyakov Gallery
Unknown artist. Margarita Tuchkova. 1st half of the 19th century. GMZ "Borodino field"
Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov is one of those who inspired Tsvetaeva to write poems, which later turned into Nastya's beautiful romance in the film "Say a Word About the Poor Hussar". He died in the Battle of Borodino, and his body was never found. Dow, creating his posthumous portrait, copied a very successful image by Alexander Warneck.
The picture shows how handsome Tuchkov was. His wife Margarita Mikhailovna, nee Naryshkina, adored her husband. When the news of her husband's death was delivered to her, she went to the battlefield - the approximate place of death was known. Margarita searched for Tuchkov for a long time among the mountains of dead bodies, but the search turned out to be fruitless. For a long time after these terrible searches, she was not herself, her relatives feared for her mind. She later erected specified place church, then - a convent, the first abbess of which she became, having taken tonsure after a new tragedy - the sudden death of a teenager son.
Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. There are many of these heroes, we will talk about some of them briefly.
The victory of the Russian army created a wonderful constellation of the names of its participants - outstanding generals and privates. The gallery of heroism, courage and courage is the military glory of Russia and begins with the Emperor Alexander I.
Alexander I the Blessed (1777 - 1825)
The years of his reign are a difficult period in European politics, when Russia had to maneuver between powerful Great Britain and France, striving for world domination.
Participating in the anti-French coalition of 1805-1807 allowed Russia to become one of the decisive players in European politics. After these events Russian empire from a regional country has become a serious adversary.
The events of the Patriotic War of 1812 fully confirmed the strength of the Russians, and Emperor Alexander I personified the prestige of the country, unprecedented to this day.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813)
Sometimes even now, as in life, one can hear skeptical statements that Kutuzov was not the most outstanding strategist and tactician, they were better, smarter, smarter.
These critics of the actions of Mikhail Illarionovich forget that it was his figure of a military leader that personified the national self-consciousness in the troops. The officers and soldiers in the difficult hour of trials needed the Russian commander in chief and the merit of Emperor Alexander, that he was able to catch this patriotic impulse not only in the troops, but also in society, and appointed Kutuzov to command the Russian army.
Under his command, the Russian army was able to defeat the hitherto invincible army of Napoleon. was the first full cavalier Order of Saint George.
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761 -1818)
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly had been in military service for more than 30 years and was considered a competent and courageous commander. He distinguished himself in several major military companies.
Michael Barclay de Tolly photo
At the beginning of 1812, he served as Minister of War, and with the outbreak of hostilities, he was at the head of the 1st Western Army. At the same time, the 2nd Western Army was transferred to his submission. Despite the military-literate actions of Barclay-de-Tolly during the retreat of the Russian army, the military, like the whole society as a whole, were dissatisfied with him as commander in chief.
Barclay was removed from general command, only one army remained under his command. During the Battle of Borodino, Mikhail Bogdanovich ruled with great skill and personal courage the right wing and the center of the Russian army. He was a full knight of the Order of St. George.
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (1783-1866)
This little woman defended her Motherland. Back in 1806, she ran away from home and changed into a Cossack uniform. In the city of Grodno, she was assigned to a cavalry regiment. Serving Nadezhda was difficult, but she enjoyed it. Later, she wrote a letter to her father, asking him to forgive her. The uncle told one general about the nephew, and soon Emperor Alexander 1 himself found out about the brave girl.
At a meeting with Durova, the emperor handed her the St. George Cross with admiration. It was in December 1807. In the Patriotic War of 1812, Nadezhda Andreevna participated in many battles, both near Smolensk and on the Borodino field. She was wounded, but remained in the ranks.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1765-1812)
Hereditary military man from the family of Georgian princes. Field Marshal Suvorov's favorite, distinguished himself in his European campaigns. A general who never lost a single battle.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration photo
He was distinguished by great courage and often showed heroism at critical moments of the battle - he personally led the attack, for which he received a very honorable nickname "The Lion of the Russian Army". He was respected by the common people for supporting the partisan movement.
During Borodino, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army and in this sector all French attacks were repulsed. The general himself was mortally wounded on the battlefield, but did not leave the position until it became clear that the Russian army had won.
Alexei Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861)
A talented general, a brave and strong-willed man, one of the most talented military leaders. Alexey Petrovich was the chief of staff of the 1st Western Army and was the organizer of the defense of Smolensk.
Alex Ermolov photo
He proved himself in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, preventing Napoleon from approaching the grain regions. By right he deserves to be a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich (1752-1819)
Although military service in the main military companies, he served as an adjutant, was a courageous and intelligent commander. This allowed him to prove himself excellently and successfully advance in the service.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich photo
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the Russian army in the Caucasus, but was appointed commander-in-chief of the 3rd Observation Army, which won the first significant victory in this company - captured the Saxon brigade of General Kleingel and at the same time successfully repelled the onslaught of two Napoleonic corps. Tormasov was the only one who received the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called for the Patriotic War of 1812.
Putintsev Sevastyan, Mitrafanov Vadim
HEROES OF THE WAR OF 1812
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration
1778 - 1834
Prince, major general. From the Georgian family of the Bagratid kings, brother of P.I. Bagration. In 1791 he joined the Chuguev Cossack regiment as a constable. In 1796, he participated in the capture of Derbent, for which he was promoted to cornet. In 1802 he was transferred to the hussar regiment as a lieutenant. Fought with the French in 1805 and 1807. In 1809 and 1810, as a volunteer inDanubian army fought with the Turks. He was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class "in retribution for the excellent courage and bravery shown in the battle against the Turkish troops at Rasevat, where, while under General Platov, he carried his orders in the middle of the fire from one flank to another and when the cavalry was ordered to the enemy's quick blow, then with the received two hundred Cossacks, being in front, hit the enemy until the very end of the case. Promoted to colonel in 1810. In 1812 he was at the headquarters of the 3rd Western Army, seconded to the Alexandria Hussars and was in the 3rd Observation Army. Fought near Kobrin and Brest, distinguished himself in the battle of Gorodechno ( awarded the order St. Vladimir 3rd degree). He participated in the Foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, on May 21, 1813, for distinction at Bautzen, he was promoted to major general, was at the siege of Dresden (awarded the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree). In the campaign of 1814 he was at the siege of Hamburg and Harburg. He was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class "in recompense for the excellent feats of courage, bravery and diligence shown during the attack on Hamburg on January 13." In 1817 he was appointed commander of the 2nd brigade of the 2nd hussar division. He was awarded the Order of St. Anne 1st class with diamonds for excellent courage shown in the battle against the Persians on July 5, 1827, where, commanding the cavalry zemstvo militia, he rushed along with the cavalry to attack the enemy, chasing him and hitting, setting an example for his subordinates fearlessness. He was promoted to lieutenant general for distinction in the war with the Turks on June 25, 1829. In 1832 he was sent to Abkhazia, where he fell ill with a fever, from which he died in 1834. He was buried in Tiflis in the church of St. David. |
Denis Vasilievich Davydov
1784 – 1839
The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His clan, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.
From the age of 17, he began military service as an Estandart Junker in the Cavalier Guard Regiment, a year later he was promoted to the first officer rank, and two years later he was expelled from the guard to the army for writing "outrageous poems".Belarusian hussar regiment. Davydov quickly settled into a new environment for him and continued to write poems in which he sang the delights of the reckless hussar life. These poems diverged in numerous lists and brought the young Davydov the first - poetic - glory.
In 1806 he was returned to the guards, who had just returned to St. Petersburg after a campaign in Austria. D.V. Davydov writes in his autobiography: "I smelled of milk, she (of the guard. - A.P.) smelled of gunpowder." Dreaming of the laurels of a hero, caressed in childhood by Suvorov, who promised him a brilliant military future, Davydov decided on a daring act: at four o'clock in the morning, "in order to preempt a new column of relatives" who were busy with their loved ones, he entered the hotel where Field Marshal M. F. Kamensky, appointed commander-in-chief in the upcoming new campaign against Napoleon, and asked to be sent to the army in the field. Davydov's perseverance was crowned with success in the end, and he became Bagration's adjutant. Together with him, the young officer went through the campaign of 1807, participated in all the battles and received five military awards, including a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery".
In 1808 - 1809, during the war with Sweden, Davydov, being in the avant-garde detachmentKulneva committed with him hiking in northern Finland to Uleaborg and famous crossing the ice of the Gulf of Bothniato the coast of Sweden. In the same year, 1809, as Bagration's adjutant, in 1810, he transferred to Kulnev, who, in his own words, "finishes the course of outpost service begun in Finland."
Loud military glory Denis Davydov earned in World War II. At the beginning of the campaign, he commanded a battalion with the rank of lieutenant colonel.Akhtyrsky hussar regimentin the army of Bagration, to whom he turned shortly before the battle of Borodino with a project of guerrilla warfare. Kutuzov approved the submission of Bagration, and on August 25, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Davydov, having received 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks at his disposal, moved behind enemy lines. On his first "search", on September 1, when the French were preparing to enter Moscow, Davydov defeated on the Smolensk road, near Tsarev Zaimishch, two gangs of marauders who covered the carts with "the belongings robbed from the inhabitants", and transport with bread and cartridges, taking more than 200 people captured. The weapons repulsed at the same time, he immediately distributed to the peasants who were rising to the people's war. Davydov's success was complete. Almost every day, his detachment captured prisoners, carts with food and ammunition. Following the example of the Davydov detachment (its number increased to 300 people), other partisan detachments were created from regular and Cossack troops.
Davydov's success was largely due to his close ties with the population - the peasants served him as scouts, guides, they themselves took part in the extermination of gangs of foragers. Since the uniforms of the Russian and French hussars were very similar and the peasants often mistook Davydov for a Frenchman, he dressed in a Cossack caftan, grew a beard and is depicted in this form on several engravings of that time.
Particularly wide range of military partisan detachments accepted during the retreat of the French from Russia. Day and night, the partisans did not give the enemy a moment's rest, destroying or capturing small groups and uniting to strike at large columns. So, on September 28, the partisan detachments of Davydov,Seslavina, Figner and Orlov-Denisov were surrounded in the village of Lyakhovo, attacked and captured a 2,000-strong French column led by General Augereau. About the case near Lyakhov, Kutuzov said: "This victory is all the more famous because for the first time in the continuation of the current campaign, the enemy corps laid down weapons in front of us."
Denis Davydov with his detachment "escorted" the French to the very border. For distinction in the campaign of 1812 he was awarded George cross and promoted to colonel. In 1813 Davydov fought near Kalisz, Bautzen andLeipzig. At the beginning of the 1814 campaign, he commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, for his distinction in the battle on January 20 at Larotiere he was promoted to major general and entered Paris at the head of the hussar brigade.
In 1823, Davydov retired, but in 1826 he returned to the service. Participated in the Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828. On September 21, 1826, he defeated a 4,000th Persian detachment. He commanded a detachment during the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1830-1831, and only then finally "unbelted and hung his hat on the wall."
The name of Davydov as a "poet-partisan" fanned with loud romantic glory. He had a close friendship withPushkin, linguistic, Vyazemsky, Baratynskyand other poets who sang of him in their poems; his ownlyric and satirical poetry. As early as 1821, he published An Essay on the Theory partisan action", and after retiring," embarked on military notes, "creating a number of essays on the events that he witnessed and participated in. Written, according to Pushkin's "inimitable style," these vivid and lively essays are of exceptional historical and literary interest.
In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of transferring the ashes of Bagration there. Davydov's proposal was accepted and he was supposed to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he suddenly died in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov
1745 - 1813
Born into a noble family with ancestral roots in Novgorod land. His father, a military engineer, lieutenant general and senator, had a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son. From childhood, Kutuzov was gifted with a strong build, combining inquisitiveness, enterprise and agility with thoughtfulness and good heart. He received a military education at the artillery and engineering school, which he graduated in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher. In 1761 he was promoted to the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his own request, was sent as a company commander to Astrakhan infantry regiment. Due to his excellent knowledge of languages (German, French, and later Polish, Swedish and Turkish), in 1762 he was appointed adjutant to the Revel governor-general. In 1764 - 1765. served in Poland in the troops of N. Repnin. In 1767, he was recruited to work in the "Commission for the preparation of the Code", in 1769 he again served in Poland |
Since 1770, during the decisive events of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, Kutuzov was sent to the 1st. Danube army P. Rumyantsev. In the positions of a combatant and staff officer, he took part in the battles that were the pride of Russian weapons - at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul; at Larga, a grenadier commanded a battalion, at Cahul he acted in the vanguard of the right wing. For the battles of 1770 he was promoted to major. In the post of chief of staff of the corps, he distinguished himself in the battle of Popesti (1771), granted the rank of lieutenant colonel.
In 1772, due to manifestations of a cheerful disposition (sometimes he imitated the gait and speech of superiors, including the commander), Kutuzov was sent by Rumyantsev to the 2nd, Crimean army of V. Dolgorukov. Since that time, Mikhail Illarionovich has changed dramatically, having learned to completely control his behavior and expression of thoughts. In 1774, in a battle with the Krymchaks near Alushta, he led a soldier into battle with a banner in his hand, while pursuing the enemy he was seriously wounded: a bullet entered below the left temple and exited at the right eye. Mikhail Illarionovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and sent by Catherine II for treatment abroad. While recovering, at the same time he got acquainted with the experience of military affairs in Austria and Prussia, had a conversation with Frederick II the Great.
In 1776, upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov was sent by the Empress to the Crimea to help Suvorov, who ensured order there. Won his trust by performing responsible tasks; on the proposal of Suvorov, he received the rank of colonel (1777), and then the brigadier (1782). In 1784, on behalf of G. Potemkin, he negotiated with Krym-Giray, the last Crimean khan, convinced him of the need to abdicate and recognize Russia's rights to the lands from the Bug to the Kuban; for this he was awarded the rank of major general. From the following year, Mikhail Illarionovich commanded the Bug Jaeger Corps that he had formed; supervising his training, he developed new tactics for rangers and outlined them in a special instruction. In 1787 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.
At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Kutuzov with his corps guarded the southwestern borders of Russia along the Bug River. As part of Potemkin's Yekaterinoslav army, he took part in the siege of Ochakov (1788). Here, during the reflection of the sortie of the Turks, he was seriously wounded for the second time (a bullet hit the cheek and exited the back of the head). When he recovered, the doctor who treated him remarked: "Providence seems to be saving this man for something extraordinary, because he was healed of two wounds, of which each was fatal." Already next year, commanding separate building, Kutuzov successfully fought near Akkerman and Kaushany, participated in the capture of Bender by Potemkin, received new awards.
Karl Osipovich Lambert
1773 - 1843
Count, adjutant general (1811), cavalry general (1823). French nobleman, whose family is known in France since late XIII century. John de Lambert was elevated by Queen Anne in 1644 to marquess and count. His descendant Heinrich Joseph during french revolution emigrated to Russia. His sons Karl and Yakov Osipovichi were in 1836 counted among the counts of the Russian Empire. Karl Lambert entered the Russian service in 1793 with the rank of second major. He distinguished himself in the campaign of 1794 against the Poles (participant in the assault on Prague). In 1799 he participated in the Swiss campaign, fought at Zurich as part of Rimsky-Korsakov's corps. Around 1803, with the rank of colonel, he was commanderElisavetgrad Hussar Regiment. In the campaign of 1806-1807 against the French, he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class for his heroism in battle. In 1812, with the rank of Major General, he commanded a cavalry corps at the forefront of Tormasov's 3rd Army. He distinguished himself in the battles at Gorodechno, Minsk, Borisov (where he was seriously wounded). In 1814 he took part in the capture of Paris. chiefAlexandria Hussars(commander - colonelEfimovich). In 1823 he was promoted to general of the cavalry. He was considered one of the best and bravest cavalry commanders of the Russian army in the Napoleonic era. A. P. Yermolov, stingy with praises, calls Lambert in his "Notes" one of the most excellent and most efficient generals. |
Heroes of 1812
From the heroes of yesteryear
Sometimes there are no names left,
Those who took the fight to the death
They became just earth, grass.
Only their formidable prowess
Settled in the hearts of the living.
E. Agranovich
The poet, of course, has in mind the living, and not the existing, vegetating ones.
The country is celebrating the bicentenary of the Patriotic War of 1812. itmu significant event devoted to several notes in our newspaper.
The hero is an indispensable attribute of history. Pantheon of historical heroesforms national self-consciousness, the mentality of the nation, influencesinfluence on the formation of ideas about modern heroes. It is no coincidence that thishour there is a replacement of heroes in a number of historical periods of our history.Kolchak and Denikin replace Chapaev and Shchors; Pavlov, who soberly assessednational intelligentsia, is replaced by one who justified the Nazis,Ilyin; Anka-machine-gunner is replaced by Anka-forgive me, God forgive me, sincewitch; Panfilov - Vlasov. And, as a result, instead of inspiredcreators - Chkalov, Stakhanov, Angelina, Krivonos, modernnew heroes and idols…
Similar replacements have already affected the heroes of the twelfth year and the heroes of thishistorical period. From the numerous series of brilliant heroes you take a few.
Mikhail B oddanovich Barclay de Tolly
AT Russian-Swedish war 1808-1809 corps undercommanded by Barclay made the legendary winterny passage through the Kvarken Strait, which decided the outcomewar. He commanded the entire Russian army at the initialstage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which it wasreplaced by M.I. Kutuzov. In 1813-1814 in foreignnom campaign of the Russian army commanded the unitedRussian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian armyStryan Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. At the beginning of 1812, the Minister of War of Russia M. Barclayde Tolly developed a plan for the impending war with NapoLeon. (See note of the forwarding agent of the 1st table of the secret |
expedition of the Military Ministry of Lieutenant Colonel P. Chuikevich, thenhead of the GRU, April 12, 1812). Naturally, this plan was knownonly to a narrow circle of people. And it was implemented by Mikhail Bogdanovich, therefore, according toconsequent retreat of the Russian army (which led to a catastrophicreduction of the French army and the growth of the Russian army) metmisunderstanding not only among the population and lower ranks, but even among highlyassigned military. Many directly accused him of betrayal.
Regarding the plan of military operations of the Russian army, Clausewitz, who participatedin the war of 1812 at the headquarters of Wittgenstein, wrote: “Higher wisdom could notbresty plan better than that, which the Russians performed unintentionally. Here veevery military theorist is mistaken - the plan was carried out deliberately and hadauthors and main performers: Emperor Alexander I, Barclay de Tolly, and forthose Kutuzov. Moreover, Barclay de Tolly had to perform the most unpleasantand the hard part of the plan.
In the Battle of Borodino, Barclay de Tolly commanded the right wing andthree Russian troops. On the Borodino field, Barclay de Tolly, embroidered with golduniform was in the thick of the battle, under it 9 horses were killed and wounded,5 of his 8 adjutants died. But he not only sought death, the battle demanded himdirect presence in the most dangerous areas. After Borodino,the troops, who had previously met Barclay de Tolly in silence, greeted him with thunder vowel cheers.
Barclay de Tolly - full St. George Cavalier (second after Kutuzov),count, prince. In a letter to his wife after leaving Moscow, he wrote:
“Whatever the outcome, I will always be convinced that I did everything necessarymine for the preservation of the state, and if his majesty still has an army,own to threaten the enemy with defeat, then this is my merit. After numerousbloody battles, with which I delayed the enemy at every step andinflicted significant losses on him, I handed over the army to Prince Kutuzov, when he acceptedcommand in such a state that she could measure her strength with howany powerful enemy. I gave it to him at the moment when I was filled withfirm determination to expect an enemy attack in an excellent position, and I wasren that I will beat her. ... If in the battle of Borodino the army was not completelyand finally broken - this is my merit, and the conviction of this will servemy consolation until the last minute of my life.
The best thing about him, his tragic fate was said by A.S. Pushkin.
commander
The Russian tsar has a chamber in his halls:
She is not rich in gold, not in velvet;
It is not in her that the diamond of the crown is kept behind glass;
But from top to bottom, in full length, around,
With my brush free and wide
It was painted by a quick-eyed artist.
There are no country nymphs, no virgin madonnas,
No fauns with bowls, no full-breasted wives,
No dancing, no hunting, but all the raincoats and swords,
Yes, faces full of martial courage.
Crowd close artist placed
Here the chiefs of our people's forces,
Covered with the glory of a wonderful campaign
And eternal memory year twelfth.
Often slowly between them I wander
And I look at their familiar images,
And, I think, I hear their militant cliques.
Many of them are gone; others whose faces
Still so young on a bright canvas,
Already grown old and drooping in silence
The head of the laurel...
But in this harsh crowd
One attracts me the most. With a new thought
I will always stop in front of him - and I will not drive
From him my eyes. The more I look
The more I torment heavy sadness.
It is written in full length. The forehead is like a naked skull,
Shines high, and, it seems, lay down
There is great sadness. All around - thick haze;
Behind him is a military camp. Calm and gloomy
He seems to be looking with contemptuous thought.
Has the artist laid bare his exact thought?
When he portrayed him as such,
Or was it involuntary inspiration, -
But Dow gave him that expression.
O unfortunate leader! Your lot was harsh:
You sacrificed everything to a foreign land for you.
Impenetrable to the gaze of wild mob,
You walked alone in silence with a great thought,
And, in your name, the sound is alien dislike,
Chasing you with their cries
The people, mysteriously saved by you,
Cursed over your sacred gray hair.
And the one whose sharp mind comprehended you,
In order to please them, I slyly rebuked you ...
And for a long time, strengthened by a powerful conviction,
You were unshakable before the general error;
And halfway was due at last
Silently give in and the laurel crown,
And power, and a plan, thought out deeply, -
And hide alone in the regimental ranks.
There, outdated leader! like a young warrior
Lead cheerful whistle heard for the first time,
You threw yourself into the fire, looking for the desired death, -
Wow! -
.....................
.....................
O people! miserable race, worthy of tears and laughter!
Priests of the moment, admirers of success!
How often does a person pass by you
Over whom the blind and violent age swears,
But whose high face in the coming generation
The poet will delight and delight!
Dmitriy Petrovich Neverovsky
(27.10.1777 - 27.10.1813)
Lieutenant General, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812He began his service in 1786 as a private of the Life Guards Semenew regiment. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war1787-11, military operations in 1792, 1794. In 1804promoted to major general, since 1809 chief Pavlovskth Grenadier Regiment. Among the soldiers enjoyed luBy the way, they called him "Well Done". Skillful educatorand organizer. In 1811 Neverovsky was entrusted withpeacekeeping in Moscow of the 27th Infantry Division, with the beginningPatriotic War of 1812, the division became part of the 2nd Western army. |
On August 2, near Krasnoy, his rearguard detachment (7.2 thousand people) blocked up tohorn 3 cavalry corps under the command of Murat. Having built a divisionin a square, Neverovsky retreated to Smolensk. The division repulsed 40 cavalryattacks of Murat, enraged by his own impotence, who never managed toexploit its numerical and qualitative superiority. (Ney offered Muratto shoot Neverovsky's infantry with artillery, to attract infantry, but Murat wantedwin yourself). Neverovsky lost about 1.5 thousand people, but detainedfor a day the advance of the enemy, which did not allow great army Napoleonapproach Smolensk and take it on the move.
“I have never seen greater courage on the part of the enemy,” said of hisactions under Red Murat.
“It is impossible to praise enough the courage and firmness with which the division, the commanderbrand new, fought against excessively superior enemy forces.You can even say that an example of such courage in any army to showit’s impossible,” the commander of the 2nd army, P.I., reported to the tsar. Bagration.
This feat "does him immortal glory," said the Sovereign EmperorAlexander I. Neverovsky himself spoke more simply: “I saw to what extentthe courage and fearlessness of the Russian soldier shine.
The 27th division of Neverovsky near Smolensk repulsed all the attacks of the Ponyatov cavalrySky, the resilience of his division determined the outcome of the battle.
Neverovsky's division took part in the most brutal and bloody battles of the war1812, distinguished herself in all the most important battles of the Patriotic War: underRed, in the battle of Smolensk, during the defense of Shevardino - a division aboutled the night hand-to-hand combat, in the battle of Borodino on the Semenov flushes,in the battles at Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets and again at Krasnoy. Division NeveRovsky for the campaign of 1812 suffered the biggest losses in the Russian army.
In the Battle of Leipzig, Neverovsky was seriously wounded in the leg, died of wounds.in the arms of adjutants, deliriously repeating his favorite call: “Guys! Forward! With bayonets!
In 1912, his ashes were reburied at the Borodino field, and his name was given on 24mu infantry Siberian regiment.
Borodino field.
On the front side of the headstone is inscribed:"The ashes of the general are buried hereLieutenant Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky, who bravely fought inhead of his 27th infantry. division and shell-shocked in the chest by a cannonball on August 26, 1812.
FROM reverse side inscription:“Lieutenant General D. P. Neverovsky is slainin 1813 near Leipzig. His ashes rested in Halle and in 1912, according to the Highestby order of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich was transferred to his homelandJuly 8th of the same year.
By the way, September 10 marks 100 years since the grand opening ofin Smolensk a monument to the heroes of 1812. The monument "with eagles" is considered the bestmonument to the heroes of that war. The name of Neverovsky is immortalized on it next tothe names of Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Raevsky, Dokhturov.
Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov
(30.8.1784- 07.9.1812)
Count, son of the king's favourite. Major General (1806!!!).Since 1799, inspector-adjutant of the inspector general artilleryLeria A.A. Arakcheev. Showed outstanding abilitySti in the war with France 1805-1806. and in the organizationRussian artillery. At the beginning of 1812 - chiefartillery of the 1st Western Army. In the Battle of Borodinonii the head of all Russian artillery, although there were artillerists are older in rank and age. AT to a large extent success of actionsartillerymen during the Battle of Borodinowas due to the order given on the day of the battlecommander of the Russian artillery Kutaisov. |
September 6, on the eve of the battle, his orderly delivered artillery to all commandersLeri companies an order, which, in particular, said: “Artillery shouldto sacrifice oneself; let them take you with guns, but you are the lastshoot arrows at close range, and the battery, which is thus taken, will inflictharm to the enemy, which fully atones for the loss of guns.
By this order, Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov ordered the artillery totik, directly opposite to that pointed out by the rescript of AlexanderI received by Kutuzov before the battle. (Here, the tsar, more correctly, Russia hadservants - they themselves decided what and how best to do!).
The execution of the order of Alexander I ensured the safety of artillerytrunks, but doomed Russian artillery to low efficiency and passiveness during the battle.
Kutaisov ordered the artillerymen to destroy the manpower of the enemy. His calculationwas more correct than the imperial one (see the assessment of the Battle of Borodino onpoleon and the dynamics of the number of occupying troops during the war).
Only an extraordinary personality could act contrary to the will of Alexander I,aware of responsibility before the Fatherland.
Thanks to Kutaisov, battle of Borodino became the day of Russian artillery.
Some contemporaries "reproached" Kutaisov for leavingglasiya Kutuzov headquarters, goes around the batteries, personally directs the fire and dies onthe beginning of the battle.
However, the participants in the battle, more precisely, its leaders, it was clearer thathad to be done. How to know how the battle would have turned out if the baht had not been beaten off Ray of Rayevsky!
And therefore, at the critical moment of the battle, when the divisions of Generals Broussier, Mowound, Gerard took Raevsky's battery, Kutaisov, together with the chief of staff of the 1stWestern Army General A.P. Yermolov personally organize and leadcounterattack on the Raevsky battery, occupied by the French. This legendary attackcourse, which, Yermolov, walking ahead, threw crosses and shouted: “Whoever comes, he take it!"
We've arrived.
They took the battery.
And they won the battle!
Yermolov was wounded, Kutaisov died, his body was not found.
“And you, Kutaisov, young leader ...
Whether in armor, formidable, performed -
Peruny threw death;
He struck the strings of the harp -
Strings swayed...
Oh grief! faithful horse runs
Bloodied from battle;
On it is his broken shield...
And there is no hero.
And where is yours, oh knight, dust "
"A singer in the camp of Russian soldiers"
V. A. Zhukovsky
A lexandr S amoilovich F igner
(1787 - 01.10.1813)
Colonel, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, organicongestion of the partisan movement. In 1805-06. participated in the expedition of the Russian fleetin the Mediterranean. During the Russo-Turkish War1806-12 distinguished himself in the Ruschuk battle, and duringPatriotic War of 1812 - in defense of Smolensk, in Bohome battle. He was fantastically brave. From Septemberbrya 1812 commanded a partisan detachment, successfulscout. The information he obtained played an important rolein the success of the Russian troops in the battle of Tarutino and takingty Danzig. In 1813, at the head of the international detachment (Germans, Spaniards, Italians |
and Russian Cossacks) Figner was active in the rear of the French troops on the territoryterritories of Germany. Surrounded by superior French forces, he died attrying to cross the Elbe.
Merciless to enemies and high efficiency in their destruction (For examplemeasures, did not take prisoners, because he believed that no one invited the French to Russiashal, and the prisoners reduce the combat capabilities of his detachment) met somemisunderstanding among colleagues. However, the authorities appreciated him: it was time for himrisky special operations began, he was promoted to captain right on the fieldbattle during the defense of Smolensk in August 1812, and died in October 1813 already regimentsno one. And Napoleon himself appointed a special award for Figner's head.
unknown hero
Smolensk. “Especially among ... shooters, he stood out for his courage andsteadfastness, one Russian huntsman ... whom we could not force to be silent withrifle fire concentrated against him, not even by the action of one, spdesignated weapon against him, which smashed all the trees,because of which he acted, but did not let up and fell silent only at night, ”-H.V. Faber de Fort, officer of the 23rd Infantry Division of Napoleon's army
Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky
(12. 07.1792 - 10.11. 1878)
Prince, poet and critic. In 1812, chamber junker Vyazemskyjoined the Moscow noble militia, tookparticipation in the Battle of Borodino with the rank of lieutenant. On the fieldbattle, he saved General A.N., wounded in the leg. Bakhmetev. Vyazemsky's letter to his wife "I'm on my way now, my dear. You, God and honor will bemy companions. The duties of a military man are notdrown in me the duties of your husband and fatherour child. I will never fall behind, but I will not kigive in. You are chosen by heaven for my happiness, and I wantDo I make you unhappy forever? |
I will be able to reconcile the duty of the son of the fatherland with my duty and in reasoningyou. We'll see you, I'm sure of it. Pray to God for me. He is your prayersHe hears, I rely on Him for everything. Forgive me, my dear Faith. Sorry,my dear friend. Everything around me reminds me of you. I'm writing to you from the bedroomin which I pressed you into my arms so many times, and now I leave itone. Not! we will never part again. We are made for each other, we aremust live together, die together. I'm sorry my friend. I'm just as hardpart with you now, as if you were with me. Here in the houseI think I'm still with you: you lived here; but - no, you are there, and the entrance fromI'm inseparable. You are in my soul, you are in my life. I couldn't live without you.Sorry! May God be with us!"
In the Russian Federation, the search for a national idea continues. Seekers are recommended tonetwork Borodino field. See what was built on it for the centenaryBattle of Borodino.
Ch. editor Pokazeev K.V.
The war with Napoleon became nationwide for Russia - they helped to stop the army of the “little general” of the army simple people. The confrontation with the French gave rise to many heroes whose names are still known.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration
This Russian commander Georgian origin was the author of one of the plans for defense against the Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost caused the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united two fronts into one.
Rice. 1. Bagration.
Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov's plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
By origin, this Russian commander was a Scot. He also took the initiative to repulse the French attack, and even before open war broke out. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on the distribution of instructions by the commander in case of an attack.
When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the western army and, having united with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.
After the battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work to defeat the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.
TOP 5 articleswho read along with this
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov
In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in a tense relationship with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was put in charge of the people's militia in St. Petersburg, which he became famous for, because it was the actions of the partisans that to a large extent undermined not only the forces, but also the morale of the French.
It was he who decided to give the enemy a fight on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but in the end broke Napoleon and caused ferment in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of the Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this was not to be expected for long. Buried Kutuzov in St. Petersburg.
Rice. 2. Kutuzov.
There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in a different way.
Denis Davydov
It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4, they captured several French generals. For his exploits, he received the Order of St. George, and after his retirement he began to write poetry.
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began, she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant Lancers Regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded, but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. She retired in 1816 and wrote memoirs of her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.