Table version of the Chizhevsky chandelier. Passport for the device
Hello to all lovers of electronic homemade products. It's time to tell you about another homemade product. And today we will talk about the so-called Chizhevsky chandelier.
AT recent times a big controversy unfolded about the benefits and harms of the Chizhevsky chandelier. It helps someone, harms someone, and someone is indifferent to its effects. To find out who is right and who is wrong, you need to consider each specific case separately. In this article, I will not understand this, somehow next time.
It has long been proven that negative air ions have a good effect on the entire human body, while positively charged ions depress the body. Measurements were made in forest plantations, which showed that the concentration of air ions can reach, in densely populated thickets, up to 15,000 in one cubic centimeter. While in a residential apartment the number of air ions can drop to 25 in one cubic centimeter. From the foregoing, we can conclude that it is necessary to increase the number of negatively charged ions. To do this, we need a Chizhevsky chandelier, which we will make with our own hands. Almost 100 years ago, Professor Chizhevsky developed a method for air ionization. He proved that it is negatively charged particles that have a beneficial effect on a person.
Do-it-yourself Chizhevsky chandelier, diagram and description
Chandelier Chizhevsky consists of two parts. This is the chandelier itself, as it is also called the electro-fluvial chandelier. And a high-voltage converter unit, at the output of which we should get from 25-30 kilovolts.
For the manufacture of a high-voltage voltage converter, I used the simplest Chizhevsky chandelier circuit. It does not contain transistors, any scarce radio components. The circuit uses a minimum of radio components:
This scheme has become widespread. As a source high voltage here a voltage multiplier is used, built on 6 high-voltage diodes VD3-VD8, and 6 capacitors C3-C8. Power is supplied to the multiplier from the high-voltage coil Tr1. Mains voltage has two half-waves. One half-wave charges the capacitor C1, and the other wave opens the thyristor VS1. Capacitor C1 is discharged through thyristor VS1 to the primary winding of transformer Tr1. A high-voltage pulse occurs in the transformer, the voltage of which, with the help of a multiplier, increases to a voltage of 30 kilovolts.
Device details:
- High voltage coil B51, or similar
- Thyristor KU202N
- Diode D202K -2 pieces
- Resistors 33 kilo ohms, 1 megohm 2 watts
- Resistor 1 kiloohm, 7 W
- Capacitor 1 microfarad 400 volts
- Capacitors 390 picofarads, 16 kilovolts -6 pieces
- High voltage diodes, 6 pieces
Now let's take a closer look at the main voltage converter board and the voltage multiplier board. All the main radio components of the device are mounted on the converter dress:
High-voltage coil from a motorcycle, B51-12v. It can be replaced with any other from automotive equipment. You can also use a line-scan transformer TVS-110L6 or similar:
Nowadays, it is much more affordable to buy a high-voltage coil from a moped or scooter, for example, like this:
Capacitor C1 is desirable to use for voltages below 400 volts, but in my case, a capacitor for a voltage of 300 volts is used, while it works flawlessly:
A seven-watt resistor R1, with a nominal value of 1 kilo-ohm, was taken from a tube TV. If you do not have such a resistor, then you can connect several two cotton resistors in parallel, so that you end up with a nominal value of one kilo-ohm:
The rest of the radio components are located nearby, and are connected by surface mounting:
A properly assembled voltage converter for the Chizhevsky chandelier should start working immediately. Before the first start, the high-voltage wire of the bobbin should be placed near the common wire at a small distance, approximately 5 mm. If this distance is not observed, but made much larger, say 3-4 cm, then a breakdown of the high-voltage coil may occur inside the bobbin itself. After that, we supply power to the entire circuit, observing the safety rules. If the circuit does not start, a thyristor VS1 should be selected. Since thyristors, even from one batch, have a wide variation in their characteristics, special attention should be paid to the selection of a thyristor.
Attention! Be careful. This high-voltage converter is not electrically isolated from the network. Almost all radio components are under mains voltage. To somehow protect yourself, try to apply the phase to the resistor R1, and zero to the common wire.
To power a chandelier, voltages from 25 kilovolts to 30 kilovolts are required, and if used in rooms with high ceilings, then the voltage must be raised to 50 kilovolts. To provide this voltage, you need a multiplier consisting of at least 6 diodes and 6 capacitors. Only in this case it is possible to obtain the necessary voltage. In this regard, it immediately comes to mind to use a high-voltage multiplier, which is used in kinescope-type TVs. I also thought for a long time how to adapt it to Chizhevsky's chandelier. But, unfortunately, plus voltage is applied to the aquadag of the kinescope. And in order for us to get negative air ions, we need to apply to the chandelier, namely minus high voltage. And since all high-voltage diodes and capacitors are filled with one compound, the polarity cannot be reversed. So I took a few voltage multipliers from the TV and with the help of light hammer blows tried to break them and remove the capacitors and diodes. To some extent, I succeeded. Where the outputs came off at the root, they had to be soldered. Some fragments of the compound had to be turned on sandpaper. As donors, I used the following voltage multipliers UN 8.5 / 25-1.2-A:
As a result, I got this multiplier. A piece of plexiglass was taken as a basis and high-voltage diodes and capacitors were fixed with wire clamps:
In order not to be mistaken with the polarity of high-voltage diodes, and to connect them correctly according to the circuit, it is necessary to know in which direction each high-voltage diode conducts current. Unfortunately, this cannot be checked with a multimeter, since each diode consists of a large number of washers, single diodes, the internal resistance of each diode is very high and the multimeter will show infinity. To get out of this situation, you need to use a megger. But first, using a conventional diode, you need to determine on which terminals the megger has a plus, on which a minus. Then ring each high-voltage diode and mark plus or minus on it. After that, it will not be difficult to connect capacitors and diodes in one circuit so that we get a high voltage:
Of course, to avoid all this hemorrhoids, you can use normal high-voltage diodes such as KTs201G - KTs201E or D1008. But, unfortunately, it is simply impossible to find them in my backwoods, and at that time in Soviet times it was simply impossible to order via the Internet. Therefore, I decided to use this extraordinary method of mining high-voltage diodes and capacitors.
Both assembled boards must be placed in some kind of case. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the condition - to place a high-voltage voltage multiplier at a certain distance from the converter itself. Especially the region of the diode VD8 and the capacitor C6, since this place will have the highest voltage, and an unauthorized breakdown may occur.
Do-it-yourself Chizhevsky chandelier
The time has come to talk about the manufacture of the chandelier itself for the ionizer. For effective air ionization, it is necessary to use pointed needles, which should be located on a certain plane. Of course, ideally, you should use as much as possible more area emitted surface. As a base for a chandelier, you can use an aluminum hula-hoop hoop with a diameter of up to 1 m. But you must admit that it would be impractical to have such a large chandelier in an apartment, and it will take up a lot of space. Therefore, I decided to make it more compact, since the main thing in a chandelier is the value of high voltage, but still the area is secondary. The main thing to follow the rule is the presence of pointed needles. As a result, I got this design:
In the manufacture of this Chizhevsky chandelier, I followed this scheme:
The base of the perimeter was made of copper wire with a diameter of 2.4 mm. Then a wire with a diameter of 1 mm was stretched mutually perpendicular. The result is such a grid with 35 mm cells. Then, sharp needles 45 mm long were soldered into each knot resulting in a grid. I chopped the needles with a chisel, from a motorcycle cable that is used for clutch. Of course, you can use factory needles with a ring, but it seemed to me that they would be painfully hard, not so elastic. Since the needles are made of steel, it is not so easy to solder them. So that soldering does not cause difficulties, the tip of each needle must first be irradiated with soldering acid, and if you do not have it, then with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin):
After making the Chizhevsky chandelier, it was the turn to test it. To do this, take the emitter itself, hang it from the ceiling. I hang it to the lighting chandelier, about 1 m below it. To isolate the emitter, you need to hang the chandelier itself on a fishing line. We connect a high-voltage wire from a high-voltage converter to the center of the chandelier. Also, in my opinion, power should be supplied to the chandelier according to the following scheme: we supply the phase to the resistor R1, and zero to the common wire. In my opinion, this is especially important in an apartment of a reinforced concrete building, since the reinforcement of concrete slabs, in fact, is the ground, and the radiation will be more efficient if the mains supply zero is supplied to a common wire, in general, as indicated in the diagram:
Then we supply mains power to the high-voltage converter, and check the chandelier in action. During its operation, no odors should be emitted, especially ozone, as well as light gases during corona, which can occur with poor insulation of high-voltage capacitors or diodes. If you raise your hand from the side of the needles, you feel a slight chill already from a distance of about 20 cm. Honestly, this is an indescribable feeling when there is no wind, but it seems that there is. If the light is completely turned off in the apartment, then at the tip of each needle you can see a luminous point through which the discharge occurs. If you bring a low voltage indicator from the bottom of the chandelier, then the gas discharge lamp in this indicator starts to glow from 80 cm, and if you bring the indicator closer and closer, then it flares up brighter.
Although the voltage on the chandelier reaches 30 kW, the current is very small, and it cannot harm others. In order for us to indirectly verify the magnitude of the high voltage, we need to bring a metal object, firmly holding it in our hand and evaluate the magnitude of the discharge. According to the length of the arc, one can indirectly judge the magnitude of the voltage, taking a simple formula, that there are 10 kilovolts of voltage per 1 cm, respectively, for 30 kilovolts a distance of about 30 mm is needed, which I did:
As you can see, the breakdown voltage is at least 25 mm, respectively, the work of the chandelier will be effective. Practice has shown that it is for this Chizhevsky chandelier, which we made with our own hands, of a small area, that this high-voltage converter is quite effective. The heating of the resistor R1 is not so great, it is barely warm. The B51 ignition coil is generally cold. Diodes and capacitors of the voltage multiplier are barely perceptibly warm. Since the therapeutic effect of the use of the Chizhevsky chandelier occurs after 30 minutes, this converter can be used without fear of overheating, and much longer.
How much this device can be beneficial to health, or vice versa, it will harm, only time can show. So feel free to make a chandelier. I hope she gets healthier. Thank you all for reading to the end, see you again, goodbye to everyone.
1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Air ionizer universal stabilizing SAU-B
(further in the text air ionizer) is an electrical household appliance for individual use, designed to enrich the air of residential and industrial premises with light negative oxygen ions. The air ionizer restores the quality of the air in the room, bringing it closer to natural, provides a level of ionization in the human breathing zone that meets the sanitary standards SanPiN 2.2.4.1294-03. It is intended for use in residential and office premises, where television screens, air conditioners, office equipment are installed, where there are children.
1.2. Back in the early twentieth century, the great Russian scientist Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky experimentally proved the beneficial effect of negative air ions on living organisms and created a device for artificial air ionization in enclosed spaces - electro-fluvial chandelier. The design of the air ionizer contains circuit solutions developed by Academician A. L. Chizhevsky, and is an analogue chandeliers Chizhevsky.
1.3. The air ionizer improves indoor air quality, bringing it closer to natural (mountain, sea), reduces harmful environmental factors.
The air ionizer purifies the air of the room, removing dust, cigarette smoke, bacteria and viruses, plant pollen, pet fluff and other suspended particles from it.
The air ionizer neutralizes the harmful effects of the electric field of positive polarity created by TV screens and monitors.
Air rich in light negative ions:
- indoors approaches the natural one in terms of the number of oxygen ions;
- removes dust, smoke and other suspended particles from the air;
- neutralizes the harmful effects of TV screens, computers;
- increases the yield of greenhouse crops;
- improves seed germination.
1.4. SanPiN 2.2.4.1294-03 establishes a concentration range of air ions in the amount of 600 to 50,000 ions per cubic meter. see, deviations from which can lead to adverse effects on human health.
1.5. The air ionizer was developed on the basis of certificate No. 5343 dated 07/01/96 "Bridge air ionizer".
1.6. The product is certified for compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union TR TS 004/2011 "On the safety of low-voltage equipment" and TR TS 020/2011 "Electromagnetic compatibility technical means".
Certificate of Conformity No. TS RU C-RU.AB04.V.00086 valid from 10.09.2016 to 09.09.2021
1.7. Design versions of the air ionizer are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Versions of air ionizers
Model | Construction type |
"Kolobok" | Plastic decorative case |
"Gingerbread man with a night light" | Plastic decorative housing, illuminated |
"Forest House" | |
"Forest house with a lamp" | |
"Chapel" | Ceramic decorative body |
"Chapel with a lamp" | Ceramic decorative case, illuminated |
"Teremok" | Ceramic decorative body |
"Teremok with a lamp" | Ceramic decorative case, illuminated |
"Sea House" | Ceramic decorative body |
"Sea house with a lamp" | Ceramic decorative case, illuminated |
"Cathedral with a lamp" | Ceramic decorative case, illuminated |
"Pyramid" | Ceramic decorative body |
The electronic design of all models is identical, they differ in size, design and case material.
2. TECHNICAL DATA
2.1. Powered by an AC power supply with a frequency of 50 Hz.
2.2. Rated supply voltage 220 V.
2.3. Power consumption:
- in the version without a lamp, no more than 2 W.
- in the version with a lamp no more than 22 W.
2.4. Allowable power of the incandescent lamp
- (in the version with a lamp) no more than 20 W.
2.5. The concentration of negative air ions (the number of ions in 1 cm 3 of air) along the axis of the flow emanating from the air ionizer when measured by the MAS-01 air ion counter is shown in table 2.
Table 2. Concentration of negative air ions.
2.6. Effective ionization area - 25 sq. m
2.7. The level of electromagnetic radiation at a distance of 0.5 m from the device does not exceed the established standards.
2.8. The class of protection of the device against electric shock - II with an insulating casing in accordance with GOST IEC 60335-2-65-2012
3. COMPLETENESS
The company is constantly working on improving the air ionizer and reserves the right to make changes to the scheme, design and completeness of the device that do not worsen its consumer characteristics and may not be reflected in the operation manual.
4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
4.1. When operating the air ionizer, follow this passport.
4.2. Before connecting the air ionizer to the network, make sure that there is no mechanical damage to the case, power cord and switch, if the latter is provided for by the design.
4.3. Do not install the air ionizer on metal surfaces, do not let children play with it.
4.4. Do not allow foreign objects, substances, liquids, insects to get inside the air ionizer.
4.5. Protect the air ionizer from blows to the body.
4.6. Do not allow any objects to be placed on the power cord. Do not place the air ionizer in a place where people walking by can step on or touch the power cord.
4.7. Do not install the air ionizer on an uneven surface, the device may fall and be seriously damaged.
4.8. Do not install the air ionizer near the radiator and other metal objects.
4.9. If a malfunction is found, disconnect the air ionizer from the mains and contact the manufacturer or the trade organization at the place of purchase.
It is forbidden:
- independently open and repair the air ionizer,
- clean the ionization electrodes (needles) when the device is plugged in,
- touch any objects to the ionization electrodes (needles) of the operating ionizer,
- use the air ionizer in a heavily dusty or smoky room in the presence of people.
5. DESIGN OF THE PRODUCT
In the case of the air ionizer there is a High Voltage Generator, Ionization Electrodes (EI) (needles) and a Flow Acceleration Electrode (EUF). An electric charge of high voltage is supplied to the EI, and a low voltage is supplied to the EUP. As a result of a high potential difference, the electrons break off the needles and move towards the holes for the exit of air ions from the body. Further, they combine with oxygen molecules, forming light negative oxygen air ions, which spread throughout the room at a distance of up to 4 meters from the device.
6. PREPARATION FOR WORK
6.1. Install the air ionizer in dust-free rooms at permanent workplaces and in places where people stay for a long time. When the air ionizer is operating, it is recommended to slightly open the window, or otherwise ensure the flow of fresh air into the room, do not smoke.
6.2. After transporting the air ionizer at a temperature below +10 0 C, keep it at room temperature for at least 3 hours before turning it on.
6.3. When using, install the air ionizer so that the holes for the exit of air ions are directed towards the person.
6.4. To turn on the air ionizer, plug the connecting cord into the mains socket and turn on the power switch of the device, if it is provided for by the design.
6.5. To turn on the lamp, turn on the lamp switch or move the switch to the position of the lamp.
7. ORDER OF WORK
7.1. Control the operation of the air ionizer by the glow of the indicator located in its front part.
7.2. When using an air ionizer, it is recommended to adhere to general principle: the smaller the distance from the device to the person, the higher the concentration of air ions. The air ionizer should be located at a distance of more than 1.2 meters from a person.
In order to adapt the body, you should gradually increase the operating time of the device, starting from 5-10 minutes in 1 hour.
7.3. In order to improve the air-ionic regime in the room, as well as during the operation of a computer, TV, air conditioner, the ionizer can be used constantly (for 12 hours or more), setting it at a distance of 1.2 - 4 m from a person.
7.4. In order to clean the air in heavily dusty rooms, the air ionizer can be turned on all the time while there are no people in the room. Then it is better to remove all settled dust.
7.5. At the end of using the air ionizer, turn it off using the power switch of the device, if it is provided for by the design, or by unplugging the cord from the power outlet.
8. MAINTENANCE
8.1. As necessary, remove dust from the needles of the ionization electrode through the holes in the front of the air ionizer with a soft brush or brush, you can lightly moisten them with alcohol. The use of water to clean the ionization electrode is not allowed. It is allowed to clean the electrodes from dust with a household vacuum cleaner with all precautions to prevent dust from getting into the face and respiratory organs of a person.
Attention! Clean the ionization electrodes (needles) only when the air ionizer is disconnected from the mains.
8.2 Replacement of the light bulb of the lamp, if it is provided for by the design, to be carried out in accordance with the attached "Instructions for replacing the electric lamp of the air ionizer lamp".
Instruction
for replacing the electric lamp of the air ionizer lamp
1. Switch off the device from the 220 V power supply.
2. Unscrew the two screws (1) (see Figure 1) in the fixture mounting plate (2) on the cover of the mounting hatch (3) from the bottom of the device (the screws (1) can be partially or completely covered with a sticker depicting a light bulb).
3. Remove the luminaire from the mounting hatch cover (3) by pulling the luminaire mounting plate (2).
4. Replace the lamp (it is allowed to use an incandescent lamp with a power of no more than 20 W, 220 V). Used halogen lamp JCD 220V20W G5.3 HB6. During installation, do not touch the lamp bulb with your hands. Use a cloth or gloves to protect the lamp bulb.
5. Insert the light into the hatch cover (3).
6. Screw the screws (1) into the plate (2).
9. STORAGE RULES
In case of a long break in work, store the air ionizer in its package, at a temperature from +10 0 C to +35 0 C, at a relative air humidity of not more than 80%.
10. POSSIBLE MALFUNCTIONS AND METHODS FOR THEIR ELIMINATION
All faults that cause failures are eliminated only by specialists of repair enterprises and the manufacturer.
11. CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE AND SALE
Aeroionizer universal stabilizing
SAU-B serial number ______________________________
complies with GOST IEC 60335-2-65-2012 "Safety of household appliances
and similar electrical appliances" and specifications
TU 3468-01-36332315-2009
Date of issue ___________________________________
OTC stamp
Sold __________________ Date of sale ______________
trade company name
12. WARRANTY
Please read this warranty policy when purchasing an air ionizer and make sure that the warranty card is filled out properly by the sales organization.
Carefully check the appearance of the product, as well as its completeness according to the "Operating Manual" of the air ionizer. Claims to appearance and completeness present immediately upon acceptance of the goods from the seller.
The service life of the air ionizer, subject to the buyer's compliance with all the requirements of this Manual, is at least 10 years.
The established warranty period is 12 months from the date of sale of the air ionizer through the distribution network.
The warranty covers any defects in the device caused by manufacturing or component defects. Replacement of defective parts (including replacement work) is free of charge.
The warranty is only valid if the device has been used in accordance with the instructions in the "Operating Instructions"
During the warranty period, the manufacturer removes faults free of charge or replaces the air ionizer with a new one.
The air ionizer is accepted for warranty repair, subject to the availability of a passport for the device, a warranty card and a sales mark in the warranty card.
Warranties do not apply to:
Malfunctions resulting from the operation of the device in violation of the requirements of the relevant sections of the "Operating Manual",
- consumables (halogen lamp) in devices with a lamp,
- mechanical damage to the body of the device.
The manufacturer shall not be liable for any warranty repair or remedy for defects arising in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, from the installation or replacement of parts, or from the installation of additional parts that are not authorized by the manufacturer, or from changes in design. Liability under this warranty is limited to the obligations set forth herein, unless otherwise provided by law.
Disadvantages of the Chizhevsky chandelier. Myths about Chizhevsky's chandelier.
Why is Chizhevsky's chandelier scolded for? The harmfulness of the Chizhevsky chandelier.
The disadvantage of the Chizhevsky chandelier, the harmfulness of the Chizhevsky chandelier:
There is no effect when the air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier) is turned on.
This is the biggest disadvantage. The fact is that the human senses do not react in any way to the presence of additional electrons in the air.
A correctly assembled and correctly installed ionizer does not manifest itself in any way.
There is no "mountain" smell (like after a thunderstorm), no all kinds of lighting effects, no instant improvement in well-being.
Those. the inclusion of an air ionizer is subjectively imperceptible. However, such a device should be present in every room.
Its influence will manifest itself only after a long time (days, months, years), when our body, receiving electric charges, inherent in nature, will maintain good health, vigor, health and ensure longevity.
The fact is that a person, during evolution (about 2.5 million years), got used to breathing natural air, which is filled with negative charges (due to the action of the Sun, plants, water evaporation, etc.). And only at the beginning of the 20th century, people began to massively move into houses made of brick and reinforced concrete, where natural charges are instantly neutralized. In such premises, a person, not receiving the necessary charges, begins to feel bad, quickly get tired, get sick.
To restore the natural electrical composition of the air, air ionizers are needed - Chizhevsky's chandeliers.
The positive effect of the Chizhevsky chandelier is explained only by the suggestibility of a person.
About the placebo effect
This is the phenomenon of improving the health of a person due to the fact that he believes in the effectiveness of some effect, which is actually neutral.
Many sources of information report that air ionizers (Chizhevsky's chandeliers) do not affect a person's well-being in any way. It's just a matter of suggestibility.
That is why they scold the statistics of treating diseases with the help of Chizhevsky's chandelier, which "did not provide" for the control group, with the chandelier present, but without switching on. Under the conditions of Karlag (Karaganda), when Chizhevsky carried out mass studies of air ionizers on human health, it was impossible to do this.
Let the person be suggestible.
But how to explain the facts of the impact of the Chizhevsky chandelier on plants that are drawn to the air ionizer, as to the Sun.
Animals, birds that do not impose the concept of suggestibility, when exposed to the Chizhevsky chandelier, gain weight, do not get sick, and the case decreases.
A huge amount of negative oxygen ions produced by Chizhevsky's chandelier.
Indeed, in the catalogs, characteristics, descriptions, passports of Chizhevsky's chandeliers, large numbers of ion concentrations are given, which are expressed as values with a large number of zeros. Now objectively: In one cubic centimeter of air (1 cm3), on average, there are 5.6 1018 oxygen molecules. At the highest degree of ionization (near the tip of the ionizer), the number of ionized oxygen molecules is from 1106 to 5106. Consequently, the percentage of ionized molecules will be from 1.8-11% to 8.9-11%. To present these numbers, let's take, for example, a very large room of 100 square meters (10m x 10m x 2.5m - ceiling height), where the ionizer with the highest performance is installed. For this room, the volume of ionized air, at the maximum degree of ionization, will be only 0.2 cubic millimeters - this is the size of the dot in this proposal.
However, this very small amount of ionized oxygen molecules greatly affects our well-being.
That's what nature intended. Man has become accustomed to this for millions of years of evolution.
The dust is charged, flies to the person, enters the mouth, nose and penetrates deep into the body.
Hence the "advice": When you turn on the Chizhevsky chandelier, you need to leave the room for a few minutes so that dust does not get inside the human body, as well as close the door and windows to avoid dust influx.
The dust is really charged, but it does not happen instantly, but within a few minutes.
For clarity, let's compare the sizes of dust particles, take the smallest - 0.2 microns, and the sizes of an oxygen molecule and an electron.
If we increase the size of fine dust to the size of a 9-storey building (30 meters), then the size of an oxygen molecule will be smaller than the size of a tennis ball (5.4 centimeters), and the size of an electron will be 0.43 micrometers (this is 250 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair). ).
It may be incorrect to compare particle sizes with their electrical properties, but it is clearly seen that it will take more than one hundred ions, and quite a long time, to charge such a huge (on the scale of atoms) dust particle.
For example, we took the finest dust. Imagine that dust particles could be 200 to 500 times larger.
Charged dust begins to drift slowly (0.1 - 0.4 cm / sec) to the positive electrode - walls, ceiling, floor.
Due to its charge, dust is attracted to an oppositely charged surface, where it settles.
Over time (1-3 months of operation of the Chizhevsky chandelier), a layer is formed, consisting of both large particles and fine dust, which is difficult to remove.
From here came the myth that the Chizhevsky chandelier creates "harmful" dust that penetrates deep into the human body, and is also difficult to remove, just as it is difficult to clean the surfaces of rooms.
Charged dust, unlike ordinary dust, lingers in the upper respiratory tract and CANNOT penetrate further.
The human body easily removes such dust particles.
And neutrally charged dust can really penetrate far into the lungs of a person.
Even if we imagine that we inhale charged dust, we can "paint" the following picture:
Take an average room of 16 m2, with a ceiling height of 2.5 m. The surface area where dust will attract will be: ceiling - 16 m2, floor - 16 m2, walls - 4 x 2.5 x 4 \u003d 40 m2, total - 72 m2, not counting other items, furnishings, furniture, etc. The surface area of the human respiratory tract is:
mouth (wide open) - 0.0017 m2, nose - 0.0001 m2, total: 0.0018 m2.
The percentage of dust entering our body will be 0.0025% - an insignificant part, which you don’t even need to think about.
Air ionizer (chandelier Chizhevsky) can not produce dust, soot, soot, which cause blackness around the device. What is deposited on the ceiling, walls, on the floor is taken from the air of the room. This is what flies around. This is what we breathe. Everything that we have to wash from walls, ceilings, etc., was in the air, and, therefore, without an ionizer, it ends up in our body.
Agree that it is better to let all this muck be on the walls than in our lungs. It may not be easy to remove pollution from the surfaces of the room, but it will be even more difficult to remove them from our body.
Example: A few years ago we installed our air ionizers (Chizhevsky chandeliers) in one of the workshops of the local lighting plant.
After a month of operation, we were informed that the concentration of mercury had increased tenfold. It turned out that they measured the concentration of mercury by scraping samples from the walls of the workshop. Indeed, the concentration of mercury on the walls increased, but it decreased by the same amount in the air.
If you are concerned about dust deposition, then you can turn on the air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier) for a minimum time (indicated in the device's passport). Because the main purpose of the Chizhevsky chandelier is air ionization, i.e. creation in the air of the room of the electrical composition of the air corresponding to the natural one.
An air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier) creates a strong electrostatic field, clothes become electrified, the hair on the head rises, and it shocks when objects are touched. The ionizer can cause failure of electronic devices.
Indeed, Chizhevsky's chandelier creates an electrostatic field. This is her inalienable property. Without this, the operation of a real air ionizer is not possible.
Of course, this is not convenient, but it is completely harmless. The human body consists of water ranging from 55% to 80%, which is a conductor.
Therefore, a person cannot accumulate static electricity. Static is collected on clothing, primarily on artificial, synthetically created, although some natural materials capable of accumulating static electricity. For example, even without air ionization, you can get a current discharge when you abruptly take off your sweater, jacket, or when you walk on a carpet, carpet, and then touch a refrigerator, radiators, etc. By the way, many ionizers, most of them imported or bipolar , there are no such phenomena, therefore, there is practically no ionization there.
On the quantitative indicators of the formation of an electrostatic field: The air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier) creates an electrostatic field with a strength of 25 kV / mm (0.25 kV / m) directly near the tip of the device. Then the tension decreases exponentially. At a distance of 0.5 - 2 meters from the device, the intensity of the electrostatic field corresponds to the electric field of the Earth (by the way, negative polarity) - 100-200 V / m.
The minimum norm of an electrostatic field, the time a person stays in which is not limited in time, according to GOST 12.1.045-84 and SanPiN 2.4.7 / 1.1.1286-03 is 100 times more.
Of course, the formation of electrostatics is unpleasant, but without this it is impossible to use real air ionizers (Chizhevsky's chandeliers).
To reduce the influence of this factor, it is enough to use the ionizer for the minimum time (indicated in the passport for the device), or turn on the ionizer at night, during sleep.
As for the failure of electronic devices, our devices operate without negative consequences for themselves and complex electronics at a distance of 30 cm and further. This is for regular modes. Those. when everything is ok. But just in case, we write: The ionizer should be located no closer than 1.5 meters from TV screens, computer displays, complex electronic equipment and massive metal objects (heating radiators, refrigerators, washing machines, safes, etc.). This is for emergencies. For example: ionizer drop, accidental spark discharge, etc.
Example: In city N, our devices were installed in a computer class. They report: when the air ionizers are turned on, the local network stops working. As a result, it turned out that the computer network was assembled incorrectly - the computers were connected only by information ports, there was no grounding of the computer cases. When the flaw was corrected, the local network worked stably when Chizhevsky's chandeliers were turned on.
Touching the needles of Chizhevsky's chandelier is dangerous for health - it will give you an electric shock!
It's true - it will hit, but it's not dangerous for health.
Despite the high voltage supplied to the emitter, the device does not pose any danger to humans, due to the limitation of the output current at a safe level.
However, you should not touch the switched on device, because. this will cause a slight nasty discharge of static electricity.
The same discharges occur, for example, when you abruptly take off your sweater or when you walk along the carpet, and then touch the refrigerator, radiators, etc.
When using only negative ions (in the case of unipolar ionizers), a person is negatively charged, and the new ions produced simply do not enter the respiratory tract, and there will be absolutely no benefit from such negative ions, so it is better to purchase a bipolar ionizer.
The human body, which consists of almost 80% water, from the point of view of physics, is a conductor of electricity and cannot be "charged".
Therefore, all talk about the fact that a person accumulates negative charges and new negative charges will be "repelled" from him is completely groundless and unscientific.
But the use of bipolar ionizers is just useless.
Unipolar ionizers are recommended to be used indoors in the absence of a person, since a strong electrostatic field is formed, which is undoubtedly very harmful, because. dust flying in any room gets a charge, at best it settles on the walls, at worst - in the respiratory tract, from where, unlike just dust, charged dust does not come out naturally, as a result, a person can get bronchial asthma in 5-10 years.
It makes no sense to use unipolar ionizers indoors in the absence of a person, unless for air purification, which is not the main purpose of the Chizhevsky chandelier. Charged dust, getting into the nearest respiratory tract, gives off all excess charges and becomes neutral and is very easily excreted from the body. As for bronchial asthma, it is with the help of Chizhevsky's chandelier that many are cured of this disease. (There are examples among our employees.)
About bipolar air ionizers.
Bipolar air ionizers produce both negative and positive ions.
Their generation can occur simultaneously or alternately, depending on the design.
At the same time, manufacturers indicate the advantages of bipolar ionizers over unipolar ones that produce only negatively charged ions (Chizhevsky chandeliers), such as: the absence of an electrostatic field, the absence of dust deposition on objects, walls, ceilings, compliance with sanitary rules and regulations (SanPiN).
However, the most important thing is not taken into account - the difference in the impact on a person of positive and negative air charges.
The effect of negative and positive ions on the human body is completely different.
This was proved by A.L. Chizhevsky in his experiments at the beginning of the 20th century.
Negative air ions are biologically beneficial, positive air ions have an unfavorable, harmful effect on the body.
I want to present to your attention my own development of an air ionizer. There are many devices in this segment, but a detailed analysis of the principle of operation and their schemes revealed that many of them are just a marketing ploy and do not bring any benefit.
In our time, when clean air has become a luxury and you can breathe it only far beyond the boundaries of megacities, this article is relevant. We all noticed that after a thunderstorm, the air becomes light, it is pleasant to breathe deeply, and if there were any ailments, then it immediately passed. This phenomenon was of interest to many scientists, but only one managed to get to the bottom of the truth. At the beginning of the 20th century, a brilliant Russian scientist invented a device resembling a chandelier and named after the inventor - the Chizhevsky chandelier. The ionizer generated only negatively charged ions, it is they that have a beneficial effect on the human body. The scientist put a lot of effort to prove his case and give the right to life to his device. They were held great amount experiments and experiments on living organisms. According to the results of the research, the enormous benefits of an artificial ionizer were revealed both in agriculture(the volume of the crop where the device worked increased), and in medicine, providing a preventive and therapeutic effect on the human body. Chizhevsky published the results in his own book:
As can be seen from the table, the ionizer had a positive effect on all types of diseases.
Later in medicine appeared new method treatment - aeroionotherapy. The air in the room where the treatment is carried out is saturated with the device with light air ions, as a result of which it turns into healing and resembles the air after a thunderstorm.
Indications for use:
- Bronchial asthma
- Runny nose, pharyngitis, laryngitis, acute and chronic bronchitis
- The initial stage of hypertension
- Burns and wounds
- neuroses
- Whooping cough
- Chronic periodontitis
- Treatment of deviations from normal behavior in newborns
- Rejuvenating effect
This is far from full list all indications for treatment.
Studies of air ions have been and are still being carried out by scientists from the Mordovian State University. N.P. Ogaryova, proving the benefits of this phenomenon, who also presented their devices to the public and who also destroyed marketing myths.
Scientists have proved such a phenomenon as a deficiency of air ions in the air, which has a deplorable effect on health. Experimental rats that breathed air without air ions became lethargic, weak, lost their reproductive function and eventually died on days 10-14 of the experiments. Alexander Leonidovich proposed an air ionification project in rooms, especially in the production workshops of factories and enterprises, because it is in such rooms that the smallest number of air ions is. But it hasn't gained much popularity.
The result of Chizhevsky's work was the worldwide recognition and implementation of the invention in all possible industries abroad. Foreign scientists tried to repeat the design of the Chizhevsky chandelier, but since the scientist did not sell his ideas, the creation of such an apparatus was not successful abroad. But over time, for some reason, attention to this discovery became less and less. And if you ask any passer-by if he has heard anything about the Chizhevsky chandelier, then the majority will give a negative answer, which is undeserved and very sad.
Let's move on to the technical part.
Physical principle of action:
Ionization occurs under the action of an electric field of high intensity, which appears in a system of two conductors (electrodes) of different sizes, near one electrode, with a small radius of curvature - a point, a needle.
The second electrode in such a system is the mains wire, the ground wire, the electrical network itself, radiators and heating pipes, plumbing, wall fittings, the walls themselves, floors, ceilings, cabinets, tables, and even the person himself. To obtain an electric field of high intensity, a high voltage of negative polarity must be applied to the tip.
In this case, electrons escape from the needle, which, colliding with an oxygen molecule, form a negative ion. those. The negative oxygen ion is an O2 oxygen molecule with an additional, free electron. It is this electron that will subsequently fulfill its favorable, positive role already in the blood of a living organism. These negative air ions will scatter from the tip, the needle to the second, positive electrode, in the direction of the electric field lines of force.
An electron that has left the metal of the tip can be accelerated by an electric field to such a speed that, colliding with an oxygen molecule, it knocks out another electron from it, which, in turn, can also accelerate and knock out another one, etc. Thus In this way, a stream can be formed, an avalanche of electrons flying from the tip to the positive electrode. Having lost their electrons, positive oxygen ions are attracted to the negative electrode - the needle, are accelerated by the field and, colliding with the metal of the tip, can knock out additional electrons. Thus, two opposite avalanche-like processes arise, which, interacting with each other, form an electric discharge in the air, which is called quiet.
This discharge is accompanied by a weak glow near the tip. This photoelectric effect arises due to the fact that some atoms receive energy from collisions with electrons that is insufficient for ionization, but transfers the electrons of these atoms to higher orbits. Passing back to a state of equilibrium, the atom emits excess energy in the form of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation - heat, light, ultraviolet radiation. Thus, a glow is formed at the tips of the needles, which can be observed in complete darkness. The glow intensifies, with an increase in the flow of electrons and ions, for example, when you bring your hand to the tips of the needles at a short distance of 1-3 cm. At the same time, you can still feel this flow - the ionic wind, in the form of a barely perceptible chill, a breeze.
Requirements for the device according to GOST.
1) The number of negatively charged particles created by the ionizer (measured in 1 cm 3) - concentration of air ions , is the main parameter of any ionizer. The values of the normalized indicators of the concentration of air ions and the unipolarity coefficient are given in the table (Table 2)
In order not to wash away the use of an air ionizer, it must be borne in mind that the indicator at a distance of 1 m must be no less than the indicator of the natural charge concentration in the air, i.e. 1000 ion / cm 3.
Therefore, it is advisable to increase the concentration index from 5000 ion/cm 3 . The maximum value is selected depending on the time of application of this ionizer.
2) Voltage on the emitter (ionizing electrode). Unit of measurement - kV
For household air ionizers, the voltage indicator should be in the range of 20 - 30 kV. If the voltage is less than 20 kV, then the use of such an air ionizer does not make sense, since ions begin to form steadily at a voltage of 20 kV. The use of an ionizer with a voltage of more than 30 kV in an apartment can lead to spark discharges that contribute to the formation of compounds harmful to the body, including ozone. Therefore, manufacturers' statements that the voltage is reduced to 5 kV and ions are produced are not appropriate. Science has proven it. There are also bipolar ionizers that produce both positive and negative ions. There will also be no useful effect from such devices, since according to the laws of physics it is known that the negative is attracted to the positive, forming a neutral, that is, zero charge. Therefore, such a device will simply turn your counter into an empty one, while not forming anything.
Instructions for use.
The device is completely safe for humans, despite the high voltage supplied to the emitter, so the current output level is limited to safe. However, you should not touch the included ionizer, as this leads to an unpleasant discharge of static electricity. Dangerous is the case when a person touches a simultaneously working device and a massive metal object (refrigerator, washing machine, safe, etc.).
The device can work continuously 24 hours a day. It should be noted that the concentration of negative oxygen air ions decreases with increasing distance from the emitter, as shown in the table. (Table 3)
Determining the dose of ionization, A.L. Chizhevsky used the concept of "biological unit of air ionization (BEA) - the number of air ions inhaled by a person in natural conditions per day." On average, a person receives 1 BEA per day at a concentration of negative oxygen ions (OIC) of 1 thousand/cm 3 . This dose is considered prophylactic, improving.
To get the number of air ions inhaled by a person under natural conditions per day - the biological unit of air ionization, it is enough to turn on the ionizer for the time indicated in line 3, depending on how far the person is from the device. In order to inhale the same amount of air ions that a person receives in 24 hours outside the city, for example, in the forest, it is enough to turn on the device for 20 minutes (0.3 h) per day, being at a distance of half a meter from the ionizer (first column of the table) , or for 1 hour a day at a distance of 1 meter (third column of the table), etc.
A.L. Chizhevsky took 20 BEA for a therapeutic dose. In the first procedures of aeroionotherapy, small concentrations of inhaled air ions are used. The duration of the average course is 20-30 procedures performed daily, starting from 10 minutes and ending with 30 minutes. A second course should be carried out no earlier than 2 months later.
Emitter according to Chizhevsky.
The figure shows a diagram of the original emitter of an artificial ionizer, which was used by the scientist.
Explanations for the figure, if for some reason it is not visible to someone:
1 - rim of an electro-fluvial chandelier; 2 - holder; 3 - extension; 3 - extension; 4 - holder bar; 5.7 - clamp; 6 - outer clamp; 8 - high-voltage insulator; 9 - locking screw; 10, 11 - screws ;12 - fastening to the ceiling.
The design proposed by Alexander Leonidovich looked like a chandelier. From the ceiling, on insulators, a frame made of a light metal rim was suspended - a ring with a diameter of 1000 mm, which was made mainly of a brass tube or steel. A wire with a diameter of 0.25-0.3 mm was stretched on this rim, perpendicular to each other with a step of 45 mm. After tension, the structure formed a part of a sphere (grid) protruding downward with a deflection arrow equal to 100 mm. At the intersection points of the wire, steel pins 300 mm long were soldered in the amount of 372 pieces. The chandelier is suspended on a porcelain high-voltage insulator from the ceiling of the room and connected to the busbar with the negative pole of the high voltage source, the second pole is grounded.
Creation of the device.
Analyzing articles and diagrams that are freely available on the Internet, the following general shortcomings were identified:
- the use of a high-voltage transformer TVS-110, which is quite large and needs to be further improved;
- the use of a high voltage multiplier, which is also quite bulky and needs to be improved by breaking the epoxy body, which presents an additional difficulty;
- the use of zener diodes and the use of high power dissipation resistors, which also affect the size of the power supply and its power consumption.
- the absence of a voltage divider in the form of two resistors connected in series and connected in parallel at the power input of the high-voltage unit from the 220V electrical network. This voltage divider relieves the consumer of the need to search for a neutral wire in a 220V socket, which necessarily must be connected to the positive high-voltage wire coming from the transformer and connected to the emitter, thereby forming a ground loop, which is a mandatory requirement for devices for this purpose. This is done in order to obtain an electric field of high intensity, which guarantees the correct operation of the ionizer.
It's not a secret for anyone that old equipment is thrown out, and replaced by new devices with both more advanced functions of use and more perfect "stuffing". Old radio elements are replaced by new ones, which are not inferior in functionality, but on the contrary, are superior to the progenitors; their dimensions are reduced - which entails a reduction in the dimensions of the overall design of the device. For example, massive color televisions, which are based on a cathode ray tube (kinescope), over time were squeezed out by new, more compact LCD and plasma televisions.
Obsolete equipment is thrown into the landfill, despite the fact that the internal component of these devices is a unique value.
Analyzing the circuits of high-voltage power supplies and their principle of operation, it was revealed that the main component of all devices is a high-voltage transformer and a separate voltage multiplier from old black-and-white TVs. Such transformers and multipliers needed to be improved and occupied a significant place in the design of the device. To follow the modern trend of compactness while maintaining all the functionality, the eye fell on more modern, but also outdated TVs and monitors with a color cathode ray tube of the late 90s and early 2000s.
Compared to older appliances of this type, progress in the design of color devices has brought a lot of new things both in terms of functionality and in terms of dimensions. The most important hardware unit, the horizontal transformer, was subjected to research. This device is responsible for increasing the voltage by several tens of kV, without which thermionic emission cannot exist in a cathode ray tube.
Having dismantled several monitors of that generation, decommissioned for recycling, a horizontal transformer was removed, which was subjected to detailed study and analysis.
Transformer brand FBT FKG-15A006. In the design, you can see a high-voltage massive wire that connects to the kinescope. By its size, this line transformer is much more compact than the transformers of previous generations (in the photo, the transformer has already been converted to work):
But in order, how it was done.
Before starting work, a diagram of this transformer was found:
Analysis of the circuit showed that in its structure the transformer contains two isolated windings. As part of the high-voltage winding, powerful high-voltage diodes were used, as well as a high-voltage capacitor. What was unique was that this design contained important components: two primary windings, a high-voltage winding, which included high-voltage multiplication. And the compact case in which the structure is placed is a great advantage over the well-known circuits, where a larger transformer and a voltage multiplier were used separately.
- Removal of load voltages on the transformer windings.
For this experiment, the following were used: a sound generator with a sinusoidal pulse, a horizontal transformer, an oscilloscope for a rough estimate of the voltage on the windings and observation of the type of signal, a millivoltmeter for taking accurate readings of the winding voltages.
The set parameters of the sound generator: current form - sine, frequency - 20 kHz, amplitude - 1 V.
The research results are presented in the table (Table 4):
It is also important to find main characteristic any transformer - the transformation ratio. The transformation ratio is found by the formula:
where U 2 is the voltage on the secondary winding of the transformer, U 1 is the voltage on the primary winding of the transformer. For this transformer, the transformation ratio was k = 30 * 10 3 /4 = 7.5 * 10 3. If the transformation ratio is greater than one, then such a transformer is considered step-up, which in reality it is.
2. Checking the power of high-voltage diodes.
In order to understand which diodes are used in the design and determine their load parameters, as well as determine the performance, the following study was made.
By shorting the positive discharge high-voltage wire to the ground loop, thereby turning the negative wire into a positive one, by connecting the built-in high-voltage capacitor to it, the transformer polarity was changed. Then, by connecting the now positive wire to a power source of about 100 V, and connecting an ammeter in series to the negative wire, they began to smoothly apply voltage to the power source. The operation of the diodes occurred at a voltage of 38 V, which confirmed such facts as: 1) the diodes are operational; 2) the diodes are powerful and such a diode assembly is suitable for further research.
Summing up the results of the experiment, an important discovery was made: for the further invention and operation of the ionizer prototype, it is quite easy to change the polarity of the high-voltage winding, which eliminates the violation of the integrity of the transformer case. This is another big plus compared to using a voltage multiplier, where you had to break the epoxy resin case, which is quite problematic, and manually change the polarity by soldering the required wires.
Modernization of the horizontal transformer.
Thanks to the data obtained during the experiments, a work plan was outlined for the modernization of the fkg15a006 line transformer. The design provides two trimmer resistors, which for further work were not needed and were carefully removed with a saw cut with a diamond blade. The saw cut was isolated and sealed with decorative plastic. Next, the high-voltage wire was shortened to the very base and connected to the minus of the transformer. The pin of the built-in high voltage capacitor is connected to pin 8, which is now a plus. Extra contacts were removed and insulated. Epoxy resin, which is a good dielectric, acted as an insulator. After the resin had dried, the excess was removed mechanically.
The ingenious idea of the engineer, who was able to accommodate a rich internal set of elements and the presence of series-connected diodes in the secondary winding, made it easy, with the least expenditure of effort and money, to make the necessary changes. What was a useless material to be discarded due to obsolescence turned out to be a device unique in its structure. Therefore, before throwing out the old equipment, it is worth thinking about other possible areas of application of the components of this apparatus. After all, a lot of interesting and useful things can be made from waste and improvised material. This is exactly what this work shows.
Schematic diagrams for controlling a horizontal transformer
For the operation of the transformer with maximum efficiency, the known schemes that are common on the Internet were not suitable. Moreover, after the analysis, obvious serious shortcomings were revealed. Given these disadvantages, three unique, independent of each other, schemes not previously seen on the Internet, were developed.
Circuit on two dinistors
Consider connecting a dinistor to an AC power supply through a diode bridge.
After two half-wave rectifiers, a pulsating voltage appears or is otherwise called constant.
Full-wave rectification is interesting in that the voltage starts from zero, reaches a maximum value, and again drops to zero. In this case, when the voltage drops to zero, it means that with any operation of the dinistor, it will always close.
Depending on the RC circuit, the process of charging the capacitor changes. You can choose τ - the chain constant, which is equal to the product R * C, so that the dinistor will open when the voltage on the capacitor reaches a value that will certainly exceed the opening voltage of the dinistor.
For the dinistor to work correctly, the dinistor opening voltage should be noted on the graph. Let's say U peak \u003d 310V, and the opening voltage of the DB3 dinistor is 30 V.
The opening voltage can be achieved at different points on the graph: both from 30 V to the peak - 310 V, and beyond the peak, when the graph has gone down and the half-cycle voltage tends to zero. Everything depends on the chain constant τ. But it is desirable that the opening voltage occur at the peak of the capacitor charging.
To set a certain τ, a constant value capacitor is set, since the resistor is easier to choose. The half-cycle time can be easily found. Let's say one half cycle is 10 ms. Then at the peak of the half-cycle τ will be 5 ms. Knowing the capacitance of the capacitor and the required value of the constant chain τ, which must be achieved for the earliest operation of the dinistor, you can find the desired resistance from the previously known formula τ \u003d R * C.
The larger the value of the capacitor is charged, the greater its energy, which is given to the primary coil of the transformer. That is, the amount of energy is proportional to the square of the voltage across a given capacitor and is directly proportional to the capacitance of the capacitor. In this way we can deliver more energy to the coil and get a higher voltage on the secondary winding.
Circuit description:
This circuit consists of a fuse, which was taken as a low-resistance resistor, a voltage divider consisting of two series-connected resistors connected to the power inputs of the 220 V network, a diode bridge, which is a full-wave rectifier, a timing chain R 3 and a capacitor C 1 , two KN102I dinistors, a diode connected in parallel and outputs to the transformer winding.
Principle of operation:
In this circuit, dinistors of domestic production KN102I are used. It is these dinistors, since they have no foreign analogues and can withstand currents up to 10 A. We achieve the optimal constant circuit (τ = 2.8 ms), at which the capacitor is charged to the maximum voltage. Capacitor C 1 is charged along the circuit: plus of the diode bridge, resistor R 3, capacitor C 1, primary winding of the transformer, minus of the diode bridge. The use of two dinistors increases the charge voltage of the capacitor (up to 220V). At a given maximum capacitor charge voltage, the opening voltage of the dinistor is reached. When the dinistor is opened, the capacitor is discharged through the primary winding, as a result of which an oscillatory process occurs in the form of damped oscillations. An alternating damped voltage appears, which is transformed by a transformer. Only alternating voltage can be transformed, since the transformer is high-frequency (oscillation frequency 20 kHz). After transformation, the voltage is increased by a secondary high-voltage coil and rectified by a diode assembly, which is located in the case of a line transformer.
Diode VD1 is a kind of filter that conducts only negative half-waves of all-frequency oscillations, thereby achieving both positive and negative oscillations in the circuit.
The performance of the circuit was 24500 ions/cm 3 .
This circuit is almost identical to the previous one, with the exception of the thyristor, which is replaced here with one of the dinistors and the addition of a second timing chain R 3 and a capacitor C 1 that serves to tune the dinistor.
Circuit description:
The circuit consists of a fuse, which was taken as a resistor with low resistance, a voltage divider consisting of two series-connected resistors connected to the power inputs of the 220 V network, a diode bridge, which is a full-wave rectifier, two timing circuits R 3 , C 1 and R 4 , C 2 , one DB3 dinistor connected to the control electrode circuit of the thyristor, thyristor, diode connected in parallel and outputs to the transformer winding.
Principle of operation:
In the circuit, a dinistor is used as a pulse to the control electrode of the thyristor. Similarly to the previous scheme, for a given dinistor, the circuit constant τ 1 is calculated, it is configured in such a way that the dinistor opens when the maximum charging current is reached on the capacitor C 1. As an actuator, a thyristor is used, which passes a current through itself of a much larger value compared to two dinistors. A feature of this circuit is that the capacitor C 2 is first charged to the maximum value, which is set by the timing chain R 4 *C 2 . And already after C 2, the capacitor C 1 begins to charge. The thyristor will be closed until τ 1 of the timing chain R 3 *C 1 opens the dinistor, after which a pulse is applied to the control electrode of the thyristor to open the latter. This radio engineering solution is used to ensure that the capacitor C 2 can be charged to its full maximum, thereby giving up its energy as much as possible when discharging to the primary winding of the transformer. When C 2 is discharged, an oscillatory circuit appears, similar to the previous circuit, thereby forming an oscillatory process, which is transformed by the transformer.
To obtain positive and negative waves on the transformer, a VD3 diode is connected in parallel, which passes only one type of wave.
The performance of the circuit was 28,000 ions/cm 3 .
Transistor circuit
Circuit description:
This circuit allows you to transfer the operation of a horizontal transformer from a constant supply, i.e. from batteries, thereby allowing you to make the ionizer mobile. The consumed current is in the range of 100 - 200 mA, which is quite small, providing continuous operation on one battery for 1-2 months (depending on the capacity of the battery).
Principle of operation:
A standard transistor multivibrator is used as a master oscillator, which generates an oscillation frequency of the order of 20 kHz. The generation frequency is set by timing chains. In this scheme, there are two of them: R 2, C 3 and R 3, C 2. The oscillation period of this multivibrator is T=τ 1 +τ 2 , where τ 1 = R 2* C 3 , τ 2 = R 3* C 2 . The multivibrator is symmetrical if τ 1 =τ 2 . If we look at the output voltage waveform of any collector of the transistor, we will see a signal that is almost close to a rectangular one. But it's not actually rectangular. This is explained by the fact that the multivibrator has two states of quasi-equilibrium: in one of them, the transistor VT1 is open by the base current and is in saturation, and the transistor VT2 is closed (is in the cutoff state). Each of these states of quasi-equilibrium is unstable, since the negative potential based on the closed transistor VT1, as the capacitor C3 charges, tends to the positive potential of the power source Up (charging the capacitor C2 is faster than discharging the capacitor C3):
At the moment when this potential becomes positive, the state of quasi-equilibrium is violated, the closed transistor opens, the open one closes, and the multivibrator goes into a new state of quasi-equilibrium. At the output, almost rectangular pulses Uout are formed with a duty cycle N ≈2.
But in this circuit, the signal shape can be neglected, since further along the circuit are transistor switches VT3 and VT4, which operate at a low voltage level. These transistors provide a near-rectangular waveform. If the ratio of the period T to τ is equal to two, then this type of signal is called a meander. The current flows, if the transistors VT3 and VT4 are open, from the plus of the power source, through the primary winding of the transformer, transistor VT4, minus the power source. But after a half-cycle, the transistor VT2 closes, which means that VT3 and VT4 are instantly closed. In this case, there is a sharp change in current from the maximum value, which is determined by the voltage of the power source and the ohmic resistance of the primary winding of the line transformer, from a few amperes to a certain minimum value. As a result of this phenomenon, induction emf occurs in the winding. And the magnetic flux is directly proportional to the magnetizing force, that is, the current that flows through the transistor VT4, multiplied by the number of turns ω. stop current. The faster the transistor opens and closes, the faster the current in the circuit changes. Since a large EMF occurs on the primary winding, on the order of more than 100 V, high-voltage transistors were also used.
The performance of the circuit was 26700 ions/cm 3 .
All circuits are assembled on a circuit board, since at the time of creation it was not possible to get hold of foil textolite. I'll add the PCB layout later.
Any uniformly smooth insulated metal of arbitrary shape can be used as a radiator. As they say, there is no friend for taste and color, and here the shape of the emitter can be arbitrary.
While there is no photo of the finished device, I want to add a remote control function and a countdown timer for the operation of the device for ease of use. All this will be placed in the body of the wall lamp, the emitter will be the floor lamp itself, while the main function of the wall lamp will remain - the light, which will also be turned on through the control panel.
Summing up, I would like to note that the presented schemes differ from others known for their simplicity in execution, but more efficient in operation; small, compact size, with low power consumption, and most importantly, anyone who is friends with a soldering iron can assemble these circuits, since all the parts are not in short supply, some are even thrown out (such as a horizontal transformer).
May clean, fresh, healthy air come to your home. But before using, consult your doctor.
Below is a video of the operation of a horizontal transformer from two different schemes. Since it was not possible to measure the high voltage, an impromptu voltmeter was taken as a voltage measurement - a breakdown in air. It is known that 1 cm of breakdown in air is equal to about 30 kV, which clearly shows the operation of a horizontal transformer and that air ions are generated at a given voltage.
Bibliography:
- Chizhevsky A.L. Aeroionification in the national economy. - M.: Gosplanizdat, 1960 (2nd edition - Stroyizdat, 1989).
- http://lyustrachizhevsky.rf/LC/TPPN/Prin_rab.html
- http://www.ion.moris.ru/Models/Palma/Primenenie/Palma_primenenie.html
- http://studopedia.ru/2_73659_multivibratori.html
List of radio elements
Designation | Type | Denomination | Quantity | Note | Shop | My notepad | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Circuit on two dinistors | |||||||
VS1, VS2 | Thyristor & Triac | KN102I | 2 | To notepad | |||
VD1 | Diode Bridge Bl2w10 | 1000 V. 2A | 1 | To notepad | |||
VD2 | rectifier diode | SF18 | 1 | To notepad | |||
C1 | Capacitor | 470 pF | 1 | To notepad | |||
R1, R2 | Resistor | 36-50 kOhm | 2 | To notepad | |||
R3 | Resistor | 6-7.5 kOhm 2 W | 1 | To notepad | |||
Line transformer | fkg-15a006 | 1 | To notepad | ||||
FU1 | Fuse Resistor | 47 ohm | 1 | To notepad | |||
Scheme on a thyristor with a control electrode | |||||||
VD1 | Diode bridge | DB107 | 1 | To notepad | |||
VD2 | rectifier diode | FR152 | 1 | To notepad | |||
VD3 | rectifier diode | SF18 | 1 | To notepad | |||
VS1 | Dinistor | 1 | To notepad | ||||
VS2 | Thyristor | BT151-500C | 1 |
Reading time ≈ 8 minutes
What is a Chizhevsky chandelier? What is the principle of its action? How can it be useful in everyday life? How to make a Chizhevsky chandelier with your own hands, according to what scheme? Detailed description And the answers to all these questions are in our material.
Chandelier Chizhevsky: features, manufacturing instructions
Chandelier (or lamp) Chizhevsky is an air ionizer. Such devices are used in many modern apartments, whose residents are tired of city smog, and they want to breathe fresh, almost "forest" air.
Of course, an air ionizer can be purchased at almost any store. household appliances. But, we are not looking for easy ways. Therefore, let's take a look at how to make a Chizhevsky chandelier "in the garage" and enjoy the air from which a summer thunderstorm blows.
What is Chizhevsky: a little theory
The human body needs air to exist. And for a comfortable and long life - high-quality and clean air. An ion is one of the elements found in airspace. It tends to become negative or positive, depending on the type of charge.
So, what is Chizhevsky's lamp? This is a device that can change the number of electrons in the air. Moreover, this is the very first device in history that is capable of this.
If we completely simplify the description, and get by with only one sentence, then Chizhevsky's invention can be called an ordinary control electrode.
A brief excursion into history
At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists around the world began to actively study the processes of air ionization. And all because each of them wanted to find a solution to the problem, which was the possibility.
Chizhevsky's chandelier is the property of a large-scale and painstaking work of researchers. Even today, in the age of high technology, many scientists cannot make an unambiguous answer regarding the effect of this device on a living organism.
The design got its name in honor of the biophysicist A.L. Chizhevsky, well-known in Soviet times. But, they are not directly related to the invention. He only developed airborne ionization techniques, which became theoretical, and later practical basis lamps.
In the scientist's notes, reports of experiments were found that found that air without ions has an extremely negative effect on the human body, as well as the well-being of animals. After repeated experiments, his thoughts were confirmed by modern great minds.
The principle of operation of the chandelier
The Chizhevsky lamp operates quite simply. So, we found out that the device is an electrode operating according to the scheme:
- A voltage is applied to the main structural element, which is generated in a device consisting of 2 electrodes. The latter are electrical conductors with different radii;
- A needle-like structure is attached to an electrode with a smaller cross section. The second electrode is an ordinary wire through which current flows and voltage is transmitted;
- The needle located on the first electrode plays the most important role in the whole structure, since the electrodes are constantly torn off from it. This process occurs when the needle is touched by air molecules;
- “Recycled” air particles are “released” from the structure and enter our lungs.
The use of the Chizhevsky chandelier in the modern world
In life modern man full of various devices and devices that can make life easier, more comfortable, enjoyable, exciting. This is one side of the coin.
But, looking from the other side, we see (more precisely, scientists understand) that all these devices practically “eat up” the air, filling it with positive charges. As a result, we have a "deficit of negative particles."
To normalize all life processes, you need to reduce the negative impact of gadgets on the air. It is for this purpose that the Chizhevsky chandelier is used - an air ionizer.
Instructions for use
Chizhevsky's chandelier will have a positive effect on the body only if used correctly, strictly according to the instructions. The main thing is to remember that as soon as you brought the structure into the house, you must correctly conduct the first “session”, as well as the installation of the structure:
- Turn on the device for 30 minutes. No more!
- Every day, gradually increase the duration of the session until its duration reaches 3-4 hours a day.
If you live in a city and have never used air ionizers before, then after starting the Chizhevsky lamp, you may feel a headache or even nausea. If this happens - do not worry, as this is a normal reaction of the body to the unusual air in the room. You only need to shorten the sessions, and increase them at a smaller interval.
It is also important to correctly install the device:
- The ceilings of the room must be at least 2.5 m high;
- Humidity in the room should be kept at a level of up to 75%;
- There should not be any chemicals in the air;
- The lamp must be located at a distance of at least 2.5 m from the equipment.
The benefits and harms of using the Chizhevsky lamp
Unfortunately, to call air ionization an extremely useful procedure for human body it is forbidden. Of course, when all microbes and bacteria are destroyed in the room, this is good, since they no longer penetrate our body, and this even helps to cure some diseases.
But, if you constantly breathe air overflowing with negatively charged particles, then you should prepare for negative consequences. Therefore, let's take a closer look at these points.
Benefit
A homemade particle converter at least allows you to clean the air in the room, which has a positive effect on human health. Especially one that already suffers from certain diseases:
- Inflammation of the mucous bronchi, throat, nose;
- Asthma or asthma attacks for unknown reasons;
- Infectious diseases (for example, tuberculosis);
- Various allergies;
- Problems with the nervous system.
Moreover, the Chizhevsky lamp not only allows you to effectively deal with air purification, but also generally has a positive effect on human health:
- Improves concentration, relieves fatigue, helps to cope with work more efficiently;
- Minimizes the risk of problems with cerebral circulation, which reduces migraines, dizziness, etc.;
- Helps the lungs to be saturated with purified oxygen, improving their functioning.
In addition to the human body, Chizhevsky is also able to positively influence other living organisms. So, the device is often used in the field of growing plants, because this device stimulates the growth of cells, and also increases their lifespan.
It is worth remembering that there are a lot of laboratory and artisanal tests of the Chizhevsky device, and only a small part of them are supported by evidence of the benefits of the device, which are substantiated by science. Therefore, many "achievements" of the design remain in question.
Harm
Undoubtedly, a chandelier is a device that has a lot of advantages. But, in addition to benefits, it can also harm its owner. So, in the process of conducting hundreds of thousands of experiments, researchers have identified such harmful "sides" of the apparatus:
- May cause complications of diseases of the cardiovascular system;
- Often causes severe aching headaches in the frontal part;
- Often breaks the rhythm of breathing.
There is an opinion that people of any age are allowed to use the Chizhevsky lamp. But, based on the theory of the device, we can conclude that the ionizer is not recommended for everyone.
Main contraindications:
- Cancer tumors of different localization;
- kidney failure;
- Late stages of tuberculosis;
- Heart failure.
Do-it-yourself Chizhevsky chandelier: diagram, manufacturing description
Let's analyze the simplest circuit of a Chizhevsky lamp, which is powered by a 220-volt network:
How an electrical circuit works
When the "positive" half-cycle of the voltage passes through the resistor R1, VD1 and the primary winding of the transformer, the capacitor C1 begins to charge. VS1 is a trinistor, which at this moment is closed due to the lack of current in the control diode VD2.
With a "negative" voltage half-cycle, the diodes VD1 and VD2 are closed. At the cathode of the trinistor, the voltage drops below the voltage level at the electrode. A current is generated in the circuit of this electrode, and the trinistor opens.
During this process, the capacitor C1 gradually discharges, and transfers the charge through the primary winding T1. A high voltage pulse appears on the secondary winding. All this is repeated with each period.
The rectifier, assembled on diodes VD3-VD6, rectifies high voltage pulses. The constant voltage at the rectifier output passes through the limiting resistor R3, and goes further - to the "lamp".
Design features, and necessary details
Before assembling the device, make sure that you have prepared all the radio components:
- Resistor R1. Must have a resistance of 9 kOhm (3 resistances of the MLT-2 type can be connected in parallel);
- Resistor R3. It is made from MLT-2 connected in parallel so that the total resistance is 15 MΩ;
- Diodes VD1, VD2. You can take any with a working current of 350 mA, and a reverse voltage of 400 V (for VD1), and 100 V (for VD2);
- Capacitor C1. Type MBM, with a voltage of 250 V. C2-C5 - POV-type with a voltage of 10 kV. You can take any other capacitors, designed for high voltage;
- Trinistor VS1. KU202K-N or KU201K, L;
- Transformer T1. Optimally - a motorcycle ignition coil type B2B for 6 V. But, any other will do. For example, from a car. You can also take a conventional television transformer TVS-110L6, and connect its 3rd wire to capacitor C1, 2nd and 4th to the "zero" wire, and high-voltage to capacitor C3 and diode VD3.
For the design, it is worth choosing a case made of durable plastic that is suitable in size. The main thing is that the distance between high-voltage capacitors and diodes should be as large as possible. And even better - immediately after soldering, fill these parts with wax or silicone, which will reduce to zero the risk of a short circuit of contacts, or corona discharge, ozone smell.
As a summary
So we assembled the Chizhevsky chandelier with our own hands. The presented scheme, and the description for it, are extremely simple and understandable even for a beginner. Everyone without any problems will be able to assemble such an ionizer at home.
The main thing is to always remember the safety rules during the assembly of the device, and in the process of using it. So, always carefully isolate the soldering points of the conductors, and increase the sessions of turning on the lamp gradually.
Finally, as always, a useful video on the operation of the device: