Russo-French Relations and the Tilsit Peace Briefly. Treaty of Tilsit
- The date: June 25 (13), 1807 - July 7 (June 25), 1807 (signing).
- Place: Tilsit.
- Type of: peace treaty.
- Military conflict: War of the Fourth Coalition.
- Participants, countries: French Empire - Russian Empire.
- Participants, representatives of countries: Napoleon Bonaparte - .
The Peace of Tilsit is commonly understood as a peace treaty, which was concluded in the city of Tilsit in the period from June 25 to July 9, 1807. This Agreement was signed between Alexander I and Napoleon after the defeat of the Russian army in the battle of Friedland (War of the Fourth Coalition).
Peace of Tilsit: the process of concluding a treaty
After Bennigsen was defeated in the battle of Friedland (June 12, 1807), Alexander I ordered Lobanov-Rostovsky to go to Napoleon's camp to conclude peace. The prince also conveyed to Napoleon the request of Alexander I to meet in person. In addition to Lobanov-Rostovsky, General Kalkreit, who represented the interests of Prussia, also went to Napoleon. However, when concluding peace, Napoleon repeatedly emphasized that he was signing a peace treaty with Russia.
The French army at that time was in the small town of Tilsit, and the Russian army and the remaining Prussian formations were located on the other side of the Neman River, which separated the two opposing forces.
The next day, June 25, 1807, there was a meeting of the emperors. It took place on a raft, which was installed in the middle of the Neman River. The meeting took place without witnesses, a private conversation lasted about an hour. The next meeting of the two emperors took place at a review of the French guards in Tilsit.
Tilsit peace treaty: essence
Napoleon tried with all his might to point out Russian emperor to the fact that France concludes an alliance with Russia, and not just peace. At the same time, he agreed to transfer control of Finland and the Balkan Peninsula to Russia. And yet, Napoleon was not ready to sacrifice everything for the sake of this union: for example, Russia was interested in Constantinople, which Napoleon stubbornly did not want to give up. In the negotiations, the French emperor counted on his charisma, however, here he miscalculated a little, because. Alexander I was also a bright personality and easily won over people.
At the conclusion of the peace treaty, the emperor of Russia was compliant in only one thing - in the fate of Prussia. Frederick William III lost more than half of the territory under his control: Napoleon's brother Jerome received the provinces, which were located on the left bank of the Elbe. Poland was restored, although not completely, but only on part of the Prussian territory, and was now called the Duchy of Warsaw. Once upon a time, the strong state of Poland actually revived again near the borders of Russia, but during the conclusion of the alliance, Napoleon assured Alexander I that he was not going to create a state that would threaten the interests of Russia.
Russia received the Bialystok department as compensation, which was later transformed into the Bialystok region.
Previously exiled monarchs were recognized as such by Russia and Prussia. Prussia, as a gesture of goodwill towards Russia, was left with the territories of old Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia and Brandenburg. Gdansk was declared a free city. In the event that the French emperor wished to expand his empire by annexing Hanover, Prussia was rewarded with territory on the left bank of the Elbe River.
Treaty of Tilsit: conditions
- Russia fully recognized all the territories conquered by France.
- Russia joined and refused to trade with it.
- A military alliance was concluded between France and Russia, so each of the members pledged to help each other in any hostilities.
- On part of the territory of Prussia, the Duchy of Warsaw was created, which was completely dependent on France.
- Russian troops left Moldavia and Wallachia, which were conquered by it in the war with Turkey.
- Russia no longer prevented France from gaining control of the Ionian Islands. A few months after the conclusion of this agreement, they became part of France.
- Russia recognized all the "placed" kings from Bonaparte's relatives.
- Russian recognized the Confederation of the Rhine.
- France no longer supported Turkey in the war with Russia ( Russian-Turkish war 1806-1812).
Tilsit peace treaty: meaning and results
The signing of the Tilsit Peace Treaty put Russia in an extremely disadvantageous position. In addition to economic pressure, the loss of territories and the abandonment of old allies, the country's authority was also undermined. France, for its part, did not fulfill the stated conditions and often violated the clauses of the treaty. It is especially worth noting the war between Russia and Turkey, because. France did not help her ally in the war in any way. And yet, Russia was able to profitably use this document during the war with Sweden.
The meeting of Emperors Alexander I and Napoleon I took place on June 25, 1807 on a raft on the Neman River near the Prussian city of Tilsit. It led to the conclusion of a peace treaty between the two countries. According to this document, Russia recognized all the conquests of Napoleon. She entered into an alliance with France and pledged to go to war with England in the event that she pursues her former course. In the meantime, Russia was joining the "continental blockade" of Great Britain. Prussia, at the request of Alexander, retained formal independence, but in fact turned into a state dependent on France. From part of the Prussian, and then the Austrian territories, Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw, completely subordinate to himself. The secret articles of the treaty gave Russia freedom of action against Turkey and Iran, as well as against Sweden.
Despite a number of clauses of the treaty favorable for Russia, the conditions of the Tilsit peace suited Napoleon more. French dominance in Europe was strengthened. Alexander's accession to the "continental blockade" hurt not only England, but also Russia itself, which suffered great economic damage. Napoleon's encouragement of Russia's war against Sweden incapacitated another of his opponents.
A sharp turn in foreign policy led our country to international isolation, as well as to the fall of the authority of Alexander himself. Most of the members of the Unspoken Committee then resigned and even left Russia. Rumors were circulating in St. Petersburg about the possibility of another palace coup in favor of the emperor's sister Ekaterina Pavlovna. All this made the signed peace fragile.
True, the secret agreements in Tilsit opened up opportunities for Alexander to successfully complete the protracted struggle with Turkey and Iran, as well as the impending war with Sweden. These directions became the main ones in Russia's foreign policy.
SIGNIFICANCE: The Treaty of Tilsit ended Russia's participation in the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-07, concluded on June 25 (July 7), 1807 in Tilsit (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad region) as a result of personal negotiations between Alexander I and Napoleon I. Russia agreed to the creation Grand Duchy of Warsaw and joined the Continental Blockade. A separate act formalized the offensive and defensive Russian-French alliance. Negative consequences: Alexander I undertook to conclude a truce with Turkey and withdraw troops from the Danubian principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), transfer the Bay of Kotor on the Adriatic Sea to the French, and recognized French sovereignty over the Ionian Islands. Russia agreed to the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw on its western borders, which Napoleon planned to use as a springboard for an attack on Russia in the future. Russia also broke off diplomatic relations with England and had to join the Continental Blockade of England (a system of economic and political measures carried out by France against England), which was disadvantageous for her. The Peace of Tilsit was extremely unfavorable for Russia from a political and economic point of view. Russian foreign trade was in to a large extent associated with the export of its goods (metal, timber, hemp, tar, flax, bread, etc.) and the import of English goods (textiles, luxury goods, etc.). France, on the other hand, practically did not need Russian imports. The conclusion of peace and alliance with Napoleon was negatively perceived by the Russians. public opinion not only because the Russian landlords began to suffer losses from the cessation of trade with England, but also because of the humiliation of his conditions for the prestige of the empire. Alexander I, realizing this, actually violated the terms of peace by establishing economic relations with England through the mediation of third countries. On the positive side: An offensive and defensive alliance between the two countries. Russia received as compensation the Bialystok department, from which the Bialystok region was formed. Russia received Finland, which belonged to Sweden.
Causes of the Patriotic War of 1812.
From the French side
After 1807, Great Britain remained the main and, in fact, the only enemy of Napoleon. Great Britain seized French colonies in America and India and interfered with French trade. Considering that England dominated the sea, Napoleon's only real weapon in the fight against her was the continental blockade [P 9], the effectiveness of which depended on the willingness of other European states to comply with sanctions. Napoleon insistently demanded that Alexander I implement the continental blockade more consistently, but ran into Russia's unwillingness to break off relations with its main trading partner.
In 1810, the Russian government introduced free trade with neutral countries, which allowed Russia to trade with Britain through intermediaries, and adopted a protective tariff that increased customs rates, mainly on imported French goods. This aroused the indignation of the French government.
Napoleon, not being a hereditary monarch, wanted to confirm the legitimacy of his coronation through marriage with a representative of one of the great monarchical houses of Europe. In 1808, a marriage proposal was made to the Russian royal house between Napoleon and the sister of Alexander I, Grand Duchess Catherine. The proposal was rejected under the pretext of Catherine's engagement to the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. In 1810, Napoleon was denied a second time, this time regarding marriage to another Grand Duchess - 14-year-old Anna (later Queen of the Netherlands). In the same 1810, Napoleon married Princess Marie-Louise of Austria, daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria. According to the historian E. V. Tarle, "Austrian marriage" for Napoleon " was the largest support for the rear, in case you have to fight again with Russia» . Alexander I's double refusal to Napoleon and Napoleon's marriage to an Austrian princess caused a crisis of confidence in Russian-French relations and worsened them sharply.
In 1811, Napoleon declared to his ambassador in Warsaw, the Abbé de Pradt: In five years I will be the master of the whole world. Only Russia remains - I will crush it ...» .
From Russia
From the consequences of the continental blockade, to which Russia joined under the terms of the Tilsit Peace of 1807, Russian landowners and merchants suffered, and, as a result, the state finances of Russia. If before the conclusion of the Tilsit Treaty in 1801-1806, Russia annually exported 2.2 million quarters of grain, then after - in 1807-1810 - the export amounted to 600 thousand quarters. The reduction in exports led to a sharp drop in the price of bread. A pound of bread, which in 1804 cost 40 silver kopecks, was sold for 22 kopecks in 1810. At the same time, the export of gold in exchange for luxury goods from France accelerated. All this led to a decrease in the value of the ruble and the depreciation of Russian paper money. The Russian government was forced to take measures to protect the country's economy. In 1810, it introduced free trade with neutral countries (which allowed Russia to trade with Great Britain through intermediaries) and increased customs rates on imported luxury goods and wine, that is, just for French exports.
In 1807, from the Polish lands, which, according to the second and third partitions of Poland, were part of Prussia and Austria, Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Napoleon supported the dreams of the Duchy of Warsaw to recreate an independent Poland to the borders of the former Commonwealth, which was possible only after part of its territory was torn away from Russia. In 1810, Napoleon took possession of the Duke of Oldenburg, a relative of Alexander I, which caused outrage in St. Petersburg. Alexander I demanded that the Duchy of Warsaw be transferred as compensation for the seized possessions to the Duke of Oldenburg or liquidated as an independent entity.
Contrary to the terms of the Tilsit Agreement, Napoleon continued to occupy the territory of Prussia with his troops, Alexander I demanded that they be withdrawn from there.
From the end of 1810, the coming war between the French and Russian empires began to be discussed in European diplomatic circles. By the autumn of 1811, the Russian ambassador in Paris, Prince Kurakin, was reporting to St. Petersburg on signs of an imminent war.
the only real reason for the war was Napoleon's desire to break Britain. The fact is that Napoleon was afraid to attack England, since the Anglo-Saxons were traditionally stronger on the water. Forcing the English Channel, it seemed to Napoleon and his advisers, should have failed. A few years before the war with Russia, the Anglicans inflicted a painful defeat on the French fleet off the coast of Egypt. Napoleon then retired.
That's why. the new plan for the conquest of Britain was a total blockade. It was for this purpose that Napoleon captured almost all the countries of Europe (and where he did not do this, he established complete political control over the leadership). The only major player in Europe, not covered by the power of the French emperor, was Russia.
Napoleon suggested that Emperor Alexander voluntarily enter the blockade of Britain. However, political paths did not lead to anything (Napoleon was treated as an upstart, a barbarian, a "philistine in the nobility", and, in addition, Britain managed to conclude long-term political and trade agreements with Russia ). Napoleon decided to force Russia to join the blockade of Britain. That is why he went to war against Russia. They say that Napoleon (he was still a truly gifted person) realized the danger (and even failure) of the adventure he had begun immediately after he crossed the state border. during his attack on Moscow, he incessantly wrote letters to Emperor Alexander with proposals for peace ... There was no answer ... What happened next - everyone knows.
The reasons:
1. the desire of Napoleon I to establish world hegemony;
2. aggravation of contradictions between Russia and France;
3. Russia's loss of its former influence in the Center. Europe;
4. the growth of personal hostility between Alexander I and Napoleon I;
5. the growth of dissatisfaction of the Russian nobility with the results of external. the policies of the king;
6. Russia's plans to restore monarchical regimes in countries captured by Napoleon I.
7. Creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw - a springboard for diplomatic pressure on Russia.
The Peace of Tilsit is a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and France in 1807.
The terms of the Peace of Tilsit were worked out during negotiations between the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the ruler of France, Napoleon. What preceded the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit?
A year earlier, in Europe, dissatisfied with the French Republic, the states formed another anti-French coalition. The coalition included European countries like Prussia, England, Sweden and the Russian Empire.
Almost immediately after the outbreak of hostilities, in October 1806, the French defeated Prussia and took Berlin. His main task in the new campaign, Napoleon saw the defeat of England.
It was extremely difficult to defeat England by force. Therefore, taking into account the geographical and economic features, Napoleon issues a decree on the "Continental blockade".
The French understood that the Russian Empire was one of the most powerful European states, and therefore it was simply impossible to ensure a trade blockade of England without the participation of the Russians.
Ahead were six months of fierce fighting in Europe. In December 1806, the French army managed to win at Friedland. The victory in this battle allowed them to approach the border of the Russian state.
Alexander I at that moment was not to be envied. Military operations promised to go to the territory of Russia. The war could become protracted. Fighting alone in Europe has always been very difficult. After all, Napoleon was able to defeat all Russian allies on the continent, and England had no significant support Russian Empire did not provide.
In the current situation, the Russian emperor decided to deploy foreign policy Russia 360 degrees. Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky was sent to Napoleon, who was instructed to propose a truce to the French. Napoleon was extremely pleased with this turn of events, he cordially received the envoy. As a result, Lobanov-Rostovsky and French Marshal Berthier signed a truce.
After the conclusion of the truce, Napoleon expressed a desire to meet with the Russian emperor. Alexander I was not opposed. The meeting of two very influential people of their era took place on July 25, 1807. It was on a raft on the Neman River. Alexander I declared his readiness to take part in actions against England.
Napoleon was delighted with this turn of events, and declared that there would be peace between Russia and France. Then the national leaders moved on to discussing the details of the Tilsit peace treaty.
Negotiations continued for a long time, and were not at all easy. The fate of all of Europe was in the hands of Alexander I and Napoleon, and they could dispose of it as they pleased. Napoleon was a skilled diplomat, and played an interesting combination.
To the Russian emperor, the Frenchman offered to divide Turkey, and not prevent Wallachia and Moldavia from joining the Russian Empire. Further, Napoleon proposed to annex the lands from the Neman to the Vistula to Russia. The purpose of the last sentence is to spoil Russian and Prussian relations.
The Russian monarch refused this offer, and convinced Napoleon that Prussia could not be destroyed. However, the world for Prussia was still humiliating, large territories were ceded to France, and the agreement contained the wording - "Only out of respect for the Russian emperor."
At the borders of the Russian Empire, a new state appeared - the Duchy of Warsaw, which was the heir to the once mighty Poland. However, Napoleon said that a strong Poland, threatening the interests of Russia, did not interest him.
And so, the following points became the main conditions of the Tilsit peace:
- The Russian Empire recognized all the military conquests of France.
- The Russian state joined the continental blockade of England.
- The Russian Empire and France pledged to help each other in any offensive or defensive war.
- On the lands of the Prussian possessions former Poland a new state was formed - the Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on France.
- Russian troops left, conquered from the Turks, Wallachia and Moldova.
- Recognition of the Russian Empire of the Confederation of the Rhine.
- The Russian Empire did not prevent Napoleon from annexing the Ionian Islands to France.
Having signed the Treaty of Tilsit, Alexander I found himself in an awkward position, abandoning his old allies. However, history cannot be deceived, and the war of 1812 is proof of this.
It is worth noting that after the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon began to feel much more confident, comfortable and even bolder in Europe. It cannot be said that French diplomacy in no way helped Russia in observing its interests in Turkey.
This was not the only point of the Peace of Tilsit not carried out by France. The rupture of the two states was inevitable, their interests and ideas about the future of the world and Europe were too different.
De jure, the Peace of Tilsit existed until the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812. De facto, the Tilsit peace was violated by the French much earlier.
Julia Popova
Together with the Great French Army, Napoleon won the war with Prussia, conquered the territories of Italy, Holland, Germany, Belgium, but made an irreparable mistake by declaring war on Russia. From that moment began the decline of the invincible French emperor. But in the annals of Franco-Russian relations of the 19th century, there was a place not only for confrontation. Moscow and Paris today remember the Treaty of Tilsit concluded by Alexander I and Napoleon, which made irreconcilable enemies the closest allies. About the most controversial agreement of the early 19th century - in the material RT.
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"Little Corsican"
The first four years of the reign of Tsar Alexander I passed in peace. At this time, Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France, who launched the flywheel conquest war in Europe. After the subjugation of Italy, Napoleon came to German lands and executed the Duke of Anghien. For this, Russia, Austria and England declared war on him, but they failed to defeat the talented Corsican.
The second anti-Napoleonic coalition included Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Naples. But they also failed to stop the French emperor, who was rapidly advancing towards Russia.
In 1805, the third anti-Napoleonic coalition was formed, which, in addition to Russia, included Austria, England, Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Neopolitan state.
But the allies did not take into account the fact that Napoleon was one of the strongest and most cunning commanders of his time. The famous battle of Austerlitz was won by the French, being outnumbered by the enemy. Then Napoleon pretended to stand with a small army and avoid battle, so that the deceived rival would attack him himself. And while the main forces of the Russians and Austrians were busy fighting with a small detachment of Marshal Davout, Napoleon took the main lines of the enemy. It was a resounding victory. The French lost less than 1,000 killed and 6,000 wounded, while their rival's losses were approaching 30,000 killed.
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The only person in the Austro-Russian command who understood Napoleon's plan was Kutuzov, but no one in Austerlitz listened to him. After the battle, Alexander, who had fled, wept in despair, but his position was far from being as hopeless as that of the Austrian emperor. Franz I had to sign the Treaty of Pressburg, which actually destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, took away a number of territories from Austria, forced it to pay indemnities and consolidated Napoleon's conquests in Europe.
Found a scythe on a stone
After the destruction of the third anti-Napoleonic coalition, the French emperor set about taking disparate Germany, which categorically did not suit Prussia. Then Alexander, who did not accept defeat, realized that the contradictions between France and Prussia were a good reason to create a new, fourth coalition. However, she had no more success than the previous one: Napoleon quickly dealt with Prussia, calling into question its very existence, put England in an economic blockade and met the Russian army undefeated.
Russian-French battles were bloody. Napoleon failed to repeat his Austerlitz success in the town of Preussisch-Eylau, but the Russian troops could not push back the French either. Both sides lost more than 40 thousand fighters, remaining in the same strategic position as before the battle.
The fate of the fourth coalition was decided a few months later near the Prussian city of Friedland. Napoleon once again demonstrated his superiority over the Russian generals, utterly defeating the enemy. As a winner, the French emperor went to the Neman - he wanted to conclude a peace treaty with Russia.
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Beginning in 1805, Napoleon was main theme conversations in secular living rooms of both Russian capitals. He was either openly hated or secretly adored. In general, the idea of a peace treaty with France was perceived by society as a shame, slavery and betrayal, since everyone knew how Napoleon treated other defeated powers. Not only the nobility, but also the merchants strongly opposed the truce. But the conditions of the Treaty of Tilsit showed that Napoleon had no intention of trampling Russia into the mud - he was looking for cooperation, albeit temporary.
Betrayal or forced measure?
The small town of Tilsit (now it is called Sovetsk, in the Kaliningrad region. — RT) experienced the peak of his fame in early XIX century. It was here that the meeting of the two most powerful emperors of Europe, Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte, took place.
On July 7, 1807, a raft was set up in the middle of the Neman River with a tent decorated with the initial letters of their names - N and A. The meeting of the two emperors on the raft looked almost fraternal. Alexander embraced Napoleon and, to the great pleasure of the latter, said: "I hate the English just as you do, sire, and I will be your second in the fight against them."
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However, the Russian sovereign said completely different things to his close associates. “An alliance with Napoleon is only a change in the ways of fighting against him. Russia needs it in order to be able to breathe freely for some time and increase our means and forces during such a precious time,” Alexander wrote to his mother. The emperor considered the Peace of Tilsit to be a necessary measure.
Napoleon and Alexander were talking face to face in the tent. The newly minted allies prepared two documents: the first was a direct peace treaty, the terms of which were to be known to the whole world, and the second was a secret allied document.
Prince Kurakin assessed these agreements as follows: “Russia is emerging from this struggle with unexpected glory and happiness. The state with which she fought is seeking her favor at a time when she had a decisive superiority of forces on her side.
What exactly turned out to be “unexpected fame and happiness”?
Alexander I recognized all of Napoleon's conquests, including his claims to German lands, but in return demanded that the French emperor retain the statehood of Prussia. In addition, Napoleon promised not to interfere in the Russian-Ottoman conflict if Russia broke off trade relations with England. All conditions were accepted. But the most controversial agreements were concluded in a secret document. According to it, Russia and France became military allies, pledging to act together in all conflicts.
This point could raise numerous questions in the ruling circles of Russia, but it turned out to be very, very vague.
Napoleon celebrated a military and diplomatic victory. Inspired by the successes of recent campaigns, he decided to bring England to its knees and dictate terms to the Pope. It was this sense of his own omnipotence that ruined the French emperor, who, after the conquest of Europe, decided to subjugate Russia, forgetting about the "brotherly" embrace with Alexander.
By 1810, the Treaty of Tilsit had actually exhausted itself, relations between France and Russia began to rapidly cool and eventually resulted in the War of 1812. But less than six months later, the once powerful French army was defeated - Napoleon lost the war to Russia. With this defeat began the decline of his power.
And now, two centuries later, it becomes clear that the “treacherous” Tilsit truce, as it was called by the nobility, was extremely necessary for Russia in order to get a break and win the decisive battle with the invincible French emperor.
Peace of Tilsit- a peace treaty concluded between June 13 (25) and June 25 (July 7) in Tilsit (now the city of Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad region) between Alexander I and Napoleon after the War of the Fourth Coalition -1807, in which Russia helped Prussia.
Story
The main point of the Treaty of Tilsit was not then published: Russia and France pledged to help each other in any offensive and defensive war, where circumstances so required. This close union eliminated the only strong opponent Napoleon on the Continent; England remained isolated; both powers pledged by all means to compel the rest of Europe to comply with the continental system. On July 7, 1807, the treaty was signed by both emperors. The Peace of Tilsit raised Napoleon to the pinnacle of power, and put Emperor Alexander in a difficult position. The feeling of resentment in the metropolitan circles was great. “Tilsit! .. (at the sound of this offensive / Now Ross will not turn pale),” wrote Alexander Pushkin 14 years later. Subsequently, they looked at the Patriotic War of 1812 precisely as an event that “smoothed out” the Peace of Tilsit. In general, the significance of the Peace of Tilsit was very great: from 1807, Napoleon began a much bolder reign in Europe than before.
Peace conditions
- Russia recognized all the conquests of Napoleon.
- Accession of Russia to the continental blockade against England (secret agreement). Russia should completely abandon trade with its main partner (in particular, the terms of the peace treaty ordered Russia to completely exclude the export of hemp to the UK) and, together with France, influence Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Portugal with the same goals.
- Russia and France pledged to help each other in every offensive and defensive war, wherever circumstances so require. So during the war with Sweden (1808-1809), with the support of France, Russia acquired Finland. At the same time, Russia did not actually provide assistance to France in its war with Austria in 1809, an auxiliary corps under the terms of peace.
- On the territory of the Polish possessions of Prussia, the Duchy of Warsaw was formed, dependent on France.
- The territory of Prussia was significantly reduced (the Polish regions were torn away, as well as Hanover, the County of Mark, occupied by Prussia in 1806, with the cities of Essen, Verden and Lippstadt, the County of Ravensberg, the cities of Lingen and Tecklenburg, the Principality of Minden, East Frisia, Munster, Paderborn, Cleve and Eastern bank of the Rhine), although it was preserved as an independent state and turned into a state dependent on France.
- Russia was withdrawing its troops from Moldavia and Wallachia, conquered from Turkey.
- Russia tacitly undertook not to interfere with Napoleon in establishing control over the Ionian Islands, and a few months later they became part of the Illyrian provinces of France.
- France ceased to provide assistance to Turkey in the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812.
- Recognition by Russia of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples and Louis Bonaparte as King of Holland, Jerome Bonaparte as King of Westphalia.
- Russian recognition of the Confederation of the Rhine.
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Literature
- Schilder, "Imp. Alexander I" (1900)
- Vandal, "Alexandre I et Napoleon" (Par., 1897)
Notes
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An excerpt characterizing the Peace of Tilsit
“Whatever the grief,” continued Prince Andrei, “I ask you, m lle Sophie, no matter what happens, turn to him alone for advice and help. This is the most absent-minded and funny person, but the most golden heart.Neither father and mother, nor Sonya, nor Prince Andrei himself could foresee how parting with her fiancé would affect Natasha. Red and agitated, with dry eyes, she walked around the house that day, doing the most insignificant things, as if not understanding what awaited her. She did not cry, and at the moment when he said goodbye, last time kissed her hand. - Don't leave! she only said to him in a voice that made him wonder if he really needed to stay and which he remembered for a long time after that. When he left, she didn't cry either; but for several days she sat in her room without crying, was not interested in anything, and only occasionally said: “Ah, why did he leave!”
But two weeks after his departure, just as unexpectedly for those around her, she woke up from her moral illness, became the same as before, but only with a changed moral physiognomy, like children with a different face get out of bed after a long illness.
The health and character of Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, in this Last year after the departure of his son, they became very weak. He became even more irritable than before, and all the outbursts of his causeless anger for the most part fell upon Princess Mary. It was as if he diligently sought out all her sore spots in order to torture her morally as cruelly as possible. Princess Marya had two passions and therefore two joys: her nephew Nikolushka and religion, both of which were favorite themes of the prince's attacks and ridicule. Whatever they talked about, he reduced the conversation to the superstitions of old girls or to pampering and spoiling children. - “You want to make him (Nikolenka) the same old girl as you yourself; in vain: Prince Andrei needs a son, not a girl, ”he said. Or, turning to mademoiselle Bourime, he asked her in front of Princess Mary how she liked our priests and images, and joked ...
He incessantly painfully insulted Princess Mary, but the daughter did not even make an effort on herself to forgive him. How could he be guilty before her, and how could her father, who, she still knew it, loved her, be unjust? And what is justice? The princess never thought about this proud word: "justice." All the complex laws of mankind were concentrated for her in one simple and clear law - in the law of love and self-sacrifice, taught to us by Him Who suffered with love for humanity, when He himself is God. What did she care about the justice or injustice of other people? She had to suffer and love herself, and she did it.
In winter, Prince Andrei came to the Bald Mountains, he was cheerful, meek and gentle, as Princess Mary had not seen him for a long time. She foresaw that something had happened to him, but he did not say anything to Princess Mary about his love. Before leaving, Prince Andrei had a long conversation about something with his father, and Princess Marya noticed that before leaving, both were dissatisfied with each other.
Shortly after the departure of Prince Andrei, Princess Mary wrote from Lysy Gory to Petersburg to her friend Julie Karagina, whom Princess Mary dreamed, as girls always dream, of marrying off her brother, and who at that time was in mourning on the occasion of the death of her brother, who was killed in Turkey.
“Sorrow, apparently, is our common destiny, dear and gentle friend Julieie.”
“Your loss is so terrible that I cannot explain it to myself otherwise than as a special favor of God, who wants to experience - loving you - you and your excellent mother. Ah, my friend, religion, and only one religion, can comfort us, not to say, but deliver us from despair; one religion can explain to us what a person cannot understand without its help: why, why are good, exalted beings, able to find happiness in life, not only not harming anyone, but necessary for the happiness of others, are called to God, but remain to live evil, useless, harmful, or those that are a burden to themselves and others. The first death I saw and will never forget, the death of my dear sister-in-law, made such an impression on me. Just as you ask fate, why did your beautiful brother die, in the same way I asked why this angel Liza died, who not only did not do any harm to a person, but never had other good thoughts in her soul . And well, my friend, five years have passed since then, and I, with my insignificant mind, already begin to clearly understand why she had to die, and how this death was only an expression of the infinite goodness of the Creator, all of whose actions although we for the most part we do not understand, the essence is only manifestations of His infinite love for His creation. Maybe, I often think, she was too angelically innocent to have the strength to bear all the responsibilities of a mother. She was flawless as a young wife; perhaps she could not be such a mother. Now, not only did she leave us, and especially Prince Andrei, the most pure regret and remembrance, she will probably get that place there, which I dare not hope for myself. But, not to mention her alone, this early and terrible death had the most beneficial effect, despite all the sadness, on me and on my brother. Then, in the moment of loss, these thoughts could not come to me; then I would have driven them away with horror, but now it is so clear and undeniable. I am writing all this to you, my friend, only to convince you of the gospel truth, which has become a life rule for me: not a single hair will fall from my head without His will. And His will is guided only by one boundless love for us, and therefore everything that happens to us is all for our good. Are you asking if we will spend next winter in Moscow? Despite all the desire to see you, I do not think and do not want it. And you will be surprised that the reason for this is Buonaparte. And here's why: my father's health is noticeably weakening: he cannot bear contradictions and becomes irritable. This irritability, as you know, is mainly directed towards political affairs. He cannot bear the thought that Buonaparte deals with all the sovereigns of Europe as equals, and especially with our grandson of Great Catherine! As you know, I am completely indifferent to political affairs, but from the words of my father and his conversations with Mikhail Ivanovich, I know everything that is happening in the world, and in particular all the honors paid to Buonaparte, who, as it seems, is still only in Lysy Mountains on everything the globe they do not recognize either a great man, or even less a French emperor. And my father can't stand it. It seems to me that my father, mainly because of his view of political affairs and foreseeing the clashes that he will have, because of his manner, not embarrassed to express his opinions with anyone, is reluctant to talk about a trip to Moscow. Whatever he gains from the treatment, he will lose in the inevitable Buonaparte controversy. In any case, this will be resolved very soon. Family life ours goes on as before, with the exception of the presence of brother Andrei. He, as I wrote to you, has changed a lot. recent times. After his grief, only now, this year, he completely morally revived. He became the way I knew him as a child: kind, gentle, with that golden heart, to which I know no equal. He realized, it seems to me, that life is not over for him. But along with this moral change, he became very physically weak. He became thinner than before, more nervous. I fear for him and am glad that he has undertaken this trip abroad, which the doctors have long prescribed for him. I hope this fixes it. You write to me that in Petersburg they talk about him as one of the most active, educated and intelligent young people. Forgive the pride of kinship - I never doubted it. It is impossible to count the good that he did here to everyone, from his peasants to the nobles. Arriving in Petersburg, he took only what he needed. I wonder how rumors get from Petersburg to Moscow at all, and especially such false ones as the one about which you write to me - a rumor about an imaginary marriage of a brother to little Rostova. I don't think Andrew will ever marry anyone, and especially not her. And here's why: firstly, I know that although he rarely talks about his late wife, the sadness of this loss is too deeply rooted in his heart for him to ever decide to give her a successor and stepmother to our little angel. Secondly, because, as far as I know, this girl is not from the category of women that Prince Andrei might like. I do not think that Prince Andrei would choose her as his wife, and I will frankly say: I do not want this. But I chatted, I'm finishing my second sheet. Farewell, my dear friend; may God keep you under His holy and mighty cover. My dear friend, mademoiselle Bourienne, kisses you.