Download a presentation on the structure of ancient states. History presentation on the topic "The first states of the Ancient World" (Grade 10)
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THE TIME OF THE FIRST STATES ancient world The period of the late Ancient World The emergence of the first State formations IV millennium BC. II millennium BC I millennium BC The heyday of the ancient states The decline of the first states. The rise of ancient Greece and ancient rome
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WHAT THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE MEANED WHAT WAS IN THE PRIMARY SOCIETY Issues of the life of the tribe were decided directly by its members. The role of leaders, sorcerers was limited. Society consisting of equal members. Customs and traditions Belief WHAT APPEARED IN THE ANCIENT STATE a new group people - Officials, judges, military, Personifying the power and acting on its behalf. A Society Consisting of the Ruled and the Governing Law enforced by the armed force. Compulsion
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WHERE THE FIRST STATES AROUND THE FIRST public entities developed in the subtropics, in the valleys of such rivers as the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus, Huang He. The abundance of moisture and soil fertility made it possible to obtain several crops a year, which made it possible to maintain the army and the state apparatus at the expense of surplus products.
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REASONS FOR THE ORIGINATION OF STATES The need for the organization of large-scale works on irrigation of lands. The interest of the wealthy tribal elite in strengthening their power and protecting wealth from poor fellow tribesmen The need for protection from external enemies The need to keep subjugated tribes in obedience, enslaved
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SLAVE-OWNING RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES The states of the Ancient World were slave-owning. On the certain stage development of society (when the development of technology ensured the production of a larger volume of products by the worker than he himself needed to sustain life), prisoners of war who were previously killed began to be deprived of their liberty and forced to do hard work for the owner. People deprived of their freedom and turned into the property of the master became slaves. Later, other sources of slavery appeared.
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WHY DID PEOPLE BECOME SLAVES? SOURCES OF SLAVERY DESERTION (ESCAPE FROM THE ARMY) WARS (Capture of Prisoners) PIRACY CHILDREN OF SLAVES DEPENDENT SLAVERY (FOR SEVERE CRIMES)
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DATES OF FORMATION OF SOME ANCIENT STATES NAME OF THE STATE DATE OF ORIGIN Ancient Egypt IV thousand. BC e. Ancient Greece III millennium BC. e. City-states in Mesopotamia 30th century BC e. Kingdom of Akkad in Mesopotamia XXIV century BC. e. Ancient India At the turn of the III-II millennium BC. Ancient China Phenicia Assyrian kingdom 19th century BC e. Babylonian kingdom Beginning of the II millennium Ancient Rome VIII century BC e. Persia 6th century BC e. Empire of Alexander the Great IV century BC. e.
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THE DURATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE ANCIENT STATES Some ancient states existed for quite a long time. For example, the Egyptian state existed for more than 2,000 years. But there were cases when in the same territory for a relatively short time several states were replaced one after another. Consider this phenomenon on the example of the states located in Mesopotamia.
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CITY-STATES IN MESOPOTAMIA (Interfluves) At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. in Mesopotamia (the so-called place between the two rivers: the Tigris and the Euphrates) there were about a dozen city-states. The surrounding, small villages were subordinate to the center, at the head of which was the ruler, who was sometimes both a military leader and high priest. A centralized state was formed here in the XXXIV century BC. Euphrates Tigris
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FOUNDER OF THE FIRST CENTRALIZED STATE IN MESOPOTAMIA. Subsequently, Sargon conquered the neighboring city-states, paid attention to the development of irrigation, improved roads, introduced a unified system of measures and weights in the territory subject to Akkad, and sought to merge temple households with the royal one. After the death of Sargon, his sons ruled: Rimush and then Manishtushu. The Sargon dynasty reigned for 150 years. The founder of the first centralized state (the kingdom of Akkad) was Sargon the Magnificent. He ruled for 55 years (2316-2261 BC). The real name of Sargon is unknown, the name he adopted upon accession to the throne means "the king is true." Sargon - a native of the lower classes, he was an entourage or servant-cup-bearer of the king in the city of Kish. His hometown was destroyed by the king of the city of Sumer. Then Sargon proclaimed himself king of Akkad.
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Mesopotamia in the II - III millennium BC Assyrian kingdom In the VI century BC. Babylonian kingdom in the 2nd century BC Self-governing province of Babylon Babylon The history of the creation of ancient states in the territory between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has several stages: 1. Initially, Sumerian city-states existed on this territory. 2. Then there was centralized state Kingdom of Akkad. 3. The territory was captured by the Assyrians and the Assyrian kingdom was formed. 4. The Babylonian kingdom was created.
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CREATOR OF THE WORLD'S FIRST CODE OF LAWS The rise of Babylon is associated with the reign of King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). Hammurabi was a skilled politician and commander. He entered world history, as the creator of the first code of laws, which was written on a huge stone slab, the Code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, it was there that the principle was formulated: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." This set of laws contained provisions that later became part of the biblical commandments: “do not kill”, “do not steal.” Also, Babylonian civilization is important source biblical legends.
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Phoenicia Phoenicia - an ancient country on the east coast mediterranean sea(the coastline of modern Lebanon and Syria). According to legend, the Phoenicians came here from the shores of the Erythrean Sea (apparently indian ocean); however, some ancient Phoenician authors considered the Phoenicians to be the original inhabitants of Phoenicia. Probably already in 5-4 thousand BC. e. The Phoenicians founded settlements on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which gradually grew into large craft and port centers: Sidon, Tire, Byblos, etc. In the 2nd millennium, Phoenicia was an association of city-states that owned an agricultural territory on which the vast majority of the population lived.
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PHOENICIANS - SEAVERS The Phoenician civilization at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. enters its heyday. Phenicia, by virtue of its convenient geographical location owned the sea routes in the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians were the first to reach the Pillars of Hercules (as the Strait of Gibraltar was called in ancient times). The courage of the Phoenician sailors amazed the imagination of contemporaries. Thirst for profit and curiosity prompted the sailors of Tire and Sidon to long and dangerous voyages in the Atlantic. Along the Mediterranean coast, they founded many colonies, including Carthage. Phoenician shipbuilders were the first to build sailing merchant ships with a large capacity (up to 250 tons of cargo and more than 30 meters in length). Strait of Gibraltar Phoenicia Carthage
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Decline of Phoenicia in the 8th century BC. e. Phoenicia was captured by Assyria. The Phoenician cities were more likely to pay tribute to the mainland states, provided that they would not interfere with their trade, rather than lead long wars for independence. In 332 BC. e. Phenicia was captured by Alexander the Great. In the Roman era, Phenicia became part of the province of Syria. The Phoenicians left a huge mark on world culture. The alphabetic writing invented by the Phoenicians subsequently spread widely around the world, and now most of the peoples of the world use alphabets derived from the first - Phoenician.
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MAIN CAUSES OF THE DEATH OF ANCIENT STATES Separatism of individual provinces. The struggle of the nobility for supreme power Conflicts between secular and spiritual rulers. 4. External intrusions
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REASONS FOR THE APPEARANCE OF STATES OF A NEW TYPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC States of a new type (military despotism) appeared as a result of changes in the life of society with the onset of the Iron Age: Iron tools appeared. The productivity of farmers has increased. Farmers began to oust neighboring pastoral tribes from pastures. Expanding agricultural territories had to be protected from nomads. It was necessary to constantly wage war for the purpose of expansion (forcible annexation of lands). The farmers had a surplus of products, due to which (in the form of taxes) they could support the army and the state apparatus.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE ANCIENT STATES IN THE PERIOD OF EARLY ANTIQUITY (UP TO THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1st MILLENNIUM BC) IN THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY Strengthening the power of the tribal elite and protecting their wealth Protection of the territory from external enemies. Protection from nomads of constantly expanding agricultural territories. Organization of large-scale works on irrigation of lands. Constant warfare with the aim of expanding the forcible annexation of lands. Keeping subjugated tribes enslaved
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FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT EGYPT One of the most ancient and powerful states of the Ancient World is Egypt. The supreme power in Egypt belonged to the pharaoh, who was considered a living god. The governors of the pharaoh in the provinces were most often his relatives. In Egypt, the traditions of matriarchy were strong, even the right to the throne was transferred through the female line. Great was the influence of the priests, who were not only worshipers, but also the keepers of knowledge. The construction of the pyramids and the conduct of irrigation works required precise mathematical calculations. Peasants, artisans Officials, troops Priests, nobles pharaoh "Talking tools" - slaves social structure ancient egypt
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FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT INDIA A unique system of social relations played an important role in India. Even in the packs of the tribal system, a rigid system of inheritance of professions developed there. The society was divided into varnas - closed groups of people. Marriages between representatives of different varnas, Transitions from one varna to another were not allowed. With the advent of new professions at the beginning of a new era, the Varnas were divided into castes (there were more than 100) of artisans, merchants, farmers, etc. The caste system was abolished only in the 20th century. Shudras (captives and their descendants) Vaishyas (ordinary community members) Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (warrior leaders)
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THREE STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT CHINA I-II millennium BC. e. Many small states, the most influential of which was Western Zhou. The head of state - van (emperor) - was considered the son of Heaven, standing between gods and people. The land belonged to the state, to which farmers paid taxes VIII century BC. e. There are 7 major rival states. The most powerful of them, the Qin Empire, unites the whole country for a while. It was then that, by order of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, the Great Wall of China was built in the 2nd century BC in order to protect against nomads. e. - 3rd century AD e. Supremacy in China passes to the Han Empire. Aggressive campaigns in Korea and Vietnam begin. All hereditary titles were abolished, the purchase and sale of land was prohibited. The maximum size of land holdings and the number of slaves was limited. The state tried to regulate the prices of goods in the markets
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RELIGIOUS TRENDS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD With the onset of the Iron Age and the improvement of labor tools, the degree of man's dependence on nature decreased. This changed the function of religion. People stopped deifying the forces of nature, but the mystery of death still remained a mystery to man. This contributed to the emergence of new religions: Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism. A common feature of these religious movements: life path a person is regarded as a kind of test, and whoever passes it with dignity will receive a reward after death. New religions made the fate of man dependent on his actions.
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MAIN IDEAS OF ZOROASTRA'S DOCTRINE The founder of Zoroastrianism was Zoroaster (Zarathushtra), who lived in Iran. The essence of his teaching is that in the world there is a war between Good and Evil. Man is a product of the forces of Good, but he, having the freedom of choice, can follow the path of Evil - those who choose this path will be doomed to eternal torment in hell. People who embark on the path of good will find themselves in paradise. Zarathustra believed that someday the forces of Good would win, and an ideal kingdom would come on earth. Zoroastrianism was widespread among Iranian tribes in the 3rd–7th centuries. “Tell me, Teacher,” once his faithful disciple addressed Zarathustra. - What is more in this life - good or evil? “Life is the rim of a cart wheel,” replied Zarathustra. “There’s just enough in it, otherwise it wouldn’t budge.
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MAIN IDEAS OF THE DOCTRINE OF CONFUCIUS Confucianism is rather not a religion, but a system of moral and ethical norms. These norms were developed by the Chinese thinker Confucius. according to the teachings of Confucius, the state is a big family in which the elders (that is, the authorities) should take care of the people. Many followers of the teachings of Confucius believe that the people have the right to revolt if the government infringes on their rights. WHAT CONFUCIUS TEACHED A person who made a mistake and did not correct it made another mistake. In a country that is well-ruled, poverty is ashamed. In a country that is badly ruled, wealth is ashamed. Learning without meditation is useless, but thinking without learning is dangerous.
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BASIC IDEAS OF THE DOCTRINE OF BUDDHISM Siddharti Gaudman is considered the founder of Buddhism. At the heart of his teaching is the concept of karma (retribution). The essence of the teaching: after the death of a person, a rebirth awaits, the form of which depends on what deeds the person did in this and previous lives: he can turn into an insect or become a child in a prosperous family. The achievement of absolute righteousness leads to eternal peace and bliss - nirvana. Buddhism spread to Japan, India, China, Korea in I-II centuries. WHAT THE BUDDHA TEACHES There is no happiness equal to peace. No one saves us, except ourselves, no one has the right and no one is able to do this. We ourselves must tread the path, but the words of the Buddha will clearly indicate it.
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MAIN IDEAS OF JUDAISM DOCTRINE Judaism originated in the X-VII centuries BC. e. in the Hebrew state of Palestine. It is based on faith in the one God Yahweh, who promised salvation to the chosen people of Israel if they lead a righteous life, keep the covenants set forth in Old Testament. According to the teachings of Judaism, the day of the Last Judgment will come, and then everyone will receive what they deserve for their sins, and the righteous will gain eternal life. The main commandments of Judaism, according to legend, were transmitted by God through Moses. They contain religious injunctions: not to worship other gods; not mentioning the name of God is in vain. Contained in the commandments and moral norms: honor your father and mother; don't kill; do not steal; do not commit adultery; do not give false testimony; covet nothing that your neighbor has.
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Presentation on the topic: The first states of the ancient world
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PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE TIME FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS: THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD - 4 - 2 THOUSAND B.C. BC. – THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS. FLOWERING PERIOD - END 2 - 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC. THE PERIOD OF DECLINE - THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY - THE FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC - INCREASING THE ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.
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PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE IN THE NEOLITH PERIOD ALL THE MAIN ISSUES WERE RESOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. THE AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SOCIORS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WERE NOT BASED ON COercion BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY. THE PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. THE BASIS FOR CREATING THE STATE WAS TRANSITION TO METAL PROCESSING. IT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPLICATION OF POWER. THEORRY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE IS DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.
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BACKGROUND OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE THE FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATH, IND, HUANGHE. THREE FACTORS: EARTH, WARM CLIMATE, WATER - SWAMPS AND DESERT HAVE INTERFERED THE CARRYING OUT OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORKS AND THEREFORE THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. 1.B 4 - THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. UNIFIED STATE WITH CAPITAL AT MEMPHIS. MESOPOTAMIA - THE SUMERIAN TRIBES - THE CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. A UNIFIED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY BC THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD SARGON CREATED. AT THE TURN OF 3 - 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISING IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.
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SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES. SLAVE OWNERSHIP IN THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION, SLAVERY WAS PATRIARCHAL IN CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTURED SLAVES DRAFTLY INCREASED. THEIR WORK WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORKS. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLE. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WAS CALLED “LIVING DEAD” DURING THE CONQUESTING WARS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR RESIDENTS PASSED TO THE PHAROOH AND TEMPLE PROPERTY AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECOME SLAVES. COMMUNITY LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECOME NEIGHBORHOOD: SHARING LAND PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT REMAINED.
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CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. THE CULTURE OF EGYPT IS VARIOUS: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. PAPYRUS PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE ON MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION. ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN BELIEFS, MAN CONSISTED OF THE BODY (HET), SHADOW (HIBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN THE AFTER LIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE GOD OF THE SUN - RA, THE FAVORITE GOD - OSIRIS. THE MOST COMPLEX PROCEDURE OF EMBALMING WAS CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO INVEST KA INTO THE MUMMY. THEREFORE SO IMPORTANT WAS THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY.
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MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THEREFORE, THE ORIGINATION OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. THE FIRST STATES APPEAR IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND. SIGNS OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC POWER, LAWS AND TAXES. SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED TO KEEP OFFICIALS AND TROOPS. SLAVE OWNERSHIP STARTED TO DEVELOP AND THE SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WAS FREE COMMUNITIES. THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.
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EXPANDING THE AREAL OF CIVILIZATION. IN 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A DECLINE. NEW STATES ARE RISING. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLES IS INCREASING. RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE DESPOTIES OF ANCIENTITY. THE ANCIENT STATE LASTED MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND YEARS. FEATURES OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. LACK OF IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF WORK. 3.KNOWLEDGE - BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE SPEECH OF SLAVES. 5. OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CREATION OF CODES OF LAWS. 6. THE MAIN THREATS TO THE STABILITY OF THE ANCIENT DESPOTIES WERE PROVINCE SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE KNOWLEDGE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL AUTHORITIES. FROM THE 18TH CENTURY BC EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: THE HYKSOS, THE LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS.
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MILITARY DESPOTIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. MILITARY DESPOTIES. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS THERE HAS BEEN INCREASE IN THE LAND CRUSHED BY THE PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES NEEDED TO BE PROTECTED FROM NOMAD AVAILABLES. STATES ARE APPEARING, THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND CONQUERING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTIES. FIRST MILITARY DESPOTIES: URARTU, HITTIES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. BC SHE FALLED UNDER THE BEATS OF ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN. THE MORE LANDS A MILITARY DESPOTIA CONTROL, THE MORE RESOURCES WAS AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE FALSE BECAUSE OF THEIR DIVERSITY.
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ANCIENT INDIA INDIA IN 3 - 4 B.C. MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE EMPIRE OF THE MAURYANS AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN 6 C. B.C. AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTIES: 1. EXTENSIVE TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNA (CASTA): BRAHMINS, KSHATRIAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE. THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARIANS WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION. THE VARN SYSTEM DIVIDED THE SOCIETY INTO A LOT OF SMALL SEGMENTS NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. NEW CASE OF CONQUERATION, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THEREFORE THE EMPIRES WERE FALSE.
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CHINA IN THE ANCIENT ERA. THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS OWN PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION ASSOCIATIONS ARE GOING ON BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND THE HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF SMALL STATES. AT THE LINE 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WAN (EMPEROR) CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY COMPETITION OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITES THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANGTI IS CONSIDERED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. CO 2 IN BC BY 3 C.E. - THE EMPIRE OF HAN. THE PECULIARITY OF CHINA WAS IN THAT: 1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATERD BY SEPARATISM. 2. ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE. THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED: 1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICIAL POSITION. 2. LAND IN THE PROPERTY OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW. 3. LIMITATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LAND OF THE FEODAL lords. BUT ALL THIS DID NOT SAVE THE STATE FROM PEOPLE'S UPRISINGS.
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NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE. WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, MAN'S DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED. THE FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DEIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE HAS OCCURRED. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM, Confucianism, JUDAISM. THE COMMON FOR THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE WAY OF A MAN ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH. JUDAISM ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 10 - 8 B.C. - BELIEF IN ONE GOD WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT. Confucianism is not a religion but a system of moral standards. CONFUCIUS STATED THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY AND THE EMPEROR IS A FATHER. THE BASIC IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (RETUNEMENT) ABSOLUTE RIGHTEOUSNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA. THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROASTRISM IN THE FIGHT OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. A MAN MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM
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MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THE EARLY DESPOTIES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEW STATE FORMATIONS: MILITARY DESPOTIES. THE REASONS FOR THEIR APPEARANCE BECAUSE THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NEW ARABLE LAND. ALL THIS DEMANDED NEW CONQUERIOUS CAMPAIGNS. IN GENERAL, CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DESPOTIES IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA, WE SEE COMMON FEATURES AND PECULIARITIES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE STATE FORMATIONS LISTED IN THEIR FLEXIBILITY. AT THE SAME TIME, CHINA WERE ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE POWER OF SEPARATISM KNOWLEDGE. THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS WEAKEN THE RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF THE ELEMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE. RELIGIONS ARISING, THE MAIN PURPOSE OF WHICH IS TO ENSURE A BETTER FATE OF HUMANS AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM. Confucianism is rather a moral code of norms of a person and a state.
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THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD PRESENTATION ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD. 10 cl. BASIC LEVEL SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH. [email protected]slide 2
DESPOTIES OF THE EAST. PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.slide 3
BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS. STATE, DESPOTIA, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRUS,slide 4
PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE TIME FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS: THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD - 4 - 2 THOUSAND B.C. BC. – THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS. FLOWERING PERIOD - END 2 - 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC. THE PERIOD OF DECLINE - THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY - THE FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC - INCREASING THE ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.slide 5
PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE IN THE NEOLITH PERIOD ALL THE MAIN ISSUES WERE RESOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. THE AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SOCIORS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WERE NOT BASED ON COercion BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY. THE PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. THE BASIS FOR CREATING THE STATE WAS TRANSITION TO METAL PROCESSING. IT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPLICATION OF POWER. THEORRY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE IS DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.slide 6
BACKGROUND OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE THE FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATH, IND, HUANGHE. THREE FACTORS: EARTH, WARM CLIMATE, WATER - SWAMPS AND DESERT HAVE INTERFERED THE CARRYING OUT OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORKS AND THEREFORE THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. 1.B 4 - THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. UNIFIED STATE WITH CAPITAL AT MEMPHIS. MESOPOTAMIA - THE SUMERIAN TRIBES - THE CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. A UNIFIED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY BC THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD SARGON CREATED. AT THE TURN OF 3 - 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISING IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.Slide 7
SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES. SLAVE OWNERSHIP IN THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION, SLAVERY WAS PATRIARCHAL IN CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTURED SLAVES DRAFTLY INCREASED. THEIR WORK WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORKS. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLE. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WERE CALLED "LIVING DEAD" THINK - WHY? DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE EARTH AND THEIR RESIDENTS PASSED TO THE PHAROOH AND TEMPLE PROPERTY AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECOME SLAVES. COMMUNITY LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECOME NEIGHBORHOOD: SHARING LAND PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT REMAINED.Slide 8
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT. PHAROOH PRIESTS, GRANDS. OFFICIALS, ARMY PEASANTS, WORKSHOPS. TALKING TOOLS ARE SLAVES THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY OF THE PHAROOH, THE GOVERNORS CONTROL THE PROVINCE WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF THE MATRIARCHY (MARRIAGE OF THE PHAROOH TO SISTERS.) PLAYED A BIG ROLE OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS.Slide 9
CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. THE CULTURE OF EGYPT IS VARIOUS: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. PAPYRUS PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE ON MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION. ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN BELIEFS, MAN CONSISTED OF THE BODY (HET), SHADOW (HIBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN THE AFTER LIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE GOD OF THE SUN - RA, THE FAVORITE GOD - OSIRIS. THE MOST COMPLEX PROCEDURE OF EMBALMING WAS CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO INVEST KA INTO THE MUMMY. THEREFORE SO IMPORTANT WAS THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY.slide 10
MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THEREFORE, THE ORIGINATION OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. THE FIRST STATES APPEAR IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND. SIGNS OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC POWER, LAWS AND TAXES. SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED TO KEEP OFFICIALS AND TROOPS. SLAVE OWNERSHIP STARTED TO DEVELOP AND THE SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WAS FREE COMMUNITIES. THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.slide 11
EXPANDING THE AREAL OF CIVILIZATION. IN 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A DECLINE. NEW STATES ARE RISING. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLES IS INCREASING. RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE DESPOTIES OF ANCIENTITY. THE ANCIENT STATE LASTED MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND YEARS. FEATURES OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. LACK OF IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF WORK. 3.KNOWLEDGE - BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE SPEECH OF SLAVES. 5. OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CREATION OF CODES OF LAWS. 6. THE MAIN THREATS TO THE STABILITY OF THE ANCIENT DESPOTIES WERE PROVINCE SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE KNOWLEDGE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL AUTHORITIES. FROM THE 18TH CENTURY BC EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: THE HYKSOS, THE LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS.slide 12
MILITARY DESPOTIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. MILITARY DESPOTIES. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS THERE HAS BEEN INCREASE IN THE LAND CRUSHED BY THE PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES NEEDED TO BE PROTECTED FROM NOMAD AVAILABLES. STATES ARE APPEARING, THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND CONQUERING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTIES. THE MORE LANDS A MILITARY DESPOTIA CONTROL, THE MORE RESOURCES WAS AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE FALSE BECAUSE OF THEIR DIVERSITY. FIRST MILITARY DESPOTIES: URARTU, HITTIES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. BC SHE FALLED UNDER THE BEATS OF ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN.slide 13
ANCIENT INDIA INDIA IN 3 - 4 B.C. MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE EMPIRE OF THE MAURYANS AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN 6 C. B.C. AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTIES: 1. EXTENSIVE TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNA (CASTA): BRAHMINS, KSHATRIAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE. THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARIANS WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION. THE VARN SYSTEM DIVIDED THE SOCIETY INTO A LOT OF SMALL SEGMENTS NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. NEW CASE OF CONQUERATION, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THEREFORE THE EMPIRES WERE FALSE.slide 14
CHINA IN THE ANCIENT ERA. CHINA. THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS OWN PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION ASSOCIATIONS ARE GOING ON BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND THE HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF SMALL STATES. AT THE LINE 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WAN (EMPEROR) CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY COMPETITION OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITES THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANGTI IS CONSIDERED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. CO 2 IN BC BY 3 C.E. - THE EMPIRE OF HAN. THE PECULIARITY OF CHINA WAS IN THAT: 1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATERD BY SEPARATISM. 2. ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE. THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED: 1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICIAL POSITION. 2. LAND IN THE PROPERTY OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW. 3. LIMITATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LAND OF THE FEODAL lords. BUT ALL THIS DID NOT SAVE THE STATE FROM PEOPLE'S UPRISINGS.SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH.
slide 2
DESPOTIES OF THE EAST
- PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE.
- SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES.
- CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
slide 3
BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS
STATE, DESPOTIA, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRUS.
slide 4
PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
THE TIME FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS:
- THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD - 4 - 2 THOUSAND B.C. BC. – THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS.
- FLOWERING PERIOD - END 2 - 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC.
- THE PERIOD OF DECLINE - THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY - THE FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC - INCREASING THE ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.
slide 5
PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE
- NEOLITHIC PERIOD:
- ALL MAIN ISSUES WERE RESOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. THE AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SOCIORS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WERE NOT BASED ON COercion BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY.
THE PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE:
THE BASIS FOR CREATING THE STATE WAS TRANSITION TO METAL PROCESSING. IT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPLICATION OF POWER. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE ARE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.
slide 6
FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATH, IND, HUANGHE.
THREE FACTORS: EARTH, WARM CLIMATE, WATER - SWAMPS AND DESERT HAVE INTERFERED THE CARRYING OUT OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORKS AND THEREFORE THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE.
1.B 4 - THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. UNIFIED STATE WITH CAPITAL AT MEMPHIS.
MESOPOTAMIA - THE SUMERIAN TRIBES - THE CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. A UNIFIED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY BC THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD SARGON CREATED.
AT THE TURN OF 3 - 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISING IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.
Slide 7
SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES
SLAVERY:
- IN THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION, SLAVERY WAS PATRIARCHAL IN CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTURED SLAVES DRAFTLY INCREASED. THEIR WORK WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORKS. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLE. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WERE CALLED "LIVING DEAD"
THINK - WHY?
DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE EARTH AND THEIR RESIDENTS PASSED TO THE PHAROOH AND TEMPLE PROPERTY AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECOME SLAVES.
COMMUNITY LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECOME NEIGHBORHOOD: SHARING LAND PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT REMAINED.
Slide 8
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT
- PHAROOH
- PRIESTS, GREATS
- OFFICIALS, TROOPS
- PEASANTS, artisans
- TALKING TOOLS - SLAVES
THE PHAROOH IS THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY, THE GOVERNORS CONTROL THE PROVINCE AND WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF MATRIARCHY (MARRIAGE OF THE PHAROOH TO SISTERS) ARE STRONG. OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS PLAYED A BIG ROLE.
Slide 9
CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT
THE CULTURE OF EGYPT IS VARIOUS: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. PAPYRUS PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE ON MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION.
ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN BELIEFS, MAN CONSISTED OF THE BODY (HET), SHADOW (HIBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN THE AFTER LIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. GOD OF THE SUN - RA,
BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. THE MOST COMPLEX PROCEDURE OF EMBALMING WAS USED IN ORDER TO INVEST IN THE MUMMY. THEREFORE SO IMPORTANT WAS THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY.
Slide 10
MAIN CONCLUSIONS
- THEREFORE, THE ORIGINATION OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. THE FIRST STATES APPEAR IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND.
- SIGNS OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC POWER, LAWS AND TAXES. SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED TO KEEP OFFICIALS AND TROOPS. SLAVE OWNERSHIP STARTED TO DEVELOP AND THE SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WAS FREE COMMUNITIES.
- THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.
slide 11
EXPANDING THE AREAS OF CIVILIZATION
IN 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A DECLINE. NEW STATES ARE RISING. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLES IS INCREASING.
RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DESPOTIES:
THE ANCIENT STATE LASTED MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND YEARS. FEATURES OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT:
1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE.
2. LACK OF IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF WORK.
3.KNOWLEDGE - BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE.
4. RARE SPEECH OF SLAVES.
5. OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CREATION OF CODES OF LAWS.
6. THE MAIN THREATS TO THE STABILITY OF THE ANCIENT DESPOTIES WERE PROVINCE SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE KNOWLEDGE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL AUTHORITIES.
FROM THE 18TH CENTURY BC EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: THE HYKSOS, THE LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS.
slide 12
MILITARY DESPOTIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
MILITARY DESPOTIES:
- WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS THERE HAS BEEN INCREASE IN THE LAND CRUSHED BY THE PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES NEEDED TO BE PROTECTED FROM NOMAD AVAILABLES. STATES ARE APPEARING, THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND CONQUERING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTIES.
THE MORE LANDS A MILITARY DESPOTIA CONTROL, THE MORE RESOURCES WAS AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE FALSE BECAUSE OF THEIR DIVERSITY.
FIRST MILITARY DESPOTIES: URARTU, HITTIES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. BC SHE FALLED UNDER THE BEATS OF ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN.
slide 13
ANCIENT INDIA
IN 3 - 4 B.C. MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYAN EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN 6 C. B.C. AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTIES:
1. EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY.
2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNA (CASTA): BRAHMINS, KSHATRIAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE.
THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARIANS WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION.
THE VARNA SYSTEM DIVIDED SOCIETY INTO A LOT OF SMALL SEGMENTS NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. NEW CASE OF CONQUERATION, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THEREFORE THE EMPIRES WERE FALSE.
Slide 14
CHINA IN THE ERA OF ANCIENT
- THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS OWN PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION ASSOCIATIONS HAPPEN BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND THE HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF SMALL STATES. AT THE LINE 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WAN (EMPEROR) CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY COMPETITION OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITES THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANGTI IS CONSIDERED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA.
CO 2 IN BC BY 3 C.E. - THE EMPIRE OF HAN.
THE PECULIARITY OF CHINA WAS IN THAT:
1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY IS THREATTENED BY SEPARATISM.
2. ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE.
THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED:
1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICIAL POSITION.
2. LAND IN THE PROPERTY OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW.
3. LIMITATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LAND OF THE FEODAL lords.
BUT ALL THIS DID NOT SAVE THE STATE FROM PEOPLE'S UPRISINGS.
slide 15
NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE
WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, MAN'S DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED.
- THE FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DEIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE HAS OCCURRED. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM, Confucianism, JUDAISM. THE COMMON FOR THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE WAY OF A MAN ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH.
THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROASTRISM IN THE FIGHT OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. A MAN MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM
THE BASIC IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (RETUNEMENT) ABSOLUTE RIGHTEOUSNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA.
Confucianism is not a religion but a system of moral standards. CONFUCIUS STATED THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY AND THE EMPEROR IS A FATHER.
JUDAISM ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 10 - 8 B.C. - BELIEF IN ONE GOD WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT.
slide 16
MAIN CONCLUSIONS
- THE EARLY DESPOTIES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEW STATE FORMATIONS: MILITARY DESPOTIES. THE REASONS FOR THEIR APPEARANCE BECAUSE THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NEW ARABLE LAND. ALL THIS DEMANDED NEW CONQUERIOUS CAMPAIGNS.
- IN GENERAL, CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DESPOTIES IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA, WE SEE COMMON FEATURES AND PECULIARITIES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE STATE FORMATIONS LISTED IN THEIR FLEXIBILITY. AT THE SAME TIME, CHINA WERE ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE POWER OF SEPARATISM KNOWLEDGE.
- THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS WEAKEN THE RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF THE ELEMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE. RELIGIONS ARISING, THE MAIN PURPOSE OF WHICH IS TO ENSURE A BETTER FATE OF HUMANS AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM. Confucianism is rather a moral code of norms of a person and a state.
Slide 17
SOURCES
- ZAGLADIN N.V. THE WORLD HISTORY. HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: TEXTBOOK FOR 10 GRADE. – 7th ED. - M. : TID "RUSSIAN WORD - RS", 2007. CHAPTER 3.
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The most ancient states of the world arose on the banks of rivers, lakes, seas Egypt on the banks of the Nile; Mesopotamia on the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris; Phoenicia on the Mediterranean coast; Persia on the Persian Gulf; India on the banks of the Indus and the Ganges; China on the banks of the Yellow River and the Yangtze; Greece on the Balkan Peninsula and was washed on all sides by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Aegean, Ionian); Rome on the Apennine Peninsula and on all sides was washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Tyrrhenian, Adriatic).
All ancient states were governed differently. In Egypt, the pharaohs ruled. Their power was equated to divine. In India and China, kings ruled. Their power is also unlimited. They were also worshiped as gods. Greece was a democracy - the rule of the people. In Rome there was a republic - a type of government in which the state is ruled by elected people. In Rome they were consuls. Later, the Roman state became an empire. Emperors ruled there, replacing each other.
The ancient states had their own laws. In Babylonia, there were laws of King Hammurabi (“If a person stole the property of the temple, he must be executed”). In India, there was a law of dividing all people into castes (groups of people with certain rights and duties). In Greece, the laws of the Dragon were in force for a long time, until the archon Solon came up with new ones (according to the laws of Solon, debt slavery was abolished in Greece). In Rome, the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchi introduced a law on the limit of land, according to which all the poor received land without the right to sell.
Many pharaohs, kings, emperors were great commanders and conquerors Pharaoh Thutmose III - around 1500 BC. Persian king Darius 1st–5th–6th century BC Chinese ruler Qin Shi Huang - III century BC Alexander the Great - 3rd century BC Gaius Julius Caesar - Roman dictator - 1st century BC
Among the great generals there were those who were neither emperor nor king. Greek strategist Miltiades, under whose leadership the Greeks defeated the Persians in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The Carthaginian commander Hannibal, who lost the only battle in his life in 202 BC. near the city of Zama. Leader Germanic tribe ready, who managed to "conquer the city, to which the whole earth obeyed!"
Name the names of ancient poets and writers. What works of theirs do you remember? What were they dedicated to? Homer wrote the poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad describes Last year Trajan War, and in the "Odyssey" - the wanderings of Odysseus during his return home after Trojan War. Sophocles wrote the tragedy Antigone, Aristophanes the comedy The Birds.
Who was already called the "father of history" in ancient times? What country did he live in?
Myths and religious beliefs. Primitive people, going hunting, tried to enchant the beast - they drew it on the sand and threw spears at it. Unable to explain the phenomena of nature, people thought that they were controlled by supernatural beings. This is how religious beliefs were born. Religion is the belief of people in supernatural forces: gods, spirits, souls.
Who are Confucius and Buddha? Confucius lived in China and taught people to believe in virtue, respect elders, read old books, because wisdom was accumulated in them; Buddha lived in India - he is the founder of Buddhism - the religion of the Indians. He urged people to seek harmony with nature and with themselves.
In which country did faith in one God first appear? The Jewish tribes were the first to believe in one God. They believed in the God Yahweh, who later became considered the father of Jesus Christ. The inhabitants of Ancient Rome believed that Jesus would come and save all those who were suffering. Thus arose a religion called Christianity.
Myths of ancient peoples. Mesopotamia The legend of Gilgamesh Palestine Biblical legends: "Joseph and his brothers", "The Tower of Babel", "The story of King David", "The Judgment of Solomon" and others India "Ramayana" (the legend of Rama), the legend of Buddha Greece The myth of Theseus and Minotaur, the myth of Daedalus and Icarus, the myths of Hercules, the myth of Prometheus, the myth of the birth of the goddess Athena and others. Rome The legend of the founding of Rome.
Around 3000 BC Around 2600 BC. BC. Around 1200 BC 776 BC The first Olympic Games The reign of King Hammurabi in Babylonia The formation of a single state in Egypt The construction of the pyramid of Cheops The beginning of the Trojan War Find a match
443 BC BC. 3rd century BC 221 BC 133 BC Land Law of Tiberius Gracchus in Rome Unification of India in single state The election of Pericles as the first strategist The campaign of the Macedonian army to the East The unification of China into a single state Find a match
74-71 years BC. 49 BC 1st century AD 395 AD 476 AD The fall of the Western Roman Empire The emergence of Christianity The revolt of slaves in Rome led by Spartacus The seizure of power by Caesar in Rome The division of the Roman Empire into two states Find a match