The most important technical inventions are 19 in the table. Scientific discoveries of domestic scientists in the second half of the XIX century
During this period, Mendeleev became, which is still used to this day. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev managed to bring all the chemical elements known at that time into one scheme, based on their atomic mass. According to legend, the famous chemist saw his table in a dream. Today it is difficult to say whether this is true, but his discovery was truly brilliant. Periodic Law chemical elements, on the basis of which the table was compiled, made it possible not only to order the known elements, but also to predict the properties of those that had not yet been discovered.
Physics
Many important discoveries were made during the 19th century and. At this time, most scientists were engaged in studying electromagnetic waves. Michael Faraday, observing the movement of a copper wire in a magnetic field, discovered that when the lines of force intersect, a electricity. Thus, electromagnetic induction was discovered, which further contributed to the invention.
In the second half of the 19th century, scientist James Clark Maxwell suggested that there are electromagnetic waves, due to which electrical energy is transmitted in space. A couple of decades later, Heinrich Hertz confirmed the electromagnetic theory of light, proving the existence of such waves. These discoveries allowed Marconi and Popov later radio and became the basis for modern methods of wireless data transmission.
Biology
Medicine and biology in this century also developed rapidly. The famous chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, thanks to his research, became the founder of such sciences as immunology and microbiology, and his surname was later named a method of heat treatment of products, in which vegetative forms of microorganisms are killed, which allows extending the shelf life of products - pasteurization.
The French physician Claude Bernard devoted himself to studying the structure and functioning of the endocrine glands. Thanks to this doctor and scientist, such a field of medicine as endocrinology appeared.
German microbiologist Robert Koch was even awarded for his discovery Nobel Prize. This scientist was able to isolate the tubercle bacillus - the causative agent of tuberculosis, which greatly facilitated the fight against this dangerous and at that time widespread disease. Koch was also able to isolate Vibrio cholerae and anthrax bacillus.
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19th century science
Science in the 19th century made a giant leap in development, overturning many seemingly unshakable truths. To solve the technical and economic problems that were set by industry, a new approach to natural phenomena was required. In order to successfully influence nature, it was necessary to discover and test experimentally the relationship and interaction between the forms of movement, various chemicals, certain types animals and plants. Development of trade and international relations, research and development of new geographical areas introduced a lot of new factual information into scientific circulation. They made it possible to fill in the previously existing gaps in the picture of nature, to include those missing links that confirmed the existence of comprehensive connections. natural phenomena in time and space.
Mathematics occupied a prominent place in higher scientific and technical education. There was a sharp increase in the need to apply it to the solution of practical problems put forward by physics, chemistry, astronomy, geodesy, thermodynamics, construction, ballistics, etc. However, new mathematical research arose not only as a result of direct practical demands of the time, but also due to internal logic development of mathematics as a science.
As the main mathematical apparatus of the new branches of mechanics and physics, the theory differential equations with partial derivatives. An important achievement of mathematical science was the discovery and introduction of the geometric interpretation complex numbers. The English mathematician W. R. Hamilton (1805-1865), who gave one of the first exact expositions of the theory of complex numbers, was at the same time one of the creators of vector analysis (1840s).
The expansion of the subject of mathematics put forward the task of revising its basic assumptions, creating a strict system of definitions and proofs, as well as a critical examination of the logical techniques used in these proofs.
At the beginning of the 19th century, a number of theorems of probability theory were developed (a branch of mathematics that allows, using the probabilities of some random events, to establish the probabilities of other random events related in some way to the first). These include the theorems of P. S. Laplace (1749-1827), S. Poisson (1781-1840). In the work of Poisson (1837) the term "law of large numbers" was first used.
A true revolution in mathematical science was put forward in the 1820s. N. I. Lobachevsky (1793-1856) theory of non-Euclidean geometry. Somewhat later, in 1832, the Hungarian geometer Janos Bolyai (1802-1860), independently of Lobachevsky, came to similar conclusions. The idea that, along with Euclidean geometry, other geometric systems are also possible, also arose from K. F. Gauss (1777-1855). Believing that the truth of a geometric theory can only be verified by experience, Lobachevsky suggested that further experimental studies would reveal an inaccuracy in the correspondence of generally accepted Euclidean geometry to the real properties of space when studying certain phenomena, for example, during astronomical observations. The development of science has brilliantly confirmed this assumption. B. Riemann in 1854-1866 put forward a new non-Euclidean geometric system, which also received a real interpretation in the course of subsequent scientific development.
Astronomy is the first branch of science in which the view of nature as something unchanging was shaken back in the 2nd half. 18th century, when Immanuel Kant and then P. S. Laplace proposed the theory of origin solar system from a hot nebula. The Universe for the first time began to be considered in formation, change and development. The most important achievements of astronomy in the 19th century. were the establishment of the proper motion of "fixed" stars, the elucidation by means of spectral analysis of the chemical identity of world matter, of which even the most distant stars and nebulae are composed. One of the main sections of astronomy is "celestial mechanics", which studies the movements celestial bodies using the most advanced mathematical methods. The growth of technology, in particular, the technology of optical instrumentation, made it possible to create telescopes of enormous power. Built by William Herschel (1738-1822) back in 1789. mirror telescope had a mirror diameter of 122 cm. Using advanced astronomical instruments, Herschel discovered the planet Uranus and discovered satellites of many planets. He also studied the distribution of stars in space and the structure milky way, finding big number nebulae and star clusters. His son John Herschel (1792-1871) discovered over 3,000 double stars and cataloged more than 5,000 nebulae and star clusters.
American inventor of the motion picture, Thomas Edison, who was able to make this form of entertainment technically feasible
For a competition sponsored by Scientific American in 1913, participants had to write an essay on the 10 greatest inventions of "our time" (from 1888 to 1913), while the inventions had to be patentable and dated from the moment of their "industrial introduction."
In fact, this task was based on historical perception. Innovations seem more remarkable to us when we see the changes they bring about. In 2016, we may not attach much importance to the merits of Nikola Tesla (Nicola Tesla) or Thomas Edison (Thomas Edison), as we are used to using electricity in all its manifestations, but at the same time, we are impressed by the social changes that popularization of the Internet. 100 years ago, people probably would not have understood what it was all about.
Below are excerpts from the first and second prize essays, along with a statistical count of all submissions. The first place was awarded to William I. Wyman, who worked at the US Patent Office in Washington, thanks to which he was well aware of scientific and technological progress.
Essay by William Wyman
1. An electric furnace in 1889 was “the only means of producing carborundum” (the hardest artificial material at that time). It also turned aluminum from "merely valuable to a very useful metal" (reducing its cost by 98%) and "dramatically changed the steel industry."
2. The steam turbine, invented by Charles Parsons, mass production which began over the next 10 years. The turbine significantly improved the power supply system on ships, and was later used to maintain the operation of generators that produce electricity.
The turbine, invented by Charles Parsons, powered the ships. With the right amount, they set the generators in motion and produced energy.
3. Petrol car. In the 19th century, many inventors worked on the creation of a "self-propelled" car. Wyman mentioned Gottlieb Daimler's 1889 engine in his essay: “A century of persistent, but unsuccessful, pursuit of a practically self-propelled machine proves that any invention that first fits into the stated requirements becomes an immediate success. Such success came to the Daimler engine.”
4. Movies. Entertainment will always be to have great value, and "the moving picture has changed many people's pastimes." The technical pioneer Wyman cited was Thomas Edison.
5. Airplane. Wyman honored the invention of the Wright brothers for "fulfilling a centuries-old dream", but at the same time emphasized its use for military purposes and questioned the general usefulness of flying technology: "Commercially, the aircraft is the least profitable invention among all considered."
Orville Wright conducts a demonstration flight at Fort Mer in 1908 and fulfills the requirements of the American army
Wilbur Wright
6. Wireless telegraphy. To transfer information between people for centuries, perhaps even millennia, have been used various systems. In the US, telegraph signals have become much faster thanks to Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Wireless telegraphy, invented by Guglielmo Marconi, later evolved into radio and thereby freed information from cables.
7. Cyanide process. Sounds toxic, doesn't it? This process appeared on this list for only one reason: it was carried out to extract gold from ore. "Gold is the source life force Trade”, in 1913, international trade relations and national currencies were based on it.
8. Asynchronous motor of Nikola Tesla. “This landmark invention is largely responsible for the ubiquitous use of electricity in modern industry,” writes Wyman. Before there was electricity in residential buildings, the AC machine designed by Tesla generated 90% of the electricity consumed in factories.
9. Linotype. This machine allowed publishers - mainly newspapers - to compose and cast the text much faster and cheaper. This technology was as advanced as the printing press was considered in its time in relation to the manuscript scrolls that preceded it. It is possible that soon we will stop using paper for writing and reading, and the history of printing will be forgotten.
10. Electric welding process from Elihu Thomson (Elihu Thomson). During the era of industrialization, electric welding made it possible to accelerate the pace of production and create better, more complex machines for the manufacturing process.
Electric welding, created by Elihu Thomson, significantly reduced the cost of manufacturing complex welding equipment.
Essay by George Doe
The second best essay, by George M. Dowe, also from Washington, was more philosophical. He divided all inventions into three sub-sectors: manufacturing, transport, and communications:
1. Electrical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. As you're exhausted natural sources fertilizers in the 19th century artificial top dressing provided further expansion Agriculture.
2. Preservation of sugar-containing plants. George W. McMullen of Chicago is credited with discovering a way to dry sugar cane and sugar beets for shipping. Sugar production became more efficient and very soon its supply increased significantly.
3. High speed steel alloys. By adding tungsten to steel, "tools made in this way could cut at tremendous speeds without compromising the hardening or cutting edge." The increase in the efficiency of cutting machines has produced "nothing less than a revolution"
4. Lamp with tungsten filament. Another achievement of chemistry: after tungsten replaced the carbon in the filament, the light bulb is considered "improved". As of 2016, they are being phased out around the world in favor of compact fluorescent lamps, which are 4 times more efficient.
5. Airplane. Although it was not yet as widely used for transportation in 1913, "Samuel Langley and the Wright brothers should be given major honors for their contribution to the development of powered flight."
6. Steam turbine. As in the previous list, the turbine is to be commended not only for "using steam as primary driving force", but also for its application in "power generation".
7. Internal combustion engine. In terms of transportation, Dow credits "Daimler, Ford and Dury" most of all. Gottlieb Daimler is a well-known pioneer of motor vehicles. Henry Ford began production of the Model T in 1908, which remained very popular until 1913. Charles Duryea created one of the earliest commercially successful gasoline vehicles after 1896.
8. The pneumatic tire, which was originally invented by Robert William Thomson, a railroad engineer. "What the track did for the locomotive, the pneumatic tire did for vehicles not tied to the railroad tracks." However, the essay credits John Dunlop and William C. Bartlet, both of whom have made significant contributions to the development of automobile and bicycle tires.
9. Wireless. Doe praised Marconi for making wireless "commercially viable". The author of the essay also left a comment that can be attributed to the development of the World Wide Web, stating that wireless communication was "designed primarily to meet the needs of trade, but along the way it also contributed to social interaction."
10. Typing machines. The giant rotary press could churn out huge volumes of printed material. The weak link in the production chain was the assembly of printed plates. Linotype and monotype helped to get rid of this shortcoming.
All submitted essays were collected and analyzed to compile a list of inventions that were perceived as the most significant. Wireless telegraph was in almost every text. "Airplane" came in second place, although it was considered important only because of the potential of flying technology. Here are the rest of the results:
In the 19th century Great strides have been made in education, science and technology. Scientific discoveries, showered as if from a cornucopia, contributed to the development of modern industry. Under their influence, people's ideas about the world around them and the centuries-old way of life changed. Over the course of one century, a person moved from a carriage to a train, from a train to a car, in 1903 he took to the air in an airplane.
Up to the XX century. the world's population as a whole remained illiterate. Most people can't even read and write. Only in the highly developed countries of Western Europe, covered by industrialization, there was noticeable progress. In the 19th century, especially in the second half, education began to spread widely. This became possible due to the fact that society has become richer and the material well-being of people has increased. In addition, industrial civilization needed skilled workers. Therefore, the state began to pay more attention to education and began the transition to universal compulsory education. In Great Britain the law on compulsory education of all children up to 12 years of age was adopted in 1870, in France - in 1882.
In some European countries, the transition to universal primary education started even earlier. In Lutheran Sweden, for example, in 1686 a law was passed obliging the head of the family to literate his children and even servants. And this law was carried out strictly. After all, the most important duty of a Lutheran was independent reading Bible. It was not even possible to marry until young people mastered reading. It is not surprising that by the end of the XVIII century. the Swedish population was the most literate in Europe. However, the law on mandatory primary education was adopted only in the 1880s.
By the end of the XIX century. the number of literate men in Western Europe has reached 90%. Universities opened in many cities. However higher education was not accessible to everyone. It still remained elitist. For children from wealthy families, secondary schools were created, from which a direct road to higher educational institutions was opened.
The science
19th century often referred to as the age of science. Under the influence of its rapid and rapid development, man's ideas about the structure of matter, space and time, about the ways of development of the plant and animal world, about the origin of man and life on Earth changed.
In the 19th century scientists occupied an important place in society, enjoyed great influence. Their work was surrounded by honor and respect. They were looked upon as the wizards of modern times. Not like in previous centuries, when leading the life of a scientist was risky and dangerous.
In the XV - XVII centuries. such a life sometimes ended at the stake of the Inquisition. Remember how the church burned Giordano Bruno. At the stake, life almost ended Galileo Galilei who claimed that the earth revolves around the sun. Clashes between science and religion were then commonplace. The situation was completely different in the 19th century. After all, the world of industry, machine production and transport depended on science. And she couldn't refuse. Science was advancing on all fronts, changing not only the environment, but also inner world person.
One after another, discoveries in mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology and social sciences. geometric theory Euclid, which dominated for two millennia, was supplemented by the non-Euclidean geometry of N. I. Lobachevsky and the German B. Riemann. The law of conservation of energy made it possible to substantiate the unity of the material world and the indestructibility of energy. The discovery of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction paved the way for the transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. J. Maxwell established the electromagnetic nature of light. A. Einstein discovered that at speeds close to the speed of light, the laws of Newtonian mechanics do not apply.
Another discovery of a brilliant scientist - the theory of relativity - made me take a fresh look at time and space, recognize the existence of a body in four-dimensional space, the coordinates of which are length, width, height and time. It is impossible to represent this system graphically. It can only be imagined with the help of the imagination.
One of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century was the construction of D. I. Mendeleev periodic system elements. She not only established the relationship between atomic weight and chemical properties elements, but also made it possible to predict the discovery of new ones.
The French scientist Louis Pasteur founded the science of microbes, after which the successful fight against epidemic diseases began.
A revolution in natural science was made by scientists who penetrated the secrets of the "strange world" - the world elementary particles. In 1895 were opened X-rays(named after the German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen). This discovery immediately received application in medicine and technology. This was followed by the discovery of radioactivity and research into atomic nucleus associated with the names of such prominent physicists as Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Poland), P. Curie (France), J. Bohr (Denmark) and E. Rutherford (England).
Scientists penetrated not only the secrets of the atomic nucleus, but also learned the Universe better. The new planets Uranus and Neptune were discovered.
Darwin's teaching and the formation of a new picture of the world
The most important achievement of science of the XIX century. was the creation of the theory of evolution of species by natural selection. It found its complete embodiment in the teachings of Charles Darwin, who had a huge impact on the formation of a new picture of the world.
What seems quite obvious to us was not so obvious in the middle of the 19th century. Most people in Europe and North America at that time believed in the biblical stories of the creation of the world four thousand years before the birth of Jesus Christ. They believed that God individually created each plant and animal, including man. All this contradicted the latest scientific discoveries, was incompatible with the data of geologists, who calculated the age of the Earth in millions of years. The usual picture of the world collapsed. Religion demanded that they believe in one thing, and reason prompted another.
In 1859 Charles Darwin's Origin of Species was published in England. She brought conflict between religious and scientific views on the world to a boiling point. main idea Darwin was that plant and animal world constantly changing by natural selection. Only that species of the plant or animal world survives, which is most adapted to the conditions of life, and, on the contrary, are thrown aside, unadapted organisms die. There was no room for God in this development. The church opposed Darwin, seeing in his teachings the basis for atheism.
The attacks became more violent after the publication of a new book by the scientist, The Descent of Man (1871). It proved that man descended from a common creature with a monkey.
Darwin himself jokingly called his books "the gospels of Satan". A sharp controversy unfolded around the "Descent of Man". Many scientists have not accepted Darwin's theory of the origin of man. It has not received scientific confirmation to date. But her general ideas about evolution and natural selection have retained their value.
There is nothing surprising. Back in the VI century. BC, a Chinese philosopher and biologist came to the same conclusions as Darwin. His name was Zong Ze. He wrote that organisms acquired differences through gradual changes, generation after generation. The only amazing thing is that it took the world two and a half thousand years to come to the same conclusion.
The ruling classes distorted Darwin's theory. They saw in her another proof of their superiority. As a result of "natural selection" they survived in the struggle for existence and ended up at the top, became ruling. It was also an argument in favor of imperialist politics and white supremacy. At the same time, K. Marx and F. Engels saw in The Origin of Species a natural scientific basis for understanding the historical class struggle.
Revolution in technology
The creation of large-scale machine production and machine technology is the main content of the second period of New History.
A powerful impetus for the mechanization of production was given by the invention in late XVIII in. steam engine. With its help, working machines of any type could be set in motion. Almost simultaneously, a process was developed to obtain iron and steel from cast iron. arose new industry production - mechanical engineering. Mass production of various machines unfolded. Steam installations began to be used in various industries, agriculture, land, river and sea transport. It is no coincidence that contemporaries characterized the 19th century. as "the age of steam and iron."
Transport development
decisive changes in the life of Europe, North America, and the whole world, was made by the creation of steam transport. The first steamboat was a riverboat built in the USA in 1807. Steamboats gradually replaced sailing ships. From 1822 they began to be built from iron, and from the 80s from steel. At the beginning of the XX century. Russian designers launched the first ship.
A real revolution in transport was made by the invention of a steam locomotive (1814) and the construction railways, which began in 1825. In 1830, the total length of railway lines in the world was only 300 km. By 1917, it reached 1 million 146 thousand km.
"Iron horse" of the English engineer Stephenson developed a speed of about 10 km per hour, 1814
At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, after the creation of the internal combustion engine, new types of transport arose - automobile and air. At first, the aircraft had a purely sporting value, then they began to be used in military affairs.
The construction of bridges, canals and hydraulic structures. In 1869, the Suez Canal was opened, which shortened the sea route from Europe to the countries of Southeast Asia by almost 13 thousand km. In 1914, the construction of the Panama Canal was completed, linking the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean.
Connection of science with practice
Scientific discoveries and technical inventions were closely related. Some scientists developed ideas in any branch of science. Others tested them in laboratories at institutes and universities. In the course of such experiments, the ways of practical application of this or that scientific discovery were revealed. So, for example, happened with the study of electricity.
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta - the creator of the first chemical light source - the voltaic column, 1800.
Battery demonstration in front of Napoleon Bonaparte
Electrical and magnetic phenomena were known even before the 19th century, but they were considered in isolation from each other. In 1831, the English scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) made important experiments demonstrating the laws of electricity. It turned out that an electric current arises in a copper wire crossing magnetic field lines. This discovery is known as the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. From his contemporaries, Faraday received the playful title of "Lord of Lightning". His ideas were confirmed and developed by the Scottish scientist James Maxwell, who in 1873 proved the connection between electricity and magnetism.
19th century people they believed that they had already invented everything when the first steam locomotives and cars appeared, moving at a speed of twenty kilometers per hour. But how wrong they were! There was so much more to discover! The science of electricity led to the creation of an electrical industry that began to serve man. First, the electric motor was invented, and in 1880 Siemens produced the first electric train. The world's first power plants were put into operation, and electric motors began to be used more and more widely in factories and factories. Electric lighting of city streets, residential buildings, public and industrial premises appeared. The horse-drawn carriage was a thing of the past. Trams rumbled on the streets of European cities, announcing the beginning of the era of electricity.
The light bulb invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. Cheaper and more practical, it replaced the gas burner. Edison is the author of over 1000 inventions. He improved the telegraph and telephone, invented the phonograph (1882), built the world's first public power station (1882)
A new kind of energy opened up new horizons for European countries. But she, like many other inventions, was soon used for military purposes.
Means of communication
In the second half of the XIX century. There has been a revolution in communications. For centuries, people have communicated with each other through letters. In the navy and in the land army - with the help of signal flags, light or any other conventional signs. The development of industry and trade required more advanced means of information transmission. Scientific discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism fully satisfied this need.
In 1836, an American named Samuel Morse invented a fundamentally new type of communication - the telegraph. Morse's electric apparatus transmitted messages in coded dots and dashes over wires. By the end of the century, the main cities of the world were connected by telegraph. It took scientists forty years to move from coded messages to live voice transmission over wires. In 1876, the telephone was invented, which won universal recognition. At the turn of the XX century. the third important discovery in the field of information transmission was born - wireless communication over the air using radio waves. Since that time, radio has become the main source of information for the whole world.
At the end of the XIX century. thanks to technical progress cinematography appeared. The Lumiere brothers invented the first movie projector in 1895 and founded the world's first movie theater in Paris. Cinema quickly became a form of art and entertainment of the 20th century.
The triumphal procession of science has greatly changed people's lives. The telegraph, the telephone, railroads and steamboats, cars, and later airplanes, shortened the distances, made the world suddenly cramped. But man has misused the gifts of science. Brilliant discoveries blinded him. With the help of science developed the most advanced methods of destruction. Power over nature led to the gradual destruction environment. True, people at that time did not yet realize this.
References:
V. S. Koshelev, I. V. Orzhehovsky, V. I. Sinitsa / The World History New time XIX - early. XX century., 1998.
Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries are very numerous. The most significant are photography, dynamite, aniline dyes for fabrics. In addition, cheaper methods for making paper and alcohol were discovered, and new medicines were invented.
Technical inventions of the 19th century had great importance in the development of society. So, with the help of the telegraph, people were able to transmit messages within a few seconds from one end of the world to the other. The telegraph was invented in 1850. A little later, telegraph lines began to appear. Graham Bell invented the telephone. Today people cannot imagine life without this discovery.
19th century inventions different countries peace were brought to the exhibition in 1851 in England. It was attended by about seventeen thousand exhibits. In subsequent years, other countries, following the example of England, also began to organize international exhibitions of the latest achievements.
Inventions of the 19th century became a powerful impetus to the development of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. A feature of this period was the widespread use of electricity. Scientists of that time were engaged in the study of electromagnetic waves and their influence on various materials. The use of electricity began in medicine.
Michael Faraday was noticed by James K. Maxwell, the electromagnetic theory of light was developed. proved that they exist.
The inventions of the 19th century in the field of medicine and biology were no less significant than in other scientific fields. A great contribution to the development of these industries was made by Louis Pasteur, who discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis, who became one of the founders of microbiology and immunology, and laid the foundations of endocrinology. In the same century, the first X-ray image was obtained. The French doctors Brissot and Lond saw a bullet in the patient's head.
Inventions of the 19th century were also in the field of Astronomy. This science began to develop rapidly in that era. Thus, a section of Astronomy appeared - Astrophysics, which studied the properties of celestial bodies.
A great contribution to the development of chemistry was made by Dmitry Mendeleev, having discovered the Periodic Law, on the basis of which a table of chemical elements was created. He saw the table in a dream. Some predicted elements were discovered later.
The beginning of the 19th century was marked by the development of mechanical engineering and industry. In 1804, a steam-powered car was demonstrated. The internal combustion engine was created in the 19th century. This contributed to the development of faster vehicles: steamboats, locomotives, cars.
Railways began to be built in the 19th century. The first was built in 1825 by Stephenson in England. By 1840, the length of all railways was about 7,700 km, then at the end of the 19th century it was about 1,080,000 km.
It is believed that people began to use computers in the 20th century. However, their first prototypes were invented already in the previous century. The Frenchman Jacquard in 1804 discovered a way to program a loom. The invention made it possible to control the thread using punched cards, which contained holes in certain places. With the help of these holes, it was supposed to apply the thread to the fabric.
Invented at the end of the 18th century in the 19th century, they were widely used in industry. The equipment successfully replaced manual labor, processing metal with high precision.
The 19th century is rightly called the century of the "industrial revolution", railways and electricity. This century had a huge impact on the worldview and culture of mankind, changing it. The invention of electric lamps, radio, telephone, engine and many other discoveries turned the human life of that time upside down.