When did the Trojan War take place? Troy and the Trojan War
The fantasy of the Greek people has widely developed the cycle of legends about the Trojan War. Their subsequent popularity was explained by a close connection with the centuries-old enmity of the Hellenes and Asians.
The arena of the Trojan War - an area on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, stretching as a plain to the Hellespont (Dardanelles), further from the sea rising in ridges of hills to Mount Ida, irrigated by Scamander, Simois and other rivers - is already mentioned in ancient myths about the gods. The Greeks called its population Trojans, Dardanians, Tevkras. The mythical son of Zeus, Dardanus, founded Dardania on the slope of Mount Ida. His son, rich Erichthonius, owned vast fields, countless herds of cattle and horses. After Erichthonius, Tros, the ancestor of the Trojans, was king of the Dardanians, younger son whom, the handsome Ganymede, was taken to Olympus to serve the king of the gods at feasts, and the eldest son, Il (Ilos), founded Troy (Ilion). Another descendant of Erichthonius, the handsome Anchises, fell in love with the goddess Aphrodite, who gave birth to a son from him, Aeneas, who, according to myths, fled west to Italy after the Trojan War. The offspring of Aeneas was the only branch of the Trojan royal family that survived after the capture of Troy.
Excavations of ancient Troy
Under the son of Il, Laomedont, the gods Poseidon and Apollo built the fortress of Troy, Pergamon. The son and successor of Laomedont was Priam, who was famous for wealth throughout the world. He had fifty sons, of whom the brave Hector and the handsome Paris are especially famous. Of the fifty, nineteen of his sons were born by his second wife Hecuba, the daughter of the Phrygian king.
Cause of the Trojan War - the abduction of Helen by Paris
The cause of the Trojan War was the abduction by Paris of Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. When Hecuba was pregnant with Paris, she saw in a dream that she gave birth to a flaming brand and that all of Troy burned down from this brand. Therefore, after his birth, Paris was thrown into the forest on Mount Ida. He was found as a shepherd, grew up strong and dexterous, handsome, a skilled musician and singer. He pastured the herds on Ida, and was the favorite of her nymphs. When three goddesses, who were arguing over which of them was the fairest, over a bone of contention, gave him a decision, and each promised him a reward for the decision in her favor, he chose not the victories and glory that Athena promised him, not dominion over Asia, promised by the Hero, but the love of the most beautiful of all women, promised by Aphrodite.
Judgment of Paris. Painting by E. Simone, 1904
Paris was strong and brave, but the predominant traits of his character were sensuality and Asian effeminacy. Aphrodite soon directed his path to Sparta, whose king Menelaus was married to the beautiful Helen. The patroness of Paris, Aphrodite, aroused love for him in the beautiful Elena. Paris took her away at night, taking with him many treasures of Menelaus. It was a great crime against hospitality and marriage law. The wicked man and his relatives, who received him and Helen in Troy, incurred the punishment of the gods. Hera, an avenger for adultery, aroused the heroes of Greece to stand up for Menelaus, starting the Trojan War. When Elena became an adult girl, and many young heroes gathered to woo her, Elena's father, Tyndareus, took an oath from them that they would all protect the marital rights of the one who would be elected. They were now to fulfill that promise. Others joined them out of love for military adventure, or out of a desire to avenge an offense done to all of Greece.
Elena's kidnapping. Red-figure Attic amphora, late 6th c. BC
Beginning of the Trojan War. Greeks in Aulis
The death of Achilles
Later poets continued the story of the Trojan War. Arktin of Miletus wrote a poem about the exploits accomplished by Achilles after the victory over Hector. The most important of them was the battle with Memnon, the radiant son of distant Ethiopia; therefore Arktin's poem was called "Ethiopida".
The Trojans, discouraged after the death of Hector - it was told in the "Ethiopian" - were animated with new hopes when the queen of the Amazons, Penthesilea, came from Thrace to help them, with regiments of her warriors. The Achaeans were again driven back to their camp. But Achilles rushed into battle and killed Penthesilea. When he removed the helmet from the opponent who fell to the ground, he was deeply moved to see what a beauty he had killed. Thersites scathingly reproached him for this; Achilles killed the offender with a blow of his fist.
Then, from the far east, the king of the Ethiopians, the son of Aurora, the most beautiful of men, came with an army to help the Trojans. Achilles evaded the fight with him, knowing from Thetis that soon after the death of Memnon, he himself would die. But Antilochus, the son of Nestor, the friend of Achilles, covering his father persecuted by Memnon, died a victim of his filial love; the desire to avenge him drowned out in Achilles concern for himself. The fight between the sons of the goddesses, Achilles and Memnon, was terrible; Themis and Aurora looked at him. Memnon fell, and his mournful mother, Aurora, wept, carried his body home. According to an Eastern legend, every morning she waters her dear son again and again with tears falling in the form of dew.
Eos carries off the body of his son Memnon. Greek vase, early 5th century BC
Achilles furiously chased the fleeing Trojans to the Skean gates of Troy and was already breaking into them, but at that moment an arrow fired by Paris and directed by the god Apollo himself killed him. She hit him in the heel, which was the only vulnerable spot of his body (Achilles' mother, Thetis, made her son invulnerable by plunging him into the waters as a baby underground river Styx, but the heel remained vulnerable, for which she held him at the same time). All day long the Achaeans and the Trojans fought in order to take possession of the body and weapons of Achilles. Finally, the Greeks managed to take the body to the camp greatest hero The Trojan War and its weapons. Ajax Telamonides, a mighty giant, carried the body, and Odysseus held back the onslaught of the Trojans.
Ajax takes out the body of Achilles from the battle. Attic vase, ca. 510 BC
For seventeen days and nights, Thetis, with the Muses and Nereids, mourned her son with such touching songs of sorrow that both gods and people shed tears. On the eighteenth day, the Greeks lit a magnificent fire on which the body was laid; Achilles' mother, Thetis, carried the body out of the flames, and transferred it to the island of Levka (Snake Island, lying in front of the mouths of the Danube). There, rejuvenated, he lives, forever young, and enjoys war games. According to other legends, Thetis transferred her son to the underworld or to the islands of the Blessed. There are also legends saying that Thetis and her sisters collected the bones of her son from the ashes and placed them in a golden urn near the ashes of Patroclus under those artificial hills near the Hellespont, which are still considered to be the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus left after the Trojan War.
Philoctetes and Neoptolemus
After the brilliant funeral games in honor of Achilles, it was to be decided who was worthy of receiving his weapon: it was to be given to the bravest of the Greeks. This honor was claimed by Ajax Telamonides and Odysseus. Trojan prisoners were chosen as judges. They decided in favor of Odysseus. Ajax found this unfair and was so annoyed that he wanted to kill Odysseus and Menelaus, whom he also considered his enemy. On a dark night, he secretly went out of his tent to kill them. But Athena struck him with a cloud of reason. Ajax killed the herds of cattle that were with the army, and the shepherds of these cattle, imagining that he was killing his enemies. When the darkness passed, and Ajax saw how wrong he was, he was seized with such shame that he threw himself on his sword with his chest. The whole army was saddened by the death of Ajax, who was stronger than all Greek heroes after Achilles.
Meanwhile, the Trojan soothsayer, Helen, who was captured by the Achaeans, told them that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules. The owner of these arrows was the wounded Philoctetes, abandoned by the Achaeans on Lemnos. He was brought from Lesbos to the camp near Troy. The son of the god of healing, Asclepius, Machaon healed the wound of Philoctetes, and he killed Paris. Menelaus desecrated the body of his offender. The second condition necessary for the victory of the Greeks in the Trojan War was the participation in the siege of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles and one of the daughters of Lycomedes. He lived with his mother, on Skyros. Odysseus brought Neoptolemus, gave him his father's weapons, and he killed beautiful face Mysian hero Eurypylus, who was the son of Heraclid Telephus and the sister of Priam, and was sent to help the Trojans by his mother. The Achaeans now defeated the Trojans on the battlefield. But Troy could not be taken as long as it remained in its acropolis, Pergamum, a shrine given to the former Trojan king Dardanus by Zeus - palladium (an image of Pallas Athena). To look out for the location, palladium, Odysseus went to the city, disguised as a beggar, and was not recognized in Troy by anyone except Helen, who did not betray him because she wanted to return to her homeland. Then, Odysseus and Diomedes sneaked into the Trojan temple and stole the palladium.
Trojan horse
The hour of the final victory of the Greeks in the Trojan War was already close. According to a legend already known to Homer and told in detail by later epic poets, the master Epey, with the help of the goddess Athena, made a large wooden horse. The bravest of the Achaean heroes: Diomedes, Odysseus, Menelaus, Neoptolemus and others hid in it. The Greek army burned their camp and sailed to Tenedos, as if deciding to end the Trojan War. The Trojans who came out of the city looked with surprise at the huge wooden horse. The heroes who hid in it heard their deliberations on how to deal with it. Helen walked around the horse, and loudly called the Greek leaders, imitating the voice of each wife. Some wanted to answer her, but Odysseus held them back. Some Trojans said that one cannot trust one's enemies, and one should drown the horse in the sea or burn it. The most insistent of all was the priest Laocoön, the uncle of Aeneas. But before the eyes of all the people, two big snakes, wrapped rings around Laocoön and his two sons and strangled them. The Trojans considered this a punishment to Laocoon from the gods and agreed with those who said that it was necessary to put the horse in the acropolis, dedicate it as a gift to Pallas. The traitor Sinon, whom the Greeks left here to deceive the Trojans with the assurance that the horse was destined by the Greeks as a reward for the stolen palladium, and that when it was placed in the acropolis, Troy would be invincible, especially contributed to the adoption of this decision. The horse was so large that it could not be dragged through the gate; The Trojans made a hole in the wall and dragged the horse into the city with ropes. Thinking that the Trojan War was over, they feasted happily.
Capture of Troy by the Greeks
But at midnight, Sinon lit a fire - a signal to the Greeks waiting at Tenedos. They swam to Troy, and Sinon unlocked the door made in d Eos carries away the body of the Memnon-wooden horse. By the will of the gods, the hour of the death of Troy, the end of the Trojan War, has come. The Greeks rushed to the carelessly feasting Trojans, slaughtered, robbed and, having plundered, set fire to the city. Priam sought salvation at the altar of Zeus, but Achilles' son Neoptolem killed him at the very altar. Priam's son Deiphobes, who married Helen after the death of his brother Paris, courageously defended himself in his house against Odysseus and Menelaus, but was killed. Menelaus led Helen to the ships, whose beauty disarmed his hand, raised to strike the traitor. The widow of Hector, the sufferer of Andromache, was given by the Greeks to Neoptolemus and found in a foreign land a slavish fate, predicted to her by her husband at the last farewell. Her son Astyanax was, on the advice of Odysseus, thrown off the wall by Neoptolemus. The soothsayer Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, who sought salvation at the altar, was torn off from him by the blasphemous hand of Ajax the Small (son of Oileus), who overturned the statue of the goddess with a frantic impulse. Cassandra was given as booty to Agamemnon. Her sister Polyxena was sacrificed over the coffin of Achilles, whose shadow demanded her as a prey for herself. The wife of the Trojan king Priam Hecub, who survived the fall of the royal family and kingdom. She was brought to the Thracian coast and found out there that her son (Polydorus), whom Priam had sent with many treasures before the start of the war under protection to the Thracian king Polymestor, had also died. ABOUT future fate The Hecubes, after the Trojan War, the legends spoke differently; there was a legend that she was turned into a dog; according to another legend, she was buried on the northern shore of the Hellespont, where her tomb was shown.
The fate of the Greek heroes after the Trojan War
The adventures of the Greek heroes did not end with the capture of Troy: on the way back from the captured city, they had to experience many troubles. The gods and goddesses, whose altars they defiled with violence, subjected them to grievous fates. On the very day of the destruction of Troy, in the assembly of heroes, heated with wine, there was, according to Homer's Odyssey, a great strife. Menelaus demanded to immediately sail home, and Agamemnon wanted to soften the anger of Athena with hecatombs (by bringing several sacrifices, each of a hundred oxen) before sailing. Some supported Menelaus, others supported Agamemnon. The Greeks completely quarreled, and the next morning the army was divided. Menelaus, Diomedes, Nestor, Neoptolemus and some others boarded the ships. At Tenedos, Odysseus, who sailed with these leaders, quarreled with them and returned to Agamemnon. The companions of Menelaus went to Euboea. From there, Diomedes returned favorably to Argos, Nestor to Pylos, safely sailed to their cities Neoptolemus, Philoctetes and Idomeneo. But Menelaus was caught by a storm near the rocky Cape Malea and brought to the coast of Crete, on the rocks of which almost all of his ships crashed. He himself was carried away by a storm to Egypt. Tsar Polybus cordially received him in the hundred-gate Egyptian Thebes, gave him and Elena rich gifts. The wanderings of Menelaus after the Trojan War lasted eight years; he was in Cyprus, in Phenicia, he saw the countries of the Ethiopians and Libyans. Then the gods gave him a joyful return and a happy old age with the eternally young Elena. According to the stories of later poets, Helen was not at all in Troy. Stesichorus said that Paris only stole the ghost of Helen; according to the story of Euripides (the tragedy " Helena"), he took away a woman like Helen, created by the gods to deceive him, and Hermes transferred the real Helen to Egypt, to King Proteus, who guarded her until the end of the Trojan War. Herodotus also believed that Helen was not in Troy. The Greeks thought that the Phoenician Aphrodite (Astarte) was Helen. They saw the temple of Astarte in that part of Memphis where the Tyrian Phoenicians lived; probably from this arose the legend of Helen's life in Egypt.
Agamemnon, upon returning from the Trojan War, was killed by his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. A few years later, the children of Agamemnon, Orestes and Electra, severely avenged their mother and Aegisthus for their father. These events formed the basis for a whole cycle of myths. Ajax the Small, on his way back from Troy, was killed by Poseidon for his unheard-of pride and blasphemous insult to the altar when Cassandra was captured.
Odysseus suffered the most adventures and hardships when returning from the Trojan War. His fate gave the theme and plot for the second great
The cause of the Trojan War is known, it seems, even to a schoolboy, but it is still necessary to say a few words about it. And it’s worth starting with the wedding of Thetis, the sea goddess and hero Peleus. Almost all the gods were invited to this wedding, with one small exception: Eridu, the goddess of discord, they decided not to invite. And, quite naturally, she was offended by this turn of events. Eris was famous for her mean jokes, and this time she did not deviate from her habits. On the festive table she was thrown on which was written "To the most beautiful."
Three goddesses claimed this title: Athena, Aphrodite and Hera. And the feast failed to resolve their dispute. Then Zeus ordered Paris, the Trojan prince, the son of Priam, to make a decision. The goddesses approached him when he was herding sheep outside the city walls and asked for help, while each of the goddesses promised Paris one or another reward for the “right” choice. Hera promised Paris power over Asia, Athena - military glory, and Aphrodite - the love of the most beautiful woman, Helen.
It is quite predictable that Paris chose the most beautiful Aphrodite. Helen was the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Paris came to Sparta and, disregarding the laws of hospitality, took Helen with him, along with the slaves and treasures stored in the palace. Upon learning of this, Menelaus turned to his brother, Mycenae, for help. Together they gathered an army, which was joined by all the kings and princes, who at one time wooed Elena and swore to protect her and her honor.
Thus began the Trojan War. The invaders failed to take the city quickly, as it was very well defended. The siege dragged on for a long 9 years, but we know the events of the last 10 years in most detail. Changes begin from the moment Agamemnon takes away his captive, Briseis, from Achilles. She was a priestess in the temple of Apollo and needed to be brought back to avoid the god's wrath. Achilles was offended and refused to participate in further hostilities.
From that moment on, military fortune turned away from the Greeks. No persuasion helped, Achilles was firm in his decision. Only after the Trojans broke into the camp and set fire to one of the ships, Achilles allowed his friend, Patroclus, to change into his armor and lead a detachment of his soldiers. They drove off the Trojans, but their leader, Priam's eldest son, Hektar, killed Patroclus.
This event infuriated Achilles, and he, reconciled with Agamemnon, went to take revenge on the offender. He was so furious that after killing Hector, he tied his corpse to a chariot and drove him several times around the city. And soon after that, the hero himself found his death.
It was almost impossible to kill Achilles, the fact is that immediately after birth, his mother dipped him into a source that made him invulnerable. But dipping, she held him by the heel. Apollo told Paris that Achilles should be hit in the heel.
After his death, the Greeks began to share his armor, two heroes claimed them: Odysseus and Ajax. As a result, the armor went to the first, and then Ajax killed himself. Thus, the Greek army lost two heroes at once. The Trojan War came to a new turning point. In order to swing the scales again in their favor, the Greeks called for help from two other heroes: Philoctetes and Neoptolemus. They killed the two remaining leaders of the Trojan army, after which the latter stopped going out to fight in the field. It was possible to keep the city under siege for a very long time, and therefore Odysseus, famous for his cunning, offered to deceive the inhabitants of Troy. He offered to build a huge horse out of wood and bring it as a gift to the besieged city, and pretend to swim away. The Greeks burned the tent camp, boarded their ships and sailed over the nearest cape.
The Trojans decided to drag a horse into the city, not suspecting that they hid in his belly best wars Greeks. The priest Laocoön warned the inhabitants, anticipating trouble, but no one listened to him. The horse did not pass through the gate and the Trojans dismantled part of the wall. At night, the wars got out of the belly of the horse, let the returned Greeks into the city. They killed all the men and took the women and children prisoner. Thus ended the Trojan War.
We learned most of the information about this event from the poem "Iliad", the authorship of which is attributed to Homer. However, it is now reliably established that, in fact, this is a Greek folk epic, which was told to the inhabitants of the cities by local singers, Aeds, and Homer was either the most famous of the Aeds, or simply collected into different passages into one whole.
For a long time, the Trojan War was considered a myth, a beautiful fairy tale, but nothing more. In particular, the reason for this was that it was unknown, which suggested that it did not exist at all.
But then the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found the ruins of Troy. Then it became clear that the Trojan War, the story of which is told in the Iliad, was in fact.
At these words, Odysseus smiled and ordered Telemachus to leave them alone.
“Now we will find each other again,” he announced. And then the banquet hall, which the maids had already put in order, resounded with cries of joy. Aed made sweet sounds from his lyre, making everyone want to start dancing. Men and dressed-up women merrily led a round dance, and the house rattled and trembled from the trampling of their feet. And all this is because, after many years of wandering, Odysseus finally returned home, and all hearts were filled with jubilation.
The exploits of Aeneas
The main source for the presentation of the history of Aeneas is the Aeneid, the greatest of the poems of Roman authors. It was written at a time when Augustus established his dictatorship in the crumbling Roman state, ending the chaos that followed the assassination of Caesar. With a firm hand he ended the horrors civil wars and established the so-called PaxAugusta, which lasted about half a century. Virgil and all his generation enthusiastically greeted new order. The Aeneid was written with the aim of glorifying the Empire, creating an image of the great national hero and the ancestor of "a people called to establish dominion over the world." It is precisely patriotic goals that probably explain the transition from the completely human appearance of Aeneas, as he is presented in the first books of the poem, to the image of a monstrous superman in its last chapters. In his quest to fashion the figure of a national Roman hero, compared to whom all other heroes would look like insignificant, secondary characters, Virgil finally leads himself into the realm of pure fantasy, although the tendency to exaggerate has always been feature Romans. Below, of course, the Roman names of the gods are used; if a name is known in both Greek and Latin, its Latin version is also used. So, for example, instead of the Greek form Odysseus, its Latin version is used: Ulysses.
Troy to Italy
The son of Venus, Aeneas, was one of the most famous heroes who participated in the Trojan War. In the Trojan army, he was second only to Hector. After the Greeks destroyed Troy, Aeneas, with the help of his divine mother, managed to escape from the city with his father and young son and sail on ships in search of a new fatherland.
After many years of wandering and many trials on land and at sea, Aeneas ended up in Italy, where he defeated numerous enemies who tried to prevent him from entering the country, married the daughter of a mighty king and founded the city. He has always been considered the true founder of Rome, since Romulus and Remus, its actual founders, were born in the city of Alba Longa built by his son.
When he sailed from Troy, many Trojans joined him. All of them sought to find a new place where they could settle, but none of them had a clear idea where to look for this “new place”. They tried several times to build new town, but each time they were driven out either by failures or bad omens. Finally, Aeneas had a dream in which the penates of Troy told him that he and his companions were destined to settle in a country far to the west of Troy, Italy, then called Hesperia, which means "Country of the West". Then Aeneas and his companions were on the island of Crete, and although it took a long time to sail to the country he had promised along the still unexplored sea routes, they were very grateful to the gods for the hope that one day they would still have their own own house and they immediately went to new campaign. However, before the Trojans reached the harbor they desired so much, a very long time passed and many things happened that, if they knew about it in advance, could somewhat cool their ardor.
Although the Argonauts sailed east from Greece, and Aeneas and his companions sailed west from Crete, the Trojans, like Jason, had to meet with the harpies. However, the Greek heroes were bolder or better with the sword. Indeed, when Irida intervened, they were already ready to kill the malevolent creatures. But the harpies drove the Trojans away and forced them to put out to sea again.
On their next landing, they met, to their great surprise, Hector's widow Andromache. After the fall of Troy, she gave it to Neoptolemus (whose second name was Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles, who stabbed the elder Priam right at the altar. He soon left Andromache to marry Hermione, Helen's daughter. But after this wedding, he was not destined to live long, and after his death, the Trojan soothsayer Helen married her. Now they ruled the country together and were very happy to see Aeneas and his friends. They received them with the greatest hospitality, and in parting Gehlen gave them some advice about the route of their further journey. They should not land on the nearest, eastern coast of Italy, as it is inhabited by Greeks. They are also destined to settle on its western coast, somewhat to the north, but in no case should they choose the shortest routes to these places and sail between Sicily and Italy. This path passes through the most dangerous strait, which is guarded by Skill and Charybdis, which the Argonauts crossed only because Thetis helped them, and Ulysses lost six of his companions. It is not entirely clear how the Argonauts, on their way from Asia to Greece, ended up on the western coast of Italy, as, however, it is also unclear why Ulysses needed this, but, be that as it may, there can be no doubt that Gelento knew exactly where this strait is located. And knowing this, he gave Aeneas detailed instructions on how to get past this thunderstorm of sailors - to make a detour around Sicily and get to Italy at a point much north of the whirlpool created by Charybdis and the black cave into which Skilla dragged entire ships.
Leaving their hospitable hosts and successfully rounding the eastern tip of Italy, the Trojans sailed southwest around Sicily, fully trusting the instructions of Gehlen. However, despite all the precautions that Gehlen described, he apparently lost sight of the fact that Cyclopes now live in Sicily, in its southern part. Since Gehlen did not warn Aeneas that they should not land there, the Trojans reached the island before sunset and without delay set up camp on the shore. Probably all of them would have been caught and eaten if some unfortunate person had not come running to the camp in the early morning, when the Cyclopes had not yet had time to wake up. He threw himself on his knees before Aeneas. He had a terrifying appearance: he was pale, as a person is already pale, already half dead from hunger, his clothes were held only by some kind of prickly spikes, and his face was covered by long hair falling on him. It turned out that he was one of the companions of Odysseus, whom they forgot in the cave of Polyphemus. Since then, he wandered through the forests, eating everything that he could find, in constant fear that any of the Cyclopes would come across him. According to him, about a hundred of them lived here, and they were all huge and scary, like Polyphemus. “Hurry up! he insisted. Get up and run as soon as possible. Quickly cut the ropes holding your ships to the shore." The Trojans followed his advice, working hard and trying not to make any noise. But as soon as they moved away from the shore, they saw that a blind cyclops was slowly making its way to the sea. Having reached the water, he began to wash the eye cavity, in which his eye had previously been placed and which was still bleeding. Hearing the splash of oars, he rushed towards the sound. However, the Trojans had already managed to move quite far from the coast before he tried to reach their ships. The sea was too deep even for his enormous stature.
They happily avoided this danger - but only in order to meet another, more terrible one. Rounding Sicily, they found themselves in such a storm as they had never seen before or since. The waves rose so high that their crests reached the stars, and the gaps between them were so deep that the seabed was exposed. Obviously, this was more than just a storm. This storm was sent by Juno herself.
She hated all the Trojans, not for a moment forgetting the judgment of Paris, and was the most bitter enemy of Troy during the war; for Aeneas, she experienced a special hatred. She knew that Rome, which would be founded by people of Trojan blood, although several generations after Aeneas, Parks determined to conquer Carthage, the city she patronized and loved above all other cities on earth. It is not clear whether she really believed that she was able to oppose the will of Moira, which even Jupiter could not do, but she tried to do everything in her power to destroy Aeneas. To do this, she turned to the lord of the winds, Aeolus, who had recently tried to help Ulysses, and asked him to sink the Trojan fleet, promising him the most beautiful nymph as his wife. As a result of their persuasion, this monstrous storm broke out. Aeolus would undoubtedly have brought the matter to the end Juno desired if Neptune had not intervened in it. As Juno's brother, he was well aware of her manner of doing business, and he was not at all satisfied with her attempt to control the winds. At the same time, in dealing with Juno, he was as careful as Jupiter himself. Without saying a word to Juno, he informed Eol that he was very dissatisfied with him. Then he calmed the waves, which gave the Trojans the opportunity to calmly land on the shore. The storm carried them to the northern coast of Africa. This meant that they kept sailing south from Sicily. As it turned out, they landed very close to Carthage. Juno immediately thought of how she could turn the arrival of the Trojans in Africa to their disadvantage and the benefit of the Carthaginians.
Carthage was founded by a woman named Dido, who continued to rule it, becoming its queen and turning it into a powerful prosperous city. She herself was, firstly, a beauty, and secondly, a widow. Aeneas lost his wife the night he fled from Troy. Juno intended to influence circumstances so that Dido and Aeneas fell in love with each other, and thus make Aeneas forget about Italy and stay with Dido in Carthage. It was a very good plan, only it did not take into account the intentions of Venus. She suspected what thoughts were lurking in Juno's head, and was determined to prevent their implementation. She did not object to Dido's love for Aeneas - then no harm would be done to him in Carthage. But at the same time she intended to see to it that his feeling for Dido was nothing more than deep appreciation for the care and attention she had shown, and should in no way interfere with his desire to sail for Italy when the moment was favorable for this. Having set herself this task, she went to Olympus to talk with Jupiter. Her eyes filled with tears as she approached him. The amiable son Aeneas almost perishes. But he, the king of mortals and the gods, swore to her that Aeneas would be the ancestor of the people who would one day rule the world. Jupiter laughed and removed her tears with kisses, and then declared that everything he swore would come true. The descendants of Aeneas will be the Romans, who were judged by the Parks to own an Empire, boundless in space and infinite in time.
But I do not put any limit or term on their power,
I will give them eternal power.
Venus left her father completely satisfied, but in order to consolidate the successes she had achieved, she decided to turn to her son Cupid for help. Dido, she believed, of course, without outside help, would make a proper impression on Aeneas, but would Aeneas himself be able to behave in such a way that the queen fell in love with him. It was known that she did not suffer from excessive amorousness. The kings of all the countries surrounding Carthage offered her a hand and a heart, but all their attempts ended in failure. Therefore, Venus turned to Cupid, who immediately promised her that he would ignite Dido's heart with the flame of love for Aeneas as soon as she saw him. To arrange a meeting between them was a couple of trifles for Venus.
The next morning after landing on the shore, Aeneas, along with his devoted friend Akhatom, leaving his companions on their ships wrecked by the waves, went to find out in which part of the world fate brought them. Before leaving, he said a few words of encouragement to them.
Oh friends! We happened to meet with trouble before!
The worst is all behind: and our torment
God will put a limit; you learned Skills ferocity,
Sailed between the roaring rocks; cliffs of the cyclops
Known to you; so throw away your fear and perk up!
Perhaps we will remember this fondly in the future.
The heroes set off to explore this country, still unknown to them, and then Venus suddenly appeared before them in the guise of a huntress. She explained to them where they were, and advised them to direct their steps directly to Carthage, whose queen would surely help them. Encouraged by Venus, they set off along the path indicated by her, protected from prying eyes by a dense cloud with which the goddess enveloped them. They safely reached the city and passed unnoticed through its bustling streets. They stopped in front of a large temple, wondering how they would manage to get to the queen. Marveling at this magnificent temple, they unexpectedly saw scenes of battles near Troy on its walls. Aeneas himself was depicted among the combatants. They were struck by their portrait resemblance, with which their enemies and friends were depicted: here are the sons of Atreus, here is the old man Priam, stretching out his arms to Achilles, here is the fallen Hector.
“I am gaining courage again,” Aeneas remarked, turning to Akhat.
Where, in what direction have they not heard of our suffering?...
We will find tears here, and here it touches souls
Mortal lot; Fear not: this glory will save us, perhaps.
At that moment, Dido appeared, accompanied by a large and magnificent retinue, as charming as Diana herself. The cloud surrounding Aeneas instantly dissipated, and he appeared before her as handsome as Apollo. When he announced to her who he was and what his name was, the queen greeted the wanderers very graciously and invited them to be her guests. She understood perfectly well how these people abandoned to a foreign land felt, since she herself had recently arrived in a foreign Africa with a few adherents, fleeing the persecution of her brother who was about to kill her.
“Having suffered myself, I learned to help the unfortunate,” she reassured the Trojans.
On the same evening, she arranged a magnificent feast for the guests. Aeneas told his story, telling first about the fall of Troy, and then about his wanderings. He spoke with enthusiasm, very eloquently, and perhaps Dido herself would have fallen in love with him, having heard the story of his heroic deeds, and even filed in a brilliant form, if the deity had not been present in the hall, but Cupid was already there, and the choice Dido didn't.
For a while she was perfectly happy. Aeneas seemed to give himself entirely to her, and she, in turn, gave him everything she could. She let him know that her city, like herself, was at his disposal. He, the unfortunate wanderer who arrived on a broken ship, was given the same honors as she. She ordered the Carthaginians to honor Aeneas as her co-ruler. The companions of Aeneas were also not bypassed by her favors. There was nothing she couldn't do for them. In her relationship with Aeneas, she sought only to give; for herself she wanted nothing but his love. Aeneas took the gifts of her generosity for granted, with a feeling of great satisfaction. Without denying himself anything, he lived in the same palace with the most beautiful woman, the mighty queen, who fell in love with him and tried in every possible way to please him. Dido arranged hunting trips for his amusement, and again and again begged him to tell the story of the adventure.
Is it any wonder that the idea of having to sail to some distant country became less and less attractive to him? Juno was quite happy with this turn of events. Venus didn't care about that. She understood Jupiter much better than his own wife, and was quite sure that sooner or later Jupiter would induce Aeneas to leave this little love affair and go to Italy. She turned out to be absolutely right. Returning once to the thoughts of Aeneas, Jupiter began to act quite decisively. He immediately sent Mercury to Carthage to make Aeneas think about sailing to Italy as soon as possible. Mercury found Aeneas on a walk, in a state of sluggish, satisfied self-contemplation, which was so pleasant for him. He looked like an elegant dandy: on the side of Aeneas hung a magnificent sword decorated with jasper, and a delightful purple cloak with gold and silver threads woven into the fabric was thrown over his shoulders. Both, of course, were given to him by Dido, and the cloak, moreover, was woven by her own hands. Suddenly, a stern voice sounded in his ear:
“How long are you going to vegetate among all this vain luxury?
Aeneas turned sharply and saw Mercury.
“The lord of the gods himself sent me to you,” the god continued. “He commands you to set sail in search of the kingdom that is destined for you. - With these words, Mercury disappeared, as fog dissipates in the air, leaving Aeneas in trembling fear, who immediately decided to follow the command of Zeus, but at the same time painfully aware of how difficult it would be to part with Dido.
Aeneas called to himself all the Trojans who arrived with him and ordered them to prepare the fleet for sailing, but this had to be done under the cloak of strict secrecy. Nevertheless, Dido found out about his order and immediately sent for him. At first she spoke to him very softly, unable to believe that Aeneas really wanted to leave her.
Are you running from me? I conjure with my tears,
With your right hand, what else is left for me, unfortunate? -
We lay down our love, an unsung wedding song:
If anything I've earned your gratitude,
If I was at least a little sweet to you, -
I beg you…
Aeneas replied that he would never forget how kindly she treated him. But she should not forget that he is not her husband and is free to leave her whenever he pleases. Jupiter himself ordered him to sail, and he, Aeneas, is obliged to obey him.
“Stop your complaining,” he begged Dido. “They only bring grief.
The Trojans were very wise to set sail that same night. One word from the queen, and their departure would be simply impossible. Aeneas stood on deck and peered into the walls of Carthage. It seemed to him that they were as if illuminated by the flames of a great fire, and he wondered what could cause it. He never realized that he was seeing the reflections of Dido's funeral pyre. When she learned that Aeneas was sailing after all, she took her own life.
Aeneas descends into Hades
The journey from Carthage to the western coast of Italy proved to be much easier compared to that which the Trojans made in the opposite direction. A great loss for everyone was the death of the experienced helmsman Palinur, who drowned when the end of their ordeals at sea was already close.
When Aeneas was visiting the soothsayer Helen, he advised him to look for the cave of the Cumnus Sibyl, a woman of deep wisdom who could predict the future and give helpful advice Trojans what their next steps should be. Aeneas found the Sibyl, and she promised to accompany him to the underworld, where he would learn the truth from his father Anchises, who died just before the storm sent by Juno. However, she warned him that it would not be an easy undertaking.
... Oh, born from the blood of the Most High,
Son of Anchises, believe me, it is not difficult to go down to Avernus.
Day and night the doors to Dit's dwelling are open.
Turn back the steps and break through to the heavenly light -
That's the hardest part.
If he dares, she will go with him. But first of all, he needs to find a branch with golden leaves on one of the trees, which he must break off and take with him. Only with this branch in his hands will he be admitted to Hades. Aeneas, accompanied by the devoted Akhat, immediately set off in search. It was completely impossible to find her. Almost losing hope, they finally wandered into the very thicket, where they noticed two doves - birds dedicated to Venus. Friends followed them until they came to Lake Avernus with dark and foul-smelling water, not far from which, as the Sibyl told Aeneas, there was a cave from which you can go directly to Hades. The doves fluttered up onto the tree, through the dense foliage of which one could see some kind of bright yellow glow. This was the branch with golden leaves. Delighted, Aeneas broke it off and carried it to the Sibyl, after which they went to the underworld.
Aeneas and the Sibyl enter Charon's boat
Before Aeneas, other heroes also visited there, not finding anything particularly terrible for themselves there. True, the crowds of restless souls still frightened Ulysses, but Theseus, Hercules, Orpheus and Polydeuces did not meet any big obstacles on their way. Even the timid Psyche dared to go to Hades alone to get a magic potion for Venus from Proserpina, and did not see anyone there more terrible than the three-headed Cerberus, whom she could easily tame with the help of a honey cake. But on the path of the Roman hero, one horror was replaced by another. The rite, having performed which the Sibyl expected to begin their joint journey, could frighten the brave man. At the darkest hour on the shore of the lake in front of the cave, she sacrificed four black bulls to Hekate, the terrible goddess of the night. When she placed the sacrificial parts of their carcasses on the fire burning on the altar, the earth trembled and swayed under their feet, and from somewhere far away through the darkness came the barking of dogs. Shouting to Aeneas: “Now you will need all your courage!” She rushed into the cave, and he fearlessly followed her. They soon saw themselves on the road, immersed in darkness, which, however, did not prevent them from seeing terrifying figures on both sides of it.
Where the path begins, on the eve of the gloomy Orc
Sorrow huddles and with it gnawing at the heart Cares,
Pale here Diseases live and gloomy old age,
Fear, Poverty, and Shame, and Hunger, an evil adviser,
Suffering and Toil are terrible forms of appearance;
Death and her brother Sleep dwell on another threshold,
Evil Joy, War that brings death, and here
Dev Eumenides iron chamber and insane strife, -
Her hair-snakes curl under a bloody bandage.
The elm in the middle stands huge and dark, spreading
Old branches of their own; dreaming deceitful tribe
There he finds shelter, hiding under each leaf.
In the same vestibule, the shadows of monsters throng in a crowd;
Skills are two-dimensional here and herds of centaurs live,
Here Briares the hundred-handed lives, and the dragon from Lerna
The swamp hisses, and the Chimera frightens enemies with fire,
Harpies fly in a flock around the three-bodied giants ...
Aeneas and the Sibyl passed them unharmed and finally reached the river, through which an old man was crossing in a boat. And on the shore they saw a sight that involuntarily arouses pity and sympathy: they were souls, numerous, like leaves falling in the forest during the first winter frosts. They all stretched out their hands to the ferryman, begging him to take them to the other side. But the gloomy old man himself decided which of them could count on a place in his boat: he missed some, pushed others away. When Aeneas expressed his surprise at what was happening, the Sibyl explained to him that they had reached the confluence of the two great rivers of the underworld: Kokitus and Acheront. The ferryman's name, as you might expect, was Charon, and those whom he kept out of his boat were the souls of those people who were not properly buried. They were doomed to aimless, meaningless wanderings for several hundred years without any hope of finding a place to rest.
When Aeneas and his companion approached the boat, Charon at first showed no desire to let them into it. He ordered them to stop and announced that he was not transporting the living, but only the dead. However, after looking at the golden branch, he yielded and sent both of them over. On the other side, Kerber tried to block their way, but they followed the example of Psyche. The Sibyl lured him with a honey cake, and the dog did them no harm. Continuing their journey, the companions came to that gloomy place where Minos, the son of Europa, passed the final sentence on the souls that appeared before him. Hurrying to get away from this implacable judge, they soon found themselves in the Fields of Sorrow, where ill-fated lovers lived, who, unable to cope with their disasters and sufferings, committed suicide. In this sad, albeit involuntarily admirable place, among the myrtle groves, Aeneas saw Dido. He couldn't believe his eyes. She, noticing her lover, began to cry.
Was I the cause of your death? he asked her a question.
She didn't look at him or dignify him with an answer. It seemed as if one could touch a marble statue rather. Aeneas himself was so shocked that for a long time he did not stop shedding tears after this meeting.
Finally they reached a fork. From the side of the left road came chilling screams, groans, sharp sounds of whips and shackles. Aeneas stopped in horror. The Sibyl told him not to be afraid of anything and to strengthen the branch with golden leaves on the wall standing at the crossroads. There, on the left, she explained, rules the ruthless Rhadamanthus, another son of Europe, who punishes sinners for their atrocities. The right road leads to the Champs Elysees, where Aeneas will meet his father. There, as they saw for themselves, neither the green meadows overgrown with silk grass and charming groves, nor the magnificent fresh air and the gentle sun could not but arouse admiration. It was truly the abode of peace, tranquility, bliss. Here were the souls of great and kind-hearted people: heroes, poets, priests and all those whose names were preserved in human memory because they helped their neighbor. Among them, Aeneas soon met Anchises, who greeted his son with great joy. Both father and son shed tears - it was a meeting between the dead and the living, whose filial love was so strong that it even led him to the kingdom of death.
Of course, they had something to say to each other. Anchises led Aeneas to Lethe, the river of oblivion, the waters from which the souls of those who are called to live again in the upper world must certainly drink.
They drink oblivion in a stream that carries away worries...
Then he showed Aeneas the souls of those who would become their descendants in the future - himself and Aeneas. At this time, they were waiting by the river for their turn to get drunk and forget all that they had done, and why they suffered in past life. They were magnificent people - the future Romans, the rulers of the world. Anchises called them one by one and told about their future deeds, which people will never be able to forget. Before parting, he gave his son advice on how best to arrange life in Italy for him and the Trojans and how to avoid or cope with the disasters ahead of them.
Finally they said goodbye, but with restraint, knowing that their separation was only temporary. After that, Aeneas and the Sibyl set off on their return journey, and after that Aeneas returned to the ships. The next day, the Trojans set sail in search of their promised new homeland.
War in Italy
The Trojans faced severe trials. Juno became the cause of their troubles again. She set the most powerful peoples of the country, the Latins and Rutuli, against the intention of the Trojans to settle in Italy and greatly embittered them. The aged Latinus, great-grandson of Saturn and king of the city of Latium, was warned by the spirit of his father, Faunus, not to marry his daughter Lavinia, his only child, to any of his compatriots, but to marry her only to a stranger who was soon to arrive in their country. From this union will come a people destined by fate itself to rule over the whole world. Thus, when an embassy came from Aeneas to Latinus, asking for a place on the shore and forest thickets and fields for the Trojans and the right to share water and air, Latinus met them with honor, showing maximum goodwill. He was convinced that Aeneas was the son-in-law whom the Faun predicted to him, about which he told the ambassadors. He never lacked friends, he added. Aeneas asked to be informed that he had a daughter, whom heaven forbade to marry anyone other than a stranger, and he believes that it was the Trojan leader who was destined for her.
This is where Juno intervened. She summoned from Hades Alecto, one of the furies, and ordered her to start a war throughout the country, to which she happily agreed. First of all, she inflamed the heart of the queen Amata, the wife of Latinus, inspiring her with the desire to do her best to oppose the marriage of Aeneas to Lavinia. Then she flew to the king of the rutuli Turnu, who until now was considered the most suitable of all applicants for the hand of Lavinia. It was absolutely necessary for her to visit Turnn and turn him against the Trojans. She did this under the guise of a priestess of Juno. The mere thought of someone else marrying Lavinia was enough to infuriate Thurn. Hearing about the visit of Latinus by the Trojan embassy, he decided to immediately go on a campaign against Latium and by force prevent the conclusion of any agreement between the Latins and the newcomers.
Alecto's third attempt to start a war was successful. One Latin peasant had a deer, a most beautiful creature and so tame that during the day they let him go for a walk, and in the evening he himself came to his native doors. The peasant's daughter looked after him with great love: she combed his hair with a comb and decorated his horns with garlands. All peasants from far and near villages knew the deer and did not give offense. Anyone who dared to harm him would be severely punished. And if such an act were committed by some stranger, it would cause a storm of indignation throughout the country. This is exactly what the young son of Aeneas did, guided by the hand of Alecto. One day he went hunting, and he and his dogs were directed by a fury to the place in the forest where the deer lay and rested. The son of Aeneas shot him and mortally wounded him, but he managed to get to the house of his mistress, in whose arms he died. Alecto, of course, saw to it that the news of this event quickly spread and a fight immediately ensued between the enraged Latins, who intended to kill Ascanius, and the Trojans who defended him.
This news reached Latium just after the arrival of Turnus. The fact that his people were already armed, and the even more ominous fact that the army of the Rutuli was encamped in front of the city gates, fell on the shoulders of King Latinus with a heavy burden. His furious wife, no doubt, also played a role in his final decision. He locked himself in his palace and decided to let things take their course. Now, if it were a question of how to win the heart of Lavinia, Aeneas could no longer count on the help of his potential father-in-law.
In Latium, there was such a custom. When war was declared, the two sliding doors of the temple of Janus, which were locked in peacetime, were to be opened by the king to the sound of trumpets and the cries of warriors. But Latinus, who locked himself in his palace, could not perform this sacred rite. While the townspeople were in indecision, not knowing what to do, Juno, having flown down from Olympus, broke the bolts with her own hand and flung open the doors of the temple wide. The whole city was filled with joy - the joy of seeing the battle formations of the troops, sparkling weapons, skittish stallions and proud banners, the joy of the upcoming war not for life, but for death.
Now the small army of the Trojans was opposed by the huge combined army of the Latins and Rutuli. Their leader Turn was a brave and experienced warrior. Mezentius, a fine warrior, acted as a powerful ally of Turn, although he was so cruel that his subjects, the numerous people of the Etruscans, rebelled against him and forced him to flee to Turn. Their third ally was a girl named Camilla, who was raised and raised by her father among deaf warriors; as a child, armed with a bow or a sling, she learned to shoot down a swift-winged crane or a wild swan, and her childish legs carried her along the ground as quickly as the wings of a crane or a swan rush through the air. She was well versed in all the intricacies of military art and superbly owned both a dart and a double-edged ax, and a bow. She treated marriage with disdain. She loved hunting, fighting and freedom. She was accompanied by a group of warriors, among whom were girls.
In this dangerous situation for the Trojans, Aeneas was visited in a dream by Father Tiberin, the god of the great river Tiber, not far from which they camped. He ordered Aeneas to make a quick march up the river and find Evander, the king of a poor town, which was destined to become one of the proudest cities in the world in the future, when the towers of Rome rise to heaven. Here, the river god promised, Aeneas would receive the help he needed. At dawn, he set out from the camp with a small detachment of selected soldiers, and for the first time in history, a boat filled with armed men sailed down the Tiber. In the country of Evander they found a warm welcome from the king and his young son Pallas. Escorting their guests to the palace, which was a rather unsightly building, the king and his son showed them the sights of the town: the high Tarpeian rock, the hill next to it, overgrown with blackberries, dedicated to Jupiter (when the proud Capitol rises on it), a meadow with grazing on it cows (the Roman Forum will be built here, at which the issues of organizing the whole world will be decided). “Once upon a time only Fauns and nymphs lived here,” the king told them, “and a tribe of savages. And so it continued until Saturn, a homeless exile who fled from his son Jupiter, arrived here. Everything changed with him. The people have abandoned their gross and lawless ways. He ruled so fairly and peacefully that the time of his reign is still called the "golden age of Saturn." But later morals changed, peace and justice receded under the onslaught of greed and fist law. The country was ruled by tyrants until fate brought me here, expelled from Greece, from my dear Arcadia.
When the elder finished his story, the travelers reached the modest hut in which he lived, where Aeneas had to spend the night on a pile of foliage, covered with a bearskin. The next morning they rose at dawn, awakened by the chirping of birds. The king appeared, accompanied by two large dogs, his only bodyguards, and an entourage. After breakfast, he gave advice to Aeneas. Arcadia (the king named his new country in the same way as his homeland was called) is too weak to provide the Trojans with any significant help. But on the opposite bank of the river lives a powerful and rich tribe of the Etruscans, whose escaped king Mezentius is now helping Turnu. This alone can force the Etruscans to take part in hostilities - the hatred for the former ruler is so great. He is a cruel monster; causing people suffering, froze with delight. So, he invented a method of killing people, the worst of which is hard to imagine: he tied a living person to a dead one - face to face and hand to hand - and this deadly embrace led the victims to poisoning with ptomaine and, as a result, to a painful death.
Finally, all of Etruria rose up against him, but he managed to escape. The tribesmen were determined to capture him and punish him as he deserves. Aeneas will find reliable and powerful allies in them. As for himself, the old king declared that he would send Pallas, his only son, to enter the service of the god of war under the command of a Trojan hero, and with him a cavalry squad of youths, the color of the Arcadian cavalry. In addition, he gave each of his guests a thoroughbred horse so that they would quickly get to the Etruscan army and be able to ask the Etruscans for help.
Meanwhile, the Trojans, who settled in their camp, surrounded only by earthen fortifications, and found themselves without a leader and the best warriors, experienced strong pressure from the enemy. Thurn subjected the camp to severe attacks. During the first day of the siege, the Trojans defended themselves quite successfully, following the strict order left by Aeneas upon departure, in no case go on the offensive. But they were significantly inferior to the enemy in numbers; the outcome of the clash was unclear, unless they could notify Aeneas of what was happening. The question was only how possible, since the rutuli completely surrounded the camp. However, there were two people among the Trojans who scornfully rejected the very possibility of calculating their chances of success or failure. For them, the extreme danger of such an attempt was already sufficient reason to make it. They decided to make their way through the Etruscan camp under cover of night.
Their names were Nis and Euryalus. The first of them was a brave and experienced warrior, and the second was a young man, a novice in military affairs, but full of courage and a noble desire to perform military feats. They are used to fighting side by side. Where there was one - in battle or on guard - there could be found another. The idea of accomplishing this feat first occurred to Nis when, looking at the enemy camp, he noticed how few fires burned in it and how weak their fire was, and drew attention to the fact that such a deep silence reigns in the camp at night, as if in it all or almost all the soldiers fell asleep. He outlined his plan to his young friend, completely avoiding the thought that he might go with him. When the young man declared that he would never dare to leave a friend alone, much less hide behind someone else's back, Nis felt only bitterness and despair.
“Let me go alone,” he pleaded. “If by chance something happens to me, and in cases like this, there are thousands of such accidents, you will ransom me or bury my ashes, as you should. Remember that you are still so young, and you have your whole life ahead of you.
“Empty words,” answered Euryalus. - Let's work together.
Nis realized that it was impossible to convince his friend, and sadly agreed.
They caught the Trojan leaders in a council of war and laid out their plan to them. He was immediately received, and the leaders thanked them with choked voices and tears in their eyes and promised a large reward.
“I want only one thing,” said Euryalus. “My mother is here in the camp. She does not want to vegetate with other women. She will follow me. I am the only thing she has. If I die, then...
“She will become my mother,” Askanius intervened. “She will take the place of my mother, whom I lost that last night of Troy. I swear this to you. And take my sword with you. He won't let you down.
Then the friends crossed the moat and crept into the enemy camp. Sleeping warriors lay everywhere. Nis whispered, “Now I will clear the way for us. And while you are on guard here. With these words, he began to kill the enemies one by one, and he did it so deftly that not one of them had time to make a sound. Not a single groan caused alarm among the enemies. Soon, Euryalus also joined in the bloody harvest. When they reached the end of the camp, there was a corridor behind them, in which only the dead rutuli lay. But they were late. The dawn was already dawning; the cavalry detachment, which arrived from Latium, drew attention to the sparkling helmet of Euryalus and called out to the warrior. When he, without answering, stepped back, hiding behind the trees, the rutuli realized that this was an enemy, and surrounded the forest. In their haste, the friends split up, and Euryalus rushed off in the wrong direction. Nis, disturbed by his absence, returned in search of him and, unnoticed by anyone, saw Euryalus in the hands of his enemies. But how to save him? After all, he is alone. The situation was hopeless, and yet Nis knew that it was better to try to save Euryalus and die than to leave a friend in trouble. And he attacked the rutuli - one man against a whole detachment, and his spear fought the enemies one by one. The leader of the rutuls turned to Euryalus and shouted:
“You will pay me for this!”
But before he could hit him with his sword, Nys was in front of him.
“Kill me, kill me,” he shouted. “It's all my fault. He just followed me.
But the rutul sword had already pierced the young man's chest. At that moment, when Euryalus fell dead, Nis stabbed his killer, and then, pierced by many darts, he himself fell to the ground next to his friend.
All other events related to the stay of the Trojans on Italian soil take place on the battlefields. Aeneas with a large Etruscan army returns in time and saves the besieged camp. A terrible war breaks out. From this moment on, the narrative turns into nothing more than a list of the names of warriors continuously fighting each other. Battle follows battle, but they all look alike like two peas in a pod. Countless heroes die; rivers of blood water the earth; arrows fly from stiff bows, numerous as hailstones; hooves of hot horses, knocking out bloody dew from the grass, trample dead bodies. Horrors cease to be such long before the end of the poem. All opponents of the Trojans, of course, killed. Camille perishes, having previously stated detailed history own life; the villain Mezentius fully gets what he deserves, but only after his brave young son dies. However, many allies also die, among them the son of Evander Pallant.
In conclusion, Turnus and Aeneas meet in a duel. This time Aeneas, who at the beginning of the poem is as human as Hector or Achilles, is transformed into some strange, unnatural schematic figure; he is no longer a human being. Once upon a time, Aeneas carried his father out of burning Troy on the shoulders of an old man and tried his best to keep track of his little son so that he would not fall behind him and run alongside; in Carthage he important view walked in his dapper outfit around the palace of Dido, understanding what it is to meet sympathy, feeling which one can say that “we will find tears here, and here the souls of mortals will be touched by fate.” But on the battlefields of Latium he is no longer a man; he is a terrible phantom.
Like Athos, the hero is huge, like Erike or even
Like the father of the Apennines, raising a gray-haired woman from the snow
Head to the sky, where a whirlwind flutters shaggy hollies.
In another battle
Like an old Egeon, about whom they say that
He had a hundred hands and fifty mouths that vomited
Flame, and fifty bodies, which was shielded from the lightning of the Father
He is fifty shields, exposing fifty swords,
So the conqueror Aeneas rushed all over the plain,
With a blood-warmed blade.
When Aeneas faces Turnus in the last fight, its outcome is quite clear. Fighting Aeneas is as pointless for Turnus as hoping to overcome lightning or an earthquake.
Virgil's poem ends with the death of Turnus. Aeneas, as the reader may assume, marries Lavinia and becomes the ancestor of a new people, who, in the words of Virgil himself, “did not leave such things as art and science as a legacy to other peoples, but always remembered that he was called to include all peoples in his state land and establish a power that ensures their obedient obedience, to spare the humble and crush the proud.
The structure and character of the Homeric narrative about the war of the Greeks with the Trojans is such that in the foreground are not military actions and the political reasons behind them, but the deeds of individuals. The heroes of the Trojan War are driving force described events, their anger, joy, courage, valor and other feelings and qualities, combined with the intrigues of the Olympic gods.
Homer mentions great amount characters, primarily from the Greeks (although the Trojans are not deprived of attention), they are interconnected by the intricacies of motives and actions.
Achilles is the most powerful, famous and most sympathetic of the author and readers of the Greek hero. According to mythology, he is the son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidons, and the sea goddess Thetis. Mother tried to early childhood make the son immortal by dipping him in magic river Styx separating the world of the living from the world of the dead. But at the same time, Thetis held her newborn son by the heel, thereby leaving the only vulnerable place for weapons on his body.
In his youth, Achilles did not perform high-profile feats, but his reputation as a formidable warrior was high. By cunning, the Greeks convinced him to join the campaign against Troy (his mother was against it, knowing the prophecy of his death), during which he performed many feats. In the tenth year of the siege of Troy, he quarreled with Agamemnon over the captured captive Briseis. After the girl was taken to Agamemnon, Achilles became angry and refused to continue fighting. Returned to service only after Hector killed him best friend Patroclus.
Achilles killed Hector under the walls of Troy, but he himself fell shortly before the capture of the city. Paris, Hector's brother, struck him with an arrow in the heel; according to another version, the god of the sun Apollo directed the arrow of Paris.
Patroclus
Patroclus is a distant relative and childhood friend of Achilles, who was brought up with him. It is curious that in Western culture Patroclus was perceived as the younger friend of Achilles, which was also reflected in the Hollywood film Troy (2004). In fact, it follows from Greek mythology that Patroclus was older than Achilles, and quite significantly.
During the war, Patroclus was always a faithful companion of Achilles and accompanied him in all battles, even if it threatened him with death. After a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon, Patroclus also refused to fight out of solidarity, but at a critical moment he entered the battle, dressed in the armor of a friend. The Greeks, encouraged by him, almost won, but at that moment Hector struck down Patroclus.
Odysseus is the king of the island of Ithaca, one of the main characters of the Iliad and the main character of the Odyssey. Not being the most powerful warrior of the Greeks, but having outstanding cunning, tactical and strategic thinking, he played a decisive role in the victory over Troy . Initially, he did not want to go to war, as he received a prediction that he would return to his home to his beloved wife and newborn son only 20 years later. He pretended to be insane, but was forced to confess his legal capacity in front of the threat to his son's life.
In the Iliad, he constantly appears as the most cunning and even insidious of the Greeks, whose tricks have done them great service. Thus, the Greeks did not dare to land on the coast of the Troad because of the prediction of the imminent death of the first person to set foot on Asian soil. Odysseus jumped off the ship to lure the others, but before that he threw a shield under his feet. Thus, instead of him, another warrior was the first to touch the Asian coast. It was Odysseus who came up with the Trojan Horse, a ploy that allowed the Greeks to capture Troy.
Ajax the Great (Telamonid) and Ajax the Small (Oilid) - two Greek heroes who were inseparable friends, the expression "two Ajax" later became synonymous with strong male friendship. Ajax Telamonides was the most skillful and courageous warrior of the Greeks after Achilles, is described as powerful A tall man, virtually invincible in combat. At the same time, he was an extremely vain person: after the armor of the deceased Achilles was awarded to Odysseus, he fell into a rage, exterminated a herd of rams, which he mistook in anger for the Greek leaders who insulted him, and then committed suicide.
Ajax the Small, who received his nickname because of his more modest dimensions compared to Telamonid, was a virtuoso javelin thrower and runner, and at the same time he also had a violent temper. During the storming of Troy, he overtook Cassandra in the temple, who was seeking protection from the statue of Athena, and raped her. For this he was killed by the gods during the sea homecoming.
Agamemnon is the king of Mycenae, the leader of the Greeks in the Trojan War. He was the first to support his brother, the Spartan king Menelaus, in an effort to go to Troy and destroy it. At the head of a hundred ships was the most powerful of the military leaders of the Greeks. Interestingly, this character has a real historical prototype: Hittite sources of the 14th century BC mention King Akaganus from the country of Ahiyawa.
The fate of Agamemnon was tragic: upon returning from the Trojan campaign with Cassandra as prey, he was killed by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover, who seized power. At the end of the century before last, amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, during excavations at Mycenae, discovered royal burials with golden funeral masks, one of which he hastened to solemnly declare the mask of Agamemnon. In fact, these masks belong to an earlier historical era and are not associated with Agamemnon from the Homeric epic.
Menelaus is the king of Sparta, one of the most important characters not only in the Homeric epic, but also in all ancient Greek mythology. In the modern interpretation, it is in the background and plays a subordinate role in relation to more vivid characters - Agamemnon, Achilles and others. By and large, he was relegated to the type of a deceived husband - it was the betrayal of his wife Helen the Beautiful with the Trojan prince Paris that became the formal cause of the entire war.
Menelaus and Odysseus first went to Troy with a peaceful embassy demanding the return of Helen, but were ridiculed. Gathered an army along with Agamemnon and played an active role in the siege of Troy. In ancient times, he was a much more important character, since then a poem about the ten-year wanderings of Menelaus after the war in the East and Egypt, which has not survived to this day, was popular. It was an epochal story of a long and dangerous return home, built on the type of the Odyssey. After the long-awaited return to Sparta, he ruled with Helen, returned from Troy, and died a natural death.
Nestor
Nestor is perhaps the most prosperous of all the primary Greek heroes of the Trojan War. The king of Pylos, distinguished by courage on the battlefield, personal prowess (in his youth he was one of the participants in the legendary campaign of Jason for the Golden Fleece), prudence and wisdom (the most far-sighted of the Greek leaders along with Odysseus), and also enjoyed general respect and authority. With the blessing of the gods, he was distinguished by longevity and lived three "standard" lives.
Although he fought in the Trojan War at an advanced age, he personally participated in battles, as well as in running competitions during ceremonial funerary games during the siege. The only one of the leaders of the Greek campaign, whose return home was calm, and the subsequent life was cloudless.
Alexander Babitsky
Causes and results of the Trojan War
Let's turn, in fact, to the causes of the Trojan War, which clarify both the location of Troy and Greece at that time, and subsequent events. We all know the romantic story of how Menelaus tried to bring back Helen the Beautiful. History is good only for poets, as Homer demonstrated, but in reality it does not stand up to criticism. Even at the everyday level: ancient historians did not agree with the fact that Elena was the most beautiful woman in the world, pointing to either Cassandra or another daughter of Priam. By the way, by the time the Trojan War ended, Elena the Beautiful was about forty years old, and her husband Menelaus waited ten whole years from the moment of the abduction before he set off to free his unfaithful wife. However, Homer and later authors indicate that the main reason for the Trojan War is precisely the attempt to get back Helen the Beautiful. Why, if we ignore the “loving husband” motivation?
In fact, Homer's Iliad, as well as other myths and traditions that have come down to us, give a very clear idea of the social structure of the Greeks, and through this we can get answers to our questions.
Elena the Beautiful before marriage childhood was kidnapped by the legendary Theseus. Theseus kidnapped her for the future - he wanted to wait for her to come of age and marry her. In response to the kidnapping, Helen's brothers staged a war against Theseus and freed their sister. Why is there such a stir around her?
Elena was the daughter of the king of Sparta and ... heir to the throne. Exactly. Recall the ancient customs of the transfer of power. In the overwhelming majority of cases, a foreign applicant obtained power by marrying the king's daughter. This, in fact, is the father of Elena, and Aeneas, and the same Menelaus, and even the biblical David, who married the daughter of Saul.
It was the daughters who were the direct heirs royal power and state lands. The applicant who won the tournament of suitors became the king. This tradition is described both in the Iliad and Homer's Odyssey: tournaments are described for the hand of Helen and Penelope, respectively.
Some stories of passing such tournaments in mythology have been changed over time. As in the case of Jason and Medea, Jason successfully passes the tests and, as a result, marries the daughter of the king. But he is leaving Crete with Medea. The situation is the same in the case of Theseus and Ariadne, because the passage of the labyrinth was nothing more than a test. And he also, having married Ariadne, settled in another place. This only indicates that the daughters were endowed with various land parcels in the event that the king had several daughters.
And here sons were not endowed with inheritances, and could receive power only in the event of marriage. Such a system of transfer of power was also in Ancient Egypt. This tradition is reflected even in Russian folk tales when the king sends his sons in search of brides. And, having found them, the sons remain to live in the lands of the women.
And even up to the Middle Ages, the tradition of knightly tournaments was preserved in Europe: free knights were applicants for the hand of a beautiful lady. In order to become famous, they, like the heroes of ancient mythology, performed feats on the principle of “show themselves, see people” and participated in tournaments, where, in case of victory, they received not only the hand of a lady, but also the lands assigned to her . It turns out not quite a romantic image of a hero and a knight, of course, but it was due to the system of transfer of power. Although, apparently, there were exceptions - in cases where the ruling couple did not have daughters, the son became the heir. His wife, however, had all the rights of a queen, as in the case of Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. While Odysseus' father, Laertes, was alive, Penelope ruled Ithaca in Odysseus's absence.
And after a long absence of her husband, the custom required a new tournament, that is, the queen was recognized as free. According to legend, in some countries the bride had the right to choose a groom from among the applicants, in some - everything was decided by the successful passing of tests. But, as the stories of Jason and Theseus show, the brides helped the suitors they liked.
No less important is the information that the queen could divorce her husband, and this was a normal practice. According to the prophecy, for example, Elena the Beautiful was destined to have five husbands. In addition, this is confirmed by the numerous marriages of both queens and kings of antiquity. Historians often conclude that Priam, for example, was polygamous, since several of his wives appear in the legends. But we are talking about mutually beneficial marriages, as a result of which the king, in this case Priam, expanded his sphere of influence, so did the queens. We are talking about temporary marriages that ended in divorce.
Elena the Beautiful, leaving Sparta with Paris, terminated her marriage to Menelaus. But, being the heiress to the throne of Sparta, she retained all rights to it, and Menelaus lost them, and his control of Sparta was illegal. However, since Elena's new marriage was not accompanied by the ritual of choosing a groom, the custom was violated. Formally, her new marriage occurred in violation of the rules in force at that time.
What followed this violation? It was Elena's former suitors, such as Diomedes, Patroclus, Odysseus, Ajax, Schedius, Epistrophe, Philoctetes, Antilochus and others who had previously taken part in the struggle for her hand, united in an alliance against Troy in order to free Elena - "union of grooms". Why was it necessary for the former suitors? The story of Penelope gives an answer to this question - in the event of a divorce of the queen, the norms of law demanded a new tournament. And the former suitors decided to repeat the attempt to exercise their rights along with Menelaus. The exception is Agamemnon, who was not previously Elena's fiancé, however, he was also an interested person, since his power was connected with the power of his brother Menelaus.
Thus, in the Trojan War, the struggle really went for Helen the Beautiful, but not only because she was the most beautiful of women, but because her hand gave the right to the throne of Sparta.
The fact that the Trojans defended Helen for so long and refused to compromise indicates that the Trojans really needed Sparta, they really wanted to get it. Why did Sparta interest so many applicants that the Trojan War broke out because of it?
Probably, interest in Sparta was justified by her geographic location. Despite the fact that Greece during the Trojan War was located on the Apennine Peninsula, the location of Sparta is unclear. In the Greek city of Syracuse in Sicily, a very curious legend has been preserved: in ancient times there was a source fresh water Arethusa, which under the bottom of the sea connected with the Spartan Alpheus. It is clear that in this case Sparta could not be located on the Balkan Peninsula - too far away, and the peninsula of the ancient Peloponnese, on which Sparta was located, could, in fact, be Sicily or the southern tip of the Italian boot. It is worth noting that in the Peloponnese there was the city of Sikyon, mentioned as part of the territories of Agamemnon, and on the island of Sicily since ancient times there have been two peoples: the Siculs and the Sikans, who actually gave the name to the island of Sikela (Sicily) - compare with Sikyon.
Geographically, this place is interesting in that the Strait of Messina flows between Sicily and Italy - a short road from the western to the eastern Mediterranean, therefore, of course, the strait in ancient times was an important place in terms of the relationship between west and east, and there could well have been a struggle between different nations. The Peloponnese, located in the Balkans, is of no such interest. However, wherever Ancient Sparta, it was she who was the "bone of contention" that caused the Trojan War.
Who got it in the end? Contradictory data have been preserved about this, but the fact that Helen did not return to Sparta follows quite clearly from mythology. That is, the Achaeans did not achieve the desired result in the Trojan War.
Moreover, almost all Achaean heroes, if they returned home, were not at all winners. Patroclus, Schedius, Medont, Antilochus died at Troy. The main commander Agamemnon, as well as Odysseus, returned to the country where he no longer had rights - his wife clearly carried out the formal divorce procedure, and he was killed. Philoctetes was also not accepted at home and sought his fortune in Italy. Neoptolemus, the murderer of Priam, during the war also lost his rights to power and migrated, his friend Phoenix died on the way from Troy.
Achilles, the chief warrior of the Achaeans, was killed after attempting to woo Priam's daughter. It is curious, isn't it, that already at the end of the war, Achilles made an attempt to seize the Trojan throne in this way. Of course, this prospect did not please the Trojans. Ajax the Great, one of the leaders of the Achaeans, committed suicide. Ajax the Small, Elena's fiancé, died on the way home.
We do not see a picture of the winners returning home with trophies, but this was not a war for trophies. The Achaeans either ingloriously returned home, as a rule, to the region of the Apennine Peninsula, or were even expelled from home and sought happiness all in the same Italy or nearby. Certainly, Achaeans did not win the Trojan War - none of the suitors received the hand of Helen and with it the Spartan throne.
But the Trojans did not win the war either. Even if in the end Sparta ended up in their hands for a while, their capital, Troy, was destroyed. However, the capital is not the whole country, and there is no mention of the war of the Achaeans with the Troad in history. To suppose that the Troad consisted of only one city is rather unreasonable.
Who became the successor to the royal power of Troad? Priam had several daughters, to whom, accordingly, various territories were assigned. Polyxena, whom Achilles wanted to marry, was killed, as was Cassandra, who was taken out by Agamemnon. It must be said that the consent of the bride was an important component of the ceremony of choosing the groom, so the final choice by Elena the Beautiful was made independently. In this light, the deaths of Polyxena and Cassandra are understandable, because they were heirs and the Achaeans did not want to leave them the right of free choice.
Laodike was the wife of the son of Antenor, died after the death of her son. However, her daughters could also remain, which determined the rights of the Antenor clan to part of the Trojan territories. This fully explains his role in the later history of his "foundation" of cities in Italy.
The second contender is, of course, Aeneas, whose first wife was the daughter of Priam Creus. According to Homer, the people of the Trojans remained, and Aeneas and his descendants became the heir to the royal power:
Let us, gods, bring Aeneas out of death. And the Thunderer himself
Will hardly be pleased, I think, if Aeneas
The son of Peleus will kill. He is destined to be saved by fate,
So that without offspring, without leaving a trace, the breed of Dardana
Didn't stop. He was the sweetest Thunderer
Between his sons, from mortal born women.
The clan of King Priam Kronidu already became hated.
Will rule from now on the Trojans the power of Aeneas
So are the children of children who will be born later.
Strabo gives an even more accurate translation:
The lord Priam's clan has long hated Kronion.
From now on, Aeneas will reign over the Trojans powerfully,
He and sons from sons, who have a late birth.
(Iliad, XX, 306)
And over which Trojan gods was Aeneas left to rule, just like Antenor? Over a hundred people who swam half mediterranean sea? No, of course, we are talking about the management of the remaining inhabitants of the country of Troad. And Aeneas, as you know, along with part of the Trojans, settled on the Apennine Peninsula.
Aeneas' son Ascanius, according to Nicholas of Damascus, founded the city of Ascania in Troas. And how could he have done this if the Troad, after the loss, was in the territory of the Hittites, modern Turkey? Despite the fact that Ascanius himself was on the Apennine Peninsula, where he founded the city of Alba Longa.
In Troas, the son of Hector, Scamandrios, and the son of Aeneas, Ascanius, founded the city of Skepsis, and these two families long ruled in Skepsis. Strabo points out that Aeneas made Skepsis his capital even earlier. Accordingly, a number of ancient authors indicated that Troad remained as a country after the Trojan War and was ruled by
Aeneas. At the same time, after the Trojan War, Aeneas is connected with the territory of Italy, both southern and northern, and, as we believe, with southeastern France, in relation to which myths and legends after the cleansing of the Inquisition were practically not preserved.
Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that Troad was originally located in the west of Europe, and after the Trojan War, it expanded on the Apennine Peninsula to the lands of the Greeks. The Etruscan territories on the Apennine Peninsula were part of the Troad.
The fact of the settlement of the peoples and characters who took part in the Trojan War on the territory of Western Europe cannot be considered as numerous coincidences. Most of cities, the foundation of which is attributed to certain characters of the Trojan War, and on both sides, is archaeologically confirmed at times no later than the Trojan War. Why not earlier or not on time? Why do most researchers prefer the version of mass migration of both the Trojans and their enemies from east to west? They fought for Troy, therefore, in its area and had to settle. But for some reason, according to the generally accepted point of view, after the war in the east, everyone went to the west ...
The resettlement of the Trojans has no reasonable explanation, since in fact they settled in various places in Western Europe, and the resettlement itself turns out to be massive, and not single examples of Aeneas and Antenor. But with the Greeks, the situation is even worse, because there is a complete lack of motivation for such a resettlement, despite the fact that the existence of Greater Greece, as well as the Troad, initially puts everything in its place in the west.
The events following the Trojan War in the region of the Troad itself and Greece must have been interconnected with it. Neither Troad nor Greece were destroyed as a result of the war. Accordingly, the territories on which they were located should have retained the geographical names indicated in myths and ancient texts. Both peoples had to keep similar to each other:
– language and culture;
- legends about the events of the Trojan War;
- religion - the gods, whose names appear in the myths of the Trojan War.
Also important is appearance both peoples - in Homer and other authors, both the Trojans and the Greeks are repeatedly indicated as fair-haired representatives of the European race.
All this was preserved for a long time in Western Europe, which is direct evidence of the location of Troy and Greece in this region.
But it is necessary to consider the subsequent history and the region where Troad and Greece are traditionally located.
From the book Empire - I [with illustrations] author4. 2. Outcome of the Trojan War In the XIII century, the outcome of the Trojan War was not yet determined - in some battles the West won, in others - the East. But in general, the victory is in favor of the East. Waves of Russian-Turkish-Ottoman - that is, Cossack-Ataman - invasion again and again
From the book The Beginning of Horde Rus'. After Christ. The Trojan War. Foundation of Rome. author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich From the book The Foundation of Rome. Beginning of Horde Rus'. After Christ. Trojan War author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich4. Cause of the Trojan War The abduction of Helen in the Trojan War is the abduction of the royal power, the Mount of Olives, in Jerusalem The reason for the Trojan War, according to numerous myths and legends, is as follows. The Trojan Paris kidnapped Helen, the wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Greeks
author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich11. Beginning of the Trojan War 41a. TROJAN WAR. THE GREEKS DECLARE WAR ON THE TROJANS. The Greeks begin negotiations with the Trojans about the fate of the kidnapped Helen. The Trojans refuse to return Elena. Greeks declare war Three .#41b. GOTSKO-TARKVYNIYSKAYA WAR. GREEK BYZANTINE
From the book The Trojan War in the Middle Ages. Analysis of responses to our research [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich From the book The Trojan War in the Middle Ages. Analysis of responses to our research [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich21.2. Christian dating of the Trojan War The Bible describes the kingdoms of Judah and Israel that arose under Jeroboam I. The Bible names the famous "great three" rulers - Saul, David and Solomon - as his immediate predecessors. According to the Scaligerian
author14. Beginning of the Trojan War 41a. Trojan War. THE GREEKS DECLARE WAR ON THE TROJANS. The Greeks begin negotiations with the Trojans about the fate of the kidnapped Helen. The Trojans refuse to return it. Then the Greeks declare war on Troy. 41b. Gothic-Tarquinian war. GREEK ROMAN
From the book Book 1. Antiquity is the Middle Ages [Mirages in history. The Trojan War was in the 13th century AD. Evangelical events of the XII century AD and their reflections in and author Fomenko Anatoly Timofeevich20. End of the Trojan War 86a. Trojan War. HOW TROILUS DIE IN THE TROJAN WAR. See fig. 5.71. The circumstances of the death of the Trojan Troilus are as follows: 1) In the battle, Troilus is surrounded by the Greeks. 2) Troilus is killed with a spear. 3) Troilus's head is chopped off by the Greeks, p. 127. At the same time, the episode with the severed head
From the book Book 1. Antiquity is the Middle Ages [Mirages in history. The Trojan War was in the 13th century AD. Evangelical events of the XII century AD and their reflections in and author Fomenko Anatoly Timofeevich21. Other Legends of the Trojan War We have exhausted ALL THE MAIN LEGENDS THAT MAKE THE HISTORY OF THE TROJAN WAR. However, smaller fragments remained, which, it turns out, are also phantom reflections of medieval events.90a. Trojan War. FLIGHT-EXODUS
From the book Book 1. Antiquity is the Middle Ages [Mirages in history. The Trojan War was in the 13th century AD. Evangelical events of the XII century AD and their reflections in and author Fomenko Anatoly Timofeevich24.2. Christian dating of the Trojan War The Bible describes the kingdoms of Judah and Israel that arose under Jeroboam I. The Bible names the famous "great three" rulers - Saul, David and Solomon - as his immediate predecessors. According to the Scaligerian
From the book Book 1. Antiquity is the Middle Ages [Mirages in history. The Trojan War was in the 13th century AD. Evangelical events of the XII century AD and their reflections in and author Fomenko Anatoly Timofeevich24.5. Scaligerian dating of the Trojan War Imposition of the Trojan War allegedly 1225 BC e. to the Gothic War allegedly of the VI century AD. e., ending allegedly in 552 AD. e., is one of the most striking consequences of the HARD 1800-year, or 1780-year, chronological shift. IN
author author unknown68. CAUSES AND RESULTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR At the beginning of the XX century. in the international arena, contradictions between various states escalated, which ultimately led to the unleashing of a world war in 1914. The main rivals were the leading European states - England
From book National history: Cheat sheet author author unknown74. CONCEPT, CAUSES AND RESULTS OF CIVIL WAR Civil war is the most acute form of resolving social contradictions within a country; the confrontation of various communities and groups for the realization of their fundamental interests, which is caused by attempts to seize
From the book Domestic History: Cheat Sheet author author unknown81. REASONS FOR THE COLUMNING OF THE NEP AND ITS RESULTS In the second half of the 20s. the development of the NEP economy began to be controversial, and sometimes even a crisis. Faced with a lack of financial resources for the development of industry, the Bolshevik leadership went
author Fomenko Anatoly Timofeevich11. Beginning of the Trojan War 41a. TROJAN WAR. THE GREEKS DECLARE WAR ON THE TROJANS. The Greeks begin negotiations with the Trojans about the fate of the kidnapped Helen. The Trojans refuse to return Elena. Greeks declare war on Troy. 41b. GOTHIC-TARQUINIAN WAR. GREEK BYZANTINE
From the book The Trojan War in the Middle Ages. [Analysis of responses to our research.] author Fomenko Anatoly Timofeevich17. End of the Trojan War 86a. TROJAN WAR. HOW TROILUS DIE IN THE TROJAN WAR. See fig. 59. The circumstances of the death of the Trojan Troilus are as follows: 1) In the battle, Troilus is surrounded by the Greeks. 2) Troilus is killed with a spear. 3) Troilus's head is chopped off by the Greeks, p. 127. At the same time, the episode with a severed head -