The social status of his psychological characteristics. Status of social psychology
Effect of psychology: acute pain caused by emotions, feelings lasts an average of 11.5 minutes. Further suffering is self-deception.
I explore and detail the temperature regime and amenities of the territorial waters of the home bath.
Cry into the vest at the family psychologist, so as not to laugh soon at the psychiatrist.
Love is an excuse and a reason to live, rejoicing in the sunrise and every day.
Best Status:
WITH lost love the meaning of life is gone.
Daily moral trauma when I cross the threshold of the third school.
Psychological balance depends on eight lucky people whom I have to hug, or one loser who is destined by fate to get a hard chin with a fist.
When I stupidly try in vain to object to a woman, I remember the dentist. Always expensive - sometimes painful and unpleasant.
When the mirror makes funny faces, trying to object to you, it's time to think more about a visit to a psychotherapist.
Heal human souls not only ministers of psychiatry: psychologists and psychiatrists. Sometimes heroin and cocaine dealers consider themselves the masters of souls.
The statistics are inexorable - men go to eternity earlier than women, because of the habit of ladies to be late, even in last way at the cemetery.
Someone considers alcohol to be a friend, sometimes a news service or a psychological emergency room.
Life must be lived in such a way that everyone upstairs would go nuts and say: “Come on, repeat it!”
Don't kill mosquitoes! They are your blood!
To give birth to an idea, it is not necessary to fuck brains!
If I want, it will come true.
In order not to step on the rake a second time, fix an ax on their handle)))
There are those who even Snickers will not help ...
Love is the most wonderful feeling in the world,
I am a creative person: I want - I create, I want - I do
In what year were you born? In what month? What date? ... And what the hell?
I do not care what you think of me. I do not think about you at all!
[she loves to dream and talk about it out loud, she makes elephants out of very small flies. ]
Sometimes I look at this world and so want to yell: “aah, dudes! let's get out of here!"
A woman needs only one thing to be happy ... but every day a new one!
Only joint engagement in idiocy can indicate true spiritual and spiritual intimacy.
A woman is given a mind to hide her character ...
I fucking love to listen to lies, looking into the eyes ... Especially when I know the truth ...
I am a blonde - everything that is not purple is pink for me !!!
Take care of the men! They are suffering! Sometimes a lack of attention, sometimes too much, and most of the time SHIT!!!
There are a couple of mowers in our pockets, we are positive, there are many of us, we are crazy, drunk and immodest.
I must have gone crazy, I must have hit! When did it happen like this? And my merry laughter is gone! Love has come, unexpected love, but you are not next to me! ((
Good always triumphs over evil; It means whoever wins is the good one.
If a person is bitten by a vampire, he becomes a vampire. It seems that so many around were bitten by rams ...
Without you, the sausage in the house does not end ...
There are not as many people in prison as you are on the Internet.
I urge you to protect and appreciate
When you left me, I renamed you on the phone to NOBODY, it’s just a pity that you can’t do this with your heart ...
Get up bunny, it's time for you to take the exam! - Today I am a fish, I have no legs, and I will not go anywhere!!!
What nature is to blame for, cotton wool will always help ...
Never be afraid to do what you can't. Remember: The Ark was built by an amateur. Professionals built the Titanic
A cactus is a cucumber deeply disappointed in life.
Due to the disappearance of soap in the women's baths installed video cameras
Are you playing, dear? walk ... no one is holding you by the horns ...
I dream of becoming a boomerang: they throw you, and you throw them back in the face.
A cigarette takes 4 minutes. from life, 100 g of vodka takes 8 minutes, and a lesson at school takes 45 minutes.
Harm is a complex socio-psychological work for which no one pays, but you enjoy it ..
Departure does not mean rejection, it is also a way to save the experience, if you are smart enough to leave before it's too late ...
When they say to you: “Tell me, just be honest,” you begin to understand that now you will have to lie recklessly ...
What kind of idiotic craving to touch everything beautiful with your hands?
The best psychologist is a friend with a bottle of vodka!
The problem is not that I don't give a damn about you. The problem is, I still love him! ???
if you know the meaning of life, tell us, and we will laugh merrily!)
Family is when you guess by the sound who is sitting on the toilet.
The hardest thing in life is to figure out which bridge to cross and which one to burn!!!
Better remember me dashing than call me a sucker))) ???
They say that you need to throw a coin where you want to return. I will definitely shake out the whole wallet for you by the scruff of the neck
Status in contact is a responsible step in personal life!
Damn, you wait 5 days for the weekend ... and when they come, nothing better, how stupid you can’t find sleep all day! .
- Yesterday the GAI officer fined me. And most importantly, I found something to complain about: the pillowcase on the airbag is dirty.
Of course, happiness does not depend on the amount of money ... But it's better to cry in a limousine than on a bus!
You don’t have your brains - you can’t throw a shovel !!!
Love is tears at night
Either pay me a psychologist, or take me as I am..!!!
There are few fools in the world, but they are arranged so competently that they are found at every turn.
Always choose the most difficult path - on it you will not meet competitors.
Who told me it won't work?
Of course, I am the sun, but nothing shines for you here!
And only to us, only once, They will let us start all over again ...
As soon as you find your soul mate, other halves begin to wander around and make you doubt ...
We are strong girls! And we will take out the garbage, and the brain, if necessary!
On NG made a wish to see you this year. And now you came to my city, I was the happiest. But you flew away again and I'm lonely ... Be careful with your desires
It's bad to be a hedgehog, no one will stroke ..
Life, it's like a zebra: black stripe, white stripe, black, white, black, white ... and then a tail and a complete ass! ..
Trust is like a kidney. Once they beat it off and that's it - kapets !!!
Nature denied the woman physical strength, so the woman perfectly mastered the art of psychological violence))
Who, sitting at the computer, has time to listen to music, watch TV and eat? We are unique!
Status as an element of self-determination social psychology. As the process of formation of social psychology was completed, the questions of its internal self-determination became more and more relevant. The latter were associated not only with the clarification and clarification of the very subject of research and understanding of this science as an integral and at the same time sufficiently differentiated system of scientific knowledge, but also with the definition of its status.
The significance of a fairly clear idea of the status of social psychology is dictated, firstly, by the need to understand all the diversity of those connections that connected this science with the system of other disciplines about man; secondly, the inevitability of comparing those fundamental approaches that were brought here from the sciences that gave life to it from the point of view of their priority in social psychology; thirdly, as the position of social psychology develops and, accordingly, changes in a number of related sciences, the internal self-assessment of this discipline also needs to be revised, which from the consumer role of a battery that receives recharging, passes to a new role of an energy source for creative stimulation of others; finally, fourthly, the definition of the status is necessary to predict the future prospects of its relationship with other human sciences.
The concept and components of the status. Under the status of social psychology there is reason to understand the characteristics of its position in a number of other human sciences. The latter, in turn, can be analyzed from various points of view, namely:
- from the point of view of determining the nature of its connection, contact, and, accordingly, the boundaries with other human sciences in terms of subject and field of study;
- in terms of the distribution of roles in interaction with other disciplines (consumer, battery, storage or donor, generator);
- in terms of determining whether this science is based on the methodology of other disciplines or is itself a methodological basis for them;
- Is it, from the point of view of "genealogy", only a product, a subsidiary formation of some sciences, or is it itself capable of producing new disciplines;
- whether it is, from the point of view of the degree of autonomy and self-sufficiency, just a part of some sciences, for example, sociology or psychology, or has its own independent subject of study, which does not belong to anyone except social psychology.
Borderline status of social psychology. The greatest interest among foreign and domestic researchers in last years causes the correlation of the subject and field of social psychology with other disciplines bordering on it or, in other words, its borderline status.
This question is not new. Back in the 1920s, and then at the start of the revival of domestic social psychology in the late 50s and early 60s, the following approaches emerged:
- social psychology arises on the borderline between psychology and sociology, and therefore is not an independent science, but only the sum of areas of knowledge torn away from one of them or both at once;
- social psychology, although it arose at the intersection of all human sciences, but has every right to self-determination and its own specific subject of study, which does not duplicate any subject general psychology, no sociology, much less other disciplines.
With regard to these two fundamentally different positions, it is still possible to propose various versions of questions of this type.
1. Is social psychology only part of psychology?
2. Is it part of sociology?
3. Perhaps it includes part of one science and part of another?
4. Maybe it is generally autonomous and has its own subject of study, different from others?
The answers to these questions, as before, allow for the simultaneous existence of different options.
Social psychology, originating from general psychology, can exist and continue to develop there. And then it can be qualified as a psychological or empirical social psychology or as a psychological or empirical direction in social psychology.
But with the same success, and even with greater justification, one can speak, on the contrary, of the transformation of general psychology predominantly into a social one, and, accordingly, of the development of a socio-psychological trend in general psychology. There are more than enough concrete reasons for both tendencies now.
The situation is similar with the status of social psychology in relation to sociology. Social psychology here can be in the position of a part of sociology, as its psychological direction; just as vice versa, sociology can be considered as applied social psychology, and then it is more appropriate to speak of a sociological direction in social psychology.
But, as noted above, social psychology can also have a mixed status (a hybrid of sociological psychology and psychological sociology on a parity basis). The same hybrid can also arise on predominantly psychological grounds.
The status of social psychology as an independent science and its modifications. However, these options do not cancel the one that can be qualified as the status of an independent science that has its own subject of study. At the same time, different directions are possible here. If we take into account the fact that the deepest and most ancient roots of social psychology go to the field of philosophy, then in the end we can name three main ones (from more possible) directions of this science in this status:
- philosophical, mainly theoretical;
- psychological, mainly experimental-empirical;
- sociological, mainly empirical-applied.
Thus, already on the basis of the above criteria for both subject and interdisciplinary differentiation, we can talk about a fairly large number of options for the borderline status of social psychology (at least 10).
But at the same time, it should be taken into account that all other human sciences, in the bosom of which social psychology was once born, and still continues to develop, have no less rights to the status of an independent socio-psychological direction.
These are linguistics, ethnology, jurisprudence, history, pedagogy, psychiatry, political science, etc. Consequently, the number of possible and quite real status characteristics of this science is even greater.
Trends in the status of social psychology. It is also impossible not to take into account the fact that the status of social psychology as an interdisciplinary science has not remained and does not remain unchanged.
It is known that the final stage in the process of formation of socio-psychological knowledge, associated with the transition from the current of thought to the system of scientific knowledge, took place at the intersection of many, if not all, humanitarian scientific disciplines aimed at studying a person.
Therefore, one can speak about the borderline status of social psychology both in relation to those disciplines at the intersection of which it arose, and to those that later matured in its depths, and are currently either spinning off or have already separated from it.
In this case, in our opinion, there is reason to speak in this connection about three main stages in the change in the status of social psychology during the period of its formation as a science, starting from the phase of self-determination as a current of thought in the second half of the 19th century.
The first stage can be considered the status of this discipline as a current of thought, when there is still no clear definition of the subject and social psychology is not an independent and established system of scientific knowledge. Here there is a direct connection of socio-psychological problems with the sphere and problems of the disciplines that gave rise to it - philosophy, linguistics, psychology, sociology, ethnography, jurisprudence, history, political science, etc.
The second stage is connected with the formalization of the status of social psychology as an independent and established system of scientific knowledge. Her character traits: definition of own subject; the emergence of a "buffer zone", within which the field of applied social psychology is being formed. It has not yet separated into a set of independent disciplines and has not separated from the theoretical core of the study of its own sphere of specific socio-psychological phenomena. The movement of information from the periphery to the center dominates.
The third stage is connected with the process of detachment of applied sections of social psychology from the general socio-psychological theory. At the same time, the vision of the own subject of social psychology becomes the most prominent. The "buffer zone", which includes applied areas of social psychology, is now represented by self-determining scientific disciplines - political psychology, ethnic psychology, historical psychology, etc., and goes beyond the boundaries of social psychology. Now the tendency of the movement of information from the center to the periphery dominates.
Social psychology at this stage begins to perform the functions general theory, methodological basis human knowledge and philosophical discipline along with philosophy and sociology. From the previously differentiated applied sections, it remains only a section of practical social psychology, focused on experimental-empirical testing and ensuring the development of a general socio-psychological theory.
Under the small group is understood as a small group, whose members are united by a common social activity and are in direct personal communication, which is the basis for the emergence of emotional relationships, group norms and group processes.
The general qualities of the group should be singled out directly:
1. Integrativity - a measure of unity, fusion, commonality of group members with each other, (lack of integrativity - disunity, disintegration).
2. The microclimate determines the well-being of each person in the group, its satisfaction with the group, the comfort of being in it.
3. Reference - the degree of acceptance by the members of the group of group standards.
4. Leadership - the degree of the leading influence of certain members of the group on the group as a whole in the direction of the implementation of group tasks.
5. Intragroup activity - a measure of the activation of the group's constituent personalities.
6. Intergroup activity - the degree of influence of this group on other groups.
In addition to these qualities, the following are also considered:
· orientation of the group - the social value of the goals adopted by it, the motives of activity, value orientations and group norms;
organization - the real ability of the group to self-government;
emotionality - interpersonal relationships of an emotional nature, the prevailing emotional mood of the group;
intellectual communication - the nature of interpersonal perception and the establishment of mutual understanding, finding common language;
· volitional communication - the ability of the group to withstand difficulties and obstacles, its reliability in extreme situations.
A small group, like any other community of people, is united by the unity of spiritual life and the psyche, which has its own characteristics that are not reducible to a simple sum of manifestations of the individual psychological traits of the people who make it up, and which are manifested in the functioning of a complex set of intra-group socio-psychological phenomena and processes. .
The psychology of a small group in a given period of time is characterized by a certain state, mood, a peculiar atmosphere, which, in fact, determine the effectiveness and direction of the aspirations of the group members, as well as its influence on the personality and, in general, on the actions and behavior of people.
Since each group is a cell of the social organism, its psychology is characterized by features of larger-scale communities (national, confessional, class, professional, age, etc.). At the same time, the psychology of a small group is specific, which is due to the peculiarities of the life of its members and the originality of their interaction and communication.
Communication as an information process. Communication barriers.
When they talk about communication in the narrow sense of the word, they mean the fact that in the course of joint activity people exchange various ideas, ideas, interests, moods, feelings, attitudes, etc. All this can be considered as information, and then oneself The process of communication can be understood as a process of information exchange.
In the communicative process, there is not a simple movement of information, but at least an active exchange of it. The main "increase" in specifically human exchange of information is that here the significance of information plays a special role for each participant in communication (Andreeva, 1981), because people do not just "exchange" meanings, but, as A.N. Leontiev, while striving to work out a common meaning (Leontiev, 1972, p. 291). This is possible only if the information is not just accepted, but also understood and comprehended.
The essence of the communicative process is not just mutual information, but a joint comprehension of the subject. Therefore, in every communicative process, activity, communication and cognition are really given in unity. The nature of the exchange of information between people, and not cybernetic devices, is determined by the fact that partners can influence each other through a system of signs. In other words, the exchange of such information necessarily implies an impact on the behavior of the partner, i.e. the sign changes the state of the participants in the communicative process, in this sense, "a sign in communication is like a tool in labor" (Leontiev, 1972).
The communicative influence that arises here is nothing more than the psychological impact of one communicant on another in order to change his behavior. The effectiveness of communication is measured precisely by how successful this impact was. This means that during the exchange of information there is a change in the very type of relationship that has developed between the participants in communication. Nothing similar happens in "purely" information processes.
Communicative influence as a result of information exchange is possible only when the person sending the information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a single or similar system of codification and decodification. In ordinary language, this rule is expressed in the words: "everyone must speak the same language." This is especially important because the communicator and the recipient constantly change places in the communicative process. Any exchange of information between them is possible only if the signs and, most importantly, the meanings assigned to them are known to all participants in the communication process. Only the adoption of a single system of meanings ensures the ability of partners to understand each other.
Communication barriers.
Under the conditions of human communication, very specific communication barriers can arise. They are not related to vulnerabilities in any communication channel or coding and decoding errors, but are of a social or psychological nature. On the one hand, such barriers may arise due to the fact that there is no understanding of the situation of communication, caused not simply by different language, which is spoken by the participants in the communicative process, but with deeper differences that exist between partners. These can be social, political, religious, professional differences, which not only give rise to different interpretations of the same concepts used in the process of communication, but also in general a different worldview, worldview, worldview.
Such barriers are generated by objective social reasons, belonging of communication partners to different social groups, and when they are manifested, the inclusion of communication in a wider system of social relations is especially clear. Communication in this case demonstrates its characteristic that it is only a side of communication. Naturally, the process of communication is carried out even in the presence of these barriers: even military adversaries negotiate. But the whole situation of the communicative act becomes much more complicated due to their presence.
On the other hand, barriers to communication can also be of a more purely psychological nature. They can arise either as a result of the individual psychological characteristics of the communicants (for example, the excessive shyness of one of them, the secrecy of the other, the presence of a feature in someone called “non-communicative”), or due to the special kind of psychological relationship that has developed between the communicants: hostility towards each other. to a friend, distrust, etc. In this case, the link that exists between communication and relation, which is naturally absent in cybernetic systems, comes out especially clearly.
The dissemination of information in society occurs through a kind of filter of "trust" and "distrust". This filter acts in such a way that absolutely true information can be rejected, and false information can be accepted. Psychologically, it is extremely important to find out under what circumstances this or that channel of information can be blocked by this filter, as well as to identify means that help the acceptance of information and weaken the filters. The combination of these means is called fascination. Fascination is played by various accompanying means that play the role of “transportation”, an information accompanist, creating some additional background against which the main information wins, since the background partially overcomes the filter of mistrust. An example of fascination can be the musical accompaniment of speech, its spatial or color accompaniment.
By itself, the information coming from the communicator can be of two types: incentive and ascertaining. Incentive information is expressed in an order, advice, request. It is designed to stimulate some kind of action. Stimulation, in turn, can be different. First of all, it can be activation, i.e. motivation to act in a given direction. Further, it can be an interdiction, i.e. an incentive that does not allow, on the contrary, certain actions, a ban on undesirable activities. Finally, it can be destabilization - a mismatch or violation of some autonomous forms of behavior or activity. Ascertaining information appears in the form of a message, it takes place in various educational systems and does not imply a direct change in behavior, although it indirectly contributes to this. The nature of the message itself can be different: the measure of objectivity can vary from a deliberately “indifferent” tone of presentation to the inclusion of fairly obvious elements of persuasion in the text of the message. The message variant is set by the communicator, i.e. the person from whom the information originates.
The problem of the effectiveness of the communicative process lies in the fact that a person needs: the ability to use a word, the power of persuasion, competent speech; the ability to anticipate and overcome communication barriers; mastering the ability to use non-verbal means; desire for mutual understanding.
INTRODUCTION
I THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PROBLEM OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
1.2 The concept of aggression and aggressive behavior in psychology
1.3 Psychological features of aggressive behavior in adolescence, causes of aggressive behavior in adolescents
1.4 The meaning of status for a teenager and its impact on relationships with peers
II EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF A TEENAGER IN A GROUP ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
2.1 Methods, procedure and object of study
2.2 Analysis of the study results
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPS
INTRODUCTION
aggression behavior adolescent peer
Increased aggressiveness of children is one of the most acute problems for modern society. The relevance of the topic is undeniable, since the number of minors with deviant behavior is growing rapidly, which is manifested in defiant behavior towards adult peers. Crime among young people has sharply increased: teenagers participate in paramilitary formations of political organizations of extremists, in racketeering, cooperate with the mafia, are engaged in prostitution and pimping. Compared to the recent past, the number of serious crimes has increased, everyday consciousness records an increase in conflicts and facts of aggressive behavior of people. We are witnessing a change in the entire social structure of society, intensive processes of stratification of the population along property lines, in relation to various forms of ownership. On the basis of social contradictions, intergroup and interpersonal conflicts arise.
The growth of aggressive tendencies in the teenage environment reflects one of the most acute social problems of our society, where in recent years youth crime has sharply increased, especially juvenile crime. At the same time, the fact of an increase in the number of crimes against a person that entails serious bodily harm is alarming. Cases of violent group fights among teenagers have become more frequent.
One of the main problems of adolescence is the problem of communication with peers. It is relationships with comrades that are in the center of attention of a teenager, it is they who largely determine behavior, activity, and in the future influence the development personal qualities and social attitudes. It is important for a teenager to take a significant place among peers, to be recognized in a group or to be a leader in his team. But not every teenager can achieve this, since the individual characteristics and attitudes of many children prevent them from taking a high status place, socializing precisely in the social group that is desirable for them. Often this is due to the fact that adolescents cannot properly assess themselves, and therefore cannot find an adequate reference group for themselves. Difficulties are also associated with the search for a stable set of social roles. In recent years, a number of studies have been carried out by psychologists and teachers on the study, diagnosis and prevention of pedagogical neglect, violations of socialization and delinquency of adolescents (G.S. Abramova, M.A. Alemaskina, N.P. Anikeeva, S.A. Belicheva, V M. Bekhterev, M. Bityanova, A. D. Glotochkin, I. V. Dubrovina, V. V. Znakov, E. Ya. , V.T.Kondrashenko, A.E.Lichko, G.M.Minkovsky, I.A.Nevsky, V.F.Pirozhkov, K.K.Platonova E.E. Smirnova and etc).
The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the inability to build relationships with peers, the inability to achieve a significant position in the group are the main cause of disruption in communication with peers. Aggressiveness is formed mainly in the process of early socialization in childhood and adolescence, therefore, this age is most favorable for prevention and correction.
The subject of the study is, on the one hand, the social psychological status, with another - aggressive behavior teenager.
Hypothesis: the aggressive behavior of adolescents is both a consequence of the place occupied by a teenager in the informal structure of the class, and its cause. To achieve or maintain socio-psychological status, adolescents have to resort to aggressive forms of behavior.
Research objectives:
1. Carry out a theoretical analysis of the problem of socio-psychological status.
2. Analyze theories of aggression and aggressive behavior.
3. To study the psychological characteristics of a teenager in a team.
4. Consider at the theoretical level the reasons for the aggressive behavior of adolescents.
5. Describe the psychological characteristics of aggressive adolescents.
6. Select the methods of empirical research, study the status of adolescents in the team and the forms of their aggressive behavior, analyze the data obtained, formulate conclusions.
Research methods: the main research methods were the theoretical analysis of the literature and such methods of empirical analysis as:
1. Bass-Darky questionnaire. The technique is designed to study the aggressiveness of adolescents, adolescents and adults.
2. "Hand-test" - projective technique personality research. Due to its design features, the technique allows you to reliably predict and qualitatively evaluate such a specific personality trait as “open aggressive behavior”.
3. Sociometric technique - used to study relationships in small groups.
4. Color relationship test (CRT) is a clinical and psychodiagnostic method designed to study the emotional components of a person's relationship to significant people and reflecting both the conscious and partially unconscious levels of these relationships.
The reliability of the obtained results was ensured by the use in the study of such a mathematical method as Spearman's rank correlation analysis. This coefficient allows you to identify correlation relationships between variables and evaluate the dependence of one variable on another.
Object of study: the object of the study was teenagers of 7 "A", 7 "B", 7 "D" and 8 "D" classes in the amount of 92 people, the age of the subjects is 13-15 years old.
The base of the study was Lyceum No. 104, Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Territory.
Structure and scope of work: graduate work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and two appendices. The list of references contains 56 titles. The main content of the thesis is presented on 94 pages, includes 19 figures and 40 tables.
I THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PROBLEM OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
1.1 The concept of socio-psychological status, the main approaches to the study of status
The word "status" came to sociology from the Latin language. IN Ancient Rome it denoted the state, the legal status of a legal entity. However, at the end of the 19th century, scientists gave it a new sound. Status - the social position of a person in society. Social status - a generalized characteristic that covers the profession, economic situation, political opportunities, demographic characteristics of a person.
Although the status is almost the most common concept in sociology, a single interpretation of its nature in this science has not been achieved. F. Bates writes that status is usually understood as a designation of rank, a place in the social structure, associated with a certain set of norms [cit. By 22, p.201].
M. Weber considered social status in the meaning of prestige and associated it with the high position of the individual in society [ 48, p.194].
The classic formulation was proposed in the 1930s by the American anthropologist and sociologist Ralph Linton. He clearly separated the status from the role, while saying that the status of a person occupies as a certain cell (occupy a status), and a person needs to play a role (play a role). Therefore, status is a position in the social structure, and certain thinking and actions stand behind the role. If the status indicates a person's place in society or a group, then the role indicates a way or model of behavior. R. Linton's position was followed, if not by the majority, then by many modern sociologists, including the author of the most famous foreign textbook on sociology in our country, N. Smelzer. Other sociologists agree with him. In particular, T. Marshal and M. Hagopyan believe that status indicates a position that is associated with a range of rights and obligations, privileges and obligations, opportunities or restrictions attributed by law, recognized publicly and supported by the authority of public opinion.
Some sociologists confuse two concepts: status and prestige. So, for example, P. Sorokin believes that status is synonymous with prestige. However, P. Sorokin, in contrast to R. Linton and N. Smelzer, understood by status not only prestige, but also social rank. In other words, not just a position in the social structure, but high, medium or low. In everyday language, this interpretation of status is most often used, and when they want to emphasize the high position of a person or country, they say that they have a high status.
E. Bergel insists on the need to distinguish between two concepts - prestige and status. For example, Reagan and Johnson are both presidents of the United States. They have the same status but different prestige. Prestige refers to specific accomplishments in a well-known or established field [ cit. according to 48, p.195].
In addition to these approaches, there are at least two more points of view, the authorship of which is difficult or impossible to establish. The first position consists in identifying the status and role, the second - in attributing an integrating function to the status.
There is another generalizing concept - socioeconomic status. It includes education, profession and income.
A. Kravchenko, analyzing different approaches to the definition of the concept of "status", believes that one model can be distinguished, which has four parameters that describe the concept of "status":
Status name (usually consists of one word: man, teenager).
Definition of status (describes the essence of status and its place in a group or society). Examples of determining the status: lawyer - a person whose profession is the provision of legal assistance to citizens and organizations, the protection of their interests in court; shareholder - a natural or legal person who owns shares of this joint-stock company.
Status rank - the place of this status in the social hierarchy (high, medium, low).
A person daily interacts with different people and social groups. Entering at the same time in many social groups, he occupies in each of them a corresponding position, due to the relationship with other members of the group. To analyze the degree of inclusion of an individual in various groups, as well as the positions that he occupies in each of them, the concepts of social status are used.
concept social role human was developed in connection with the need to comprehend the influence of social functions on its development, life and relationships with other people.
social role- a way of behavior of people corresponding to accepted norms, depending on their status or position in society, the system of interpersonal relations.
For the first time, the concept of a social role was proposed by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead independently of each other. Linton and Mead considered the social role as a special phenomenon in which the individual and society converge, and individual behavior turns into social. At the same time, individual manifestations of a person are compared with social norms.
The main characteristics of the social role highlighted by the American sociologist T. Parsons. These include: scale, method of obtaining, emotionality, formalization, motivation. Role Scale depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale.
How a role is acquired depends on how unavoidable the role is for the person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and sex of a person and do not require much effort to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student, academician, writer, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.
Social roles differ significantly in terms of emotionality. Each role carries certain possibilities for the emotional manifestation of its subject. Feelings about the loss of a loved one are quite natural and justified. However, there are roles that require emotional restraint and control, such as the work of an investigator or a surgeon.
Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships.
Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the welfare of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the cause, and so on.
The influence of social role on personality development large enough. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a number of roles, as well as its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to play, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.
Learning a new role can be great value to change a person. In psychotherapy, there is even an appropriate method of behavior correction - imagotherapy (imago - image). The patient is asked to enter new look, play a role, like in a play. At the same time, the function of responsibility is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new patterns of behavior. A person is forced to act differently, based on a new role.
At the origins of imagotherapy is the method of psychodrama D. Moreno. He treated people for neuroses, giving them the opportunity to play those roles that they would like, but could not use, was high enough, since the subject was given the opportunity to release repressed drives, if not in life, then at least in the process of playing. The sociodramatic approach to the interpretation of human actions is widely known. Proponents of this approach view life as a drama, each participant in which plays a specific role. Playing roles gives not only a psychotherapeutic, but also a developing, pedagogical effect.
Young children play role-playing games, imitating social roles the people around them. through play they learn a variety of social functions. At a certain age, the game is the leading activity for the child. the conditionality of the game does not affect its social purpose, since actions in the conditional situation remain authentic. In the game, the child, as it were, becomes frustrated, playing various roles and, thanks to this, separates himself from others. At the same time, he learns to take the position of another and can look at himself from the outside. Also, games have rules. In this regard, the child can perceive his individuality not only from the point of view of the persons whose roles he plays, but also from the point of view of the generalized attitudes of the group to which he belongs.
social status- this is the position of the subject in the system of interpersonal relations, it determines his rights, duties and privileges, the status reflects the hierarchical structure of the group and creates a vertical differentiation in it. The subject is always trying to find his place within a large community and accepts the responsibilities associated with this position, expects others to recognize his rights. Not only from the subject his status characteristic is curled.
Social status is a sign established by society that characterizes a person's position in a social community. Status is the rank recognized by a group, of individuals in a social group. Status is social process, a person retains his status if he lives in accordance with the established norms that govern the behavior of people in this category. those. the position of an individual in society is determined only on the basis of well-established relations between him and those who occupy other positions, much in human behavior is aimed at maintaining the existing status or increasing it.
Social psychologists have established enough high sensitivity of a person to status symbols, no matter how low the status is, it is important, because without it, the subject has no rights over others. In different groups, a person may have a different status and in general a person has several statuses, but they are not equal, often the profession is the most used indicator of a status position, i.e. position in society, as a rule, is determined by position and profession. Our social status is reflected in behavior, appearance and clothing, jargon, manners and internal position of the individual, these are attitudes, positions, motives. The status, once established, remains constant, although it is mobile, there may be degradation, or there may be an increase in status. Statuses differ in the nature of their appearance: innate, attributed, achieved are singled out. Born - the status that appears at birth - nationality, gender, race, membership of the royal family + the kinship system also gives a set of statuses - born and attributed - son, brother, sister.
There are assigned statuses, but not inborn, they appear due to a combination of circumstances, for example, due to marriage (for example, the mother of the bride will become the mother-in-law). Achieved status - it is acquired through the efforts of the person himself with the help of certain social groups. Here, statuses are determined by position, statuses are determined by titles, and there are defined professional titles, the achieved status is acquired due to the free choice of the individual, his personal efforts and is under his control (for example, husband, wife)
Statuses are permanent, temporary, basic, non-basic.
Permanent- these are the majority of innate statuses (race, gender).
Temporary -(passenger, neighbor)
Main are those that are innate, ascribed, achieved. The main one is personal status - it manifests itself in small groups. Not the main ones - these are most of our statuses due to a short-term situation, for example, a patient, a witness, a spectator of an accident. social position- the place occupied by a person in the system of social division of labor and subordination in social structures, groups and organizations.
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