Bhss-bep Golden Fund. The history of economic security units What information remains about the pre-war workers of the BHSS
By the mid-1930s, the economy of our country had significantly strengthened after the destruction caused by civil war, but at the same time there were more temptations for plunderers of people's and personal property. Economic crimes have swept the country. In Karelia, not yet strong agricultural associations and objects of state and cooperative trade were especially exposed to criminal encroachments. In 1936, the police uncovered a massive forgery of Kareltorg documents in order to steal money in the amount of 52,224 rubles. 7 people were brought to criminal responsibility. And there were many such cases.
Specially trained officers were required to detect such crimes. By order of the NKVD of the USSR dated March 16, 1937, a department for combating theft of socialist property and speculation was formed as part of the Main Police Department - OBKhSS NKVD of the USSR. A regulation on OBHSS was also adopted. It stated: “OBKhSS is being created to ensure the fight against theft of socialist property in organizations and institutions of state trade, consumer, industrial and disabled cooperation, procurement bodies and savings banks, as well as to combat speculation.”
In the republican, regional and regional police departments, departments, departments and groups of the BHSS were created. Where there were no such units, the fight against embezzlement and speculation continued to be carried out by the criminal investigation department.
On May 28, 1937, in accordance with the requirements of the order of the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Karelian ASSR issued an order "On the organization of the NKVD KASSR under the UR KM ad hoc group on combating the theft of socialist property, speculation and sabotage. A month later, this group was removed from the criminal investigation department and on its basis a department was created, and already on July 15, a department of the BHSS. It consisted of two departments: the anti-speculation department and the embezzlement department.
BHSS employees 1959 |
The Karelian offices of the BHSS were formed from workers who had a good practical school in the economic divisions of the criminal investigation department. From the first days, they did a great job of identifying and exposing disguised groups of robbers, speculators, bribe-takers, counterfeiters, and achieved significant compensation for material damage caused by criminals to the state and society.
The BHSS service has gone through several stages in its development. First of these was the period of pre-war and war years until 1945.
In order to achieve results, the heads of the service needed to make the most of their organizational and administrative abilities aimed at increasing the operational awareness of employees for deeper penetration into the intentions of criminals, as well as to carry out special measures to significantly reduce waste and theft in organizations and enterprises of state trade and consumer cooperation.
In order to improve the quality of operational and investigative work, the BHSS service, as well as the criminal investigation department, was organized according to the territorial principle.
The measures taken have yielded positive results. The number of identified embezzlement and theft in 1940, compared with 1939, decreased in state trade by 38%, and in consumer cooperation - by 46%. From direct theft and embezzlement material assets in the trading network, the criminals switched to indirect ones. Measuring, body kit of buyers, sorting of goods are widely used.
BHSS staff 1967 |
A feature of the activities of the police during the war years, primarily in the front line, which included Karelia, was the fight against looting, illegal buying and reselling of gold, speculation and counterfeiting. Work to identify these crimes was carried out actively, although there were significant difficulties. One of them: the majority of police officers, including the BHSS services, took a direct part in hostilities. Many died on the Karelian front.
Second phase the formation and development of the BHSS service should be attributed to the post-war period. From 1943 to 1952, the service was headed by Pavel Ivanovich Bogatyrev, who came to the BHSS back in 1937.
The post-war period is a time of great enthusiasm. In Karelia, as well as throughout the country, work was underway to restore the national economy destroyed by the war. Police officers took an active part in it, although it was not at all easy to do this. Low wages, almost none technical support, small headcount- all this had a negative impact on the fight against economic crimes. Basically, former front-line soldiers, accustomed to difficulties, were involved in the service. Among them, S.G. Selyshev, B.Ya. Inyushin, V.M. Kuftyrev, N.D. Demkin, G.A. Sizov, P.D. Karavaev and many others.
The operational environment during this period was difficult. The war-ravaged economy had many " weaknesses”, which created a favorable environment for economic and malfeasance. However, the employees of the BHSS did not allow uncontrollability in the safety of state property and actively identified embezzlers, bribe-takers and speculators.
employees of the OBKhSS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the KASSR, 1989 |
In 1951, a group of robbers in the Potrebkooperatsia system was exposed by the senior detective of ROBKhSS Polyakov. It operated in Petrozavodsk and the village of Sheltozero. Five defendants were sentenced to terms ranging from 5 to 10 years in prison.
By 1955, the second stage in the development of BHSS devices was completed. The national economy in the republic, for the most part, was restored. The internal affairs bodies have become stronger, the quantitative and qualitative composition of personnel has increased. The Soviet and party bodies of the republic adopted a number of specific measures to preserve state property in the sectors of the national economy. On September 29, 1955, the Criminal Code of the Communist Party of the KFSSR adopted the Decree "On strengthening the fight against waste and theft in organizations of trade, industrial cooperation and local industry." The operational situation that had developed by 1955 made it possible to move on to a new period in the development of the BHSS service.
The third stage lasted until the beginning of 1991. It is characterized by an increase in the effectiveness of the work of the BHSS. So, in the summer of 1957, within a five-month period, a group of robbers at a bakery and in the Medvezhyegorsk trade network was exposed. The audit found that the criminals in a short time plundered more than sixty tons of bakery products in the amount of about 70,000 rubles. 10 people were brought to criminal responsibility. In 1959, the materials of the disclosure of this crime under the name "Freeloaders" were used as a manual in practical activities.
On the third stage militiamen appeared in the BHSS service, whose work should be equaled.
BEP staff 1993 |
Kuftyrev Vasily Moiseevich, born in 1924, participant of the Great Patriotic War, who worked in the BHSS service from 1947 to 1983. As the most qualified worker, he was entrusted with zonal control and practical assistance to a group of city district departments of internal affairs through the BHSS. The results of his influence on the GO-ROVD were always positive. So, for two years (1982-1983) in the Kondopoga District Department of Internal Affairs, the number of detected crimes through the BHSS almost doubled - from 37 to 70, and the number of thefts - by only 15%. There are many such examples in his work. Vasily Moiseevich was awarded the badge "Excellent worker of police", was twice entered on the Board of Honor.
Kuznetsov Leonid Ivanovich, born in 1935. He began his service in December 1957 as an operative of the BHSS of the Zaonezhsky police department. In 1962, he uncovered a major theft of timber at a timber trading base. In the same year, he exposed the bribe taker Smirnov, who was later sentenced to 8 years in prison. In 1963, as a result of the implementation of an operational case by Leonid Kuznetsov, 10 people who worked at the Petrozavodsk cold storage plant and committed theft of products worth 11,000 rubles were brought to criminal responsibility. During 1964-1965, he personally revealed 27 crimes. From 1971 to 1981, Leonid Ivanovich Kuznetsov was the head of the OBKhSS of the Petrozavodsk GOVD. During this time, the number of crimes revealed by his subordinates increased by 1.7 times.
Balandin Viktor Alexandrovich, born in 1929. He worked in the BHSS service from 1964 to 1985. From 1969 to 1971 he headed the Petrozavodsk branch of the BKhSS. During his service he had 26 awards. In the early eighties, he successfully implemented operational materials in relation to logging companies from Moldova and Ukraine. The damage from the illegal activities of criminals amounted to about 50,000 rubles. The entire criminal group was sentenced to long terms. In the same period, Viktor Aleksandrovich revealed the theft of 11,000 rubles committed by the accountant of the trade union committee of Pyaozersky LPH.
Sidyakin Vladimir Semyonovich, born in 1939. In 1972, he joined the police and spent more than twenty years serving in the BHSS. Started as an officer in charge. Then, as an experienced employee, he was transferred to work in the OBKhSS Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1979, Vladimir Sidyakin was entrusted with the organization of the fight against theft in the construction organizations of the republic. This industry at that time was especially criminogenic, but the facts of theft and the perpetrators of this were rarely established. For two years of work on this line, Vladimir Semenovich ensured the identification of 80 economic and official criminal acts. It is worth noting that before that their annual number did not exceed ten. Vladimir Semyonovich was directly involved in the disclosure of the most complex economic crimes. During his service, he was encouraged by the leadership over 20 times.
Barsukov Vasily Egorovich, born in 1924, participant of the Great Patriotic War. Since the spring of 1966, he was in the position of deputy head of the OBKhSS of the republican Ministry of Internal Affairs. During his work, Vasily Egorovich, as a high-class lawyer, provided constant and qualified assistance to operational workers, directly supervised the implementation of operational materials on complex economic crimes. Among them was a high-profile crime committed in the village of Shala, Pudozhsky district in 1966. Then a group of persons, employees of one of the enterprises, committed theft on an especially large scale. The damage amounted to over 20,000 rubles.
Zhitkovsky Ivan Grigorievich, born in 1929. He worked in the BHSS service for 16 years, including as deputy head of the OBHSS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In addition to managing operational work, Ivan Grigoryevich was directly involved in the implementation of the most complex cases of operational accounting. Under his leadership, two citizens were exposed for fraud on an especially large scale, who were subsequently sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.
The organizational and practical measures taken at that time to combat economic and malfeasance led to positive results in the work. Thus, from 1971 to 1980, the number of detected crimes through the BHSS increased by 10.4%, and the number of prevented crimes increased by 2.7 times.
Further development of the BHSS service in Karelia took place in the 80s of the last century. From 1980 to 1985, Yuri Kirillovich Olyushkin served as the head of the BHSS department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and then Nikolai Nikolaevich Krotov. They continued the established traditions. The operational skills of employees have improved. As a rule, only employees with higher legal and economic education, competent specialists of various branches of the national economy. Seminars were constantly held with BHSS employees, and a number of employees underwent retraining every year. Along with the increased demands on employees, an atmosphere of responsibility for each assigned task was created.
The measures taken made it possible to improve the operational and service activities of the BHSS. If in 1980 the number of detected crimes through the BHSS was 386, then in 1985 the employees of the BHSS revealed 624 such crimes.
It is impossible not to recall a number of other names of the BHSS employees of those years, including Vladimir Mikhailovich Ivanov, Nikolai Ivanovich Mikhailov, Arvo Viktorovich Nevonen, Petr Aleksandrovich Telkinen, Dmitry Mikhailovich Mikhailovich, Vladimir Nikolaevich Dubinin. All of them started their work in the internal affairs bodies from the BHSS service, where they showed high organization and discipline, constantly improved in their work.
After the adoption of the Laws of the USSR "On the State Enterprise (Association)" and "On Cooperation", the system of economic management changed significantly in the country, the principle of full self-financing and self-financing was introduced. In this regard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the KASSR developed and approved the Plan of the main measures for the restructuring of the activities of the BHSS service of the republic.
In 1987, a comprehensive target program to improve the activities of internal affairs bodies to combat unearned income for 1987-1990. As a result of these and a number of other measures, 1,300 crimes were revealed by the BHSS apparatuses over three years, and 754 criminal cases were initiated on them. 462 facts of theft were established.
Fourth stage. On December 29, 1990, by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the BHSS Department became known as the Department for the Investigation of Crimes in the Sphere of Economics, and almost three years later, on September 14, 1993, it was renamed the Department for Economic Crimes. This was the beginning of the fourth stage in the development and improvement of the BHSS-BEP service. This period was the most difficult because of the novelty of the tasks facing the service, but very interesting.
In the summer of 2003, in connection with the administrative reform of state power, the Tax Police was liquidated. It was replaced by a new service - the Service for Combating Economic and Tax Crimes, which until July 2011 included the Office for Combating Economic Crimes and the Office for Tax Crimes.
The first head of the service for tax and economic crimes - Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Karelia was militia colonel Fedor Ioganesovich Hirvonen.
I would like to note a number of the most experienced employees of the BEP Service (BHSS), who have made a huge contribution to the fight against economic crimes:
Police Colonel Iovlev Sergey Romanovich, Deputy Head of the UBEP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Karelia. He served in the police department from 1991 to 2007. For exemplary performance of duties and high results achieved in the service, he was repeatedly encouraged by the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During his service, he was awarded medals "For Impeccable Service" of 3 degrees.
Police Colonel Bilyk Anatoly Grigorievich, head of the department for detecting crimes in the consumer market, agro-industrial complex, in the field of extraction and processing of aquatic biological resources of the UBEP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Karelia. He began his service in the OBKhSS in 1983. In 2002, he was the head of the Department of Economic Crimes of the Department of Internal Affairs of Petrozavodsk. For exemplary performance of duties and high results achieved, he was repeatedly encouraged by the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During his service, he was awarded medals "For Impeccable Service" of 3 degrees.
Police Lieutenant Colonel Efimchik Konstantin Mikhailovich, head of the department of the UBEP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Republic of Karelia. He served in the internal affairs bodies from August 1988 to September 2011. During his service, he was awarded medals "For Impeccable Service" of 3 degrees.
Police Major Pavlov Alexey Nikolaevich, head of the department of the UBEP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Republic of Karelia. He served in the Department of Internal Affairs from March 1994 to February 2008. In the BEP service, he worked in various positions of middle and senior commanding staff.
In 2011, during the reform of the internal affairs bodies of Russia, the position of Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs for the Republic of Karelia for economic security was abolished, and the service received a new name - economic security and anti-corruption units. Currently, the Directorate of the EBiPK of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Republic of Karelia is headed by Police Major Timur Nikolaevich Gulyaev.
75 years have passed since the establishment of the BHSS-BEP service, and these were years of great and thorough work. Currently, high-class specialists are working in the economic security divisions, who are able to overcome any difficulties. Employees of the economic security units go on business trips to North Caucasus where they serve to maintain order. For exemplary performance of the tasks assigned, Alexander Antropov, Roman Moiseenko and Valery Babsky were awarded medals "For Courage", and Alexei Olyushkin, Leonid Svetlov and Sergey Smirnov - "For Distinction in the Protection of Public Order".
Today, economic crime fighters have sufficient technical, intellectual and professional potential to solve problems of protecting the Russian economy. They carefully preserve traditions, the continuity of generations and a kind, attentive attitude towards veterans. Therefore, meetings with veterans are a traditional event. Since 2006, the Council of Veterans of the Department for Combating Economic Crimes has been operating. The first chairman of the Council was retired police lieutenant colonel Alexander Anatolyevich Zyablov, and since 2009 the Council has been headed by retired police lieutenant colonel Alexei Mikhailovich Fomichev. On an ongoing basis, the council of veterans, together with the UEBiPK of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Republic of Karelia, organizes congratulations and honors for pensioners and service veterans, provides social and material assistance to war veterans, disabled people who received military injuries, and family members of the dead employees of the BHSS-BEP. It should be noted that thanks to the assistance of veterans of the BEP service, 24 economic crimes have been detected over the past three years. There is no doubt that best traditions service veterans will be saved and multiplied.
Today, anyone has the opportunity to find information about relatives and friends who died or went missing during the Great Patriotic War. Many sites have been created to study documents containing personal data of military personnel during the war. "RG" provides an overview of the most useful of them. Therefore, do not despair if you could not find any data about your relatives in the bank of undelivered awards " Russian newspaper"- the search can be continued on other Internet resources.
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rgvarchive.ru - Russian State Military Archive (RGVA). The archive stores documents on the combat operations of the Red Army units in 1937-1939. near Lake Khasan, on the Khalkhin Gol River, in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. Here are the documents of the border and internal troops VChK-OGPU-NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR since 1918; documents of the Main Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and institutions of its system (GUPVI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR) for the period 1939-1960; personal documents of Soviet military leaders; documents of foreign origin (trophy). On the archive site you can also find
In the 1930s, crimes in the economic sphere began to be more often committed by organized criminal groups, sometimes operating under conditions of strict conspiracy, using disguised and sophisticated methods. Under such conditions, it became more and more difficult for criminal investigation officers to fight simultaneously with purely economic and ordinary crimes, since special knowledge and skills were required to prevent and solve crimes of a purely economic nature.
Taking into account these circumstances, as well as Stalin’s speech at the March Plenum of the Central Committee, by Order of the NKVD of the USSR No. the following main tasks: directing the work of peripheral police agencies to combat theft and speculation; ensuring special work for the purpose of preventing and disclosing these crimes at enterprises of the state trade system, consumer, industrial and disabled cooperation, in procurement organizations, in savings banks, etc.; investigation of cases of theft of socialist property in these organizations, arising both on the basis of data from their special apparatus, and on the basis of materials transmitted by state security departments (on petty sabotage, etc.); fight against speculation, counterfeiting, bribery; operational management commandants of procurement stations of the Zagotzerno system.
The structure of the department, which included 4 departments, looked accordingly.
In the republican, regional and regional police departments of large industrial centers, departments, departments and groups of the BHSS were created. Where such devices were not created, the fight against theft and speculation continued to be carried out by other police services, including the criminal investigation department.
Since 1941, the fight against smuggling was assigned to the competence of the BHSS apparatuses. The apparatuses of the BHSS were formed mainly from workers who had gone through a good practical school in the economic departments of the system of the Main Directorate of State Security and in the criminal investigation units. From the first days of its existence, the employees of the new service launched an active activity to identify and expose disguised groups of robbers, speculators, bribe-takers and counterfeiters, to ensure the safety of state and cooperative property. They prevented and solved many crimes, saved considerable money and material assets from plundering and squandering, achieved compensation for material damage caused by criminals to the state.
As a result of a large-scale attack on economic crime, by the end of 1939, 268 organized groups of robbers were exposed, and 1,886 criminals were prosecuted. The following year, 1940, these figures doubled.
In 1939, investigative groups began to be created in the republican, regional and regional divisions of the service, which took over the investigation of criminal cases initiated on economic crimes. At the same time, the work of the BHSS units begins to be based on the territorial principle, which made it possible to move away from the narrow specialization of employees, which in turn contributed to the improvement of their interaction with district and city police departments.
The expediency of creating a specialized branch service for the protection of socialist property in the system of the country's internal affairs bodies became especially obvious in 1939, when, with the outbreak of World War II, the threat of a military attack loomed over our country. The created situation required the adoption of measures aimed at improving the discipline of economic leaders and citizens, at strengthening order in production and the struggle for the safety of socialist property, and ultimately at strengthening the defense capability of the Soviet state.
In the prewar years, the BHSS service was further strengthened, the forms and methods of combating the theft of socialist property, speculation and counterfeiting were improved. The main efforts of the BHSS apparatus during this period were aimed at increasing the operational awareness of employees, in order to penetrate deeper into the plans of plunderers, speculators and counterfeiters; for the organization of special events to minimize waste and theft in organizations and enterprises of state trade and consumer cooperation. The fight against theft in supply and marketing and procurement organizations was intensified.
In the last pre-war years, indicators have improved in all areas of work of the BHSS units of the militia bodies of the union and autonomous republics, territories and regions. At the same time, the strengthening of the fight against waste and theft in the system of state trade and consumer cooperation has led to a decrease in these types of crimes. This was largely due to a change in the tactics of the robbers. So if the number of identified embezzlement and theft in 1939 is taken as 100%, then in 1940 they were established according to the state trade system 62%, and according to the consumer cooperation system 54%. From direct theft and embezzlement of material values, criminals who have dug in in trade have moved on to indirect ones. Measuring, weighing buyers, sorting goods, etc. have become widespread. By deceiving buyers, criminals created large surpluses, and then appropriated them.
Important role The order of the NKVD dated May 26, 1940, which announced instructions for supervising the use in trade of correct and stamped scales, weights, and other similar equipment, played in the disclosure of these offenses. This made it possible for the police, together with the prosecutor's office and the state trade inspectorate under the People's Commissar of Internal Trade of the USSR, to launch a decisive offensive against those who violate the rules of trade, weighing, measuring and cheating buyers.
The change in the tactics of businessmen in state and cooperative trade required the BHSS apparatuses to improve the forms and methods of exposing robbers in this system. The operational staff directed their efforts to the opening of disguised groups of criminals engaged in robbing customers.
Serious measures were taken by the militia to expose the robbers operating in the food industry and in supply and marketing organizations.
Taking advantage of the lack of control for a short time, the crooks inflicted heavy damage on state and public property, plundered the people's property for huge sums. So, the BHSS department of the Moscow regional police department and the Pavlo-Posad city police department uncovered a group of hardened robbers consisting of 63 people who operated at the Pavlovo-Posad bakery during 1939-1940. criminals plundered bakery products and other material values worth more than a million rubles. At the same time, the republican apparatus of the BHSS of the Georgian SSR uncovered and liquidated two large groups of robbers in the system of the "Pishchepromsoyuz". One of them numbered 45, the other - 25 people. Criminals have been embezzling public funds for a long time. The investigation found that several million rubles had settled in the pockets of the criminals.
No less tangible blows were inflicted by the OBKhSS workers on the robbers operating in the system of procurement and agricultural organizations. In the last pre-war year, 633 large groups of robbers were discovered and liquidated there and 3,153 people were brought to justice. Employees of the OBKhSS of the Ukrainian SSR Police Department in the Zagotzerno system (Kyiv) exposed a group of criminals who stole 400 tons of grain, and employees of the Yaroslavl regional police department - a group of 13 people who stole 40 tons of grain. Employees of the Pskov OBKhSS exposed a group of schemers from a jewelry store. The state was returned gold in the amount of 96 thousand rubles.
Along with active participation in the strengthening of socialist property, the BHSS divisions solved the responsible tasks of exposing and suppressing the criminal activities of speculators, thereby contributing to the normal operation of state trade enterprises and consumer cooperatives.
In the pre-war years, speculation in industrial goods prevailed. The main centers of activity of speculators were cities and workers' settlements. Speculation was especially widespread in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk and other large industrial centers. In this regard, the BHSS apparatuses undertook a whole range of measures aimed at eradicating speculation. As a result of their efforts in 1940, 242 large groups of speculators were exposed and neutralized and 1,242 people were brought to justice. Values worth 3,065 thousand rubles were confiscated from the criminals.
In the pre-war years during this period, the appearance of counterfeit banknotes of 10, 5 and 1 ruble denominations of various series was noted on the territory of a number of republics and regions. The OBKhSS employees had to make a lot of effort, show great operational perseverance to expose the counterfeiters. The fact that during the war there were no serious appearances of forgeries of banknotes was the result of a wide system of versatile operational-investigative and other measures carried out by police officers, which made it possible to inflict tangible blows on counterfeiters.
Only in 1940 were exposed 4 groups of criminals in the amount of 23 people, who made counterfeit money by printing and lithographic methods, and 7 groups, numbering 17 people, who forged banknotes by hand. Thus, in the Georgian SSR, a group of 12 counterfeiters was arrested, operating in Tbilisi and on the territory of the Tkvibul region. During the search, the criminals seized 17 clichés depicting 3-ruble banknotes, 44 drawings of banknotes, tools and other devices for counterfeiting banknotes.
In the Azerbaijan SSR, a group of counterfeiters engaged in the manufacture and sale of 10-ruble banknotes in Baku was liquidated by the employees of the BHSS of the republic and the Rostov region. The money counterfeited by this group was confiscated not only in the Azerbaijan SSR, but also in Rostov, Saratov, Moscow and a number of other regions. high quality 10 ruble bills were different, forged by a group of 6 people in Moscow. During a search of the organizers of the criminal group, 274 counterfeit banknotes of 10-ruble denominations, false passport blanks, a large number of fake stamps and seals, devices for making counterfeit money were found and confiscated. In total, in this case, employees of the BHSS seized counterfeit banknotes of 10-ruble denominations in the amount of 52,200 rubles and confiscated almost 17,000 genuine money.
Along with counterfeit banknotes, police officers during this period revealed many cases of forgery of government loan bond numbers, money and clothing lottery tickets, for which large winnings were received. Timely measures made it possible then to liquidate several criminal groups engaged in counterfeiting bonds.
The case of counterfeit bonds, which were manufactured by a branched group of 17 people, which was arrested in April 1941, received particular resonance. She operated on the territory of the Kazakh, Uzbek SSR, Bashkir ASSR, Altai Territory and Chelyabinsk Region.
The investigation found that criminals in 42 cities of the country received about 300 thousand rubles from the savings banks on counterfeit bonds. The Altai Regional Court sentenced 10 members of this criminal group to capital punishment, and the rest - to imprisonment for a term of 5 to 10 years.
Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, in connection with the abolition of the economic departments of the NKVD, the BHSS apparatuses were entrusted with the responsibility of combating currency traders and smugglers. This work was carried out more actively in the regions of Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and the Baltic republics. However, on the whole, it only began to unfold, and the scale of currency crimes and smuggling activities in our country was then small.
The organizational strengthening of the apparatuses of the BHSS was facilitated by the strengthening of the management of their activities by the Main Police Department of the NKVD of the USSR. Thus, at the cluster meetings held by the Center of the heads of police departments of the republics, territories and regions, much attention was paid to building up the efforts of this service, improving its organization, forms and methods of activity. The states of service were increased by 30%.
As a result of the measures taken, the efficiency of the BHSS devices has increased significantly. In 1940, for example, according to far from complete data, over 2,000 organized groups of robbers, speculators, and counterfeiters were identified in the country. More than 11 thousand criminals were brought to justice, that is, 2 times more than in the previous year.
During the investigation of criminal cases, it was found that the robbers caused damage to the state by almost 49 billion rubles. More than 10 million rubles worth of money and valuables were confiscated from them, and their property was described for a significant amount. In addition, police officers confiscated money, valuables and securities worth more than 80 million rubles from speculators and turned them into state revenue.
Thus, in the prewar years, the bodies of the BHSS, which are essentially a new kind of police service, proved in practice the necessity of their existence, becoming a powerful means of protecting the economy of the Soviet socialist state, making a significant contribution to strengthening its economic foundation.
Education OBHSS.
By order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 0018 dated March 16, 1937, a Department for Combating theft of Socialist Property and Speculation (OBKhSS) was organized in the apparatus of the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia. This new structure had the following main tasks:
- management of the work of peripheral police bodies to combat theft and speculation;
- ensuring special work in order to prevent and disclose these crimes at enterprises of the state trade system, consumer, industrial and disabled cooperation, in procurement organizations, in savings banks, etc.;
- investigation of cases of theft of socialist property in these organizations, arising both on the basis of data from their special apparatus, and on the basis of materials transmitted by state security departments (on petty sabotage, etc.);
- fight against speculation, counterfeiting, bribery;
- operational management of the commandants of the procurement points of the "Zagotzerno" system.
In the republican, regional and regional police departments of large industrial centers, departments, departments and groups of the BHSS were created. Where such devices were not created, the fight against theft and speculation continued to be carried out by other police services, including the criminal investigation department. The OBKhSS apparatuses were formed mainly from employees who had previously gone through a good practical school in the economic departments of the system of the Main Directorate of State Security and in the criminal investigation units.
In 1939, investigative groups began to be created in the republican, regional and regional divisions of the service, which took over the investigation of criminal cases initiated on economic crimes. At the same time, the work of the BHSS units begins to be based on the territorial principle, which made it possible to move away from the narrow specialization of employees, which in turn contributed to the improvement of their interaction with district and city police departments.
Just before the start of the Great Patriotic War, in 1941, the BHSS devices were additionally charged with the duty to fight against money changers and smugglers. This work was most actively carried out in the regions of Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and the Baltic republics. However, in general, it was just beginning to unfold, and the size of currency crimes and smuggling activities in the USSR was then small.
Fight against waste and theft. In the last pre-war years, the performance of the BHSS units has improved markedly. Strengthening the fight against waste and theft in the system of state trade and consumer cooperation has led to a decrease in these types of crimes. So, if the number of embezzlement and theft detected in 1939 is taken as 100%, then in 1940 they were established according to the state trade system 62%, and according to the consumer cooperation system - 54%.
The decline in embezzlement and embezzlement is explained by the fact that from direct embezzlement and embezzlement of material values, criminals operating in trade switched to indirect ones. Measuring, weighing buyers, sorting goods, etc. have become widespread. By deceiving buyers, criminals created large surpluses, and then appropriated them.
An important role in the disclosure of these offenses was played by the order of the NKVD of May 26, 1940, which announced instructions for supervising the use in trade of correct and stamped scales, weights and other similar equipment. This made it possible for the police, together with the prosecutor's office and the state trade inspectorate under the People's Commissar of Internal Trade of the USSR, to launch an offensive against those who violate the rules of trade - weighing, measuring and cheating buyers.
Fight against speculation and counterfeiters. Along with active participation in the "strengthening of socialist property," the BHSS divisions solved the responsible tasks of exposing and suppressing the activities of speculators.
In the pre-war years, speculation in industrial goods prevailed. Speculation was especially widespread in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk and other large industrial centers. In this regard, the BHSS apparatuses undertook a whole range of measures aimed at eradicating speculation. As a result of their efforts in 1940, 242 large groups of speculators were neutralized and 1,242 people were brought to justice. Values worth 3,065 thousand rubles were confiscated from the criminals.
In the prewar years, counterfeit banknotes of 10, 5 and 1 ruble denominations were noted on the territory of a number of republics and regions of the USSR. Employees of the OBKhSS had to put a lot of effort into exposing the counterfeiters. In 1940 alone, the BHSS authorities exposed 4 groups of criminals who made counterfeit money using typographic and lithographic methods, as well as 7 groups that forged banknotes by hand.
Thus, in the Georgian SSR, a group of 12 counterfeit coin makers was arrested, operating in Tbilisi. During the search, the criminals seized 17 clichés depicting banknotes of 3 ruble denominations, 44 drawings of banknotes, tools and other devices for counterfeiting banknotes.
In the Azerbaijan SSR, a group of counterfeiters engaged in the manufacture and sale of 10-ruble banknotes in Baku was liquidated by the employees of the BHSS of the republic and the Rostov region. The money counterfeited by this group was confiscated not only in the Azerbaijan SSR, but also in Rostov, Saratov, Moscow and a number of other regions.
10 ruble bills were of high quality, forged by a group of 6 people in Moscow. During a search of the organizers of the criminal group, 274 counterfeit banknotes of 10-ruble denominations, false passport blanks, a large number of fake stamps and seals, devices for making counterfeit money were found and confiscated. In total, in this case, employees of the BHSS seized counterfeit banknotes of 10-ruble denominations in the amount of 52,200 rubles. and confiscated nearly 17,000 genuine money.
General results of the activities of the OBKhSS. The OBKhSS apparatus proved to be highly effective. As a result of a large-scale offensive against economic crime in 1939, 268 organized groups of robbers were exposed in supply and marketing organizations alone, and 1,886 criminals were prosecuted. The following year, 1940, these figures doubled - 538 groups, 3573 robbers.
In general, in all spheres of the economy in the country in 1940, more than 2 thousand organized groups of robbers, speculators and counterfeiters were identified, more than 11 thousand criminals were brought to justice - also 2 times more than in the previous year. During the investigation of criminal cases, it was established that the robbers caused damage to the state by almost 49 million rubles. More than 10 million rubles worth of money and valuables were seized from them. and a significant amount described property. In addition, police officers confiscated money, valuables and securities worth more than 80 million rubles from speculators and turned them into state revenue.
Thus, in the prewar years, the bodies of the BHSS, which are a new kind of police service, proved in practice the necessity of their existence, becoming an effective means of protecting the economy of the USSR.
The Soviet state highly appreciated the military work of the workers of the BHSS, for selfless work to protect socialist property and fight against other crimes of an economic nature during the Great Patriotic War, many of them were awarded orders and medals.
BHSS SERVICE IN THE POST-WAR TIME - BEFORE THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR AND THE LIQUIDATION OF THE UNION MIA: gg.
In the post-war period main task was the restoration of the national economy destroyed by the war. In the territories occupied by the Germans, thousands of cities and villages, plants and factories were completely destroyed, about a million houses, schools and other social and cultural facilities were burned and destroyed. Restoration of the destroyed required enormous financial, material and labor costs, and the state, to the best of its ability, did everything to restore the destroyed factories and factories, housing and other infrastructure. Under these conditions, it was especially important to prevent the plundering and squandering of the national property, to ensure the safety of all restoration resources.
Among the first information search engines One can name the "reference point" system created in the OBKhSS of the Volgograd region and "Electron" - in the OBKhSS of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Gorky region, which immediately showed their effectiveness.
In 1977, a new “Regulation on the Directorate for Combating theft of Socialist Property and Speculation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR” was adopted, and then the “Approximate Regulation on the Directorate (Department) of the BHSS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union and Autonomous Republics, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Regional Executive Committees”. These documents strengthened legal status services, more clearly defined its place and role in the system of internal affairs bodies, helped to increase its authority, and ultimately influenced the increase in the efficiency of its activities.
A set of measures taken with the aim of professionally strengthening the BHSS apparatuses, equipping them with the latest technical means, developing scientifically based methods for the operational servicing of sectors of the national economy, made it possible to bring their activities to a qualitatively new level.
The BHSS apparatuses were especially active in implementing the guidelines of the leadership when the country set a course for a radical restructuring of the socio-economic sphere of our society and when the demands for observance of the principles of social justice in society were especially sharply voiced. Thus, over the years, the total number of crimes detected by the BHSS devices increased by 23.3%. Compared to the previous five-year period, thefts committed on a large and especially large scale were revealed by 40% more, by 32% more disguised criminal groups operating in various industries and departments were exposed (78%). The number of convicted bribe-takers increased by 80%, and speculators - by 30%. The most important guidelines for the activities of the BHSS service were the provisions of the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of July 2, 1984 "On the work of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to improve the activities of the BHSS service" and the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 01.01.01 "On measures to strengthen the fight against unearned income ", in which an analysis was given of the state of the fight against theft of socialist property and other ways of obtaining unearned income and the main tasks of law enforcement agencies were determined.
The primary duties of the BHSS service, in accordance with the requirements of these decrees, remained the prevention of theft, waste and mismanagement.
In preventive work, it was necessary to better use operational capabilities to identify channels and loopholes of plunder people's goods, strengthen contacts with other departments and services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ministries and departments, improve interaction with public formations and labor collectives, aim a special apparatus at the decomposition of criminal groups. Identify previously convicted persons who do not have the right, by decision of the judicial authorities, to occupy positions of leadership and related to financial responsibility.
Along with this, the main efforts of the apparatuses of the BHSS were to be directed to the identification and timely suppression of the criminal activities of large, deeply disguised groups of robbers, bribe-takers and speculators.
As a rule, large and especially large thefts during this period were committed by criminal groups, which included experienced business workers. At the same time, criminal combinations often covered related sectors of the national economy. At such enterprises, accounting of material assets was most often deliberately started, timely checks of raw materials in warehouses and in production were not carried out, inventories were carried out formally. The anti-state practice of postscripts and deliberate distortion of reporting caused enormous harm to the national economy. Thanks to all these negative phenomena, the long-term machinations of plunderers and bribe-takers making illegal deals with cotton in the Uzbek SSR and other regions of the country became possible. As a result, hundreds of people were involved in the criminal sphere, and the damage caused to the state amounted to millions of rubles.
The agro-industrial complex demanded special attention. The employees of the BHSS apparatus had to master all the subtleties and details of the new economic and legal mechanism, full cost accounting in agricultural production, collective contracting, standards for relations with processing and trade enterprises, purchases and procurement of products in order to competently prevent and eliminate the causes and conditions of abuse. This was especially important in connection with the granting to collective farms and state farms of the right to sell up to a third of planned purchases and all above-planned products of consumer cooperation in the markets.
Despite the measures taken, criminal groups operated at a number of agro-industrial complex facilities. Thus, in the Voronezhplodovoshkhoz association, internal affairs bodies exposed 8 such groups, which had been engaged in embezzlement for a long time. They caused material damage to the state for 150 thousand rubles.
As before, the tasks of combating robbers who had penetrated into the sphere of trade remained relevant. In 1985 alone, more than 20,000 thefts were uncovered by the internal affairs bodies, money and valuables worth 22.5 million rubles were confiscated from criminals. Dangerous groups have been exposed in a number of trade organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Moscow, Rostov, Andijan and a number of other regions.
The operational situation in the system of consumer services for the population and housing and communal services remained the most difficult. Serious concern, in particular, was caused by the penetration of businessmen - entrepreneurs who, bypassing the law, opened shops for the production of "left" products, purchased equipment, raw materials, and materials for bribes.
The highest concentration of such businessmen was observed - in Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, Checheno-Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and a number of regions.
Serious abuses persisted in light and local industries. Here, a large amount of wool, leather and other types of raw materials were squandered, which were sold for bribes to schemers operating at public service facilities.
The number of crimes detected in the field of supply and marketing organizations has noticeably increased. Their workers, acting in collusion with businessmen - guest performers, sometimes handed over non-stock equipment and raw materials to them, thereby creating the opportunity to produce unaccounted products and appropriate huge amounts of money.
A large amount of shortages and theft began to be recorded at engineering enterprises. Taking advantage of the carelessness on the part of the regulatory authorities, officials used outdated norms for the consumption of metal to create "surpluses", wrote it off in large quantities for the production of defective products, and plundered it under the guise of providing patronage assistance. Products of workshops producing consumer goods and cultural and household goods, products of auxiliary farms of enterprises, overalls, and some types of expensive tools were stolen.