Biography. The most closed people
G. SMIRNOV
Ivan Fedorovich
When in 1940 the question arose in the government of who to appoint People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy, it was difficult to find a more suitable candidate for this responsible and important post in the country than Ivan Fedorovich Tevosyan. In fact, he, a thirty-eight-year-old engineer and party leader, was characterized by colossal life and production experience and a firm, truly communist ideological and spiritual hardening.
Probably, Tevadros Tevosyan, a tailor from the town of Shusha in Azerbaijan, who was somehow making ends meet, would have been surprised if someone had told him that his son Hovhannes, who was born in early January 1902, would become a world-famous person, become a minister and even moreover - the deputy head of the government. The Baku peers of the boy would also be surprised (in an effort to escape from bitter poverty, the family moved to Baku a few years later). In this international city, Hovhannes turned into Ivan, and his patronymic in Russian pronunciation turned into “Fedorovich” and remained so for life. Sixteen-year-old Vanya Tevosyan made the final choice of the main life path- He joined the Bolshevik Party. And already in the next year, 1919, he became the secretary of the underground city party committee in the capital of the oil region. Later, Tevosyan was elected secretary of one of the Baku district committees, and in 1921 he was sent as a delegate to the 10th Party Congress in Moscow. Together with other congress delegates, he takes part in the suppression of the counter-revolutionary Kronstadt rebellion. And then, on a party ticket, he goes to study at the metallurgical faculty of the Moscow Mining Academy. In 1927, Tevosyan came to the Elektrostal plant near Moscow. Here he consistently goes through the first production steps: a worker, an assistant foreman, then a shop foreman. And in 1929, after a brilliant defense of the graduation project on open-hearth and electric steel production, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks sent Tevosyan, along with two hundred other young specialists, to Germany for advanced training. During the year he spent abroad, he worked in the electric steel shop at the Krupp plant in Essen, traveled to all the main German special steel plants, and also visited and inspected quality steel plants in Czechoslovakia and Italy.
After returning from a business trip abroad in November 1930, Tevosyan was appointed head of the electric steel shops of the Elektrostal plant, and then the chief engineer of this plant. From August 1931, Tevosyan became the manager of the Spetsstal association.
He headed this association for five years, after which he was entrusted with a number of high leadership positions in the system of the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry, where he was the head of the head office, and the deputy people's commissar, and the first deputy people's commissar. In 1940, Tevosyan was appointed People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy and remained in this post until 1953...
AT modern war the decisive role will be played by the metal, its quantity and quality, - I. F. Tevosyan said to the workers of the people's commissariat on June 22, 1941. - We need metal and ground, and air, and maritime forces! This is our task, and we are all responsible for its solution to the Motherland!
A titanic effort to relocate smelters from western regions countries to the Urals, to organize production in new places, to master new steel grades, to produce armor and shells, were crowned with convincing success in the Kursk Bulge. Here in the summer of 1943, in the words of the poet N. Glazkov, "The Urals broke the Ruhr": Ural armor and Ural shells in the oncoming tank battles crushed the armored armada of the Reich. And it is symbolic that it was after Kursk Bulge Tevosyan was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor "for special merits in the field of organizing the production of high-quality and high-quality metal for all types of weapons, tanks, aviation and ammunition in difficult wartime conditions."
Under the leadership of Tevosyan, even before the end of hostilities, the restoration of metallurgical enterprises in the territories liberated from the enemy began. In the victorious 1945, the Soviet metallurgical industry produced 67 percent of the output of pre-war 1940 steel. And already in 1950, the pre-war level was surpassed one and a half times! And it was not only in quantity, but also in quality. With the support, and even with the personal participation of the minister, in the Soviet metallurgical industry they mastered in the first post-war years such important innovations as oxygen blasting, the production of welded pipes of large diameter, the creation of domestic heat-resistant alloys for aircraft jet engines…
That is why the name of Ivan Fedorovich Tevosyan in the history of our country remained forever associated with the development of the Soviet metallurgical industry and especially with the establishment of the domestic production of special steels. But in the development of Tevosyan as a major organizer and leader of the industry, shipbuilding played a large, and perhaps even decisive role ...
Until 1937, the Sudprom trust, later renamed Glavsudprom, and then Glavmorprom, managed the Soviet shipbuilding industry. This trust was mainly engaged in the planning of the shipbuilding industry and interfactory cooperation, but did not pursue a technical policy, and, in addition to directors of factories and managers design organizations, few of the shipbuilders came across employees and technical services of Glavmorprom. But then 1937 came - the most important in the history of the Soviet fleet, because the construction of numerous warships laid down in previous years was entering its final phase - the phase of testing and handing over ships to the Navy. During the year 1937 alone, the shipbuilders had to hand over to the sailors the light cruiser Kirov, several leaders of the Leningrad type and destroyers of the Wrathful type, as well as minesweepers, patrol boats, submarines and other ships.
In order to identify and eliminate as quickly as possible the design and technological shortcomings of the new ships, which were to be revealed during the tests, and in order to take measures to prevent them in the future, it was necessary to put an experienced, authoritative and energetic leader at the head of the shipbuilding industry. And the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks found such a person in the person of Ivan Fedorovich Tevosyan.
“From December 1936,” Ivan Fedorovich wrote in his autobiography, “by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, he went to work in the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry as the head of one of the Main Directorates. Since June 1937, having moved to another department, he became deputy people's commissar of the defense industry of the USSR. In October, he was appointed first deputy people's commissar of the defense industry ... "And less than two years later, when the people's commissariat of the defense industry was divided into four people's commissariats - weapons, ammunition, aviation and shipbuilding industries - Tevosyan became the first people's commissar of Soviet shipbuilding.
At various times, Soviet shipbuilding was headed by three major leaders and organizers - I. Tevosyan, A. Goreglyad and V. Malyshev - who, although they were not shipbuilders by profession, nevertheless had a tremendous impact on the development of the shipbuilding industry. With the main task common to all ministers - the timely delivery of ships - each of them also pursued his own special goal. Thus, V. Malyshev sought to sharply increase the production of ships with minimal capital expenditures for the construction and expansion of factories. His predecessor A. Goreglyad paid the main attention to the introduction new technology, deepening the specialization of factories and their cooperation, and minimizing the labor intensity of building ships. As for I. Tevosyan, he occupied a unique place in this trio, because he had no predecessors and had to create the apparatus of the People's Commissariat of the shipbuilding industry simultaneously with the delivery of the ships. And he coped with this most difficult task so successfully that even many years later one of his successors, V. Malyshev, said that he worked in many ministries, but never met such a strong apparatus as in Sudprom. “Here,” Malyshev said, “every employee of the apparatus is an experienced specialist in his field. Any worker can be sent to the plant or to the ship, and he will deal with any issue on the spot and make the right decision under his own responsibility.”
Ivan Fedorovich himself never made a secret of how he selected the necessary personnel. “When I was appointed head of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the People’s Commissariat of the Defense Industry,” he later told his employees, “I did not know either ships or shipbuilding technology, I was not familiar with either designers, or with production workers, or with sailor customers. But I was well aware of the tense international situation and the tasks facing shipbuilders. I thought: where is the best place to study the ships? Of course, on the development of structures, that is, on acceptance tests. Where is the best place to learn about shipbuilding technology? Of course, in factories, in workshops. Where can you meet the most experienced managers and the most skilled workers? Of course, on a live, practical, industrial activity. And then I went to the factories, to the delivery of ships, where I met shipbuilders of all ranks - from directors of factories and chiefs design bureaus to members of commissioning teams and foremen in workshops. And the better I got to know shipbuilding personnel, the more my confidence in the success of the work entrusted to me grew.
Indeed, Tevosyan was the only one of all the people's commissars - the ministers of the shipbuilding industry - who personally participated in the development of ship designs, himself checked the readiness of each ship for delivery and systematically went to sea for testing. He walked around the engine and boiler rooms, control posts and wheelhouses, without hesitation, asked specialists about the purpose and principles of operation of various instruments and devices; and very soon he became a fully qualified shipbuilder and even an experienced ship deliverer.
At one of the shipyards. In the center - G. K. Ordzhonikidze. To his right is I.F. Tevosyan. In the Kremlin on the day of the presentation of the high award. I. F. Tevosyan - to the right of M. I. Kalinin. 1944
At the same time, everywhere - in design bureaus, in workshops, on ships - Ivan Fedorovich carefully looked at the workers, surprisingly quickly and accurately determining their abilities, experience, efficiency, perseverance and ability to make responsible decisions in a timely manner. A year later, in a thick notebook, where Tevosyan wrote down the characteristics of workers, information was accumulated about dozens of shipbuilding specialists - corps builders, mechanics, electricians, military men, systems engineers, technologists. And when at the beginning of 1939 it was time to recruit the apparatus of the newly organized People's Commissariat of the shipbuilding industry, Tevosyan, looking through his notebook, was amazed at the abundance of experienced personnel ...
Ivan Fedorovich secured a spacious building in Petroverigsky Lane for the people's commissariat, developed the structure and staffing table, and outlined who to appoint to which posts. So, the former responsible deliverers of the ships, whom the people's commissar knew well personally from the delivery and development of structures, were appointed heads of the production headquarters. The former chief engineers of factories and heads of workshops became the chief engineers of the production headquarters.
The pride of Soviet shipbuilding is the Red Banner cruiser Kirov. Destroyer "Gromkiy".The creation of the People's Commissariat of the shipbuilding industry was a completely new thing: the USSR became the first country in the world in which the entire shipbuilding business was united into a single industry. It could be expected that the organization and establishment of a clear work of the new People's Commissariat would require a lot of time. But it turned out the other way around. Most of the workers were left with the impression that the people's commissariat began working literally the next day after the decision was issued. After the creation of the People's Commissariat, Ivan Fedorovich began to strengthen the leading factory and design personnel.
Tevosyan was at the head of Soviet shipbuilding for a relatively short time - only about three years. But the experience of these years convinced him that a close, careful attitude to personnel is the main link in the chain that leads to the success of the whole business, which he never tired of talking about throughout his life.
Speaking at a meeting of the party and economic activists of the People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy in June 1940, the newly appointed People's Commissar Tevosyan said:
“Now I will focus on the most important issue - the selection of personnel. This question answers all other questions: why do we have a weak technical leadership, why we did not provide raw materials, why the material and technical supply was poorly organized. The question of personnel was in the corral. We must select people who are loyal, honest and knowledgeable in all areas. If a person does not know the business, he will not be able to cope with it, it is necessary to select such shop managers, deputies, foremen, plant directors who know the techniques of blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling business. Unfortunately, this was not the case. There was no other. Over the years, tens of thousands of young specialists have been promoted to production in various sectors. This is correct, but these new cadres must be led, seriously helped and taught. Unfortunately, the matter boiled down to the fact that people were displaced and relocated endlessly ... We have thousands of engineers at the factories, excellent workers who have advanced over the years, which, of course, will go far ahead in the field of mastering technology. They need to be known, put forward, they need to be raised, shown to the whole country ... "
And Ivan Fedorovich himself repeatedly demonstrated examples of such an attitude towards qualified specialists during the years when he headed the Soviet shipbuilding industry.
“The next question is the style of technical leadership,” Tevosyan said at the same meeting of the party and economic activists of the People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy. - ... It seems to me that the factories did not receive technical assistance from the head office, the people's commissariat, because the chief engineer, the head office engineer were loaded with routine, wrote a lot of papers, but forgot their child - the plant ... Leading workers went to the plant without chief engineers, without specialists - blast furnace workers, open-hearth workers, rental companies. They took technical staff with them to write papers ... You can, of course, come to the factory, walk around the factory, create a tail for yourself - the director of the factory, the chief engineer, the party committee. I talked to the director, talked to the party committee, talked to two or three Stakhanovites, held a meeting at which I delivered a speech. The leadership is to come to the plant with people who know the business, and send these people in advance so that they can also “dig deeper”, check the specific situation in individual sections, and find out the reasons for the shortcomings. Then the deputy head of the central office, the head of the central office and the deputy people's commissar arrive. They are included in the work of this team, they are told about everything in detail, and then they begin to look shop after shop. The central apparatus must be reorganized in such a way that its workers feel that they are dealing with a front where military operations are going on ... "
Behind these words, firmly and confidently spoken to the metallurgists by their new people's commissar, was Tevosyan's significant experience at the head of the shipbuilding industry. It was here that Ivan Fedorovich became convinced that it was not enough to find knowledgeable and intelligent specialists. It is not enough to push them to leadership positions. It is also necessary to educate them, to mobilize all their abilities, to teach them to be efficient, to be ready to delve into the very essence of the problems that arise and take responsibility for their decisions. But here, as in any education, the demonstration is a hundred times stronger and more convincing than the story. And Tevosyan did not get tired of his personal example to show employees how to act in this or that case.
Every time he appeared on a ship to be handed over, he got acquainted with the handover crew, asked the workers, trying to find out if they had any claims and complaints. In general, the commissioning teams did not have much reason to complain: in our country, unlike many capitalist countries, the commissioning teams received free meals on a par with military sailors, there were always barrels of kvass and sauerkraut on the deck of the ship as a remedy for motion sickness. But sometimes there were complaints about food, providing overalls and wages, and Ivan Fedorovich recorded all this in detail. Upon returning to the shore, he immediately began to call various organizations, demanding that they sort it out, eliminate injustices and report to him about the perpetrators. After such telephone conversations he did not miss the opportunity to tell his employees: “If you promised anything to the workers or other workers of the factories, then you must fulfill it without delay either in the near or in the long box. Only then will you be respected not only as a leader, but also as a person.”
One of the most valuable and amazing qualities of Ivan Fedorovich was a rare ability to ignite, inspire a person to solve some puzzling technical problem.
When the tests of the first Soviet-built destroyer revealed incomprehensible melting of the main thrust bearings, the designer who designed the installation, instead of going to the ship to examine the damage and find the causes of the melting, suggested a different course of action. Reporting to the People's Commissar about what he was going to do, he offered to develop a new bearing design and even said that he had already begun to make new drawings. Such a businesslike, non-engineering approach deeply outraged Tevosyan.
A new marriage can always be made, he said angrily, only there must be good reasons for this. It is necessary to establish the cause of the unsatisfactory operation of the bearing. How can you start designing a new bearing when you haven't even been in the engine room and seen a melted bearing? Go to the ship immediately, go down to the engine room, inspect the disassembled bearing and report your thoughts and suggestions to me tomorrow morning. I am convinced that the cause of the accident is a mistake that you made in the drawings!
And in the end, the opinion of the people's commissar was confirmed: a gross error was found in the drawing of the bearing.
Tevosyan was outraged by the custom of some leaders to shift the blame on others, to cover up their own inactivity and laziness of mind with angry attacks and denunciations of contractors. Tevosyan considered this custom to be the most dangerous phenomenon in shipbuilding, where the cost of counterparty deliveries sometimes exceeds the cost of actual shipbuilding work. And he stopped such attempts, as they say, in the bud and in the most merciless way.
If the first “shipbuilding” act of Tevosyan is considered the creation of the People’s Commissariat of the shipbuilding industry and the selection of personnel for its apparatus, then the development and approval of testing programs and delivery of ships to the customer should be recognized as the second most important act. In fact, before the organization of the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry in 1937, there were no established norms and procedures in the preparation and approval of test programs. The test programs were drawn up only for ship affairs, that is, they included mooring tests of mechanisms and equipment, factory sea trials, which tested the operation of the main mechanical installation in long-term modes of travel, as well as speed, maneuverability, torpedo and artillery weapons. Various organizations customers developed their own programs that were not coordinated with shipbuilders, which led to an unreasonable delay in testing.
Although representatives of the Navy participated in all these tests and checks, they did not finally accept anything, postponing the solution of all issues until the state tests. And it turned out that in practice the ships were accepted by state acceptance committees, whose temporary members could not be held responsible for the quality of acceptance. The military representatives who were members of the state commissions also did not bear personal responsibility for the quality of acceptance, since they also took part in their work from time to time. All this created a certain arbitrariness in relations between the shipbuilding industry and customers. Military representatives and commissions often demanded additional regimes and tests, which created ambiguity and uncertainty in the laboriousness of construction and in the timing of the delivery of ships.
Tevosyan was faced with the fact that the military representatives make demands to the plants that are not provided for by the technical projects approved by the government, immediately after being appointed head of the Main Department of Shipbuilding of the NKOP. When he first visited the ships being built at one of the factories, he drew attention to the extremely expensive decoration of the wardrooms and other premises. So, at the request of military acceptance, the walls of the wardrooms of the new destroyers were finished with inlaid panels of precious wood based on the tales of A. S. Pushkin. Bypassing the ships under construction, Ivan Fedorovich noticed that in the living quarters, electrical cables, wires and pipelines were sealed under the skin. Gathering designers and military representatives, he pointed out to them the excesses in the decoration of the premises, canceled valuable woods and ordered them to switch to outdoor wiring of cables and pipelines. “Of course, outdoor wiring is not very attractive,” he said, “but it is convenient in combat conditions, when it is necessary to quickly detect damage and fix them.”
When the military representatives began to object to these changes, arguing that, they say, we are customers, and shipbuilders should do what we demand, Ivan Fedorovich rather sharply answered them: “The customer is not you, but the state! You are the same clerks of the state as we are, but only in a different area.
Later, having learned that due to additional requirements, the Kirov cruiser traveled 7,500 miles in state tests and completely exhausted the auxiliary diesel generators, so they had to be replaced with new ones, Tevosyan forbade the responsible deliverers to accept additional test programs without his personal permission. But he, of course, understood that the decision of the deputy commissar of industry - the supplier - is one thing, and the decision of the Navy - the customer, is another matter. It is clear that the last word should remain with the customer. Arriving from Leningrad to Moscow, he made attempts to coordinate his instructions to the deliverers with the People's Commissariat of the Navy.
Things got off the ground after Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov, a seasoned sailor who led the Soviet Naval Forces during the years of the Great Patriotic War. Tevosyan went to Kuznetsov, and they quickly agreed on all issues of building, commissioning, testing and acceptance of ships. A procedure was established for the development of test programs and responsibilities of deliverers and acceptors, as well as a procedure for considering requirements that go beyond the specification. The leaders of industry and the fleet decided that the acceptance of ships for reliability in long-term regimes is carried out by military representatives, while state selection commissions check and accept ships only according to performance characteristics and therefore do not conduct long-term regimes. These decisions streamlined the relationship between deliverers and receivers, clearly delimited the measure of responsibility, and ultimately contributed to the improvement of the quality of the ships.
The initiative of Tevosyan and Kuznetsov was supported by the government. In 1940, when Ivan Fedorovich was already People's Commissar for the shipbuilding industry, he, along with a representative of the Navy, was summoned to the Council of Ministers of the USSR for a detailed report on the state of development and delivery of ships. On the basis of this report, a provision was developed in which the procedure established by Kuznetsov and Tevosyan was legalized, as well as the norms for the consumption of motor resources during tests and the time standards for factory and state tests. In addition, the government awarded awards to acceptance teams for quality testing and reduced time.
Since that time, combined test programs have been widely used in our shipbuilding, when maneuverability, agility, controllability and even shooting are tested at full speed for a long time. In accordance with this provision, specially appointed commissions developed unified test programs, including all specialties and all ship equipment, and these programs were approved by the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy and the People's Commissariat of the Shipbuilding Industry. The procedure established by this decision brought complete clarity to the relationship between customers and suppliers, contributed to the improvement of the quality of the ships and, in general terms, has been preserved to this day.
Autumn 1939 Nazi Germany invited the Soviet Union to conclude a trade agreement in the development of the non-aggression pact: in exchange for certain types of raw materials and food, the Germans offered to supply us with the latest industrial equipment and introduce us to the latest military equipment, including naval equipment. The Soviet government expressed interest in this proposal, but set its own conditions. Before concluding a trade agreement, the Soviet side must make sure that they are ready to sell really modern equipment, and not some old stuff. Therefore, as an indispensable condition for concluding a trade agreement, the Soviet Union demanded that our specialists could go to Germany and get acquainted on the spot with the machines and equipment offered for sale. When, after reading the reports of the seconded specialists, the Soviet side is convinced that they are actually offering the latest models, it is ready to start concluding a trade agreement.
The Germans accepted this condition. And in November 1939, a large economic delegation left for Germany, consisting of ninety major Soviet specialists - shipbuilders, aircraft builders, instrument operators, and armed forces. The delegation was headed by the People's Commissar of the shipbuilding industry I.F. Tevosyan ...
It was difficult to find a more successful leader of such a delegation than Ivan Fedorovich. This was his third trip to Germany - in 1929 he had an internship at the Krupna factories in Essen, and in 1931, on behalf of the People's Commissar of Heavy Industry G. Ordzhonikidze, he went to Germany to find and invite major specialists in the production of high-quality steels to the USSR. Thanks to these trips, Tevosyan knew German industry very well, spoke German fluently and was personally acquainted with many figures in German industry.
Nevertheless, Ivan Fedorovich was fully imbued with the importance and complexity of the state assignment entrusted to him. If during his previous visits Germany was a defeated and largely infringed power, now a fascist regime has been established in it, which has already unleashed new war in Europe and took a short break before new aggressive campaigns. If on previous trips Tevosyan acted as a respectful student who came "for science" to the masters, now he led a large delegation, which was supposed to give a qualified and objective assessment the level of the vaunted German military equipment, which has already made many tremble European countries. At the same time, Tevosyan understood that the Germans agreed to receive the delegation not out of good will, but under the pressure of an urgent need for raw materials and food, and that they would do their best to reduce the inspection programs. Therefore, in order to successfully fulfill the government task, the head of the delegation in his behavior had to combine firmness in defending his demands with high diplomatic tact. In the negotiations it was impossible to allow the slightest infringement on the dignity and interests of the Soviet Union and, at the same time, not to give the slightest pretext for any political provocations.
Throughout the entire stay of the delegation in Germany, Ivan Fedorovich vigilantly monitored that the fundamental requirements of Soviet side. When the fascist rear admiral, who received Soviet shipbuilders, heard a list of ships and problems that our specialists wanted to get acquainted with, he sharply stated:
There is a war going on. We have little time, so we can take your entire delegation to inspect the German ships for no more than two or three days.
Upon learning of this, Tevosyan firmly insisted that the Soviet requirements be met: the delegation was divided into specialties, and it was given two weeks for inspections. Ivan Fedorovich himself behaved with high fascist officials with great dignity and did not miss the opportunity to put them in a puddle. Demonstrating to the Soviet delegation their difficulties with food, the Germans went too far. One day, during a meager dinner in a dimly lit hotel restaurant, one of the members of the delegation approached Tevosyan, who was sitting in the center of the hall with officials from the German Foreign Ministry, and said:
Ivan Fyodorovich! You can’t work with such feeding, you need more high-calorie food!
Tevosyan, without changing his face, turned to the German representative and said harshly:
If the German side cannot provide the delegation with normal food, I will send a telegram to Moscow, and food will be delivered here tomorrow by plane.
The German jumped up as if stung and quickly left the hall. A few minutes later he returned and loudly announced that the delegations would now serve a real dinner. The issue of food for the delegation was finally resolved, and the demonstration of food difficulties was over.
The culmination of the inspections, according to the German side, was to be the exit of the Soviet delegation to the sea on the newest heavy cruiser "Admiral Hipper". Wanting to inflate the price of this demonstration in the eyes of the head of the Soviet delegation, the fascist admiral began to tell Tevosyan that the release of the Hipper into the sea was fraught with great dangers, since a meeting with English ships was not ruled out. But Ivan Fedorovich could not be frightened by such tales: he made fun of the admiral, asking him, they say, is the German fleet really so weak that it is afraid of meeting with an English ship every time it goes to sea?
In the middle of the day, the Germans asked the entire delegation to come on deck to show them a demonstration firing with blank charges simultaneously from guns of all calibers. Their intention - to make a stunning impression on the delegation - was obvious. But, despite the fire and the roar, despite the cries of hefty gunners who, firing from anti-aircraft guns, loudly rehearsed commands and for some reason shouted “Heil Hitler” before each shot, Tevosyan did not hide the circumstances that the owners tried to hide. The cruiser did not develop full speed, and sentries stood near the hatches to the engine and boiler rooms: the Germans did not want to show the guests serious malfunctions in the operation of the machines.
Once, when all the trips around Germany were over and the entire delegation gathered in Berlin, Ivan Fedorovich gathered shipbuilders and announced unexpected news: the Germans were offering the Soviet Union to buy two unfinished Admiral Hipper-class cruisers. The head of the delegation wanted to know the opinion of shipbuilders on the advisability of acquiring these ships. After lengthy discussions, most of the participants were inclined to believe that it was not advisable to buy cruisers, mainly because of the dependence on the supply of spare parts and ammunition from Germany. With this decision, Tevosyan went to Moscow.
He returned two days later in a bad mood: Moscow did not agree with his opinion. He was told that if the Germans were selling two cruisers, they should be bought. If the Germans sell us their entire fleet, then we must buy it. If they offer to sell all their weapons, then they must be bought. What we buy today will not fight against us tomorrow. No matter how much money we pay for cruisers, destroying them in battle will cost us much more.
The German side was immediately informed that the Soviet Union was ready to buy both cruisers, but the Germans suddenly balked and said that they had changed their minds about selling the cruisers. After lengthy negotiations, an agreement was reached on the sale of Lutzow alone, and the Germans undertook to complete it in the Soviet Union. Of course, they did not fulfill this obligation, and the cruiser, called "Petropavlovsk", was never commissioned until the start of World War II. Nevertheless, it was used in hostilities as a floating battery and brought a lot of trouble to the fascist warriors who approached the walls of Leningrad. On September 17, 1941, they managed to inflict such severe shocks on the cruiser that it sank and sat on the ground, but the Leningrad shipbuilders managed to repair the holes and take the ship literally from under the nose of the enemy. After repairs, in January 1944, he again opened fire on the enemy from his 203-millimeter guns.
On December 14, 1939, the Soviet economic delegation left for Moscow. The members of the delegation fulfilled the government order, they got acquainted with the level of German technology and knew the quality of German ships no worse than their own. And in this success, a prominent role belonged to the head of the delegation of the people's commissar of the shipbuilding industry, Ivan Fedorovich Tevosyan.
Once again, Ivan Fedorovich had a chance to visit Germany in November 1940 as part of a plenipotentiary government delegation. Then he was already appointed to the post of People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy. But the knowledge and experience he had accumulated over the years of leadership in Soviet shipbuilding was useful to him in further work, and already after the war, shipbuilders, not without trepidation, went to report to the engineering bureau, when it was headed by I.F. Tevosyan, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. “At a meeting of the bureau, I made a report, getting confused and confused, for more than three hours,” recalls one of the leaders of the shipbuilding industry of those years. - Tevosyan pestered me endlessly with questions: as a former people's commissar, he knew plants and ships perfectly. In the end, based on my confusing report, Tevosyan got a note in his notebook about the number of ships that I promised to deliver by the end of the third quarter. When three months later I was again called to the office, remembering the lesson taught by Ivan Fyodorovich, I prepared well, felt confident, often objected to Tevosyan, left the long table and showed Ivan Fyodorovich the graphs neatly executed in colored pencils. When the meeting ended, Tevosyan said with satisfaction:
Last time you were generous with promises, but now you have been taught: you have become cautious and stubborn. This is good!"
Shipbuilding remained close to the heart of Ivan Fedorovich for the rest of his life. But even in metallurgy, he remained a brilliant organizer and a skillful strategist in this industry, which is most important for the entire economy of the country. He successively held the posts of People's Commissar and Minister of Ferrous Metallurgy, Minister of the Metallurgical Industry, and in 1949 was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, until 1953 combining these duties with the leadership of the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy. Tevosyan's merit is great in the uninterrupted supply of metal to the front and rear during the Great Patriotic War. And in the first post-war years, his name is associated with the revival of blast furnaces and open-hearth furnaces destroyed by the enemy in the west of the country, and the turn to qualitatively new technical solutions that determined the present day of the industry.
On October 14, 1956, Ivan Fedorovich Tevosyan received a new and unusual appointment for him - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Japan, relations with which returned to normal after a long break. This appointment coincided with the change of the American ambassador in this country - General MacArthur, a well-known bad memory, became him. Having learned that, according to diplomatic rules, at official receptions, ambassadors line up not according to the rank of powers, but according to the time of arrival in a given country, Tevosyan abandoned all personal matters related to the departure, and rushed to Japan by plane to arrive in Tokyo at least an hour earlier MacArthur. And he achieved his goal: at official receptions, the representative of the USSR stood ahead of the American.
In this episode - all Tevosyan, who, having received a new appointment, immediately began to study the case, for a short time he was able to study and understand many problems and, most importantly, quickly made decisions and began to act. With his usual seriousness and thoroughness, he approached other articles of the diplomatic protocol, and the result was not slow to tell. Usually, during the presentation of his credentials, the Japanese emperor Hirohito keeps himself purely formal, confining himself to uttering a few stereotypical phrases. But at the presentation of his credentials to the Soviet ambassador, Hirohito talked to him and, marveling at his youthful appearance, asked what was the secret of youth. To this Ivan Fedorovich replied: “I’m just an optimist and I always smile!”
Later, participating in the imperial hunt, where ducks are not shot, but caught with a net, Tevosyan, although he was not a hunter, was the only one of all the participants who managed to catch a duck. It was clear to people who knew Ivan Fyodorovich well that the hunting success, about which all Japanese newspapers wrote, burdened him as a waste of time. But the conscientiousness and thoroughness with which he treated any task entrusted to him led him to success even in such a matter as the imperial hunt. The same can be said about Tevosyan's attitude to official receptions. Here he was greatly annoyed by the need to pose in front of photojournalists, who asked every five minutes: “Mr. Ambassador! Please shake hands with Mr. Minister and smile.” And he patiently and tactfully shook hands and smiled in all the rules of diplomatic art.
In Japan, Tevosyan again encountered the shipbuilding industry, this time with the Japanese one. And his trained people's commissar's eye was able to see a lot of things that not only a diplomat, but also most shipbuilders are unable to see. Members of the Soviet delegation, which in May 1957 arrived at the World Industrial Exhibition in Tokyo, had a chance to make sure of this.
The first person to receive this delegation in Japan was soviet ambassador. He immediately recognized and named shipbuilders and metallurgists by their last names, and then got acquainted with representatives of other professions. Immediately after a cursory inspection of the exhibition, Ivan Fedorovich invited shipbuilders to his office, asked about their first impressions, and then impromptu gave a brilliant overview of the Japanese shipbuilding industry.
Japan, according to him, has relied on foreign experience in shipbuilding, is acquiring great amount licenses for the construction of ship turbines, boilers, diesel engines, generators, etc. This decision was caused by a lack of time and money. Nevertheless, the exhibition also presents the original developments of Japanese designers, whose qualifications and abilities Tevosyan gave appreciated and to the developments of which he advised to consider carefully. Although Japanese firms sell their licenses, their number is 10-15 times less than those bought in other countries.
If we briefly formulate the features of Japanese shipbuilding, they boil down to the following: shipyards have large machine-building capacities. Boilers, turbines, diesel engines are made by factories for themselves. On non-decisive mechanisms and equipment enjoy wide cooperation. Shipyards also make some especially important and large parts for themselves, not trusting counterparties in this matter. Not knowing what such details mean for the vessel, the counterparty may be late with the delivery and cause damage to the company, for which he will not be able to pay the penalty ...
Most ships in Japan are built in dry docks, of which there are 83. All factories, even the largest ones, are engaged in the repair of ships - there are no difficulties with orders for repairs, since the main customer here is the American navy. As for orders for merchant ships, the largest customer here is small countries like Liberia, and in fact - the same USA and other large capitalist countries, which benefit from exploiting low-paid Japanese workers and crews of small countries.
Ivan Fedorovich revealed in this conversation the secret of the low cost of ships built in Japan: it is explained by low wages and high discipline workers, their qualifications, organization and intensity of their work. “Do not try to look for a working canteen in Japanese factories - you will never find it there. Workers dine at their workplaces and eat what they bring in boxes from home, he said. “And also pay attention to the fact that people work without raising their heads.”
“We listened and wondered,” recalls one of the members of this delegation. - Twenty-five years have passed since Ivan Fedorovich was People's Commissar of the shipbuilding industry, but he spoke about shipbuilding with such knowledge of the matter, with such subtleties, so skillfully that we forgot that we had an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary in front of us. It seemed to us again that distant times had returned, and we were again listening to our people's commissar for shipbuilding. Later, he met with us several more times, was interested in the results of our visits to the shipyards, asked in detail, corrected us if we were mistaken, explained if we did not understand, emphasized the peculiarities of certain phenomena associated with the customs and way of life in Japan. Later, talking with the metallurgists of the delegation, Ivan Fedorovich again showed himself at the height of the situation. He knew the Japanese metallurgical industry like the back of his hand, and the metallurgists told him about their impressions, listened to him, consulted with him on the most subtle issues of their craft. And again we listened and marveled at the wide knowledge, the extraordinary interest in any matter, the speed of understanding the complexity of the issues. Before us was not the Minister of Shipbuilding, but the Minister of Ferrous Metallurgy. And to be more precise, before us was an outstanding specialist in industry in general ... "
During one of the last meetings with the delegation, Tevosyan formulated with the utmost clarity the main directions for increasing the efficiency of production. “It is necessary to organize industry in such a way,” he said, “that the maximum specialization of all factories without exception is ensured, the broadest possible cooperation of branches of industry, the standardization and unification of machines, mechanisms and products, and the all-round transition to mass production. This is the secret of the business, this is the secret of high productivity, this will give miracles in the socialist management of the economy.
On March 30, 1958, the country saw off last way his distinguished son. Ivan Fedorovich is buried in Red Square, near the Kremlin steppe. At the head of the funeral procession, according to tradition, his numerous awards were carried on scarlet cushions: the Hammer and Sickle gold medal of the Hero of Socialist Labor, five Orders of Lenin, three of the Red Banner of Labor and many medals. To him who never wore military uniform military honors were given. And this is quite fair, because with the same reason he can be called the "commander of metallurgy" or the "admiral of shipbuilding."
Ivan Fyodorovich Tevosyan entered the history of Soviet industry as a major metallurgical engineer and organizer of the metallurgical industry. But it is not by chance that the large oil and ore carrier “Ivan Tevosyan” now plows the sea. Not only this ship, the entire Soviet shipbuilding industry still bears the imprint of the personality of its first people's commissar. Although Ivan Fedorovich led the shipbuilding industry for a relatively short time - just over three years - in his life and in his development as a prominent organizer of the industry, shipbuilding, apparently, played a decisive role. And the point here, of course, is not that the first People's Commissar post in his life was the post of the people's commissar of shipbuilding. The point here is that shipbuilding, with its developed specialization and cooperation of factories, showed Tevosyan what a real modern highly organized production should be like. “I recommend that you go to the Ministry of Shipbuilding,” he once told one of his Minchermet employees, “and study the construction schedule, from laying the ship on the slipway to launching it. Hundreds of enterprises are involved in the creation of the ship, but the shipbuilders managed to achieve such clarity in their work and such a conscious attitude to their duties that the ships are delivered on time, on schedule. It is necessary for all of us to abandon handicrafts, to lead all construction works Strictly according to the schedule - day to day, hour to hour! Only in this way is an exemplary industry created!
Tevosyan Ivan Fedorovich (Tevadrosovich) - People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR.
Ivan Fedorovich (real middle name - Tevadrosovich) Tevosyan was born on January 4, 1902 (December 22, 1901 according to the old style) in the city of Shusha, Elisavetpol province (now the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh). Armenian, son of a handicraft tailor. In 1906, during the Armenian-Azerbaijani massacre, the family fled from Shusha and settled in Baku.
He graduated from an Orthodox parochial school in Baku, a three-year Trade School in the same place. After graduation, he worked in the Volga-Baku Oil Society as a clerk, accountant, assistant accountant. At the same time, in the evenings, he studied as an external student at the gymnasium.
He was an active participant in the revolutionary events of 1917. In July 1918 he joined the RCP(b). From the end of 1918 until April 1920, he worked in the Baku Bolshevik underground, continuing to serve in the Volga-Baku Oil Society. In March 1919 he was elected a member of the underground city committee of the RCP (b), in August 1919 - the secretary of one of the underground district committees in Baku. He was arrested and spent several months in prison, was released for lack of evidence of guilt. In April 1920, he participated in the uprising in Baku, coordinated with the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army.
After recovery Soviet power in Baku on April 28, 1920, Tevosyan was appointed executive secretary of the City District Committee of the RCP (b), as well as a member of the Central Board of the Union of Oil and Metallurgical Industry Workers of Baku and a member of the Botinsky Council of Trade Unions.
In March 1921, as a delegate to the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b), he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. From 1921 to 1929 he studied at the Moscow Mining Academy at the metallurgical faculty and was the secretary of the party bureau of the academy. During his studies at the academy, Tevosyan passed industrial practice at the Taganrog Metallurgical Plant (a worker in the open-hearth shop, an assistant to a pipe rolling shop); at the Stalin Metallurgical Plant in Donbass (assistant shift engineer of the open-hearth shop); at the Dzerzhinsky plant (Kamenka, now Dneprodzerzhinsk, engineer of the open-hearth shop), at the Elektrostal plant in the Moscow Region (worker at the foundry ditch, assistant foreman of the electric steel shop, shop foreman). In 1929-1930 he was on a business trip at metallurgical plants in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Italy.
Since November 1930, he was the head of the electric steel-smelting shops, and then the chief engineer of the Elektrostal plant. From 1932 to 1937, Tevosyan was elected a member of the Moscow Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), from 1930 to 1934 - a member of the Central Control Commission of the Central Committee of the VPK (b), a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in 1934 - 1937.
Since August 1931, I.F. Tevosyan has been the manager of the newly created Spetsstal association (as part of the Elektrostal, Hammer and Sickle, Krasny Oktyabr, Dneprospetsstal, Verkh-Isetsky and Nadezhdinsky metallurgical plants in Sverdlovsk region, ferroalloy Chelyabinsk and Zestafon). The association had a tough task to significantly increase the production of ferroalloys and steels. This task has been completed.
In December 1936, I.F. Tevosyan was appointed head of the Seventh Main Directorate (armor production) of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR. In June 1937, the People's Commissariat for the Defense Industry of the USSR was created, in which I.F. Tevosyan was appointed head of the Second Main Directorate (shipbuilding), and at the same time - deputy and first deputy of the People's Commissar of the USSR Defense Industry. Domestic and foreign historians highly appreciate the work of the USSR shipbuilding industry in the prewar years. Then the cruiser "Kirov", the leaders of the destroyers "Moscow" and "Minsk", new types of submarines, destroyers, minesweepers, river monitors, combat boats of various classes were put into operation). New large shipyards were built in the North and Far East. In 1937, I.V.'s sister was arrested. Tevosyan (she died in prison during the investigation), he himself was subjected to "operational development" and proceedings in the commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
In January 1939, the People's Commissariat for the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR was created and Tevosyan was appointed its first people's commissar. He did a lot of work to create the apparatus of the people's commissariat, to involve the largest scientists in its work (three academicians worked at the people's commissariat at once - A.N. Krylov, Shimansky, Pozdyunin). In 1939, the People's Commissariat handed over 112 ships to the fleet. The efforts of the people's commissar could bring even greater results, but significant forces were thrown into the execution of the decision of I.V. Stalin to build two types of new battleships and the second generation of light cruisers. Despite the fact that their projects themselves were an outstanding achievement of Soviet shipbuilding thought, these ships themselves could not fulfill the tasks assigned to them in the Baltic and Black Seas for which they were built. At the beginning of the war, construction had to be stopped. The same applies to the completion of the purchased unfinished German heavy cruiser Lützow.
In 1940 I.F. Tevosyan was appointed People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR. By that time, this industry was recognized as a failure, and Tevosyan was given the task of urgently correcting the situation in it. He began with the reorganization of the People's Commissariat, the introduction of the country's first new system of
remuneration of workers and managers, achieved the supply of workers of the people's commissariat at higher standards for workers in the defense industry. For the continuity of metallurgical enterprises, stocks of ore, coke, coal, and other materials were created at each of them. Violations of the technological process were mercilessly punished, and the obligation was introduced for each manager to work at least 2 years in a production position before being appointed to a managerial position. A set of other activities has been carried out. As a result, in the first half of 1940, the People's Commissariat fulfilled the plan by 94.5%.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, I.F. Tevosyan reorganized the people's commissariat in accordance with the needs of wartime, organized the development of a plan for the evacuation of enterprises. At the beginning of the war, the enemy seized territories where 2/3 of the total volume of pig iron and 58% of steel were produced before the war. Were lost key sources raw materials. Tevosyan did a lot for the cardinal growth of metal production at the new metallurgical bases of the country - the Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk combines. A number of old Ural factories were urgently modernized. 10 blast furnaces, 29 open-hearth furnaces, 16 electric arc furnaces, and 15 rolling mills were built. As a result, in 1943, the Soviet metallurgical industry was ahead of Germany in steel production.
For exceptional services to the state in organizing the production of high-quality and high-quality metal for all types of weapons, tanks, aviation and ammunition in difficult wartime conditions, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 30, 1943, Ivan Fedorovich Tevosyan was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the award of the Order Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal.
After the war, I.F. Tevosyan headed the restoration of the destroyed ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the southern regions of the country. In terms of the complexity of the tasks, this work had no analogues in world practice. But it was fulfilled - in 1948 in the Donbass the pre-war level of steel smelting and rolled products was reached, and in 1949 - iron smelting.
In 1946, the People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy was transformed into the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR and I.F. Tevosyan. In July 1948, he headed the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of the USSR, formed as a result of the merger of the ministries of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
In June 1949, Tevosyan became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, he headed a giant complex - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal and oil industries, geology, shipbuilding. At the same time, in December 1950, he was appointed Minister of the newly formed Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR. From 10/16/1952 to 3/6/1952 he was a candidate member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
In March 1953, the management of the national economy of the USSR was reorganized, Tevosyan was appointed Minister of the Metallurgical Industry of the USSR (he was until February 1954) and relieved of his duties as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. However, already in December 1953, Tevosyan was again appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Now he was in charge of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas industry and geology, construction of metallurgical, chemical, oil and gas enterprises, vocational education. During this period, under his leadership, the problems of creating new materials for space technology, radio electronics and automation were successfully solved. Merits of I.F. Tevosyan also in the fact that he proved the feasibility of developing iron ore deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, forced the study of the oil-bearing bowels of the Caspian Sea.
The outstanding results of the work of I.F. Tevosyan in all the leading positions entrusted to him are explained by a deep knowledge of metallurgical production, experience in all positions in production from a worker to a director, constant study advanced in other countries, as well as its purposefulness and efficiency.
In 1956 I.F. Tevosyan opposed N.S. Khrushchev of the territorial principle of managing the national economy and proposed to apply in the USSR some advanced methods of managing US industry. The response was the pogrom statements of N.S. Khrushchev and a number of his closest associates to an outstanding leader of industry.
In December 1956, I.F. Tevosyan was relieved of his duties as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Japan. But this honorary exile did not last long. In September 1957, I.F. Tevosyan fell seriously ill and flew to Moscow for treatment. He died March 30, 1958. He was buried near the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
He was awarded five orders of Lenin (including 1943, 1952), three orders of the Red Banner of Labor, and medals. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 1-5 convocations (1937 - 1958).
Monuments were erected to the outstanding statesman in the cities of Shusha and Elektrostal. The plant "Elektrostal" (the city of Elektrostal, Moscow Region) was named after I.F. Tevosyan. Streets in the cities of Elektrostal, Yerevan, Stepanakert, Dnepropetrovsk, Magnitogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky bear his name. A memorial plaque was installed on the building of the Elektrostal plant management
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Tevosyan Ivan Fedorovich (real patronymic - Tevadrosovich) - People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR, Moscow.
Born on December 22, 1901 (January 4, 1902) in the city of Shusha, Elisavetpol province (now the city of Shushi, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic). Armenian, son of a handicraft tailor. In 1906, during the Armenian-Azerbaijani massacre, the family fled from Shusha and settled in Baku.
He graduated from an Orthodox parochial school in Baku, a three-year Trade School in the same place. After graduation, he worked in the Volga-Baku Oil Society as a clerk, accountant, assistant accountant. At the same time, in the evenings, he studied as an external student at the gymnasium.
He was an active participant in the revolutionary events of 1917. In July 1918 he joined the RCP(b)/VKP(b)/CPSU. From the end of 1918 until April 1920, he worked in the Baku Bolshevik underground, continuing to serve in the Volga-Baku Oil Society. In March 1919 he was elected a member of the underground city committee of the RCP (b), in August 1919 - the secretary of one of the underground district committees in Baku. He was arrested and spent several months in prison, was released for lack of evidence of guilt. In April 1920, he participated in the uprising in Baku, coordinated with the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army.
Immediately after the establishment of Soviet power in Baku, on April 28, 1920, Tevosyan was appointed Executive Secretary of the Baku City Regional Committee of the RCP (b), as well as a member of the Central Board of the Baku Oil and Metallurgical Industry Workers Union and a member of the Baku Council of Trade Unions. As a delegate to the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b), he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. Since 1921 - studying in Moscow. Since 1921, he studied at the Moscow Mining Academy at the metallurgical faculty (which he graduated in 1927), was the secretary of the party bureau of the academy. During his studies at the academy, Tevosyan underwent an internship at the Taganrog Metallurgical Plant (worker of the open-hearth shop, assistant rolling mill of the pipe-rolling shop); at the Stalin Metallurgical Plant in Donbass (assistant shift engineer of the open-hearth shop); at the Dzerzhinsky plant (Kamenka, until 2016 - Dneprodzerzhinsk, engineer of the open-hearth shop), at the Elektrostal plant in the Moscow region (worker at the foundry ditch, assistant foreman of the electric steel shop, shop foreman).
From June 1927 to September 1929 he worked at a plant in the town of Elektrostal near Moscow as an assistant foreman of the steel shop. From September 1929 to November 1930 he was on a business trip to study world experience in metallurgy, worked at the Krupp metallurgical plants in Germany, at the Skoda plants in Czechoslovakia and Fiat in Italy. Upon returning to his homeland in November 1930, he was appointed head of the electric steel-smelting shops, and then chief engineer of the Elektrostal plant.
On July 13, 1930, at the 16th Party Congress, Tevosyan was elected a member of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, but with the permission of S. Ordzhonikidze, he refused this appointment and remained at the Elektrostal plant.
In August 1931, I. F. Tevosyan became the manager of the newly created Spetsstal association (as part of the metallurgical plants: Elektrostal, Hammer and Sickle, Krasny Oktyabr, Dneprospetsstal, Verkh-Isetsky and Nadezhdinsky in Sverdlovsk region, ferroalloy Chelyabinsk and Zestafon). The association was given the task of mastering the production of ferroalloys and steels in an ever-growing volume and expanding assortment. And this problem was solved.
Since December 1936 - Head of the Main Directorate for the Production of Armored Steel in the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry of the USSR. In June 1937, the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry of the USSR was created, in which I.F. Tevosyan became deputy (06.1937 - 10.1937), and soon first deputy (10.1937 - 11.01.1939) people's commissar.
In January 1939, the People's Commissariat for the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR was created, and Tevosyan was appointed its first people's commissar. He carried out a lot of work on the creation of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat, the selection and appointment of heads of central departments and the staffing of the apparatus of the People's Commissariat. In 1939, he again visited Germany at the head of a delegation to implement the Soviet-German trade agreement.
During these years, Ivan Tevosyan grew into a talented and experienced organizer of the industry of the USSR, but he worked in an extremely difficult environment: his sister was arrested (she died in prison under investigation), her husband was shot. At the disposal of the NKVD, testimonies were already received about the "wrecking activities" of Tevosyan himself, about which he had to give explanations at the commission consisting of Beria, Molotov, Mikoyan and others. A few days after this commission, Tevosyan was handed a note from Stalin: "work calmly."
May 17, 1940 I.F. Tevosyan was appointed People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR. This sector of the national economy by that time was recognized as a failure, it hindered the development of all other sectors. Tevosyan was tasked with urgently correcting the situation in the industry. He began with the reorganization of the People's Commissariat, introduced the first in the USSR new system bonuses and material incentives for workers and managers, achieved the supply of workers of the people's commissariat at higher standards for workers in the defense industry. For the continuity of metallurgical enterprises, stocks of ore, coke, coal, and other materials were created at each of them. Violations of the technological process were mercilessly punished, and the obligation was introduced for each manager to work at least 2 years in a production position before being appointed to a managerial position. A set of other activities has been carried out. As a result, in the first half of 1940, the People's Commissariat fulfilled the plan by 94.5%. Thanks to his efforts, by the middle of 1941, ferrous metallurgy regained its lost ground.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the enemy seized territories where 2/3 of the total volume of iron and 58 percent of steel were produced before the war. The most important sources of raw materials were lost. In the first period of the war, the evacuation of ferrous metallurgy plants from the front line to the east of the country was main task people's commissar. Then, in the most difficult conditions, Tevosyan did a lot for a radical increase in metal production at the new metallurgical bases of the country - the Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk plants. A lot of work has also been done to radically increase productivity at the old Ural factories. A number of old Ural factories were urgently modernized. 10 blast furnaces, 29 open-hearth furnaces, 16 electric arc furnaces, and 15 rolling mills were built. Under the leadership of Tevosyan, many organizational and technological problems of production were solved. In the east, the construction of new facilities began. In 1943, the Soviet steel industry produced more steel than Germany.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 30, 1943 for special merits in the field of organizing the production of high-quality and high-quality metal for all types of weapons, tanks, aviation and ammunition in difficult wartime conditions Tevosyan Ivan Fedorovich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
In February 1946, the People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy was transformed into the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR and I.F. Tevosyan. In terms of the complexity of the tasks, the work entrusted to him to restore the metallurgy of Donbass and southern Ukraine destroyed by the war had no analogues in world practice. But it was fulfilled - in 1948, the pre-war level of steel smelting and rolled products was reached in the Donbass, and in 1949 - pig iron smelting. July 29, 1948 I.F. Tevosyan headed the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of the USSR, formed as a result of the merger of the Ministries of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
From June 13, 1949 to March 15, 1953, I.F. Tevosyan - Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, from March 15, 1953 to February 8, 1954 - Minister of the Metallurgical Industry of the USSR and from December 7, 1953 - again Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
After a critical review of one of the decisions of N.S. Khrushchev December 28, 1956 I.F. Tevosyan was relieved of his duties as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and two days later was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Japan. I. F. Tevosyan did not stay long in the “honorary exile” in Japan. In September 1957, he fell seriously ill and flew to Moscow for treatment. But the disease turned out to be fatal. On March 30, 1958, I.F. Tevosyan died. The urn with the ashes of I.F. Tevosyan was buried on Red Square in the Kremlin wall.
Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks / CPSU (03/21/1939 - 03/30/1958), candidate member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee (10/16/1952 - 03/05/1953), deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 3-5 convocations (1946-1958). Member of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1932–1937).
Awarded 5 Orders of Lenin (03/23/1935; 09/30/1943; 03/31/1945; 09/03/1948; 01/03/1952), 3 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (03/29/1939; 11/24/1942; 11/14/1951), medals, including "For labor prowess" (06/05/1949).
Busts of I.F. Tevosyan were installed in the cities of Shushi and Elektrostal. The name of Tevosyan was given to the Elektrostal plant, a memorial plaque was installed on the building of the plant management. Streets in the cities of Elektrostal, Yerevan, Stepanakert, Dnepr, Magnitogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky bear his name.
1902-1958
Start …
Ivan was born on December 22, 1901 / January 4, 1902 in the city of Shusha, Elizavetpol province.
Father - Tevadros Tevosyan (1848-1940), handicraft tailor.
Mother - Anna (1878-1926).
There were four children in the family.
1905 - 1920 Baku years of life ...
In 1905, during the riots, the family fled from Shusha and settled in Baku.
They lived very poor and so hungry that Ivan and his sister Yulia walked around the barracks with bowlers in their hands, and the Russian soldiers shared with them part of their dinner.
A few years later, my father found customers and the opportunity arose to acquire a modest household. Her father's earnings were not enough, and her mother worked as a seamstress, saving money to send Yulia to a gymnasium.
Ivan himself, at the age of 8, went to study at an Orthodox parish school. Studying brought him joy - he was very executive, unusually neat and clean. Textbooks and notebooks written in his calligraphic handwriting were always in exemplary order.
After graduating from school, Ivan entered the three-year Trade School and immediately began looking for a job. After classes, he stayed in the teachers' room and copied papers, for which he was exempted from tuition fees.
From January 1915, Ivan began to earn extra money with private lessons in the Russian language and mathematics, rehearsing elementary school students.
After graduating from the Trade School in July 1917, Ivan found work at the Volga-Botinsky Oil Company, where he worked as a clerk, accountant, and assistant accountant. At the same time, in the evenings, he studied as an external student at the gymnasium.
One day in 1917, Sister Yulia told Ivan that she and her friend Levon Mirzoyan were members of the Bolshevik Party. At Ivan's request, they introduced him to Marxist literature and took him with them to the meeting, where he heard the speech of the leaders of the Baku Bolsheviks.
Levon Mirzoyan and one of his comrades were Ivan's guarantors when he joined the RCP(b) in July 1918.
From the end of 1918 until April 28, 1920, Ivan, while continuing his service in the Volga-Botinsky Oil Society, began working in the Baku underground.
Until March 1919 he was an ordinary party member. In March, he became a member of the underground city RCP (b). Then he was elected a member of the presidium, and from August 1919 - the secretary of one of the underground Baku district committees of the party.
He was arrested and spent several months in prison, but was released for lack of evidence of guilt. While underground, Ivan worked professionally in the section of clerical workers, was a member of the central board of the union of workers in the oil and metallurgical industries and a member of the Botinsky Council of trade unions.
In April 1920, Ivan, being a member of the troika of the city district for organizing the uprising, took an active part in the preparation and establishment of Bolshevik power in Baku.
After the establishment of Soviet power in Baku on April 28, 1920, Tevosyan was appointed executive secretary of the City District Committee of the RCP (b), a member of the Central Board of the Union of Oil and Metallurgical Industry Workers of Baku and a member of the Botinsky Council of Trade Unions, took an active part in the formation of new authorities in the republic , organization of production, healthcare, education, social security.
1921 - 1941 Study and work before the Second World War ...
In March 1921, Ivan Tevosyan was delegated to Moscow for the Tenth Party Congress.
On the 3rd day of the congress, in a group of delegates headed by K. Voroshilov, he goes to suppress the Kronstadt uprising.
Then, in the direction of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), I. Tevosyan enters the metallurgical faculty of the Moscow Mining Academy. During his studies, he was elected secretary of the party bureau of the academy.
In 1921, Ivan worked as a district organizer, and then as deputy head of the propaganda and agitation department of the Zamoskvoretsky district committee of the RCP (b) of Moscow. Here he meets his future wife, Olga Aleksandrovna Khvalebnova. They soon got married.
During his studies at the academy, Tevosyan worked at the Taganrog Metallurgical Plant as a worker in the open-hearth workshop, as an assistant to a rolling mill in a pipe-rolling workshop; at the Stalin Metallurgical Plant (Donbass) - as an assistant shift engineer in the open-hearth shop; worked at the Dzerzhinsky plant research work in the open-hearth shop.
From June 1927 to September 1929 he worked at the Elektrostal plant in the settlement of Calm in the Moscow province (now the city of Elektrostal): a worker at a foundry ditch, an assistant foreman of an electric steel foundry shop, and a shop foreman. At the same time, he carried out a graduation project in two specialties - open-hearth and electric steel production.
In 1929, Ivan Tevosyan defended his graduation project before the qualification state commission under the chairmanship of Academician Pavlov with a commendable review.
In September 1929, on the recommendation of S. Ordzhonikidze and by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, among 200 young metallurgical engineers I.T. Tevosyan was sent to Germany to improve his skills. There he passed good school: worked at the factories of the Krupp company as a worker at a foundry ditch for pouring steel, an assistant foreman of an electric steel foundry, studied in detail the technology of smelting and pouring high-quality and high-quality steels. Then he completed an internship at enterprises in Czechoslovakia and Italy. During his stay in Germany, I. T. Tevosyan wrote a study on the continuous casting of steel.
Before leaving for the Soviet Union, Krupp suggested that I. Tevosyan stay to work at his factory. The offer was obviously flattering, but Tevosyan refused it.
Upon his return to Moscow in November 1930, he was appointed head of the electric steel-smelting shops, and then chief engineer of the Elektrostal plant.
In 1930, at the 16th Party Congress, I.T. Tevosyan was elected a member of the Central Control Commission-RKT and approved as the head of the department of ferrous metallurgy. However, with the permission of S. Ordzhonikidze, he refused this appointment and remained at the Elektrostal plant.
In April - August 1931, Tevosyan was sent to Germany in order to attract large foreign specialists in high-quality steels to work in the USSR.
From August 1931 to December 1936 I.T. Tevosyan worked as the manager of the newly created association of factories of high-quality steels and ferroalloys "Spetsstal". The association "Spetsstal" in a short time set up the work of its plants.
Along with the organization of production, work was carried out on the reconstruction and construction of new workshops. The production of alloyed and high-alloyed steels was continuously increased, the assortment was expanded, the quality was improved and the cost of production of the industry was reduced. The success of the association made it possible to drastically reduce and then completely stop the import of special steels.
Under the leadership of Tevosyan, a ferroalloy production was created, the production of metal with special properties for the aircraft industry, shipbuilding and other industries was launched.
In 1934, in his speech at the 17th Party Congress, S. Ordzhonikidze highly appreciated the work of the Spetsstal association and its leader.
In December 1936, Tevosyan was appointed head of the head office for the production of armor for sea vessels, tanks and other weapons, and a few months later - the head of the shipbuilding head office of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.
In early 1937, during a business trip to Italy, he visited the shipyard where the leader "Tashkent" was built for the USSR. He reviewed the technical reports and ordered the designers and factories to take everything useful from the Italian experience.
In August 1937, the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry was created and Tevosyan went to work in the new People's Commissariat - he was appointed head of the 7th Main Directorate, from June 1937 - deputy, and from October 1937 - first deputy people's commissar of the defense industry.
A note
I.V. Stalin
In 1937, on the way to Moscow, I.T.'s sister was arrested on the train. Tevosyan Julia
with her husband - the first secretary of the Central Committee of Kazakhstan Levon Mirzoyan.
After the arrest of his sister and Levon Mirzoyan, Tevosyan himself was subjected to "operational development." He wrote a letter to Stalin. Having received the letter, Stalin instructed Molotov
figure everything out. Tevosyan was summoned to the Lubyanka, where he was interrogated by the commission
Politburo consisting of Molotov, Mikoyan, Yezhov, Beria.
A few days later, at a meeting, Stalin wrote a note on a piece of paper
and handed it to Tevosyan. (photo on the right)
After the war, the Prosecutor General of the USSR Rudenko told Ivan Fedorovich:
“They were interested in your sister and wanted to bring her to Moscow, but she was
in such physical condition that it was impossible to do so.
Levon Mirzoyan was shot, and Yulia was not even tried. During interrogations, she could not stand the torture and went crazy. She was sent to mental asylum where she died."
At the end of 1938, a decision was made to negotiate with Gibbs and Cox, a leading American shipbuilding firm, to provide the USSR with technical assistance in the design of ships. To this end, the government appointed a commission headed by Tevosyan.
In January 1939, Tevosyan was appointed People's Commissar of the newly created People's Commissariat for the Shipbuilding Industry.
He is doing a great deal of work on creating a collegium of the people's commissariat, selecting and appointing heads of central departments and staffing the apparatus of the people's commissariat. To work scientific center shipbuilding industry, he managed to attract the largest scientists and shipbuilding specialists - academicians Krylov, Shimansky, Pozdyunin, professors Popkovich, Balkashin, Panpel.
In March 1939, Tevosyan took part in the work of the 18th Party Congress.
Although he was not elected a delegate (the suspicion of “hostile activity” has not yet been removed from him), he makes a speech at the congress and is elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
K.E. Voroshilov, in his speech at the congress, highly appreciated the work of the shipbuilding industry as a whole and its leader, People's Commissar I.T. Tevosyan.
On the proposal of the People's Commissar by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 29, 1939, for the successful fulfillment of the government's task for the construction of ships and the development of new types of weapons for Navy For the first time in the history of the industry, 726 shipbuilders were awarded orders and medals.
In 1939, I. T. Tevosyan leaves for Germany at the head of the commission for the implementation of the Soviet-German trade agreement, which included the aircraft designer A.S. Yakovlev, A.M. Vasilevsky, D.F.Ustinov and others. The delegation was divided into sections and worked in different parts of Germany.
By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 17, 1940, I. T. Tevosyan was appointed People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR.
During this period, ferrous metallurgy plants experienced difficult times, hindered the development of all sectors of the national economy. Tevosyan described the situation in the People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy as "organizational chaos", as "an office of 2,000 people engaged in writing instead of organizing production management."
Tevosyan eliminated the positions of deputy chiefs of the main departments for production, who, "being professional apparatchiks", had little understanding of the technology, technique and organization of metallurgical production, and raised the role of chief engineers of the main department.
He created the production and technical departments in the People's Commissariat, whose task was to improve the development of metallurgical production technology, study foreign experience, and introduce new products. The second issue of the departments was the construction of new plants, the development of new steels that were imported.
On October 2, 1940, the famous order of the People's Commissar appeared, which contained a detailed analysis of the reasons for the poor performance of factories, gave specific instructions for operational planning and organization of production, and for monitoring the technological process.
In the first half of 1940, the People's Commissariat's enterprises fulfilled the plan by 94.5%; in the second half of the year, iron and steel smelting and rolled products increased in comparison with the first half of the year. Ferrous metallurgy regained lost positions, retaining them in the first half of 1941.
1941 - 1945 WWII: work in the rear - everything for the front!
When it became known about the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, I.T. Tevosyan was in the country.
Early in the morning, N.A., First Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, called him. Voznesensky, announced the beginning of the war and asked to urgently come to the Kremlin.
The first meeting of People's Commissars was held in the Kremlin to discuss the tasks of the work of industry during the war. Then Tevosyan went to the people's commissariat, where the deputies of the people's commissar and the heads of the main departments gathered. Commissar made short message containing clear and specific instructions.
I.T. Tevosyan restructured the people's commissariat in accordance with the needs of wartime, organized the development of a plan for the evacuation of enterprises.
During the Second World War, Tevosyan did a great job of evacuating industry to the east of the country, expanding the production base here and providing defense enterprises with high-quality metal. During the 4 years of the war in the Urals and Siberia, 10 blast furnaces, 29 open-hearth furnaces, 16 electric arc furnaces, and 15 rolling mills were built. In 1943, the Soviet steel industry produced more steel than Germany.
Rewarding
1944
September 30, 1943 I.T. Tevosyan was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. The decree conferring this high rank on him said: "For your exceptional services to the state in the field of organizing the production of high-quality and high-quality metal for all types of weapons, tanks, aviation and ammunition in difficult wartime conditions."
1945 - 1958 Restoration of the country's industry and years of peaceful life ...
The war ended and People's Commissar Tevosyan, with all his inherent energy and initiative, took up the issues of restoring the ferrous metallurgy enterprises destroyed by the war in the southern regions of the country.
In 1946, the People's Commissariat of Ferrous Metallurgy was transformed into the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy, and I. T. Tevosyan was appointed Minister. In 1948, the industry reached the pre-war level of steel production and rolled products, and in 1949 iron smelting was reached.
From July 29, 1948 to June 13, 1949, Tevosyan headed the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of the USSR, formed as a result of the merger of the ministries of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
On June 13, 1949, Tevosyan was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and headed a gigantic complex - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal and oil industries, geology, shipbuilding.
“Until 1949, my father's name was Ivan Tevadrosovich, but before his appointment to the post of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR) asked him:
“And how will your patronymic be in Russian?”
“Fyodorovich, Comrade Stalin,” Tevosyan answered quickly.
... From the next day, this new name appeared in all the documents of the Deputy Prime Minister instead of the old one.” (from the story of his son - Vladimir Ivanovich Tevosyan.)
At the same time, from December 28, 1950 to March 15, 1953, Tevosyan acted as minister of the newly formed USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy.
On March 15, 1953, Tevosyan was appointed Minister of the Metallurgical Industry with the release of the duties of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and from December 7, 1953 to December 28, 1956, he again held the post of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and was in charge of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas industries and geology, construction of metallurgical, chemical, oil and gas enterprises, vocational education.
In his speech at the 20th Party Congress in 1956, I.F. Tevosyan paid great attention to the issues of cooperation and studying the experience of American industry. At the same time, he opposed the territorial principle of managing the national economy proposed by N.S. Khrushchev. The response was the pogrom statements of N.S. Khrushchev and a number of his closest associates addressed to the outstanding leader of industry.
Having fallen out of favor with the country's leadership, I.F. Tevosyan is released from his duties as Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers and is appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Japan.
“ In December 1956, my father was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Japan. By the end of his life, he had to create the first post-war Embassy of the USSR in Japan. In Japan, he entered into extensive contact with industrial circles, visited factories. Then, at some enterprises it was possible to meet his portraits. He liked it. In September, my father fell seriously ill and flew to Moscow for treatment. But the disease turned out to be fatal. On March 30, 1958, my father passed away in Tokyo.” (From the story of the son of V.I. Tevosyan).
After the death of Tevosyan I.F. was cremated, the urn with his ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
AWARDS:
March 23, 1935 - Order of Lenin; September 30, 1943 - gold medal Hammer and Sickle, Order of Lenin; 03.01.1952 - Order of Lenin; Two Orders of Lenin; Three Orders of the Red Banner of Labor; Medals.
A FAMILY:
- N.K. Baibakov: "... as an organizer of the industry, he can only be compared with Sergo Ordzhonikidze."
- Marshal AM. Vasilevsky: "I had the opportunity more than once to appreciate the high business and human qualities of Tevosyan, his diligence that infected everyone, his ability to work with people, his organizational skills."
- Isaac Naumovich Kramov(1919-1979) Author of several books and numerous articles on the work of A. Platonov and A. Malyshkin, E. Kapiev and L. Reisner, problems of storytelling and creative search young, a permanent author of the critical department of the "New World" of the times of Tvardovsky:
“ We then lived as neighbors in the Government House near the cinema "Drummer". Below me lived Koltsov, behind the wall - Mezhlauk, Tevosyan a floor above me. (In 1937 I.N. Kramov was arrested, convicted and returned to Moscow only in 1957. Ed.) In 1957 I returned to Moscow. He was rehabilitated in all crimes. And on the same day Tevosyan called me. He was the only one who remained at large and survived from all the chiefs of the main departments under Ordzhonikidze. There were 72 heads in the Narkomtyazhprom. Yes, life is a novel. Tevosyan was afraid that he would be arrested, and he confided his fears to me on one of the Moscow nights. And he asked me to help if something happened to him, his family. And I convinced him: what are you, an honest man, afraid of? And now twenty years have passed. We sat on a summer Moscow night, just like that time. And Tevosyan listened to me, asked me about everything - then everything was still new, we campers opened people's eyes to what few people knew. Tevosyan sat gloomy, also aged, did not let me go until dawn. Then he took me to the apartment where I was staying. A day later I received a personal pension of union significance. He was reinstated in the party without a break in seniority - from the seventeenth year. Tevosyan did everything.”
MEMORY:
Tevosyan I.T. monuments erected:
- at home - in Shusha;
- in the regional museum of the city of Samara (works by the famous sculptor Sarah Lebedeva);
- in the mountains Elektrostal.
“ In the winter of 1972, on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the birth of I.F. Tevosyan, a rally of employees of the Elektrostal plant took place on the square near the cinema under construction, dedicated to the laying of a monument to the chief engineer of the plant, and in May 1975 the monument was opened (sculptor L.I. Nikolaev, architect V.S. Ass).”
In the name of Tevosyan I.F. named:
- Streets in cities: Yerevan, Stepanakert, Dnepropetrovsk, Magnitogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsk and Elektrostal.
“Decision No. 12 of January 12, 1972 of the Executive Committee of the City Council of Workers' Deputies, in connection with the 70th anniversary of his birth and taking into account the great contribution of I.F. Tevosyan in the development of the plant "Electrostal", Shkolnaya Street was renamed Tevosyan Street. “
- Plant "Elektrostal" (city of Elektrostal, Moscow region);
- A large ocean ship - a large oil and ore carrier "Ivan Tevosyan".
Memorial plaques:
- mountains Elektrostal, Noginsky district, Moscow region, st. Gorky, entrance of the plant "Electrostal".
Tevosyan Ivan Fedorovich. A prominent statesman and party leader, an outstanding organizer of heavy industry. From 1927 to 1931 he worked at the Elektrostal plant
“For merits in the cause of socialist competition, the team of the Order of Lenin of the Elektrostal plant “Elektrostal” named after. I.F. Tevosyan - the winner in the socialist competition in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution was awarded the commemorative banner of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The banner was left for eternal storage as a symbol of the labor prowess of the team. Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions No. 964 of October 21, 1967
LITERATURE:
- Bogolyubov S.A. “ I.F. Tevosyan in the memoirs of veterans of the shipbuilding industry” / Comp. Afanasiev S.I. SPb., 1991
- “Memories of I.F. Tevosyan”, M., 1991
- Zalessky K.A. Stalin's Empire. Biographical encyclopedic Dictionary.”, M., 2000
MOVIE:
- Documentary. “People's Commissar of Steel”, 1984, studio t/f “Yerevan”, 37 min. (1020m), color. Auto Scene A. Gasparyan, dir. V. Zakharyan, opera. E. Vardanyan [About a major figure in the Soviet industry I.F. Tevosians].
Notes:
Information - materials from open sources on the Internet "e. Are you using this post? Be sure to give a link to the site "Our Baku"!