Civil War Two. Civil War II is Marvel's new global event
The struggle in the camp of Parliament between the Presbyterians, Independents and Levellers in the autumn of 1647 revived the hopes of Charles I for the continuation of the war and victory and allowed him to prepare a conspiracy. The result of this conspiracy was the promise of support from the commandant of Carisbrook Castle on the Isle of Wight, and the very flight of the king to this island, and the choice of this particular island as an impregnable refuge, in view of successful negotiations with Holland on sending a military squadron. Negotiations were also successful with the Scots, who promised to speak in the North after the speech of the supporters of the king in Wales and the South-East of England. The Scottish "Covenantors", fearing the abolition of "Presbyterianism" in England as a result of the domination of the Independents, decided to support the king's plot.
The second civil war began in February 1648. Hostilities unfolded in three areas of England: Wales (Pembroke, Cardiff), North (Carlisle, Portefract), South-East (Colchester, Rochester, Canterbury, Dover). After Cromwell, having taken Pembroke in July, defeated the royalists in Wales, and Fairfax succeeded in taking Colchester in the East in August, the parliamentary army under the Command of Cromwell hastened to meet Hamilton's 20,000-strong Scottish army rapidly advancing south through Lancashire. Appearing on August 17, 1648 near Preston in dense fog, unexpectedly on the right flank of the enemy, Cromwell, despite the small number of his troops (about 9 thousand), achieved a complete victory. Having received this news, the commandant of Carisbrook Castle did not allow the king to leave about. White, effectively arresting him. The Dutch fleet did not have time to land troops on the island.
By the end of August 1648, the second civil war was over, but in early September the Presbyterian Parliament began new negotiations with the king. Minor concessions were now demanded of him: to cancel all declarations directed against parliament, to introduce a Presbyterian device in the church before the convocation of a national synod, to transfer control of the militia (militia in the counties) to parliament for 20 years.
These negotiations with the king were not completed because of the joint actions of the Independents and the Levellers. Their positions drew closer in April, when "agitators" from among the Levellers were invited to a meeting in Windsor of the leaders of the army, and it was decided to call to account, i.e. the trial of Charles Stuart for "the blood shed by him and for the gravest crimes against the cause of God in this poor country." Now, in September, cooperation has resumed: Cromwell announced support for a new version of the "People's Agreement", and the Levellers, in turn, emphasized in the new text the obligation of the new and future parliaments not to allow the abolition of private property and the equalization of property. As a result of the unification of the Independents and the Levellers, on December 2, the army re-entered London, and the command was located in the royal palace of Whitehall. At the same time, a detachment of Independents captured the king and transported him from the Isle of Wight to the secluded castle of Hearst. On December 5, the army surrounded Westminster, where Parliament was sitting, and on December 6, Colonel Pride, on the orders of the Independent command, conducted a second "purge" of Parliament. As a result, almost all Presbyterians (about 140 people) were removed from Parliament. Parliament, like the army, became a stronghold of the Independents.
Third stage of the Civil War ( March 1919 - March 1920). At the end of February 1919, the High Command of the Red Army, proceeding from the prevailing situation, considered the fight against the combined forces of the Entente and the All-Union Socialist Republic to be the main tasks. In the north, it was planned to conduct active operations in the Arkhangelsk direction, in the east - to seize Perm, Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, and also to advance to Turkestan and the Transcaspian region. The high command of the Entente army believed that "the restoration of the regime of order in Russia is a purely national matter, which the Russian people themselves must carry out." Regarding its troops, the Entente, taking into account considerations of morale (warfare) and material order, intended to confine itself to sending only command personnel, volunteers and military materials. Despite a very unflattering assessment of the anti-Bolshevik forces, in the spring of 1919 they made an attempt to consolidate their position. In early March, the troops of Admiral Kolchak (Siberian, Western, Ural, Orenburg armies and the Southern Army Group) suddenly went on the offensive. On March 14 they captured Ufa. On April 15, after stubborn fighting, the enemy captured Buguruslan. At the request of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), troops withdrawn from other fronts were sent to the Eastern Front. On April 28, the Southern Army Group of the Eastern Front launched a counteroffensive. She defeated the Western army and conquered Buguruslan. northern group army of the Eastern Front by the forces of the Second Army and the Volga military flotilla at the same time she defeated the Siberian army, occupied Sarapul and Izhevsk. In August 1919, the Eastern Front, in order to further continue the offensive in divergent directions, was divided into two fronts - Eastern and Turkestan. In January 1920, the troops of the Eastern Front completed the defeat of the army of Kolchak, who was arrested and shot. Turkestan Front commanded by Frunze defeated the Southern Army of General Belov and in September united with the troops of the Turkestan Republic.
Troops Western Front in the spring of 1919 they fought in Karelia, the Baltic states and Belarus against Finnish, German, German, Polish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian and White Guard troops. In mid-May, the offensive of the Northern Corps began in the Petrograd direction. The Whites managed to push back parts of the 7th Army and capture Gdov, Yamburg and Pskov. The governments of the Baltic countries agreed to start peace negotiations based on the recognition of their independence. February 2, 1920 signed in Yuryev Soviet-Estonian Peace Treaty. March 14, 1919 troops Ukrainian front launched an attack on right-bank Ukraine. By the end of March, they managed to stop the advance of the UNR army, occupy Odessa on April 6, and capture Crimea by the end of the month. In June Ukrainian front was disbanded. Troops southern front managed to overcome the resistance of the armies of General Denikin and in April 1919 began to advance towards Bataysk and Tikhoretskaya. At the same time, the troops of the front fought against the insurgent Cossacks, and the detachments of the “father Makhno”. Denikin took advantage of the complication in the rear of the Southern Front, his troops launched a counteroffensive in May and forced the armies of the Southern Front to leave the Donbass region, Donbass and part of Ukraine. In July, the southern front was preparing for a counteroffensive scheduled for 15 August. The command of the Don Army managed to obtain information about this operation. In order to disrupt the corps of General Mamontov on August 10, began a raid on the rear of the southern front. The southern front is defeated - the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decides to strengthen the southern front at the expense of troops western front. After the merger, it was divided into South and Southeast. Measures were taken to bring the Cossacks to the side of the Soviet government. southern front. Having received reinforcements, the Southern Front launched a counteroffensive. They occupied Orel, Voronezh, Kursk, Donbass, Tsaritsyn, Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. On April 4, 1920, Denikin handed over command of the remnants of his troops to Wrangel, who began to form a White Guard Russian army in the Crimea.
Fourth stage of the civil war ( spring - autumn 1920) . By spring, the Red Army had defeated the main anti-Bolshevik forces, which strengthened the position of the RSFSR. The economic situation of the country continued to be difficult: food shortages, devastation of transport, downtime of factories and factories, typhus. March 29 - April 5 at the IX Congress of the RCP (b) it was decided to single economic plan. April 25, 1920 the offensive began Polish troops (Pilsudski) the armies of the Southwestern Front suffered heavy losses. Troops to support them Western Front (Tukhachevsky) On May 1, they launched an unsuccessful offensive. Troops of the Western and Southwestern fronts continued to move towards Warsaw and Lvov. Both states signed a peace treaty on March 18, 1921. The High Command of the Red Army concentrated its efforts on the liquidation of Wrangel's Russian Army. The troops of the Southern Front (Frunze) launched a counteroffensive at the end of October 1920. 14-16 armada of ships left the coast of the Crimea - thus Wrangel saved the broken white regiments from the red terror. In the European part of Russia, after the capture of the Crimea, the last white front was liquidated. Thus, over most of the former Russian Empire has been installed Soviet authority. But hostilities on the outskirts of the country continued for many more months.
Tried for you Khvorostukhin Sergey Pavlovich
This document was created by me and only by me on the basis of huge amount literature.
I will not mind if my work is published on other sites if the name of the author is indicated, that is, mine.
Officials and deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation are already considering a labor reform, which provides for a 16-hour working day and an increase in the retirement age to 70 years. And what can be the age threshold when people do not live up to 50? Our grandfathers won the 8-hour working day, broke serfdom, and we, their descendants, slept through all the victories.
The civil war to exterminate the peoples of Russia has been going on for a long time. Go to any site on the Internet and you will understand how evil people are. There has been no political correctness for a long time, no constructive dialogue, there is a real, merciless war and this war is righteous. For one defender of the state, there are a hundred angry people who are ready to tear anyone for their opinion. They write like they shoot from a machine gun. There is no compromise, and there never will be. Give the people everything or nothing. "There is a war not for life, but for death." Let Chubais into the city slums without bodyguards, he will be torn apart. Yes, in principle, the very presence of protection will not save. People are venting their anger on the streets of Russian cities. For one carelessly thrown word, they can be beaten, for an accident - they will generally be killed. Give free rein, they will smash, beat, cut, rob privatizers, capitalists and oligarchs. Give blood, hated reformers, such a rattle is heard from the lips of a weary nation. And this is happening and will continue to happen until the state turns towards the weakened people.
To the purposeful genocide of the state against citizens, people respond with a fierce struggle. Corruption, theft, rudeness, red tape, bureaucracy, bribes, kickbacks, lawlessness and impunity of officials and oligarchs are pushing people to defend their country from uninvited invaders, to independently seek justice and pass sentences.
In response to an aggressive attack, the people are forced to defend themselves and win their place under the sun. The "Civil War" in Russia has entered its initial stage. From their impotence, lack of elementary justice, impunity and permissiveness, the powers that be, the people switched to military methods of confrontation, leading guerrilla war with officials, both at the household level (to shit in front of the door of a policeman), and at the military level. People begin to take revenge and pass their fair sentences. Police officers are beaten for bullying during interrogations, and judges for imposing unfair punishments. They “shoot” the employees of the prosecutor's office for impudence, and the employees of the FSB for failing to fulfill their duties in the fight against corruption. Burning cars and cottages to the oligarchs of local bottling for impunity and permissiveness. Mayors and governors are denounced in the media for constant lies, lies, corruption and greed. They set fire to tax institutions for exorbitantly high taxes and impudent behavior of bailiffs. They beat riot police officers for beating our mothers and fathers at demonstrations. decent simple people, categorically refuse to be understood by the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and they are forced to bring their own or run around the city streets in search. In general, there is a general bacchanalia and euphoria of fury. Whether the people are right or not, it is not for me to judge, but for God, but there is no doubt that this reaction was provoked by persons representing the state. They keep people in constant tension. It feels as if someone is deliberately trying to blow up society from the inside, someone purposefully wants to anger the people, and direct their rage against the president of Russia. A heavily compressed spring will eventually straighten out. The force of action is equal to the force of reaction - the law of physics.
In the North Caucasus, there is the most real, pronounced, with the use of weapons, a civil war with a religious bias. True, it goes under the green banner of Islam. For the hypocrisy of religion, they kill the clergy of Christianity and the imams of Islam. In Dagestan, there is a targeted shooting of officials and other representatives of law enforcement agencies. Things have come to the point that Russian Orthodox people, out of their impotence and anger, are leaving Christianity and accepting Islam. They leave for the mountains of Dagestan and take up arms. What did the authorities need to do so that a peace-loving Russian man, in desperation, spitting on everything, leaving his family, goes to war with the state? The people are shooting, they are shooting at the people, but the main danger lies in the fact that the authorities are not even going to try to eliminate the causes of the massacre that has begun, but only destroys the consequences. The conclusion is that the war in the Caucasus will last indefinitely, until one of the parties is completely annihilated. The authorities categorically do not want to sit down at the negotiating table with the discontented people, but only limit themselves to terms and labeling - terrorism, extremism. And you yourself, then how to call, for all the reforms and other outrages? Against the general background of the massacre, reaping dividends, only one oligarchy, which benefits from the destabilization of society, to establish universal control and dictatorship the richest people a planet in which the slave system will seem like a childish prank. The authorities want to enslave the working people, enslave the people, turn them into dumb cattle.
Russian patriots, freethinkers, came up with a new wording - "Russian fascism" and extremism. Extremism is understood as those crimes that are difficult to give, or rather, to say, impossible to give a legal assessment. Criminal cases are fabricated as if on a conveyor belt. Any exit of Russian people to a demonstration is assessed as terrorism. In protest against the TIN (the number of the beast), Christians go into the forests, away from civilization, but do not change their religious beliefs. We are not allowed to “breathe” spiritually, they want to take away the opportunity to think independently and assess the situation, to have the right to our own opinion. And this is happening everywhere in Russia.
In Primorsky Krai, young guys, with the approval of the people, united in a detachment and began to wage a guerrilla war. All the media choked on their own vomit, calling them terrorists, but people gave their objective and independent assessment, calling them heroes. Until now, at the site of the last battle, someone puts flowers under the windows of the house. In the Perm Territory, traffic police posts are being shelled, weapons are being taken away from the guards, and, worst of all, the policemen themselves are being killed. How much respect did the people have to lose in order for them to take such a step? The security forces became hostages of the situation, unreasonable domestic policy. And this is only a small part of the Civil War going on. modern Russia. It goes everywhere, and it is senseless to cover up the problem with the terms terrorism and extremism. People cannot be deceived. The people in their own skin, every day feel the touch of the hand of power and the deterioration of living standards. The people themselves give a legal assessment that is different from the official version of the state. People are exhausted to the limit, and this is especially noticeable on the periphery of Russia. Once a hare, driven into a corner, rushes at the hunter, and we are far from hares, and you are not hunters, but scavengers. Sooner or later, the irreparable will happen and move on to a higher quality turn, all cases of civil disobedience will become widespread. Woe to those who went against the will of the people. The voice of the people is the voice of God, and it must be heard otherwise punishment will come from above. It is impossible to mock and rape people, as well as the whole country, with impunity for an infinitely long time, for 24 years.
The civil war is going on and the authorities, in order to let off steam, are trying to set the peoples against each other, using the religious moment, to move Christians and Muslims to confrontation, but there is not enough to think of it in such a way as to fundamentally correct the situation, neither brains nor political will. And we just need to improve the social situation in the state, reduce corruption and bureaucracy, get rid of the oligarchy, which has profited by unrighteous means. No, the authorities follow the beaten path, using the main principle: “Divide and conquer”, they are trying to translate social tension into interracial and religious hostility. Here are the results of this battle between Good and Evil and Evil is winning so far.
Stalin was right in carrying out repressions against "enemies of the people." And we have such frank traitors who, with their reforms, tormented society utterly, drove citizens to rage in unfulfilled rage and anger. And who are these reformers, and in the language of Comrade Stalin, enemies of the people? And here they are: Gaidar, Yeltsin, Gorbachev, all the oligarchs of Russia and corrupt officials. With their anti-people actions, they are pushing society to go to the barricades.
To recognize the billions of the oligarchy as legitimate means to recognize the legitimacy of a robber who trades in robbery, robbery and theft, taking pensions from the elderly. Unlike the second, the number of victims of the former exceeds tens of millions. The task of the people is an uncompromising struggle against the vices of our state foundations, which encourage the robbery of the working masses, corruption and theft. Contrary to the new education reforms, children should be taught to hate people who do lawlessness. Our old people should bring up their grandchildren in a fierce hatred of thieves - oligarchs, traitors on the powerful Olympus and officials who plundered their country. Tell children the truth about the collapse of the USSR and the destruction of a just socialist society. Give the names of the presidents and officials involved in this. To voice the names of the oligarchs who robbed their people, emphasizing their nationality. Remind constantly about foreign countries behind this, who have never been and will never become our friends, but will remain only fierce enemies: England, the USA and so on. This is the most important task of our generation. All the same, the time will come when the descendants will throw off the yoke of eternal slavery. Once this hatred will shoot, and justice will be restored.
No need to intimidate us with the horrors of the Civil War. It is coming, and it was not the people who unleashed it, but the state represented by liberal reformers and oligarchs. Until they win, but it's temporary. The score can change at any second. Woe to those who do not have time to hide. The war is the most merciless and bloody, and if some are waging it for the right to a normal existence, for the unshakable right of social justice, then others are for the preservation of oligarchic power.
Who will suppress the Russian rebellion in the event of an open confrontation? Well, of course, police officers who lack the concept of conscience and justice, but there is an unquestioning enforcement of the law. Is it law or lawlessness? The army is obliged to abandon such an "honorable" duty, there is a different idea of \u200b\u200ban officer honor (I would like to think so). Yes, and yourself armed forces serve to repel external aggression. They have not yet forgotten the outright betrayal of the authorities: the murder of General Rokhlin, the imprisonment of Colonel Budanov, the arrest of Colonels Kvachkov and Khabarov, the murder of a submarine officer captainII Pomone rank, causeless persecution of the commander reconnaissance company Ulman, but you never know who else the public does not know about. In the confrontation with the people, the internal troops, which are subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and special units of the FSB, will prove themselves. Secret structures will be engaged in the elimination of the leaders who lead the people's discontent. Naturally, without trial or investigation, technically and vilely, shifting the blame on relatives, as in the case of General Rokhlin.
The last hope and striking force of power is the use of "Janissaries" from the Caucasus. There will be Tajiks, Azerbaijanis (they are especially staffed Russian police) and other representatives from Central Asia. Pathetic likeness of the "Wild Division". Such an attempt to pacify the Russian people has already been made. Thank God, the president of Russia was smart enough to refuse "help", and prudence prevailed. This happened when Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov offered to send his "death squadrons" to pacify the recalcitrant hero city - Kondopoga. In response to such a gesture, thousands of Russians were ready to leave immediately to provide support. Still, the government sometimes “turns on the brain” and in a critical situation begins to think. It would be good if they thought not only about their loved ones, but also about the peoples of Russia. "Janissaries" will show themselves extremely cruelly. There is so much joy for them, because the state itself allows the use of force to pacify the Russian people.
The authorities have someone to rely on in such a difficult situation, and the help of the West is always at hand. In 2007, V.V. Putin personally signed an agreement No. 410940-4 with the United States stating that in the event of popular unrest and man-made disasters, NATO troops can freely enter Russia. Under the pretext of fighting terrorism, invaders and occupiers will overwhelm us, and our army will not interfere with them. As a last resort, UN forces will come in and try to maintain the desired regime, by any means. Here is such an approximate alignment of forces of the next confrontation on Russian soil.
The people have pluses in this war, the people do not have to run around with their tongue out and look for enemies. They are all in one place, in elite cottage settlements, fenced off from the whole country, with their jackals - guards. So in this case, the enemies of the people, made it easier for people to search.
When, finally, a man appears in Russia, of the level of I.V. Stalin, who will stand up to his full height and shout: “Stop raping my Motherland, stop destroying my people.” He will have to carry out large-scale purges against the oligarchy and corrupt officials, as in his time, Koba carried out a purge from the enemies of the people. Modern time justifies repression to restore elementary order. US Ambassador to the USSR from 1937-1938 Joseph W. Davis fully justified the application repression by Stalin. On July 7, 1941, he wrote in his diary about the dangers of the fifth column and approved the strategy of the leader of the country of the Soviets:
“...Today we know, thanks to the efforts of the FBI, that Hitler's organs were active everywhere, even in the USA and South America. … However, we do not see anything similar in Russia. “Where are the Russian accomplices of Hitler?” - ask me often. “They were shot,” I answer. Only now are you beginning to realize how far-sighted the Soviet government acted during the years of the purge.».
Unfortunately, not all enemies of the people were shot. Oh, how now in modern Russia such experience is needed, to destroy all the stealing officials who are in power and act in the interests of the United States and the entire Western world, who are hostile to us.
The authorities and the oligarchy, in recent years, have managed to set against themselves the whole people, all social groups even believers. We are so angry, spit on us, saliva will begin to boil. This is either the stupidity of those who broke into power, or a frank, cynical betrayal, the purpose of which is to destabilize the situation in Russia and transfer the levers of control to external forces. To bring society to a calm state, they will go to any lengths and will use not only the power structures of the state, but also the NATO Armed Forces.
You can call people in any way, accusing them of extremism, but over the past 24 years of endless reforms, the situation of the people has clearly worsened. Our life has been turned into a living hell, where one (officials, oligarchs, employees of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies) is allowed everything, and mere mortals only the right to die, where on his deathbed, a person will accept eternal bliss as deliverance from torment. No, I am definitely against the revolution, which brings blood and destruction in itself, but who will suggest another way, without falsehood, lies, cynicism and deceit, the road to a brighter future, the road to socialism with a human face, the road without great upheavals. Unfortunately, it cannot be found. I would like to quote a poem folk poet Evgenia:
FATHERLAND.
The homeland will not be saved by fools, just as the wind will not drive away the clouds.
For a new fight of truth with enemies, a hand is armed with a pen.
Slaves of mammon, lackeys of profit, screaming from screens and newspapers!
You are only alive today because Russia was plowed with a plow by a peasant grandfather.
You moved into luxurious chambers, but where would you live today,
Whenever the fathers drove the adversary away from the white-stone Moscow?
Five times a day you would perform prayers, under the muezzin a mournful howl,
When in the mountains of Afghanistan and the Caucasus, the brothers would not have covered you with themselves.
The stinking "new Russian Odessans", it's time to crush in a callused hand!
And if one of the enemy rabble wishes to taste a slap in the face,
One is enough for them from the people, I myself am the people, and flesh, and blood, and spirit.
The people are being squeezed like a steel spring, which is about to straighten out with a vengeance, and woe to those who try to squeeze it against the will of the people. The crying Voice of the People, with the eternal question, for what - the Voice of God, and the wrath of the people, the punishing hand of the Lord. This has already been known and there are many examples of this in history. There is still a turn for small things, when the new Messiah will come - a hero and will unite citizens in the struggle for happiness. Fear the enemies of the Russian state - the hour of reckoning is near and the hands of the clock are approaching the mark when the countdown will go in the opposite direction and the Bifurcation point will be passed. The ashes of vengeance knock in the heads of the humiliated and offended, the mind and instincts are ordered to fight for the happiness of future generations.
People are gradually arming, despite the tightening of the law on the circulation of weapons. In weapons stores, ammunition is starting to run out, traumatic, smooth-bore and rifled barrels are being swept off the shelves. People buy crossbows, bows and harpoon guns, in general, everything that shoots and is capable of killing, protecting or saving lives. As you know, if there is a weapon in the house, then it will start shooting sometime. Sooner or later, Russia will explode and then no one will escape from just retribution.
New politic system was formed as a result of the civil war and was completely determined by it. Having seized power, the communists began to deprive people of political rights and property. Thus was provoked the civil war with all its terrible consequences. People were deprived of deposits, insurance, shares, property, life. The robbery began in the capital in November-December 1917. In the summer of 1918, the communists transferred the civil war to the countryside. The Poor Peasants' Committees, which temporarily replaced the Soviets, confiscated from wealthy peasants about 50 million hectares of land, as well as a significant part of agricultural implements and livestock. 90 . The main task committees of the poor began to inform on neighbors who hid bread from the new government. The scammer received part of the confiscated bread 91 .
In August 1918, the Communists abolished the right of private ownership of real estate in cities 92 . In October 1918, V. Ulyanov issued a decree on an emergency tax on urban and rural owners in the amount of 10 billion rubles. Moscow and the Moscow province pledged to pay the new government 3 billion rubles, the Minsk province - 60 million rubles 93 . These measures kindled the all-Russian fire of civil war.
Numerous political parties and groups that took part in the civil war eventually transformed into three forces: whites, reds and peasants. In other words, the two most active groups were fighting: the former owners and the communists. The peasants remained passive. Both the "whites" and the "reds" tried to win the peasants over to their side. The so-called "Reds" or communists won for several reasons. First of all, they occupied the central, most economically developed regions of the country. Net railways allowed the "red" to quickly concentrate troops in the right direction. The communists soon abandoned their former democratic passions and created an army based on forced recruitment. Deserters were rounded up and shot. The Red Army soldiers were paid good salaries. Their families enjoyed benefits. In the autumn of 1919, during the decisive battles, 3 million people were under arms in the Red Army, and the combined forces of the White armies did not exceed 250 thousand people 94 . During the period from October 1918 to April 1919, the government announced the mobilization of 3.6 million people; of these, 917 thousand or 25% did not appear at the recruiting stations. In 1919 the number of deserters in the Red Army amounted to 1,761,000 people 95 .
The Red Army inherited from the former regime huge stocks of military equipment, which was enough not only for the period of the civil war. The military specialists of the old army went to serve the communists. In 1919, 30,000 officers of the former regime served in the Red Army. Severe discipline distinguished the new amia from the old one. Foreign communists were actively joining the Red Army, especially irreconcilable towards the so-called bourgeoisie. During the first months, the Bolsheviks relied on three brigades of Latvian riflemen, the total number of which reached 35 thousand people 96. They were commanded by the former colonel of the tsarist army Joachim Vatsetis. The total number of foreigners in the Red Army by the summer of 1920 was 250,000 fighters, which exceeded the number of troops of foreign interventionists. Between 1918 and 1920 in the Red Army, 701,847 people died in battle, not counting the missing. 250 thousand died during the suppression of peasant uprisings. In general, the losses of the Red Army amounted to 3/4 of the losses suffered by the Russian army in the First World War, estimated at 1.3 million people. The losses of the "whites" amounted to 127 thousand people. Approximately 2 million people were swept away by epidemics. 91% of the victims of the war were civilians 97 . Civilian casualties were much greater. During the civil war of 1918-1922. more than 15 million people died. This is about 10% of the population. In Spain in 1936-1939. 1.8% of the population died 98 .
The victory of the "Reds" was largely ensured by mass propaganda. Newspapers, posters, agitators flattered the workers and peasants, their calloused hands. At the same time, tubs of dirt were poured out on all other classes and strata of Russian society. I. Ilyin noticed that in the Soviet newspapers the lie is a solid wall 99 . The workers were frightened by the return of the capitalists, and the peasants by the return of the landowners. The "white" movement was portrayed exclusively as a monarchist, although none of its leaders advocated the restoration of the monarchy. Alekseev, Kornilov, Denikin were peasants.
Communist agitation assured that the Soviet regime would be much better than the old one. Millions of people who entered the political field for the first time believed the promises of the "Reds". After two or three years, the deceit was revealed, but the new dictatorship had already managed to establish itself. The Bolsheviks won because they used all the 20th-century states at their disposal. tools of coercion against the peasantry of the 19th century. Russian peasants lacked political consciousness. They did not see the difference in the forms of government, did not value parliamentary democracy. The peasants were satisfied with the minor economic concessions granted by the Kremlin in the spring of 1921. The Land Code of 1922 permitted the hiring of workers, the lease of land, and recognized the inheritance of children's rights to use their parents' land. The victory of the communists in the civil war should be regarded not as an expression of popular support, but as a manifestation of the still unformed national consciousness and political backwardness of the Russian peasantry, the majority of the people. Russia was not ready for democratic statehood.
The weakness of the "white" movement was that it failed to become a unifying national force. It remained almost exclusively a movement of officers, devoid of any social base. The White movement was unable to establish effective cooperation with the liberal and socialist intelligentsia, and politically with the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, who were simply irreplaceable in government administration. The whites were suspicious of the workers and vindictive of the peasants. They were unable to win over the Ukrainians and Cossacks by the unity of common goals. The White movement failed to create a disciplined army, let alone a state administration. Only with a big stretch can one speak of a Kolchak government.
It was a civil war within Russian society. Each side used state institutions and coercion to mobilize the peasant masses to fight in the interests of a cause alien to them. It was a war imposed from above, as evidenced by the massive desertion of both Reds and Whites. Kolchak and Denikin canceled the October 1917 decree on land, setting the peasantry against themselves precisely at the moment when they were dissatisfied with the Bolsheviks. Wrangel gave the Crimean peasants land in eternal hereditary property, but it was too late 101 .
An important consequence of the civil war was the Communist Party's fear of the peasantry. The generation of communists that formed in those years went through a bloody and dangerous struggle with the peasantry. Many of their comrades were torn to pieces by the "green bandits", often in many places the power of the Bolsheviks was thrown off or threatened by the peasants. The Communists have always been aware that they are a minority party in a hostile peasant environment. 102 .
the most important integral part civil war were fighting state power against rural communities. The war between the communist state and the peasantry was long and bloody. During 1918, only in 20 provinces of Central Russia, 245 major anti-Soviet uprisings broke out. The beginning of 1919 was marked by an uprising of the peasants of the Middle Volga. In 1929-1921. the civil war becomes a peasant war. In the Ishim district of the Omsk province in 1921, the rebel army numbered 60,000 fighters. Sapozhkov's "First Army of Truth", operating in the Volga region, consisted of 1,800 bayonets, 900 sabers, 10 machine guns, 4 guns 103. However, the peasant war did not threaten the cities.
The concept of "civil war" should also include military actions aimed at maintaining the former borders of the state. Already in March 1917, the Rada demanded the internal autonomy of Ukraine, and in June - the recognition of the national independence of Ukraine. Lithuania and Latvia also demanded independence. In December 1917, the Finns demanded independence from Lenin. The Council of People's Commissars agreed, but immediately secretly sent a train with weapons to the Finnish communists. A civil war broke out. N. Yudenich asked the Finns to help him in the capture of Petrograd. The Finns refused, since N. Yudenich did not recognize Finland's independence from Russia. The leaders of the "white" movement unequivocally advocated a "united and indivisible Russia." A. Denikin fought against the forces of Ukrainian independence. The Communists continued this policy, but more flexibly. For the sake of preserving the country and his power, V. Lenin made territorial concessions.
On March 3, 1918, an agreement was signed in Brest-Litovsk. Compared with 1914, the territory of Russia has decreased by 800 thousand square kilometers. Soviet army was supposed to leave Ukraine, Russia had to make peace with the Ukrainian Rada, renounce claims to Finland and the Baltic countries, give Turkey Kars, Batum and Ardahan. 26% of the population lived in these territories, 32% of agricultural and 23% of industrial products, 75% of coal and iron were produced. Russia pledged to pay 6 billion marks in reparations to Germany 104 .
V. Ulyanov (Lenin) made great efforts to keep the Russian state within its former borders, to prevent the separation of the territories conquered by the tsars. The peoples of Poland, the Baltic States, Finland were able to win national independence. Attempts by the Red Army to capture Warsaw and Lvov and to inspire a communist coup in Finland failed. However, SNK managed to keep in the composition united state Ukraine, Belarus and other nation-state formations with the help of the Red Army, as well as local communist groups. The Red Army also prevented the separation of Central Asia and Transcaucasia. As a result, the communists preserved the multinational state, by force of arms they stopped the attempts of non-Russian peoples to self-determination.
Thus, in 1918-1922. Moscow waged war with the aim of regaining the lost imperial possessions. Poland, Finland and the Baltics seceded. The remaining territories were united by the communists in the USSR. The army played a decisive role in its creation. The new union was a unitary state, not a federation. The USSR became the legal successor of the Russian Empire. The imperial policy remained, but it changed the flag. If the tsars used the ideology of pan-Slavism, then V. Lenin applied the so-called "proletarian internationalism". The new Russian government justified an active foreign policy by the need to protect the interests of the international proletariat.
In 1919, V. Lenin created the Communist International to prepare for the world revolution. All the delegates of this International, with the exception of three, were constantly working in Moscow and did not represent the real communist parties of the West. Foreign policy Moscow was ambivalent: the Council of People's Commissars signed peace treaties, and the Communist International financed the Communist Parties of European countries, organized terrorist acts, the so-called "revolutionary actions of the working people." The Comintern eventually turned into a branch of the intelligence services of the USSR. In 1943 the Comintern ceased to exist.
The Civil War taught us to govern by means of mass murder, made it a way of thinking to expose our enemies. She replaced politics with fighting. The civil war meant the extreme brutalization of society, and especially of its ruling class. The war, which lasted more than three years, led to the mutual extermination of the most active elements of civil society. In 1920 the civil war ended 105 . That is, mass military operations of the armies ceased. However, internal peace in the country was not achieved. Partisan struggle (political banditry) continued, underground anti-Soviet organizations operated. The repressions of the Cheka-OGPU continued. During the years of the civil war, the number of urban residents sharply decreased, which in 1917 accounted for only 18% of the population. Most of the emigrants were city dwellers. The most “Europeanized” stratum of Russian society emigrated. By 1921, Moscow had lost half of its workers, Petrograd - 2/3. In 1921 the Russian proletariat numbered less than 1 million people. The country returned to subsistence agriculture. After the revolution, Russia turned out to be a more agrarian and peasant country than before the war.
World War II and Civil War II
An unsuccessful attempt to make a revolution and establish the "Bavarian Soviet Socialist Republic"in Germany, the stories, publications of Russian emigrants and German participants in the civil war, primarily the von der Goltz division, about events in Russia, the atrocities of the Cheka and the Red Army of Comrade Trotsky, the publication of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" exported from Russia, not only strengthened the anti -communist and anti-Semitic sentiments, but also created the preconditions for people to support the National Socialist Party of Germany as a counteraction to the party of communist internationalists. Imperial Family Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich and his German wife emigrated to her family estate in Bavaria. Wanting to take revenge on the Communists and the Red Army for the murder of the entire Imperial Family and Russian officers, they introduced the then unknown Adolf Hitler to influential people in Germany, primarily General Ludendorff, the industrialist Ford and others.
Member Killers Imperial Family In Ekaterinburg.
The victory of the National Socialists in Germany and the defeat of the Communists completely changed the course of history in Europe. The work of the agents of the Comintern on direct orders from Moscow in Spain and in France led to new hotbeds of war in Europe.
Communists from the USSR are sending help to the "republicans" led by an agent of the Comintern with tanks, weapons, instructors and "internationalists". The National Socialists from Germany send their military aid to General Franco. Russian emigrants, former ranks of the Russian Army, including General Fok, who later became national hero Spain.
Captured Red Army soldiers captured during the attack
Red Army to Finland
The war in Spain, Stalin's capture of the Baltic and Western Ukraine, and Hitler's capture of Poland, clearly showed that the war between the Red Army and the German Armed Forces was inevitable. The very beginning of the war between Germany and the USSR divided the entire Russian emigration into "defeatists" and "defencists".
The officers of the Russian army, although they were preparing their shift in the cadet corps and schools, had too few forces for an independent war with the regular units of the Red Army. Most of the officers believed that it was necessary to join the armies of Germany and Italy to jointly fight the Red Army and turn the Second World War in Russia into the Second Civil War.
officers Russian Guard, Cossacks, the Head of the Imperial Family, the Russian Orthodox Church sent greetings to the Leader of the German people, Chancellor Hitler, in connection with the start of the "decisive attack on the satanic Bolshevik power" and called on the entire Russian emigration to stand under the banner of the new crusade for the liberation of Russia.
Encountering no strong resistance in the first months of the war, the troops of Germany and Italy occupied a significant part of the European territory of the USSR. Unwilling to resist or abandoned by commanders, thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands of Red Army soldiers were taken prisoner. Even before the approach of the German Armed Forces, local residents staged uprisings against the "Soviet occupiers" in the Baltic states.
The number of Soviet prisoners of war began to be measured in millions, and all of them, regardless of the reasons for captivity, were declared outlaws, war criminals and deprived of the help of the international Red Cross. The German command, which had limited food supplies, did not know what to do with so many prisoners of war, hunger and disease raged in the camps. In the South of Russia, on the Cossack lands, the German command often sent prisoners of war home.
From the very beginning of hostilities, old emigrants went to fight against their old enemies as part of the German (reconnaissance) and Italian (cavalry) Armed Forces. In Belgrade, the ranks of the former 1 Army Corps of the Russian Army, together with grown-up children-pupils cadet corps and military schools, merged into the Russian Corps, but the German command left him in the Balkans to fight the red partisans Broz Tito, never letting him go to the Eastern Front. From the captured Red Army soldiers began to form "Eastern Volunteers", or "Khivi". The German command did not trust the Russians and allowed to recruit units up to and including a battalion from captured Red Army soldiers, but no more. General Vlasov's statement about the creation of the "Russian Liberation Army" in 1942 remained more of a declaration, since the German Command allowed the formation of the ROA as the highest military unit only in 1944, when it was already too late.
Cossack units, as more reliable, were allowed to form units up to a regiment and above.
The opening of Russian Orthodox Churches in the territories occupied by the Germans and Italians, the appearance of cloaks, checkers, sparkling shoulder straps, Cossacks with St. George's crosses and medals on the chest, fighting "For Faith and Fatherland" against the commissars, red commanders with cubes and diamonds on their uniforms, were supposed to turn the Second World War into the Second Civil. Seeing the threat of turning the war into a second civil war, the smartest and most cunning politician, Stalin also decided to play on patriotic feelings and restored Orthodox Church, shoulder straps, orders and all external signs Russian Army down to uniforms. At the same time, propaganda work was sharply intensified.
The formation of the Russian national liberation army met with strong resistance from some leaders of the National Socialist Party, the army command, on the contrary, welcomed and helped the formation of Russian units in every possible way.
Mistakes of the German command in the occupied territories with professional activity partisan detachments led by personnel officers of the NKVD, they turned the rear of Germany into a combat area. Using the old principle of the Red Army - "Victory at any cost", the offensive of the elite German units on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge and other fronts was stopped.
The retreat of the German units led not only to the departure of Russian military formations, but also to numerous civilian refugees who did not want to live again in "Stalin's Paradise". Among them - "Cossack camp" of the elderly, women and children.
Unlimited human resources, mass production military equipment, sometimes not inferior in quality to German, increasing heroism and skill Soviet soldiers, assistance of the allies with auto transport and food, the opening of the "Second Front" led to the defeat of Germany and its allies and the occupation of half of Germany and many European countries by the Red Army in accordance with the Yalta agreement between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill.
Fulfilling a duty to the allies, the Red Army, violating the non-aggression pact with Japan, attacked and defeated the Kwantung Army in August 1945, capturing North China and Korea. The nuclear bombardment by the Americans of civilians in Hiroshima and Nagasaki forced the Emperor of Japan to sign an order of surrender in order to preserve the nation. The northern part of China, where a significant part of the emigration of the "first wave" lived in Harbin, the Three Rivers and other cities of Manchuria, ended up in the Soviet zone of occupation, Shanghai and the southern regions of the residence of Russian emigrants remained for some time under the control of Chiang Kai-shek and foreign concessions.
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