The population of Makiivka in 1985. Makeevka, Donetsk region
In fact, the north-eastern suburb of Donetsk. In terms of population, it is in 15 largest cities Ukraine.
Administrative division of Makeevka
Makeevka is divided into 5 districts (the number of inhabitants is indicated in brackets):
Gornyatsky district (107 835)
Kirovsky district (52768)
Sovietsky district (53007)
Central City District (94937)
Krasnogvardeisky district (81042)
The villages that are part of the City Council: Bolshoye Orikhove, Visoka, Vuglyar, Gruzko-Zoryanske, Gruzko-Lomovka, Guselske, Dugouts, Kolosnikove, Krasny Oktyabr, Krinichnaya, Lesnoye, Mayak, Mezhevoe, Nizhnyaya Krynka, Proletarian, Sverdlovo, Yasinovka.
The national composition of the population of Makeevka
More than 100 nationalities live in Makiivka.
According to the 2001 census, in the national composition of the city's population, the vast majority (50.8% of the total population). The second place in terms of numbers is 45%. The national composition of the city is also represented by: Belarusians - 1.1%, Tatars - 1.1%, - 0.27%, Greeks - 0.27%, Georgians - 0.26%, Azerbaijanis - 0.1% and other nationalities.
Today in the city there are: the society of Polish culture "Polonia", the society of the Greeks "Aegis", the society "Neman", the Tatar cultural center, the public organizations of the Germans "Hoffnung" (Hope) and "Wiedergeburt", a public organization, the Jewish community, cultural - educational organization of gypsy women "Miriklya", etc.
History of Makeevka
Makeevka is a city with ancient history, 147 archeological monuments were found on the territory, among which is one of the oldest stone axes in Ukraine from the early Paleolithic era. There are 75 mounds in the city, left by nomadic peoples: Scythians, Sarmatians, Polovtsy, etc.
The city of Makeevka (until 1931 - Dmitrievsk) was founded in 1690. The history of Makeevka begins with the Cossack settlements of Yasinovka, Nizhnyaya Krynka, Zemlyanka, Makeevka, Shcheglovo, located at the junction of the Yekaterinoslav province and the Don Cossack Region, when, by decree of the Azov provincial office, the ancient Zaporizhzhya settlement of Zemlyanka was transformed into a state military settlement. By the beginning of the 90s of the 19th century, on the territory of the Makeevskaya volost, in connection with the discovery and the beginning of the industrial development of coal deposits, the Makeevka mountain region and its administrative, commercial, industrial and cultural center, the village of Dmitrievsky, were formed, which eventually became the basis of the city of Makeevka .
In July 1917, the village of Dmitrievsky received the status of a city and became the center of the Makeevsky district. In February 1919, the Makeevsky district was included in the Donetsk province. In April 1922, the district, as a territorial-administrative unit, was liquidated, and the entire executive was transferred to the city council. In 1931 the city of Dmitrievsk was renamed into the city of Makeevka.
In the middle of the 19th century, deposits of coking coal were discovered in Makeyevka. The first mine was built in 1859. By the 90s of the century, the Makeevsky mountain region with a developed network of coal enterprises was formed, which in 1904 was reorganized into a mining district. In 1907, a regional mine rescue station was opened. On the basis of coal mining, railway transport, the metallurgical, pipe-casting and coke-chemical industries are developing.
The rapid development of the city, its industrial power is associated with the pre-war decade. In Makiivka, the first domestic mechanized blast furnace and blooming plant were built at the metallurgical plant; the country's only research institute for the safety of work in the mining industry was opened. By 1941, 60 enterprises operated in the city. Makeevka produced 12% of coal mining and 10% of metal smelting.
During the Second World War, the city was destroyed, its economy suffered enormous damage. More than 30 thousand civilians died as a result of mass executions and hangings. 15,000 were forcibly driven away, 16,611 soldiers and officers died on the fronts. 64 residents of Makeyevka were awarded the title of the Soviet Union for heroism and courage.
The city of Makeevka has the Charter of the territorial community of Makeevka, which is the basic regulatory legal act of the community, a systematized set of principles, norms, rules, traditions that establish the procedure and procedure for the implementation of local self-government, the relationship of the territorial community with and other subjects of law. The charter is valid throughout the city, has the highest legal force in relation to other acts of bodies and officials of local self-government of the city.
Enterprises of Makeevka
SE "Makeevugol" was founded in 1936 and is one of the largest enterprises in the coal industry in Ukraine for the extraction of coking coal and thermal coal by underground mining, which provides 6% of the total coal produced in the Donetsk region. The annual production of run-of-mine coal is about 2.2 million tons. The enterprise includes mines Kholodnaya Balka, Butovskaya, Chaikino, Severnaya, im. V.M. Bazhanov, Mine Administration. S.M. Kirova sh. them. S.M. Kirova, sh. Yasinovsky-Deep; mine administration. Lenin: sh. Lenina, sh. Kalinovskaya-Vostochnaya; 13 auxiliary enterprises and organizations.
Industrial coal reserves are more than 390.0 million tons.
Public Joint Stock Company Yasinovskiy Coke and Chemical Plant is part of the coke production segment of the Donetskstal Group, which is one of the largest producers of high-quality coking coal concentrate, coke and metal products.
Private Joint Stock Company Makeevkoks is a part of the coke production segment of the Donetskstal Group, which is one of the largest producers of commercial high-quality coking coal concentrate, coke and metal products.
The Makeevka branch of the Public Joint Stock Company Enakievsky Metallurgical Plant is part of the metallurgical association of Metinvest Group, an international vertically integrated mining and metallurgical company.
Makeevka branch of EMZ PJSC is an enterprise with an incomplete metallurgical cycle, specializing in the production of long and shaped steel.
Public Joint Stock Company "Granit". The company was founded in August 1979 and specializes in the production of equipment for the needs of the Ministry of Defense. PJSC "Granit" is a subsidiary of the State Joint-Stock Holding Company "Topaz" - one of the leading enterprises of the country's defense complex.
State Makeevka Research Institute for Safety in the Mining Industry. Founded on the basis of the first Makeevsky Central Mine Rescue Station. Currently MakNII is the main scientific institution Ukraine on the problems of labor protection and safety in the coal industry.
Limited Liability Company "Kolbiko" Firm. The company began its activity in 1997, and in a relatively short time of existence on the market, the products managed to win a significant segment of the market.
Prime-product LLC was founded in 2000, today it is the leader in the region in the production of mayonnaise, sauces, mustard.
Private Joint Stock Company "Makievsky Foundry". The main activity of the enterprise is the production of iron castings for industrial enterprises. The annual production volume will be 10.2 thousand tons.
Private Joint Stock Company "Research and Production Enterprise "Makeevsky Plant of Mine Automation". The enterprise was founded in 1962 as an experimental plant for the production of mine automation and communication equipment.
Makeevka separate subdivision Shoe factory "Aspect" LLC "Donprommash". The history of the enterprise begins in 1949, when a shoe factory was founded in the city. Makeevka separate subdivision Shoe factory "Aspect" LLC "Donprommash" was established in October 2005 on the basis of the liquidated CJSC "Aspect", the integral property complex of which was sold to LLC "Donprommash".
Destruction in Makiivka over time (as of September 15, 2014)
Central City District:
quarter Guards, 17, 14, 13, 1, 10, 9, 11;
Zheleznodorozhny quarter, 3, 6, 11, 28, 4, 5, 1, 27, 2, 26, 12, 15, 16, 25, 13
Sovietsky district:
41 quarter, 12, 10, 1, 2, 15, 16, 11, 8, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 5;
m-n Magistralny, 1A;
settlement Lower Krynka, st. Centralnaya, 34, 25, 35;
settlement Nizhnyaya Krynka, 1 quarter, 6, 9;
settlement Lower Krynka, st. Smirnova, d. 6, 5, 3;
settlement Lower Krynka, 25 quarter, building. 2;
settlement Lower Krynka, st. Rednecks, d. 8;
settlement Lower Krynka, st. Central, 36;
settlement Lower Krynka, st. Pushkin, d. 4;
village Bolshoye Orekhovo, st. Deputatskaya, 43, 17, 26, 28, 46, 48;
village Bolshoye Orekhovo, st. Komarova, 9, 14, 16, 18, 45, 20;
village Bolshoye Orekhovo, st. Sverdlova, d. 7, 16, 17, 9, 13, 15;
st. Victory, d.41, 40;
settlement Khanzhenkovo, st. Kirova, d. 81;
settlement Khanzhenkovo, st. Coal exploration, 22
Kirovsky district:
per. Garmaty, d. 6, 5, 1, 3, 4, 12, 13;
st. Sovetskaya, 204, 206, 207a, 215;
st. Butovka Severnaya, 3;
Severny quarter, 6, 11, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19;
21 quarter, d. 5, 4, 3;
663 quarter, d. 2;
st. Donetsk highway, 109a,
settlement Gruzsko-Lomovka, st. Novoselovka, 21, 32;
settlement Gruzsko-Lomovka, st. Kirova, d. 61, 9a, 10, 21, 24;
settlement Gruzsko-Lomovka, st. Chapaeva, d. 9;
settlement Gruzsko-Lomovka st. Lugovaya, 27, 33, 41, 45, 47, 8;
settlement Gruzsko-Lomovka, st. Molodyozhnaya, d. 5, 3, 7, 2;
settlement Gruzsko-Lomovka, st. Zarechnaya, 24
Chervonogvardeisky district:
st. Western, 34, 32;
st. Festivalnaya, 81, 70, 83, 85, 72, 68, 87;
st. Chekalina, d. 77a, 84, 80, 83, 85, 83a, 81a;
st. Stepnaya, d.
st. Geological, 51, 56, 44, 46, 49, 58, 63, 65, 65a, 67, 60;
per. Stadionny, d. 7;
st. 20 Party Congress, 56;
st. Labor, d. 95, 97;
st. Fabricius, d. 17, 26
Interest in Makiivka of search engine users
More than half a million users were interested in Makiivka in the Yandex search engine (according to the results of the word selection service) (as of October 28, 2014).
A quick look at the selection of search phrases shows that users most often searched for information about the news of Makiivka, they were interested in information about the weather in Makiivka, Makiivka, a map of Makiivka, areas of Makiivka, pensions in Makiivka and even about Makiivka.
Based on the graph of the dynamics of search queries over the past 2 years, it can be seen that the greatest interest in Makeevka was shown by Yandex users in August 2014 - about half a million queries of "Makeevka" per month.
Data shown: the first number is the number of impressions per month, the second is the index of regional popularity.
Makeevka is the second largest (380,000 inhabitants) city of the DPR, closely adjoining the capital from the northeast, merging with endless workers' settlements, and if you look at the map, it all seems to be a single city. But if "on the ground", then Makeevka is absolutely self-sufficient, and at the same time the two cities are extremely similar - only Makeevka looks not like a continuation of Donetsk, but like a kind of Little Donetsk. As in Donetsk, its center with a pronounced main street is separated by a metallurgical plant from the old and very colorful Colony, and the same villages stretch around, in which a lot of interesting things have been lost, like the MakNII or the Horned slag heap. Add here the fact that the role of Makiivka has clearly grown in the DPR: something relatively rarely “flyed” into it, the population began to grow (!), And because of the cut roads, almost all routes from Donetsk now run through Makiivka.
In general, I have 3 posts to write about this city. So from the shown post-Maidan Kyiv, let's return to the Donbass.
As if emphasizing their isolation, Donetsk and Makiivka have different bypasses, between which the Botanical Garden with the residences of Yanukovych and Akhmetov at different ends and the once mining village of Hanzovka wormed its way between them on the main road. He meets with some grandiose towers and structures, the purpose of which we puzzled over for a long time. In fact, this is just a test site for DonNASA ... American NASA has nothing to do with it, the abbreviation stands for Donbass National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, until 1994 the Makeevka Civil Engineering Institute (1947), which was considered almost the best in its class in Ukraine throughout the country. Of course, it is located at the junction of two cities not by chance, as if belonging to both of them.
But the real Makiivka begins further, behind the dumps of the metallurgical plant ... mechanically I want to say "from which the city began", but this is absolutely not the case. In past posts, I have repeatedly mentioned that the Donbass was divided between the Yekaterinoslav province and the Don Cossack Region, and the coal seams stretched and, accordingly, the industry grew just along their border. Here it passed along the Kalmius, from its sources it turned east, so Yuzovka (and 3/4 of present-day Donetsk) belonged to Ekatrinoslavshchina, and 4/5 of present-day Makeevka belonged to the region of the Don Cossack Army, and the first Cossack villages in its place were Zaporizhzhya Yasinovka and Don Dugouts have been known since 1690. By 1787, dugouts had grown to Makeevskaya Sloboda - in those days for the most part The “Don” half of the future Donbass was owned by the Ilovaisky family, nobles from the Cossack foremen, who traced their genealogy to the Cossack Makei, who settled in the Wild Field, who, according to the Ukrainian version, fled to the Don Cossacks. Be that as it may, the suburb of his name grew, since 1859 the first mines appeared in its district, in 1885 the Ilovaisky organized a pipe plant near the village, but real industrialization was still ahead: in 1897-98, the French General Society of Iron-Smelting, Iron-Making and steelworks of Russia" is building a grandiose metallurgical plant with the sonorous name "Union" near Makeeva Sloboda, which in 1901 became one of the foundations of the legendary syndicate "Prodamet".
At the plant, the village of Dmitrievsk grew up, by the time it acquired the status of a city (like Yuzovka, in 1917 between two revolutions), it had grown to 20 thousand inhabitants. Under the Soviets, it became the center of the Makeevka region, and having united in 1931 with many more settlements to form the city of Makeevka, it remained its core. By the beginning of the war, Makiivka, with the largest metallurgical plant in the USSR and Eastern Europe, gave the Land of Soviets 10% of steel and 12% of coal, and with a population of 240,000 people was by a wide margin the largest of the cities that were not the centers of the regions.
But that was the pinnacle of Makiivka's history, and even in the Donetsk region in the 1960s, Mariupol replaced it from second place, and by that time the largest metallurgical plants worked in the depths of the RSFSR. And in general, before the trip, I had an absentee impression of Makiivka of a city in which "everything is bad": even under Ukraine, its population decreased by a quarter, the legendary metallurgical plant became only an auxiliary production of the Yenakievsky plant, in 2006 the tram was closed for the first time in the country (2006) , by the way, the former oldest in the Donbass (1924), there were also some problems with, it seems, water supply and epidemiology, and even in the criminal chronicles, Makeevka showed itself epicly up to cannibalism. In general, with extremely gloomy expectations, we drove into Makeevka on such a bus - and not from Donetsk, but from Khartsyzsk, this city east of Makeevka turned into an All-Donbass hub, and we made a transfer there along the road from Ilovaisk.
Severe Donbass bus humor:
The next two shots were taken on the same street as shots 2-3, but only at its other end - with the sonorous name Prospect of the 250th Anniversary of Donbass, in Makiivka it acts as a transit highway, part of the road from Donetsk to Khartsyzsk and further everywhere.
If you enter from Khartsyzsk, the center of Makeevka lies behind a deep ravine, at the bottom of which there is a pond slightly larger than puddles, proudly called the Makeevka Sea... but this has similarities with the ponds of Donetsk at Kalmius and Bakhmutka. On the high hills you can see the characteristic rounded high-rise buildings of the Solnechny microdistrict, which I have never photographed, but the huge Red Bazaar, which arose back in the days of metallurgical Dmitrievsk, opens the center from this side. Here, of course, half the city is stocked, but the glory of the bazaar is gloomy: during the war, the Germans staged demonstrative executions on it (and not so much underground workers as ordinary criminals), and in the 1990s, according to locals, it became famous for epic battles between Vietnamese and Gypsies. But my only shot from the bazaar is in the evening, when the trade has already fizzled out and everyone has gone to distant regions.
To the south of the avenue of the 250th anniversary of Donbass is the private sector, where MakNII and the pipe plant are lost, which we will reach only in the third part. In direct line of sight from them, but to the north of the transit road - high-rise buildings, including two characteristic red "candles". The Central Department Store next to them was destroyed not by "arrival", but by a fire back in 2008 - although it looks like it burned down yesterday.
At the foot of one of the "candles" is an eerie monument to the Afghans (2001), which I immediately mistook for a monument to the militias:
A little further away is a memorable “shamrock” house of one of the Russian series, but in general, Makeevka is very multi-storey and large-panel:
And behind the houses from the previous shots passes Gorbachev Boulevard (in this case, it is Timofey Gorbachev, a mining theorist of the mid-twentieth century). There is a very pleasant pedestrian area, but there is nothing interesting, and upon returning I realized that I photographed only one there general form in poor lighting and this tower at the very beginning of the boulevard:
Further, the Palace of Pioneers named after Dzharty (I will tell you who it is at the end of the post) with a sundial (2011) at the entrance, in the lobby of which we found an exhibition of children's drawings on the topic of the current war,. However, by DPR standards, Makeevka was practically not affected by the war - sometimes, of course, arrivals with destruction and casualties happened here, but still Makeevka is located in the depths of a giant industrial agglomeration, fighting never even came close to it, the population during the DPR began to grow rapidly (from 350 to 390 thousand), apparently due to those who left the front-line zones, and in general, the current Makeevka, in its atmosphere, is closest to the old, but not at all kind Donbass, which I remembered it in 2011.
For example, behind the Palace of Pioneers, we met a drunken company with attempts to communicate, but at the sight of my camera, they did not even remember about spies, gunners and arrivals. I photographed there an unexpectedly beautiful monument "The feat of the miners of Makeevka" (2003), with its appearance as if saying that coal labor is a little easier than military labor.
In the past frames, the huge St. George's Cathedral (1995-2003) is also clearly visible, with which its own legend is connected about how a small group of Red Army soldiers defended the height here almost in isolation from their own for several days during the war, and when they had already run out of ammunition and water, George the Victorious on a white horse suddenly appeared to one of them, and the next day the Germans suddenly retreated, and although the offensive soon resumed with renewed vigor, the defenders were able to at least break through to their own. And it is now in every domestic film about the war that the Red Army soldiers and generals all come to believe in God in unison, and in the 1990s such legends were clearly not mainstream and therefore poignant.
This cathedral does not look at all like the white and golden-domed Donetsk churches of Nusenkis, but, in my opinion, it was done very well:
Another church in the fence, apparently a temporary building during the years of its construction:
And there, the administration is within easy reach. The administration in Makiivka is dull and gray, in the background is the multi-storey Mayak Hotel:
Strange sculpture in the square:
Opposite is a school with a high mosaic, and obliquely from the administration (the edge on the left) is the Makeevugol office, which is not inferior in size to it:
But just like in Donetsk, in Makiivka the administration is located not on the main street, but one block away from it. In the frame above, Plekhanov Street, which connects them, goes to the right, notable for the monument to Grigory Kapustin (1983), who until 2000 stood in the place of the same maiden from the frame before last. Why he was immortalized in Makeyevka, I still don’t understand: the Peter I’s explorer Kapustin led two expeditions in 1721-22, the result of which was the discovery of coal in the Donbass (then there was also a third expedition, in which Peter I equipped the British, who successfully sabotaged intelligence ) - but it was not here, but in the current Lugansk region near Lisichansk. Perhaps the glory of Makeevka as the largest mining center of Donbass had an effect:
The main street of Makiivka itself is, no matter how trite it sounds, Lenin Avenue, going north parallel to the long and narrow metallurgical plant three blocks from its fence, and here the image of Little Donetsk reaches its climax - Lenin Avenue constantly takes deja vu that you walk along , only the roadway is empty compared to it. The avenue begins with a "gate" on Moskovskaya Street, which is also visible from Gorbachev Boulevard. Behind them, with a portico of columns, is the Soyuz cinema, once the home of the local Komsomol:
And Plekhanov Street from the administration leads to the avenue on the other side of the block, just in time for the place from the title frame. The building with a turret now houses the administration of the Central City District, and it was built after the war as a hotel. However, there were two hotels in pre-revolutionary Dmitrievsk, and the outlines of the house suggest that, basically, it may well be of those times. On the other hand, the modest building to the right is already quite an honest pre-revolutionary (1912), and lives there (occupying both floors in 1968 and 1986, respectively) the local history museum founded in 1958 with an excellent exposition about the industry of Donbass ... alas, we didn’t get there, so how both times they came to Makeevka in the evening.
Until 2013, the administration lived in a constructivist building opposite, and when it moved to the other side of the street, Donbassgiproshakht was located here:
Instead of the next quarter - Square of Glory eternal flame, the obelisk on which is one of the oldest monuments of the Great Patriotic War (1946). The oldest obelisks in and (including the oldest one) appeared even before the capture of Berlin, and from the post-war ones, I only remember a monument comparable in age. In the background is the Mayak Hotel, and on the surrounding streets, as in Donetsk, there are already ordinary five-story buildings:
Further on the same side - Youth Theater (1971), and the full name is interesting - the Donetsk Regional Russian Theater of the Young Spectator, that is, firstly, it belongs to both cities, and secondly, it is clearly not listed as "Russian" on the occasion of the "arrival of the Russian world" , but much longer.
Behind him is another square, and in the square Ilyich is more alive than all the living. Still, there are few places where monuments to Lenin are as appropriate as in the industrial Donbass with its Soviet architecture and class self-consciousness:
In both squares in the evening it is crowded, much more lively than on the sidewalks and even more so on the roadway. Opposite the Youth Theater there is a bank, apparently rebuilt after the war, a pre-revolutionary one ... in the center of Makeevka there is little of it, and even less information about individual buildings in Runet.
Here, pay attention to the trolleybus - they say that their network was reduced by 2/3 even under Ukraine, but where it remained - horned cars run regularly. There's even a cargo trolley bus caught:
And in fact, it was worth going further along Lenin Street, at least to the perpendicular Gorky Street (and there is also Artyom Street there), where there is a good constructivist quarter and a church right at the checkpoint of the coking plant ... but we saw this only in the avenues of perpendicular streets , hurrying early the next morning to the station and I did not film anything. On the same walk, we just turned back:
The plant is getting dark in the gateways of the stalinok, and we went to it:
And although the views of the plant itself from this side are not so hot (a fence and pipes sticking out of it), a lot of modest, but still pre-revolutionary houses of proletarian Dmitrievsk were found between it and Lenin Street:
In places, for some reason, it began to seem to me that I was in the Urals, even a wooden hut came across:
Parallel to the avenue Donetsk street, which we went to the south:
Artifact of the Soviet era:
Stalinka at the crossroads with Moscow - a block to the left will be the "gate" of Lenin Avenue:
And on the right, the nearest quarter, its inner part, is occupied by a compact but very dense Plekhanov market, where there are a lot of people even in the evenings, and nearby is the Plekhanovskaya bus station, central in Makiivka, with the main route to the Southern Bus Station of Donetsk. I remember the surroundings of the market with funny signs:
"Official partner of a happy childhood" - in my opinion, brilliant!
Behind the market, at the very plant, it meets the former Pioneer Park, laid out back in 1912 as the City Garden and until 1967 the former Central Park of Makeevka. As in the Red Bazaar, during the war it became a place of mass executions, in memory of the victims of which a stele "To the Victims of Fascist Terror" (1976) meets at the entrance:
The role of Little Donetsk was very clearly manifested in the 1970s, when, together with here, they launched the Makeevskaya Children's Railway, which was listed as its branch - a 1.3-kilometer ring with Pionerskaya and Teremok stations and a diesel locomotive TU4, which worked until 2002 with a break at the beginning 1990s The Pioneer Park then, they say, was a very gloomy place, it was actually abandoned, and the remains of the road were quickly burned and taken away - now, it seems, there is not a trace of them left in the park.
36a. photo from here.
Now the park is quiet and smooth, and in the evening (despite the fact that "Donbass is empty") you can not find free benches - it was put in order in 2012, and at the same time it was renamed Dzharty Park, and this actually explains a lot ...
Vasily Dzharty, also known in some circles as Vasya Bita, managed to be both the mayor of Makeevka and the minister, and in 2010-11 headed the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which in the Yanukovych era was jokingly called by some "the colony of Makeevka." The fact is that in the cunning layouts of the Ukrainian game of oligarchic thrones, in addition to the large Donetsk clan, the Makeevsky clan also stood out, closely intertwined with it. The Makeevka clans never had any special political ambitions and they did not demonstrate excessive publicity, much less than other clans having left their original state - organized crime groups. How the "Makeevka" settled in the Crimea - I did not figure it out, maybe since the time of the Crimean criminal wars, or maybe the "Donetsk" gave the peninsula to their vassals as inheritance. Be that as it may, Crimean Prime Minister Anatoly Mogilev, who replaced Dzharty after his death from an unsuccessful operation in 2012, immediately after the Maidan declared his complete loyalty to the new government, after which a "revolt on the ship" began in Crimea, which quickly grew into the Crimean spring. In general, I don’t know what the influence of the “Makeevkas” is now in the Crimea, in their patrimony, but I would like to hope that this place will remain Dzharty Park for a short time.
Then there are a few more buildings in different places in Makiivka - for example, an unusual-looking school near the same park:
Local Mining College in the neighborhood:
And this probably DK (I thought it was some kind of mine, but it turned out - DonNASA with mosaics of 2010) photographed from the window of a minibus on the road, very long and winding, to the Chervonnogvardeisky district:
And the girl in the next seat, seeing my camera, said to her boyfriend in an undertone: "Tomorrow something will probably fly here ...", and it may well be that when a couple of weeks ago Gvardeyka really "flew" for the first time since the beginning of the war, having destroyed several houses and killed a man, the passengers of that minibus remembered me as well.
But in general, as you can see, Makiivka is not at all like a city in which "everything is bad".
General information about the city.
. Artem street.
. North of the center.
. New World.
. English colony and environs.
. Working outskirts.
. Destroyed airport.
Makeevka. Center.
Makeevka. The colony.
Makeevka. MakNII and Guards.
Saur-Mogila and surrounding towns.
Ilovaisk. Knot and boiler.
Novoazovsk. Crooked braid.
Novoazovsk and Sedovo.
Debaltseve and Uglegorsk.
Gorlovka.
Yasinovataya.
Luhansk People's Republic.
... there will be posts.
Recent search queries (find the address on the map of Makeevka with street names and house numbers) and found addresses of houses and streets of the city of Makeevka: 117 Artema St., 117 Lenin Ave., 52/16 Lenina St., 6 Lebedev St., 78 Lebedev St., 65 General Danilov Ave., 82 General Danilov Ave., 5 Avtotransportnaya St., Sovetskaya Square 2, Gorbachev St. 5, Lunacharsky St. 12, Tchaikovsky St. 89a, Chernyakhovsky St. 5, Gribnichenko Sq. .50 years of the USSR 1, General Danilov avenue 73, Deputatskaya st. 162, 9 Dunayskaya St., 4 Taimyrskaya St., 7 Tsemesskaya St., 7a 250th Anniversary of Donbass St., 16 Akopyan St., 47 Tsusimskaya St., 47/34 Yuzhnaya St., 44 Tsusimskaya St., 20 Zaporozhskaya St., parizhsky lane 2, Molodezhny lane 22, Rybalko st. 7, Chekhov st. 28, Ordzhonikidze st. 41, Chusova st. 26 Pisareva st., 61 Pisareva st., 88 Gorodetskaya st., 86 Gorodetskaya st., 16 Matrosova st., 13 Rocketnaya st., 1 st. 66a Moskovskaya st., 25a Gorbachev boulevard, 3 Sovetskaya sq., 3 Chubar st., 62 Kuibyshev settlement, 52 Malinovsky st., 8a Kramatorskaya st., 40 Kirov st., 2 Liteynaya st., 15 Arbatsky lane, 20 Sverdlov st., 50 Dmitrov st., 1 Taezhnaya st., 39 Panas Mirny st., 10 Filatov st. Lenina 50/33, Dalnevostochnaya st. 80, Rastrelli st. 3, Gorbachev st. 114, Lebedev st. 46, Paton st. , street Botanicheskaya 1, street Botanicheskaya 2, street Botanicheskaya 3, street Botanicheskaya 4, street Botanicheskaya 6, street Botanicheskaya 7, street Botanicheskaya 8, street Botanicheskaya 9, street Botanicheskaya 34, street Botanicheskaya 21, 48 Botanicheskaya st., 22 Sayanskiy lane, 16 Shkolnaya st., 44 Fontannaya st., 7a 250 years of Donbass avenue, 89 Tchaikovsky st., 2 Derzhavin st., 55 Karaganda st., 1 Patona st., st. Lenina 7, 11 Taimyrskogo st., 54 Lenin st., 65 microdistrict Green, 71 Gurov st., 4 Chernyakhovsky st., 86 Kirov st., 11 Novaya St., 3 Skryabina St., 78, 50th Anniversary of Donbass Avenue, 26 General Danilov St., 18 Filatov St., 11 Dunaiskaya St., 6 Chuguev St., 14 Lebedeva St., 7 Novaya St., 3 Uvarova St., 1 250th Anniversary of Donbess St. ,green microdistrict 47, 16 Plekhanov st., 52 Lenin ave., 7 ave. 22 Pozharka st., 10 Bestuzhev st., 78 Davydenko st., 2 Nizmenny lane,Razdolnaya st. 5v, 250th Anniversary of Donbass Avenue, 8 Trubitsyna St., 77 Lazo St., 9 Lebedeva St., 73 Tyumenskaya St., 21 Ermak St.,22 Dzerzhinsky St., microdistrict Green 20,2b, 250 Letiya Donbass St., 14 Moskovskaya St., 34 Donetske Highway St., 15 Dostoyevsky St., Dostoevsky street 3,Dostoevsky st., 12,Dostoevsky street 1,Dostoevsky st., 21,Dostoevsky st., 140a,Dostoevsky st.2,Dostoevsky st., 8,19 Dostoevsky street, 5 Lebedeva st., 50a Lenina st., 14 Rabochaya st., 62 Gorodetskaya st., 5 Transportnaya st., 146 Deputatskaya st., 1 Rizhskaya st., 1 Sovetskaya square, 1 Sovetsky avenue, 26 Ashkhabadskaya st., 5 Taezhnaya st., 9 Trubitsina st.,39 Zeleny microdistrict, 8 Novaya st., 1 Bolnichnaya st., 17 Tehranskaya st., 12/9 Kurskaya st., 40 Karelskaya st.,Popular search queries for an address (streets, houses) in the city of Makiivka: Chekhov street, Artem street, Donetsk highway, Lenina avenue, Rudnichnaya street, Baglikov street, Karl Marx street Lebedev street, 250th anniversary of Donbass street, Vorovskogo street, Tyulenin street, Volodarsky street, Bestuzhev street, Levanevsky street, Ostrovsky street, Rudnichny Lane, Taigovaya Street, Pozharsky Street, Tajiksky Lane, Sukhumskaya Street, Dneprovskaya Street, 1st Passage of Kuznechnaya Street, Podemnaya Street, Mametova Street, 1st Passage of Pozharsky Street, Stroitelny Lane, Levanevsky Street, Yermak Street, Gulak Street Artemovsky, Druzhby Narodov street, Kamskaya street, Derzhavin street, 20 party congress street, Gorbatov street, Bogomolets street, Lipovetskaya street, Belinsky street, Lazarev street, Cruiser "Aurora" street, Starozhilova street, 5th passage of Shakhtostroiteley street, Karaganda street, Akademicheskaya street, 1st passage of Azovskaya street, Mira street, Shchepkina street, Pavlodarskaya street, Dnepropetrovskaya street, Nizmenny lane, Ushinsky street, Vysotnaya street, Sechenov street, Naklonnaya street, Zhukov street, Sakhalinskaya street, Poltavskaya street, Slavsky street, street Budyonny, Rastrelli street, Triumphalnaya street, Tselinogradskaya street, Fadeeva street, Vertical street, Maple lane, Tsimlyanskaya street, Lugovaya street, Zapadny lane , Vorobiev street, Slesarnaya street, 2nd passage of Trubitsina street, 3rd passage of Trubitsina street, Treneva street, Pisemskogo street, Orekhovsky lane, Zaboyshchikov lane, Raduzhnaya street, Marievskaya Balka street, Kanalskaya street, Aksakov street, Vrubovy lane, Triumphalny lane , 2nd passage of Shakhtostroiteley street, 3rd passage of Shakhtostroiteley street, Tikhodonskaya street, Shosseiny lane, Razdelnaya street, Fioletovy lane, Zavodskoy lane, Bryansky lane, 2nd passage Boykaya street, Mezhevaya street, Pushkin street, General Danilov avenue, Kuibyshev village, Mark Vovchka street, Tselinnaya street, Dzerzhinsky street, 1st Volkhovsky lane, Rudnichny lane, Levanevsky street, Tsusimskaya street, Yuzhnaya street, Vatutin street, Butovskaya street, Armavirskaya street, Nikitin street, Krasnogorovsky lane, Rudnichny lane, 2 -th passage of Shaumyan street, Troyanovsky street, Zaslonova street, Montazhnaya street, Borodin street, Lunacharsky street, 2nd lane of Olkhovskaya street, Gorbachev boulevard, Sobornaya Square, Ryabtseva Street, 250th Anniversary of Donbass Avenue, Lenin Street, 1st Izotov Street, Sknareva Street, Dovator Street, Gavrilov Street, Zheleznodorozhnaya Street, Baltiysky Lane, Kovpak Street, Kirpichnaya Street, Cruiser Aurora Street, Urbanskogo Street, Street Tevosyan, Gaidar 1st passage, Vesnina street, Ushakov street, Gaidar street, Pyatnitsky street, Repin street, Donetskskaya street, Botanicheskaya street, Tehranskaya street, Tyumenskaya street, Taganskaya street, Filatova street, Timiryazev street, 2nd passage of Mezhkvartalnaya street , Novoselovskaya street, Mezhkvartalnaya street, Tsimlyanskaya street, Pavlodarskaya street, Slavyanskaya street, Sayansky lane, enrichment street, Krasnoyarskaya street, Shakhter street, Gorlovskaya street, Cherry lane, Novoproletarskaya street, Zlatoustovskaya street, Lipetsky lane, Zaboyshchikov lane, Sergei Tyulenin lane, Vinogradnaya street, Anthracite lane, Fabrichny lane, Vyatsky lane, Karernaya street, Shishkin street, Sosnovy lane, Rakitny lane th, Naberezhnaya street, Ivan Tunik street, Vilniussky lane, Gavrilov street, Dybenko street, Umov street, Bryanskaya street, Gorbachev square, Satrodubovskaya street, Kuibyshev street, Zeleny microdistrict, Chernyakhovsky street, Davydenko street, Tsemesskaya street, Petushina street, Lipovetskaya street , Olkhovskaya street, Friendship street, Fontannaya street, Gromova street, Panas Mirny street, Novaya street, Rybalko street, Chekhov street, Naberezhnaya street, Rakitsky lane, Ivan Tenik street, Vilniussky lane, Novaya street, Zaporozhskaya street, Gavrilov street, Donetskskaya street, Leningradskaya street, Glagoleva street, Ushakov street, Truskavetskaya street,Triumphalnaya street, Anti-tank street, Abkhazsky lane,Astafiev street, Karernaya street, Urozhaynaya street, Koksostroevskaya street, Dostoevsky street, Turkmenskaya street, Chuguevskaya street, Nekrasov street, Bogachev street, Tibetskaya street,Poltavsky lane, Marakhovsky street, Rizhskaya street, Khersonskaya street, Slesarnaya street, Oktyabrya village, Davydov street, Shchepkina street, Andropov street, Starozhilov street, Dostoevsky street, Tayozhnaya street, Bolnichnaya street, Gornostaevskaya street,
St. George's Cathedral |
Monument to the Soldiers-Internationalists, |
(Dmitrievsk listen)) is a city of regional significance in the Donetsk region. The city is located in the southeastern part of Ukraine, 13 km from the regional center of the city of Donetsk. Railway stations on the line "Yasinovataya - Krinichnaya" Makeevka-Passenger and on the dead end line "Mospino - Makeevka-Gruzovaya".
Located: Ukraine, Donetsk region.
Territory modern city has been inhabited since ancient times. A flint ax of the early Paleolithic era (300-100 thousand years ago) was found in its vicinity. In the north-eastern part of the city, a burial site of the copper era (3rd millennium BC) was discovered. Burials of the Bronze Age, Scythians and nomads of the 9th - 13th centuries were found in five burial mounds near the Shcheglovka mine. A helmet, a bronze torc, an iron saber and a copper cauldron with the remains of sacrificial food were found in one of the mounds.
Makeevka is divided into 5 districts:
- Miner,
- Kirovsky,
- Soviet,
- Central City,
- Chervonogvardeisky.
Makeevka is located in the central part of the region on the Gruzskaya River (a tributary of the Kalmius, the basin of the Sea of Azov).
At the end of the 17th century, within the boundaries of the modern city, there was a castle, the founder of which was named Makei. In 1777, by order of the Governor of Azov, on the banks of the Krivoy Torets River, on the site of residential dugouts of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, the state settlement Zemlyanka was founded. Around the same time, the Makeevskaya settlement arose.
Since 1809, the Makeevskaya settlement has been mentioned as the property of the Ilovaisky landowners. In the middle of the 19th century, the industrial development of coal began here. Several small landlord mines were built, which in 1859 were merged into the Makeevka coal mine. In 1885, Ilovaisky began the construction of a pipe foundry on the basis of a repair and mechanical workshop transported from the village of Zuevka.
In 1880 and 1893 branches Khartsyzsk-Makeevka and Makeevka-Khanzhonkovo-Krinichnaya were laid from Donetsk and Ekaterininskaya railways which contributed to the development of industry in the area.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the General Society of Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills of Russia completed the construction of the metallurgical plant "Union" with a blast furnace and two open-hearth furnaces. In 1892, a working settlement called Dmitrievsk arose near the factories.
In 1907, the first mountain rescue station in Russia was opened. On the eve of the First World War in the village of Dmitrievsk and the settlement of Makeevka there were:
- two mining hospitals,
- several medical stations
- four schools
- male and female gymnasiums.
In July 1917, the village of Dmitrievsky received the status of a city and became the center of the Makeevsky district. In February 1919, the Makeevsky district was included in the Donetsk province. In April 1922, the district, as a territorial-administrative unit, was liquidated, and all executive power was transferred to the city council. In 1931 the city of Dmitrievsk was renamed into the city of Makeevka.
Before the start of the Great Patriotic War 60 enterprises operated in Makeevka:
- metallurgical plant,
- pipe plant,
- coking plant,
- steel structure factory,
- steel structure factory,
- mine named after Lenin,
- mine "Shcheglovka"
- mine "Capital" and others.
The population of the city was served by:
- 21 hospital,
- 10 clinics,
- tuberculosis dispensary,
- balneary,
- 10 maternity hospitals,
- 99 preschool institutions,
- 93 schools,
- 4 technical schools (mining, pedagogical, metallurgical, medical),
- 4 workers' faculty,
- 4 mining schools,
- branch of the industrial institute,
- School of Music,
- 40 clubs and palaces of culture,
- 60 libraries.
In 1927, on the basis of the mine rescue station, the Makeevka Research Institute for the Safety of Work in the Mining Industry (MakNII) was opened.
During the Second World War, the city was destroyed, its economy suffered enormous damage. More than 30 thousand civilians died as a result of mass executions and hangings; 15 thousand - forcibly driven to Germany; 16611 soldiers and officers died on the fronts. 64 residents of the city were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for heroism and courage.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 6, 1977, for the great successes achieved by the working people of the city in economic and cultural construction, active participation in the fight against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War and in connection with the 200th anniversary of the founding (then the date of foundation was considered the year 1777) the city of Makeevka, Donetsk region awarded the order Labor Red Banner.
Main enterprises:
- mines of the Makeevugol company,
- enrichment factories,
- metallurgical plant,
- pipe plant,
- coking plant,
- shoe factory,
- confectionery factory,
- meat processing plant,
- dairy plant.
In 1999, a new joint Ukrainian-German enterprise was opened in the city - the Karbospetspolimerkrep plant. It produces high-strength anchor fasteners for mine workings.
There are two universities in Makiivka:
- Donbass National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture;
- Economic and Humanitarian Institute.
On the territory of the Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture there is a unique testing ground for testing power line supports and tower structures. It is included in the state register of scientific objects that are a national treasure.
In the center of the city there is a monument to the explorer of the Petrine era, the discoverer of the wealth of Donbass Grigory Kapustin, a memorial to the feat of the miners of Makeevka, the Museum of Local Lore.
The city is home to the Donetsk Theater for Young Spectators. A few years ago, the construction of St. George's Cathedral was completed.
Famous residents of Makeevka:
- Avdeenko Alexander Ostapovich (1908 - 1996) - Soviet and Russian prose writer, publicist, playwright, screenwriter, member of the Writers' Union of the USSR, the first builder of Magnitka, the author of more than forty books.
- Antsiferov Nikolai Stepanovich (1930 - 1964) - a poet, in his poems he sang his motherland and mining work.
- Priceless Viktor Nikolaevich (1924 - 1976) - Hero of the Soviet Union.
- Bobkov Philip Denisovich (b. 1925) - army general.
- Bondarenko Elena Anatolyevna (b. 1974) is a Ukrainian journalist, politician and public figure.
- Valyaev Sergey Valentinovich (b. 1978) - Ukrainian football player, defensive midfielder of the Metalist club.
- Vasilenko Ivan Dmitrievich (1895 - 1966) - Russian Soviet children's writer, laureate of the Stalin Prize, holder of the Order of the Badge of Honor.
- Vetrov Gennady Anatolyevich - comedian.
- Vlasov Yuri Petrovich - Soviet weightlifter, Russian writer, Russian politician.
- Golovin Anatoly Sergeevich (b. 1952) - Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine since July 2010.
- Gurtyak Dmitry Alexandrovich (1971 - 1998) - programmer, creator of the KeyRus program.
- Danilevsky Grigory Petrovich (1829 - 1890) - Russian and Ukrainian writer and publicist.
- Deryugina Albina Nikolaevna (b. 1932) - famous coach in rhythmic gymnastics, until 1992 the head coach of the USSR national team. After 1992, he was the head coach of the Ukrainian national team, a member of the executive committee of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine.
- Lozikov Alexander Alexandrovich - Russian writer
- Krutikov Sergey (1970 - 2002) - Russian singer who wrote and performed reggae songs, frontman of the Mikhey and Jumanji group.
- Manekin Roman Vladimirovich (b. 1965) - publicist, philosopher, political scientist and culturologist. Author of a large number of publications about the Donbass, relations between Ukraine and Russia, reference books and indexes on the history of philosophy, monographs on topics of literature, history and politics.
- Matora Denis Yuryevich (1976 - 1996) - rock singer, creator of the Moscow rock group "Corridor", which created its creations in folklore motifs, mainly on the marine theme.
- Nazarov Mikhail Viktorovich (b. 1948) - Russian writer, publicist, historian and public figure. Founder of the publishing house "Russian Idea".
- Nochevkin Anatoly Petrovich (b. 1928) - First Secretary of the Makeevsky City Committee of the Communist Party, member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 11th convocation.
- Otchenashko Georgy Fedorovich - artist.
- Popov Sergey Alexandrovich (b. 1971) - Ukrainian football player, defender. Former player of the Ukrainian national team.
- Rubtsova Valentina Pavlovna (b. 1977) - Ukrainian and Russian theater and film actress, singer.
- Rudenko Larisa Arkhipovna (1918 - 1981) - opera singer, People's Artist of the USSR (1960).
- Rudenko Roman Andreevich (1907 - 1981) - Prosecutor of Makeevka in 1933, later became a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
- Rybas Svyatoslav Yurievich (b. 1946) - Russian prose writer, public figure, CEO Russian Biographical Institute, Chief Editor magazines "Russian Who is Who" and "Personnel Policy".
- Seleznev Evgeny Aleksandrovich (b. 1985) - Ukrainian footballer, striker of Shakhtar Donetsk and the Ukrainian national team.
- Sergeev Igor Dmitrievich (1938 - 2006) - Minister of Defense of Russia (1997 - 2001).
- Slavsky Efim Pavlovich (1898 - 1991) - Minister of Medium Machine Building of the USSR. In 1962, Yefim Pavlovich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the third time for the development and testing of the most powerful thermonuclear bomb in the world.
- Talashko Vladimir Dmitrievich (b. 1946) - Soviet Ukrainian actor.
- Tutta Larsen is the pseudonym of Tatyana Romanenko, the famous VJ of the MTV Russia channel.
- Khanzhonkov Alexander Alekseevich (1877 - 1945) - an outstanding Russian entrepreneur, organizer of the film industry, producer, director, screenwriter, one of the pioneers of Russian cinema.
Makeevka is a city of regional subordination. Railroad station. Distance to Donetsk-13 km. The highway Donetsk-Rostov-on-Don passes through the city. Population - 436.8 thousand people.
Five in the city administrative regions: Gornyatsky, Kirovsky, Soviet, Central City, Chervonogvardeisky. Five village councils (Gruzsko-Zoryansky, Krinichansky, Nizhnekrynsky, Proletarsky, Yasinovsky) and Verkhnekrynsky village councils are subordinated to the city and district councils.
The territory of the modern city was inhabited in ancient times. A flint ax of the Early Paleolithic era (300-100 thousand years ago) was found in its vicinity. In the north-eastern part of the city, a burial site of the copper era (3rd millennium BC) was discovered. Burials of the Bronze Age, Scythians and nomads of the 9th-13th centuries were found in five burial mounds near the Shcheglovka mine. A helmet, a bronze torc, an iron saber and a copper cauldron with the remains of sacrificial food were found in one of the mounds.
At the end of the XVII century. there was a zaimka, the founder of which, according to folk legend, was named Mokei. The first settlement, located on the territory of the present city, was the village of Zemlyanka, founded and settled by people from the Zaporizhzhya Sich in 1777. This is where Makeevka leads its history. The second known mention of the settlement of Makeevskaya dates back to 1787. Later written sources testify that the settlement Makeevskaya (later - Makeevka) was the property of the Ilovaisky landowners.
Before the reform of 1861, local residents - farmers - were serfs of the landowner Ilovaisky. The unrest that broke out in 1831 testifies to the servile life of the peasants, their desire to free themselves from the oppression of the landlords. The prosecutor of the Don Cossack Region (the settlement was part of this Region), in a report to the Governor-General, reported that “the peasants of the settlement of Makeevskaya on the estate of Yesaul I. G. Ilovaisky had fallen out of obedience, for which the perpetrators were severely punished.”
After the reform of 1861, the best land remained in the hands of Ilovaisky. The peasants at first refused to accept the enslaving charter, but they were forced to do so. According to the redemption agreement, the residents of the settlement were obliged to pay 52,373 rubles for 1,718 acres for 49 years.
In the middle of the XIX century. On the territory of Makiivka began the industrial development of coal. The Ilovaisky landowners built several small mines - "Sofia", "Sergey", "Ivan", "Maria", etc. In 1859, all the mines were merged into the Makeevsky coal mine. In 1885, the owners transferred a repair and mechanical workshop from the neighboring village of Zuevka to Makeevka and began to build a pipe foundry on its basis. The development of coal mining in this area was promoted by laying in 1880 and 1893. branches Khartsyzsk - Makeevka and Makeevka - Khanzhenkovo - Krinichnaya from the Donetsk and Ekaterininsky railways.
In the 80-90s of the XIX century. the influx of foreign capital into Russian industry increased. Encouraged by the tsarist government, foreign capitalists are beginning to build branches of their factories and plants in this area as well. By the 90s of the XIX century. the Makeevsky mountain region was formed. There was a fairly developed network of coal mines, the largest of which belonged to the Ekaterinovsky and Golubovsky mining companies, the heirs of I.G.
In 1899, the General Society of Blast Furnaces of Iron and Steel Works in Russia (the Union firm in Paris) completed the construction of the Union metallurgical plant near Makeevka with a blast furnace and two open-hearth furnaces. The Belgian company "Duri-Bernard" built at the same time 66 fiery furnaces without trapping chemical products.
With the beginning of the construction of factories in 1892, the working settlement of Dmitrievsk arose, which became part of the Makeevskaya volost. In 1897 there were 7207 inhabitants in the settlement. These were mainly mining workers and their families.
Working conditions in factories and mines were extremely difficult. The working day lasted 12-14 hours. The old miner of the Sofia mine, A.F. Lukyanov, recalled: “I arrived in Makeevka in 1882 and started working at the Ilovaisky mine as a luger. Every day he gave out 40 sledges, he received earnings only for the "cover". The barracks was dirty. Ilovaisky saved on everything. We ate in a dirty tavern, right there in the mine. For smelly pea stew, almost all earnings were calculated.
Due to the lack of safety precautions, people often died, were injured as a result of rock falls, falling trolleys into the mine, suffocation in unventilated underground workings. In February 1888, the great Russian scientist D. I. Mendeleev visited Makeevka. He took samples of firedamp, released directly from the cracks in the coal seams. The results of the survey were indicated in the scientist’s notebook: “Explosive gas: near the mines of Rykovsky, Yuza and the Makeevsky mine of Ilovaisky ... Neither Yuz nor the French Society have fans.” In 1898, during an explosion of explosive gas at the Ivan mine, 60 miners died. In 1899, 634 workers were injured at the Union plant. Outraged by the poor state of medical care at the plant, the factory doctor in 1900 submitted a letter of resignation with the following motivation: "I do not want to take moral responsibility for the harm that the factory administration brings."
Cruel exploitation, extremely unsatisfactory working and living conditions, political lack of rights - all this contributed to the emergence among the advanced part of the workers of the conviction that it was necessary to fight for their rights. The first unrest in the mines of Ilovaisky occurred at the end of 1880. A hundred punishers arrived to pacify the miners. 13 workers were arrested and put on trial. On May 26, 1892, the night shift at the Sergei mine refused to go to work. About 1,300 workers gathered for a rally where they expressed their dissatisfaction with low wages and the poor quality of products sold in shops. The persuasion of the mine manager to start work, his promises to consider all the requirements the next day, did not help. And only the punishers urgently called from Yuzovka managed to suppress the speech. On March 24 of the following year, 300 workers of the Amur mine, protesting against the delay in wages, stopped work and demanded immediate payment. The mine administration, which was taken by surprise by this action, was forced to satisfy the just demand of the workers. However, after that, Ilovaisky called in two platoons of Cossacks. And when on May 19, during the next paycheck, 1,000 miners from the Sergei and Capital mines began to demand an increase, the Cossacks restored "order" with whips.
In the year of the launch of the metallurgical plant "Union", 700 loaders went on strike. When hiring, they were promised to be paid 75 kopecks a day, but were given only 70 each. The management called in punishers who brutally dealt with the workers: they ravaged their homes, beat women and children. In response, the miners of all mines did not come to work. Soon, 700 day laborers from the Union factory again went on strike, protesting against the increase in the length of the working day while maintaining the same salary, exorbitant deductions for an apartment and water. There was a skirmish between the workers and the police, during which 16 people were arrested and then put on trial. From 1892 to 1903, nine strikes took place in the Makeevsky mountain region, 15,000 workers took part in them.
During these years, the Social Democrats of Rostov-on-Don conducted Marxist propaganda among the workers of the Makeevsky mountain region. Under the influence of Lenin's "Iskra" and the work of V. I. Lenin "What is to be done?" in 1903, circles of the Leninist direction took shape in Makeevka. One of them at the Berestovo-Bogodukhovsky mine was created by a faithful student of V. I. Lenin, an agent of Iskra F. A. Sergeev (Artem). At the same time, the circles united into one organization, the leader of which was the young revolutionary worker T. F. Boborin (Oblaev).
On the eve of the holiday of May 1, 1903, leaflets calling for a strike were distributed among the workers of Makeevka. In the summer of the same year, miners and metalworkers supported the general strike and political demonstration of the workers of Yekaterinoslav.
The workers of Makeevka actively participated in the first Russian revolution. After bloody events On January 9, 1905, in St. Petersburg on January 20, the miners of the Pastukhovsky mine went on strike, on January 25 the workers of the metallurgical plant joined them, then the strike covered more than 15 thousand people - the workers of the entire Makeevsky mountain region. Strike committees arose, which included members of the Social Democratic organization. Under their influence, the strikers demanded the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the abolition of overtime work, wage increases, free medical care, etc. Frightened by the unprecedented scale of revolutionary uprisings, the owners of mines and factories turned to the ataman of the Don Cossacks for help.
In October 1905, the miners of the mines "Buroz", "Capital", "Schmidt" elected a strike committee, which included the Bolsheviks P. D. Zakharov, M. I. Zilotin, I. V. Karpov, P. I. Kolesnikov and others The demands made by the mining workers, along with economic ones, also contained political clauses on amnesty for political prisoners, etc. When the news of an armed uprising in Gorlovka spread throughout the Donbass, the Makeyevka workers sent three fighting squads to help the rebels, arming them with pikes and sabers. In a number of mines in December there were clashes between workers and Cossacks.
The unrest of the workers did not stop even during the recession of the revolution. To suppress them in the first half of January 1906, about 400 Cossacks arrived in Makeevka and the Rykovsky mine. With their help, the police made mass arrests. The social-democratic organization of Makeevka was crushed. But the Yuzovo-Petrovsky Committee of the RSDLP, created in the spring of 1906, sent its representatives to the Makeevsky mountain region, who assisted the workers in creating social democratic circles at the Burozovsky and Yasinovsky mines, metallurgical and pipe foundries. The social-democratic organization was also restored in the settlement. Active revolutionary work was carried out by P. P. Kalmykov (Makar), G. I. Krol and others.
The Bolsheviks also carried out revolutionary work among the troops. So, at the rally on August 15, 1906, there were Cossacks of the second hundred of the 41st Don Cossack Regiment, who then took part in the demonstration of workers. The scope of the work of the Social Democrats is evidenced by the report of the assistant chief of the Donskoy gendarme department, who reported to his superiors at the end of 1906: them to armed struggle.
After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907. many active participants were arrested. In December 1908, the leader of the Makeyevka Bolsheviks, T. F. Boborin, was executed in the Yekaterinoslav prison. One of the best streets in the city now bears his name.
During the years of reaction, due to stagnation in industry, 4,000 workers were laid off at the Union plant alone. A number of shops closed, wages were reduced by 50 percent. Despite the repressions, the Bolsheviks continued to work actively among the masses, raising miners and metallurgists to fight. Great assistance to local party groups was provided by N. M. Shvernik, who worked at the Khartsyzsk pipe foundry and headed the party organization there, and P. A. Moiseenko, at that time a carpenter at the Berestovo-Bogodukhovsky mine. On the night of May 1, 1909, red banners were hung on telegraph poles from the Khanzhenkovo station to mines No. 5 and No. 9 with the inscriptions: “Long live the RSDLP!”, “Down with the autocracy!”. Leaflets were distributed among the workers.
In 1910, there were already 18 mines on the territory of the Makeevsky mountain region, uniting 37 mines with an annual production of 280 million poods of coal, which was 25 percent. of all coal mining in Donbass.
In the same period, the landowner Lombardo and the capitalist Sorokin began industrial coal mining in the Kholodnaya Balka area, located on the slopes of the Gruzskaya River, 12 km from railway station Makeevka. In 1909, Sorokin put mine No. 1 into operation, and the following year, the Lombardo mine was built. In 1909, 103 miners worked at the Sorokinskaya mine, the annual production of which was 1600 thousand pounds of coal. In 1910, 2 million poods of coal were mined at the Lombardo mine; 187 workers were employed here.
Near the mines, small villages of Sorokino and Lombardo grew up, where there were engine rooms, offices, stables, barracks for workers. Two years later, Sorokin put mine No. 2 into operation and built several one-story adobe houses. The villages of Sorokino and Lombardo subsequently merged into one, which eventually (since 1925) received the name Kholodnaya Balka. The mines of Sorokin and Lombardo were at first part of the Gruzsko-Makeevsky mine, then these lands were acquired by the Russian-Donetsk Society of Coal and Factory Industry in Makeevka. Since July 1911, they were rented by the French joint-stock company Russian Mining and Metallurgical Union, which completed the construction of mine No. 29 a year later.
235.8 thousand tons of cast iron, 169.9 thousand tons of steel, 128.7 thousand tons of rolled metal were produced during these years by the Makeevka Metallurgical Plant.
During the years of industrial upsurge, the process of concentration of production went on even more intensively. In 1910, factories and mines were transferred to the full disposal of the joint-stock company "Union".
By 1912, more than 16,000 workers were employed in factories and mines. Under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the advanced part of the proletariat became more and more actively involved in the political struggle. With the help of the Makeevka Bolsheviks, in the spring of 1912, groups of the RSDLP were created at the mines of Sorokin and No. 29, which carried out political work among the miners, as well as among the peasants of neighboring villages.
The Pravda newspaper played a huge role in the political education of the workers. The miners and metallurgists of Makeevka were not only its readers, but also correspondents. So, in a letter to the editor of the newspaper, they wrote: “We have only received our favorite newspaper for three months. For such a short time we found more in it than in three years in other newspapers ... it strengthens the spirit and helps us to endure our hardships more easily.
The stubborn struggle of the workers for economic and political rights unfolded under the leadership of the Yuzovo-Makeevsky Committee of the RSDLP, which took shape in the summer of 1912. In July 1913, a strike began at the Union plant at the initiative of the workers of the machine shop. Metallurgists demanded to cancel night overtime work, raise wages, shorten the working day, remove the hated French master. The growing influence of the Bolsheviks among the masses is evidenced by a letter from the head of the Yuzovo-Makeevsky Committee of the RSDLP A. B. Batov to the deputy of the IV State Duma Bolshevik G. I. Petrovsky dated February 11, 1914: “The miners support the tactics of the Bolsheviks, and therefore any attempt to liquidate, paralyze our work crashes on the side of failure.
By the beginning of the First World War, Makeevka was already a fairly large working center. In 1914, about 20 thousand people lived in the village of Dmitrievsk and the settlement of Makeevka. But no one took care of them. Of the 1817 houses in Dmitrievsk, only 200 were stone and brick, in most cases the buildings were molded from clay and therefore often fell apart from rain and wind. Only in the center, 3 km of streets were paved with cobblestones, 23 electric arc lamps for lighting and 3 distribution points for drinking water were installed here. For these purposes, 7 thousand rubles were collected from the population in the form of a special tax.
In 1913, the writer S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky visited Dmitrievsk. In the story “Inclined Elena”, he painted a true picture of the life of the workers: “The barracks for the miners were packed to capacity - three or four families in one room, somehow partitioned off with chintz curtains ... They slept on plank beds. Since the barracks had the appearance of wooden booths, and the planks in the walls were fitted somehow, in winter the barrel blew through the cracks. Infectious diseases were not eliminated, and in the local hospital there were only two departments for surgical and infectious diseases.
They paid with work orders, which the local petty shopkeepers selling all sorts of rubbish, most of all vodka, took at half price.
On the main street, a couple of dozen enterprising Armenians set up grocery stores, wine cellars ... on one corner there was a sign: “Ivan Piskunov’s Voskhod Lamb and Pretzel Establishment.” On the other - "Pereshivailov's Ready Dress", and then "Babkin's Midwife", "Sour Shoemaker", "Tailor Yellowbelly".
In 1880, a small building of the former transit prison in Makiivka was adapted for a mine hospital with five beds, until 1886 only a paramedic and a midwife worked in it. The first doctor appeared here in 1886. For many years, five doctors served the sick of the village, settlement, mines and factories, and meanwhile the difficult living conditions of the workers (several families huddled in dugouts, miners washed and dried here) were the cause of frequent outbreaks of epidemics. In Dmitrievsk by the beginning of the 20th century. there were two mine hospitals, several feldsher points, where 10 doctors worked.
In 1881, a two-class parochial school began to work in Makeevka; in 1898, the Union society opened three primary schools, and in 1900, private men's and women's gymnasiums began to work here, but for most of the children of workers, access there was actually closed due to high pay for studying. The village received only 20 copies of newspapers. One of the merchants had a library, and he gave out books for a fee.
When did the first World War, the Bolsheviks of the Makeevsky region, led by revolutionary workers A. B. Batov and others, launched explanatory work among the masses even more widely, exposing the predatory nature of the war. Already in the summer of 1914, anti-war demonstrations took place in the region. The mobilized metalworkers, when sent to the front at the Buzanovka station (now the Mishino station), refused to be loaded into wagons. The police called a hundred Cossacks, who used their weapons. The police officer reported chieftain that “in Makiivka, the mood of the reserve men was threatening, they resorted to fire to suppress the riots.”
On April 22, 1915, the workers of the metallurgical plant of the Union society, which carried out orders from the naval department, went on strike. They demanded that the administration raise wages by 10-25 percent and introduce a half-hour break for breakfast.
The strikers were supported by the boiler workers of the Fressa Makeevsky Plant and the miners - in total, about 4 thousand people took part in the strike. Metalworkers were on strike for 10 days. The authorities pulled the police from the Makeevsky mountain region. 100 active strikers were arrested and sent to the front. On September 14, 1915, an extras took place in the Kholodnaya gully, in which about 6 thousand workers took part. Those present listened with great attention to the report of the representative of the Makeevka organization of the RSDLP on the attitude of the Bolsheviks towards the imperialist war. The protests of the workers became more organized after the formation in November 1915 of the Makeyevka Committee of the RSDLP, which later united the organizations of the Gorlovsko-Shcherbinovsky District, the Petrovsky Plant and the nearby mines of Yenakiyev, Yuzovka, Berestovo-Bogodukhovka, the Konstantinovsky Bottle Plant, the New York Mechanical Plant, Bakhmut and plant "Nikopol" in Mariupol. The Committee established contact with the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, from where it received several issues of the Social Democrat newspaper.
In July and August 1916, the Makeyevka Committee of the RSDLP issued two issues of the Pravda Truda newspaper signed by the Donetsk Committee of the RSDLP. The first issue said: “The slogans of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, published in No. 4 of the newspaper Sotsial-Democrat, will be the slogans of the current moment of our organization. The newspaper also reprinted V. I. Lenin's article "Several Theses". Guided by the instructions of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, the Makeyevka Bolsheviks on January 9, 1917, held a regional strike.
The news of the overthrow of the autocracy came to the Makeevsky district on March 2, 1917. On the same day, a mass rally of workers took place in Dmitrievsk, at which the head of the district committee of the Bolsheviks, A. B. Batov, spoke. He called on those present to support the proletariat of Petrograd, disarm the police, destroy the old and create a new revolutionary government in the form of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The demonstrations in the area lasted for several days. The Makeevka Committee of the RSDLP came out of the underground. The address book of the Central Committee of the RSDLP stated: "The Makeevka Committee of the RSDLP has legally existed since March 3, 1917 as a Bolshevik committee." Organizational party cells of mines Sorokin, No. 29 and others were strengthened. On March 5, 1917, elections were held to the Makeevsky District Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. However, in the first composition of the Soviet, the Compromisers won the majority of seats. The Bolsheviks paid great attention to the preparation and holding of elections to the mine soviets and mine committees, and in the first days of the revolution achieved a serious majority there. The first mine committees arose at the mines "Sofia", "Ivan", "Shmidt", mines "Buroz", Yasinovsky, Markovsky.
By the end of March 1917, the mine committees of the trade union were organized at the mines of Sorokin, in April - at the mines of Lombardo and No. 29. They were part of the trade union of miners of the Makeevsky mountain region. Rudkoms resolutely intervened in all questions of production, secretly established workers' control in the mines, and often removed the old administration from the management of enterprises. The workers' militia was also recruited from the Bolsheviks and their supporters.
On March 10, 1917, the first legal conference of the Bolsheviks of Makeevka took place with the participation of representatives of the party organizations of Yekaterinoslav, Bakhmut, Kharkov, Gorlovka, Yenakiyev, Shcherbinovka. The conference elected a new makeevka committee of the RSDLP. At that time, the Makeevskaya organization consisted of 180-200 party members. By decision of the conference at the district Soviet, a Bolshevik faction was formed, which included F. G. Ryabtsev, V. M. Bazhanov, A. B. Batov, I. E. Zhur, V. S. Garekol, G. K. Kozhemyakin, K. E. Lavrushin, S. D. Kocherov, G. Ya. Silin, I. I. Pasov. Under the influence of the Bolsheviks, as early as March 13, the District Soviet decided to introduce an eight-hour working day at all enterprises on an unannounced basis. The Bolsheviks achieved that, without the sanction of the Soviet, the administration of enterprises and mines did not have the right to dismiss workers.
The Bolshevik organizations of Makeevka did a great job of studying and propagating Lenin's April theses. On behalf of the Central Committee of the party, Yu. Lutovinov arrived in Makeevka, who on April 9 spoke at the district party meeting with a report on the current situation and the tasks of the party. The meeting unanimously approved Lenin's course towards a socialist revolution and elected Yu. Lutovinov as a delegate to the VII (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP(b). The workers adopted a resolution supporting Lenin's program of the socialist revolution and sent a greeting to the leader, in which they wrote: "We send our working greetings to dear comrade Lenin and despise the henchmen of the bourgeoisie." By the 7th (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP(b), the Makeevskaya regional organization had grown significantly, and there were already 1,500 Bolsheviks in its ranks. Three sub-district committees were formed: Berestovo-Kalmiussky, Berestovo-Bogodukhovsky and Yasinovsky. The growing influence of the Bolsheviks is evidenced by the re-elections of the district Soviet in May 1917, when the workers voted for the Socialist-Revolutionary candidate for the Soviets, and the Bolshevik F. G. Ryabtsev was elected deputy chairman.
A regional trade union of miners was formed. Bolshevik S. Tizanov became its chairman. By the summer of 1917, the trade union united 6,000 people out of 8,000 employed. As a delegate to the III All-Russian Conference of Trade Unions, held in June 1917, the miners of the Makeevsky district sent the Bolshevik V. S. Garekol. Under the district council was organized special department but work among the peasants. At the VII (April) All-Russian Conference, K. E. Voroshilov reported that in Makiivka miners were represented in the commissariats and the police, in the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, that they even held the positions of judges.
In May-June, under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the Soviet and Rudder Committees waged a decisive struggle against the sabotage of entrepreneurs. Often they took on the role of organizers of production. So, when it became known that Shishkin, the mine owner of the Nikolaevsky mine, deliberately repaired pumps in order to create a threat of flooding the mine, the Berestovo-Kalmius Council and the Mining Committee removed him from the management of production and elected a workers' board. The Board has developed new rates. At these rates, with an eight-hour working day, the miners' wages doubled.
When on August 16, 1917, the chief engineer of Mine No. 29 tried to close the enterprise under the pretext of a technical malfunction, the workers created their own commission to check, which established that the engineer's statement was direct sabotage. Rudkom convened a meeting of the miners of the entire village. Individual speakers who tried to take the saboteur under protection were driven from the podium by the workers, and the chief engineer was put in a wheelbarrow and taken out of the mine yard. By order of the committee of the trade union, the manager of the Lombardo mine was expelled for sabotage.
The increased political activity of the masses in the Makeevsky mountain region is also evidenced by the fact that as early as July 1917 the workers put forward a demand for the transfer of all power into the hands of the Soviets. On July 10, 1917, an emergency meeting of the Makeevka Soviet condemned the organizers of the execution of the July demonstration of Petrograd workers and soldiers. The Party Committee appealed to the workers of the region with an appeal "Against the rioters." The Bolsheviks of Makiivka sent M.I. Ostrogorsky, whom the conference elected to the regional committee, to the 1st regional conference of the RSDLP (b), held on July 13-15, 1917 in Yekaterinoslav, to the 1st regional Donetsk-Krivoy Rog basin conference. At the 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b), the Makeyevka party organization was represented by the miner T. Kirilenko.
Discussing the decisions of the VI Congress of the Party, the meeting of the workers of Sorokin's mines, after the report of the member of the Makeevka Committee of the RSDLP (b) V. M. Bazhanov, adopted a resolution on August 23, 1917, in which they welcomed the Communist Party as the only spokesman for the class interests of the working people and defender of freedoms.
During the days of the struggle against the Kornilov region, the Bolsheviks organized revolutionary committees in the mines. Created back in July, the Red Guard took mines, factories, and roads under guard. Without the permission of the Soviets of the administration of enterprises, it was forbidden to leave the district. As a result of the re-elections of the district Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies held on August 30, 1917, 40 Bolsheviks and their sympathizers entered the Soviet. Only the Bolsheviks entered the executive committee of the Soviet. The new executive committee sent a telegram to the Petrograd Soviet stating that the people of Petrograd could count on the full support of the Makeevsk workers.
After the defeat of the Kornilov region, the authority of the district committee of the party and the Soviet increased even more. The miners, metalworkers and peasants expressed their confidence in and support for the Bolshevik Party by unanimously electing V. M. Bazhanov and G. D. Malashenko to the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Bolsheviks. Mass-political work was carried out among young miners. Already in August, the Union of Socialist Youth took shape.
The Bolshevik-led workers of Makeevka took drastic measures when, in September-October, the entrepreneurs deliberately aggravated the economic situation, using open and hidden lockouts. When, under the guise of protecting mines and factories, General Kaledin sent a special Cossack regiment to Makeevka, the Makeevka Soviet demanded that the Provisional Government remove the Cossacks. “Otherwise,” the resolution stated, “a district-wide strike of workers will be announced as a protest against the violent actions of the bourgeoisie.” The provisional government ignored the demands of the workers.
On October 10, 1917, a regional strike began. The decision of the Makeevka Soviet was supported by the workers of Kramatorsk, Enakievo, Druzhkovka and other working centers of the Donbass. The first all-district strike committee in the Donbass was created. By his order, the workers' militia detachments, which took the enterprises under protection, took off their phones, set up posts on the roads, etc. By October 18, the number of strikers was approaching 30 thousand. They demanded a withdrawal from the Donbass Cossack troops, the establishment of workers' control over production, the transfer of all state power to the Soviets.
Reporting on the political situation in the Donbass, the Pravda newspaper these days called the Makeevka region one of the most organized regions of the country.
Immediately after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Bolshevik Soviet immediately took power into its own hands, recognizing the Council of People's Commissars. The resolution adopted at a mass rally of miners dedicated to the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution read: "We support the adopted decrees, which outline the program of workers, peasants and soldiers, we will put them into practice." Soviet power was established in a fierce struggle against the gangs of White Cossacks, who raised an anti-Soviet rebellion on the Don. Already on October 26 (November 8), 1917, the Kaledinsky detachment under the command of Yesaul Chernetsov attacked the Makeevsky Soviet during its meeting. For several days the Council worked underground. On October 28, Chernetsov raided the mine Soviets; general searches and arrests of the Bolsheviks began. All the workers and peasants of the region rose to the defense of Soviet power. On November 17, 1917, G. I. Petrovsky wrote in the Proletarskaya Thought newspaper: “The attempt of the Cossacks to put under control the Council of Workers’ Deputies of Makeevka caused such an active protest among the workers of all mines that everyone from old to young came forward and are arming ...”.
To fight the Kaledinians, the first Makeevka revolutionary detachment of the Red Guard was formed, consisting of 1,000 people, a significant part of which were communists. The miners of the mines of Sorokin and No. 29 also fought against the Kaledins - the miners I.F. Piskarev, T.A. Evdokimenko, A.I. Los, N.E. Shekhovtsov, the slab S.I. blacksmith A. A. Korotaev and many others. Fierce battles with the Cossacks on the territory of the Makeevsky district began on December 19, and on December 25, the Red Guards dealt a tangible blow to the Kaledins. The White Cossacks were forced to retreat to Khartsyzsk. These days Ataman Chernetsov telegraphed Kaledin: "The Red Guard threatens us with complete defeat."
In the struggle against the Kaledinians, the Soviet government provided great assistance to the Makeevites in providing weapons. In December 1917, a delegation from Mine No. 4 of the Makaryevsky mine, which was part of the Makeevsky mountain region, visited Lenin at a reception. Here is how the secretary of the mine party organization F. G. Mezentsev spoke about this meeting: “After receiving weapons in Smolny, before leaving, we decided to get a reception from Ilyich and thank him for the gift. After listening to us carefully (letting almost everyone speak), he gave us some advice.”
Gangs of White Cossacks were defeated by the combined forces of the Red Guard of Donbass and the Soviet troops, under the command of R.F. Sivers, who came to her rescue. On January 12, 1918, the Makeevsky district was completely cleared of White Cossack gangs.
On January 15, the District Congress of Soviets announced the restoration of Soviet power and warmly welcomed the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which was taking place at that time. The resolution of the district congress outlined a program for the restoration of the coal and metallurgical industries. The economic situation of the region at the beginning of 1918 was extremely difficult. In February, the Council decided to nationalize all enterprises. To manage the coal and metallurgical plant, a workers' board of nine people was elected; on February 19, the Supreme Council of the National Economy approved the Bolshevik mining engineer V. M. Bazhanov as its chairman. Thanks to the labor enthusiasm of metallurgists, by the end of February, two blast furnaces and open-hearth workshop. The restoration of the plant was led by local craftsmen I. G. Korobov, D. I. Orlov and F. N. Nosov. In March 1918, coal production increased to 92,000 poods against 60,000 in February. The Donskie Izvestia newspaper reported that at the former Sorokinsky mine “there is only one mood - the Bolshevik ... In the mine Soviets, all the Bolsheviks, in the trade union, the mine committee, too. The entire district is for Soviet power ... At present, coal production has already increased by 20 thousand pounds per day.
The first socialist transformations were interrupted by the offensive of the Austro-German invaders. To fight them, the Makeevites created on March 17, 1918 and sent several detachments to the front. In the first Makeevka revolutionary detachment, led by miner K. Ryklyus, metalworker I. Gulyachenko was a commissar, his son was a fighter, and his wife and 17-year-old daughter were nurses. A detachment of youth, led by the first organizer of the Makeevka Union of Socialist Youth, metalworker S.P. Pulichev, also left to fight the invaders.
On April 22, 1918, the Austro-German invaders and the White Guards who collaborated with them broke into Makiivka. Relying on the help of the occupation authorities, the miners and factory owners went on the offensive against the workers. They reduced wages and increased the working day to 12-14 hours. The entire population of the district aged 20 to 47 was taxed with so-called. military tax: it was necessary to hand over one pair of boots, a short fur coat, 250 rubles. money. For failure to comply with the orders, the “rebellious” were arrested and shackled, which the occupiers made here, in the machine shop of the metallurgical plant.
An underground revolutionary committee was created to fight the enemy. The activities of the underground workers were directed by I. I. Shvarts and R. Ya. Terekhov, authorized by the Central Committee of the RCP (b), who arrived here in the summer of 1918. Under the leadership of underground organizations, the workers actively joined the struggle against the occupiers and entrepreneurs. In response to a decrease in wages, an increase in the working day, on July 22, 1918, all the miners of the district did not go to work, and the next day metallurgists followed suit. The miners severely persecuted the active workers, and above all the Bolsheviks, but the strike movement did not subside. On August 23, 1918, Pravda reported: “In the Ekaterininsky mines, 58 percent. The occupiers do not ship the planned coal. In addition to food difficulties, strikes in the mines have been going on for several days, the Cossacks are "moving to the left." Sympathy for the Soviets is growing." In the autumn of 1918, the people's struggle against the occupiers acquired a particularly wide scope.
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