What are the features of the orthoepy of the Russian language 19. Orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy(gr. orthos- right and epos- speech). Orthoepy is also called the set of rules for literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation great importance. Orthoepic errors always interfere with perceiving the content of speech: the listener's attention is distracted by various pronunciation irregularities and the statement in its entirety and with sufficient attention is not perceived. Pronunciation, corresponding to orthoepic norms, facilitates and speeds up the process of communication. That's why social role correct pronunciation is very great, especially at present in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.
Consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.
Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, they lose their clarity and clarity of sound, they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction.
Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: ravine -[a] enemy, autonomy -[a]t[a] nomia, milk - m[a] l[a] ko.
In other unstressed syllables, i.e. in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed, in place of the letter eye after solid consonants, a very short (reduced) obscure sound is pronounced, which in different positions fluctuates from a pronunciation close to [s] to a pronunciation close to [a). Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [ъ]. For example: head - g[b] fishing, side - st [b] ron, expensive - d[b] horny, city - mountains[b] d, watchman - side[b] f.
Letters e and I in a pre-stressed syllable, they denote a sound that is intermediate between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - n[ and e ] so, feather - n [and e] ro.
The vowel [and] after a solid consonant, preposition, or when the pronunciation of the word is continuous with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - med[s] Institute, from the spark from[s] hidden, laughter and sorrow laughter[s] grief. If there is a pause, [and] does not go into [s]: laughter and grief.
The absence of vowel reduction interferes with the normal perception of speech, as it reflects not the literary norm, but dialectal features. So, for example, the letter-by-letter (non-reduced) pronunciation of the word [milk] is perceived by us as a rounding dialect, and the replacement of unstressed vowels by [a] without reduction - [malako] - as a strong akanye.
Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws of pronunciation of consonants - stun and assimilation.
In Russian speech, voiced consonants are obligatory stunned at the end of a word. We say bread [n] - bread, sa[t] - garden, smo[k] - smog any [f "] - love etc. This stun is one of characteristic features Russian literary speech. It should be noted that the consonant [g] at the end of the word always turns into a paired voiceless sound [k]: le [k] - lay down poro[k] - threshold etc. The pronunciation in this case of the sound [x] is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word God - bo[x].
In the position before vowels, sonorant consonants k (c), the sound [g] is pronounced as a voiced explosive consonant. Only in a few words, Old Church Slavonic in origin - bo [γ] a, [γ] Lord, bla [γ] o, bo [γ] aty and derivatives from them, does the fricative back-lingual consonant [γ] sound. Moreover, in modern literary pronunciation and in these words [γ] is displaced [r]. It is the most stable in the word [γ] Lord,
[G] pronounced like [x] in combination gk and hh: le [hk "] - uh - light, le[hk] o - easily.
In combinations of voiced and deaf consonants (as well as deaf and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second.
Attention should be paid to the combination ch, since mistakes are often made in its pronunciation. There is fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.
According to the norms of modern Russian literary language combination ch it is usually pronounced like this [ch], especially for words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing).
Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling ch currently required in female patronymics on - ichna: Ilyini [shn] a, Lukini [shn] a, Fomini [shn] a, and is also preserved in separate words: end [shn] o, transfer [shn] itica, prache [shn] aya, empty [shn] th, square [shn] ik, yai[shn] itza, etc.
Some words with a combination ch in accordance with the norm, they are pronounced in two ways: order [shn] o and order [ch] o. In some cases, a different pronunciation of the combination ch serves for the semantic differentiation of words: heart [ch] - th blow - heart [shn] th friend.
Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern orthoepic norms and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of the sound [o] is sometimes preserved in unstressed syllables (m [o] del, [o] asis, [o] tel) and solid consonants before the front vowel [e] (s [te] nd, ko [de] ks, porridge [ne]). In most borrowed words, before [e], consonants are softened: ka[t "] em, pa [t"] efon, faculty [t"] em, mu [z "] her, [r "] vector, pio [n" ] ep. Back-lingual consonants are always softened before [e]: pa [k "] em, [k "] egli, s [x "] ema, ba [g "] em.
Description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on the culture of speech, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R.I. Avanesov "Russian literary pronunciation", as well as in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in particular, in the one-volume " explanatory dictionary Russian language "S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova.
Orthoepy(from other Greek oρθоς - “correct” and Greek opος - “speech”) - a science (a section of phonetics) that deals with pronunciation norms, their justification and establishment. Orthoepy is one of the manifestations of the unification of the literary language in terms of pronunciation.
It is customary to distinguish between different orthoepic norms: “older” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.
The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation bulo [shn] aya, soft [ky], [z`v`] er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo [ch] aya, soft [k`y], [sv`] vr.
Literary pronunciation is characterized by a certain unity, a norm that is in principle mandatory for all speakers of a given language.
Orthoepic norm
Orthoepic norms are historically established and accepted in society rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for the literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.
The specific rules of orthoepy are numerous, but they can be summarized in a small number of groups:
- a) in the field of pronunciation of vowels;
- b) norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations;
- c) pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms;
- d) features of pronunciation of borrowed words.
In the field of vowel pronunciation:
When formulating the basic norms in the field of vowels and consonants, the neutral style of speech is taken as the base.
I. Vowel sounds under stress.
- In place of the letters a and i, the vowel [a] is pronounced under stress: a clearing - on [l'a'] on, a shovel - lo [pa'] that. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the verb to harness (rehash, unhook, unhook). It is pronounced in exemplary speech: forbid - zap [re] ch, and in the past tense: zapreg - zap [ro] g.
- The vowel [e] sounds under stress in place of the letters e and e: era - [e] ra, woman - [zhe] nshina.
- Under stress in place of the letters o and e, the vowel [o] is pronounced: roar - [ro] in; thief - in [o] r.?
- Live colloquial speech often there are substitutions of shock [e] with the sound [o], which is unacceptable. This kind of error is common in the following words: athlete t, scam, bluff, being (but living-being), splash, icy (but icy), grenadier, two-three-five-day clear (but day), zev, foreigner (and foreigner, but heterogeneous), fishing line, guardianship (and ward), settlement (and settled), overexposure, successor, crypt, surveillance, contemporary (and modern, modernity), ridge, masterpiece; plow, pronominal, bewildered (and bewildered), open, transverse, isosceles, confused, barley; escaped (past tense of the verb to avoid), to dream (but dreams), se to (past tense of the verb to cut; the same in the past tense of the verbs, father, cut, cut, cut, cut, you flog).
- Difficulties arise when choosing stressed [e], [o] in compound words. Most compound words are pronounced with a single stress, usually towards the end of the word. Therefore, the first word, which is part of the complex, loses its independent stress, the articulation of the stressed vowel in it is weakened, and the quality of the vowel changes - instead of [o], it sounds reduced. For example: comprehensive (compare: a person of comprehensive knowledge - a person who embraces everything with his eyes); leguminous (compare: grains - beans); if this word is polysyllabic and has a secondary stress, then [o] is preserved as part of a compound word: blackcurrant (jam), although in more short words the first part of black is pronounced with a reduced [e]: chernozem, prunes c. [o] is also preserved as part of the numerals three-, four-, included in compound words: three-step, four-story.
- In some words, the shock [o] is replaced by [e]: hopeless, faded, mockery, mercenary, nonsense, sturgeon, belt, lattice, sweep, snare, etc.
- It is necessary to pay attention to some participial forms that differ in stressed vowel and have different meanings: expired (year) - expired (in blood), announced (shouts like an announced) - announced (order).
- The vowel [s] sounds after [w, w, c] in place of the letter and: [zh] vnost, [shy] shka, [tsy] fra.
II.Vowel sounds without stress.
- As mentioned earlier, the Russian literary pronunciation was based on the aka Moscow dialect. Even M. V. Lomonosov considered akanye one of the attractive features of live pronunciation and said: “Pronunciation of the letter o without stress, like a, is much more pleasant.”
According to the norms of modern literary pronunciation, the sound [a] is pronounced in place of letters a and about in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants: dew '- [ra] sa, ballet - b [a] le t. Unlike [a] stressed, this sound is shorter, less articulated in duration. - In other unstressed syllables, [a] and [o] are reduced, that is, they are pronounced with less distinctness than under stress, and with less fullness of voice. In these cases, in place of a and o, an obscure sound is heard, intermediate between [s] and [a]. It is indicated by the sign [b]: la’pa - la [p], head [gla] va, joy - [joy] st.
- At the beginning of the word, unstressed [a] and [o] are pronounced like [a]: alphabet t - [a] alphabet t; oops - [a] ne ka. Although in the flow of speech, when there are practically no pauses before words starting with [a] and [o], instead of these vowels, a reduced sound [b] appears: in areas - [in-b] areas; in watermelons - [in-b] rbu zakh.
- In pre-stressed syllables, at the place of combinations aa, ao, oa, oo, a long vowel [a] is pronounced: sharpen, for the pharmacy, about intermission, at the window, in general - [a].
- In the first pre-stressed syllable, after the hard hissing [zh] and [w], the vowel [a] is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. like [a]: heat - [heat] ra; naughty - [sha] lu n. There are cases (before a soft consonant) when in the first pre-stressed syllable after [zh, sh, q] instead of [a], it is recommended to pronounce a sound between [s] and [e] (indicated by [ye]). For example: to regret - [zhye] to fly, unfortunately - to so[zhye] le'nia, the forms of indirect cases of the word horse - lo [shye] dey, as well as the forms of indirect cases of numerals with the element -dtsat - dvad [tsye]ti, trid[tsye]ti, etc. In other unstressed syllables, after hissing and [ts] is pronounced instead of [a] reduced [b]: blinds - [zh] louzi, roof - roofs [sh], Constantinople - [ts] regrad.
- In the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter a, after soft hissing [h] and [u], a sound close to [i] ([ie]) is pronounced: hours - [ch'ie] sy, sorrel - [sch'ie] ve l . The pronunciation in these cases of distinct [and] is outdated; the pronunciation [w'a] ve l, [h'a] sy is dialectal and in the literary language is unacceptable. In other cases, in unstressed syllables in place a, a reduced sound is pronounced, reminiscent of a short [and] (denoted by [b]): watchmaker - [h's] owl to, sorrel - [w's] vel n.
- In place of the letter e after [w, w, c] in the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound is pronounced, the middle between [s] and [e] ([ye]): wife - [zhye] on, whisper - [shye] ptat, price - [tsye] on. It must be remembered that in these cases it is impossible to pronounce [s]: [zhy] on, [shy] ptat, [tsy] on. In other unstressed syllables, a reduced sound ([b]) is pronounced in place of e: tin - [zh] linen, woolen - [sh] wool, above - you [sh], entirely - [q] face m.
- In the first pre-stressed syllable, after soft consonants in place of the letters e and i, [ie] is pronounced: bucket - [v'ie] dro, five - [p'ie] ti. In this case, the distinct pronunciation [and] will be considered dialectal.
In the rest of the pre-stressed syllables and in the stressed syllables, a reduced sound [b] is pronounced: piglet - [n'b] tacho k. But in unstressed endings, the sound [b] is pronounced in place: seas - mo [r'b], burden - bre [m'b], songs - ne s [n'm'i], foxes - whether [s'b]. Particular attention should be paid to the pronunciation of the prefix re- in the case when the second e prefix is in the second prestressed syllable. Then the second vowel of the prefix, as a result of a strong reduction, is sometimes unlawfully lost, as a result of which a colloquial word arises when pronouncing: change - change [rm] enit, transplant - re[rs] adit. In its place, a reduced one ([b]) should sound: [n’r’b] change, [p’r’b] sit down. - The difference between the pronunciation of vowels [i, y, s] in unstressed syllables from the pronunciation in stressed ones is insignificant. These vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced somewhat more weakly, but do not change qualitatively: fox - [l'i] sa, kyzyl - [ky] zy l, chipmunk - [buru] ndu k.
If in the flow of speech the letter and merges with the previous word into a solid consonant, then the vowel [s] is pronounced: life in exile - life in [s] exile.
If in compound word the first part ends with a solid consonant, and the second begins with [and], it also sounds [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical [s] institute. And after [w, w, c] on the spot and in all positions, [s] is pronounced: giraffe - [zhy] raf, car - ma [shy] on, acacia - aka [ts] me. If in the words life, punishment, a vowel [and] appears between two consonants (zhi [z'i] n), then the words acquire the character of colloquial speech.
Norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations:
The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation.
In Russian speech, voiced consonants are obligatory stunned at the end of a word. We pronounce loaf[P] -bread, sa[t] - garden, any[f'] - love. This stunning is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be noted that the consonant [ G ] at the end of a word always turns into a voiceless sound paired with it [ to ]: le[to] - lay down. The exception is the word God - bo[X].
Living pronunciation in his past and state of the art is reflected in poetic speech, in verses, where one or another rhyme speaks of the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds. So, for example, in the poems of A.S. Pushkin, the stunning of voiced consonants is evidenced by the presence of such rhymes as treasure - brother, once - hour.
In position before vowels, sonorant consonants and [ in ] sound [ G ] is pronounced like a plosive consonant. In some words, the back fricative consonant [ γ ]. It is required only in the word accountant [buγa?lt’r], interjections yeah, wow. Allowed pronunciation [ γ ] in interjections God, her-god. Pronunciation [ γ ] in a strong position is typical for South Russian dialects. Besides, [ γ ] is characteristic of the Church Slavonic language.
On site G before a voiceless consonant is pronounced [ to ]: tar, nails, marriage registry, aggravate. But in the roots light-/light-, soft-/soft- pronounced [ X ] before [ to ]: le[X]something, me[X]kaya, me[X]Che and [ X' ] before [ to' ]: le[X']cue, me[X']cue, also: ease, light; softness, softish and others. In combinations of voiced and deaf consonants (as well as deaf and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second. If the first of them is voiced, and the second is deaf, the first sound is stunned: lo[w]ka - a spoon, about[P]ka - cork. If the first is deaf and the second is voiced, the first sound is voiced: [ h]doba - muffin, [h]destroy - ruin. Before consonants [ l ], [m ], [n ], [R ], which do not have paired deaf people, and before [ in ] assimilation does not occur. Words are pronounced as they are written: sve[tl]about. Similarity also occurs with a combination of consonants. For example, combinations ssh and zsh pronounced like a long hard consonant [ w ]: neither[w]uy - lower.
Previously, in Russian, for the majority of consonants, there was a pattern: a consonant before a soft consonant should also be soft ( S'S'). Then there was a tendency to harden the first consonant ( S'S' > SS'). This pattern in our time covers all new groups of consonants. So, [ n' ] before [ h' ], [sh' ] is usually pronounced according to the old norms: boobe?[LF']iki, to[LF']and? on, see?[n'sh']ik, same?[n'sh']ina. Others (for example, labials before soft back linguals) are usually pronounced according to the new norms: la?[mk']and, la?[fk']and, trya[PC']and, sho[mg']e. In still others (for example, in labial and dental before soft labials), both options are equal: [ v'b']it and [ wb']it, [d'v']er and [ two']er. The new pattern also penetrates into combinations of dental consonants. So, usually a tooth before a soft tooth is soft: mo?[s't']ik,le[s'n']and? to, at[h'd']e?chka, ba?[n't']ik, about[d'n']and?, about[t't']janu?t, on[d'd']e?t. But according to the "younger" norm, in such combinations, incomplete softness and even hardness of the first consonant are acceptable: st’]ena?, [zd’]e?shny, about[tn’]have?, o?gender[zn']and. Pronunciation of hard [ n ] in this position is often observed in words plunge, canned food, council and others. Both options are equal before [ l' ]: [d'l']and? and [ dl’]and?, who?[s'l']ik and to?[zl']ik. The new regularity manifests itself earlier in the pronunciation of rare words, combinations at the junction of morphemes, the old one persists longer in the most frequent words, cf .: ra?[z'v']e - ra?[zv’]it, [v'm']e?ste - co[vm']e?stno -[in m']e?ste meeting.
Sound [sh'] in a literary language can be pronounced in accordance with the phoneme < sh'> and a combination of phonemes < sch'> , < zch'> , as well as < zhch'> , < shh'> , < stch '> , < zdch’> , <and'> , for example, in words pike, comb, cab, defector, freckled, tougher, furrowed, rain. Along with [ sh' ] is pronounced and [ sh'h' ]. The ratio of these options is not the same in different positions and in different eras.
Pronunciation [ sh' ] gradually spreads due to [ sh'h' ]. In the 19th - early 20th centuries [ sh'h' ] within the morpheme dominated in St. Petersburg. At present, both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, it is almost exclusively pronounced [ sh' ] [sh']at?ka, [sh']astier.
Use [ sh'h' ] or [ sh' ] at the junction of morphemes depends on the rate of speech, the degree of use of the word, the strength of the linkage of morphemes. Where at the usual pace of speech is pronounced [ sh'h' ], at an accelerated pace - [ sh' ]. In rare words, it is usually used [ sh'h' ]. The more often a word or a prepositional-nominal combination occurs in speech, the more often it is pronounced [ sh' ]; compare: non-cranial, With Chartism- With [ sh'h' ], but comb, with what- With [ sh' ]. The adhesion strength of the root and suffix is great ( carter,peddler), so here dominates [ sh' ]. At the junction of the prefix and the root ( countless) the adhesion force is weaker, it is even weaker at the junction of a preposition and a significant word ( from the teapot), so here it is more often pronounced [ sh'h' ].
Pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms
- Masculine adjectives of the nominative singular with an unstressed ending, according to the old Moscow norm, are pronounced with [i], [i]; according to Novomoskovsk - from [ыi], [иi]; the second pronunciation variant appeared due to the influence of spelling (literal pronunciation), but corresponds to the phonetic patterns of the language - the absence of a qualitative reduction of unstressed high vowels. In adjectives with a base on the back-lingual consonant [g], [k], [x], according to the old Moscow norm, [i] is pronounced with the firmness of the preceding consonant; according to Novomoskovsk - [ii] with the softness of the previous consonant. Surnames in -sky are pronounced the same way. [red], [s'i'n'i] - the old Moscow norm; [red], [s'i'n'i] - Novomoskovsk norm, literal pronunciation; [ubo'g'i], [to'nk'i], [t'i'kh'i] - the old Moscow norm; [Ubo'g'ii], [to'nk'ii], [t'i'x'ii] - the Novomoskovsk norm; [b'iel'i'nsk'i] and [b'iel'i'nsk'ii]
- Adjectives of the masculine and neuter gender of the genitive singular in -th, -he are pronounced with the sound [at]. [but'vv], [s'i'n'v]
- In the words today, total and derivatives of them, the sound is pronounced [in] [s’ievo’dn’], [itΛvo’]
- Nominative plural adjectives into -s, -s. pronounced with [yi], [ii] or [u], [ii]; both options correspond to the pronunciation norm, but the second is typical for less distinct speech and a fast pace of speech. [red'red], [s'i'n'ii] and [red'red], [s'i'n'ii]
- Unstressed endings of the 3rd person plural of verbs of II conjugation according to the Old Moscow orthoepic norm are pronounced as [ut], [‘ut], according to the Novomoskovsk norm - [ът], [ьт] in accordance with the norms of pronunciation of unstressed vowels, determined by qualitative reduction. The same pronunciation also characterizes the real participles of the present tense of the verbs of the II conjugation in -ashchiy, -yaschie. The old pronunciation has become dialectal or colloquial. [dy'shut], [ho'd'ut] - the old Moscow norm; [dy'shut], [ho'd't] - the Novomoskovsk norm; [dy'shush'i] and [dy'shush'i] - old Moscow and new Moscow norms
- The postfix -sya (-s) is pronounced with a hard [s] according to the old Moscow norm, but with a soft [s’] in the new Moscow one. The second orthoepic variant arose under the influence of orthography. The displacement of a variant with a soft [s’] of a variant with a hard [s] is a living process. Separate manuals and textbooks contain an outdated recommendation for the predominant pronunciation of a hard consonant, especially after hard consonants. [bΛjy’s], [n’ch’ielsa’], [sb’ira’is] - the old Moscow norm; [bΛju’s’], [n’ch’iels’a’], [sb’ira’is’] - Novomoskovsk norm
- In na-ivat verbs, after back-lingual consonants, in accordance with the old Moscow orthoepic norm, [gb], [kb], [hb] are pronounced, which is typical for stage speech; according to the Novomoskovsk orthoepic norm, which arose under the influence of spelling, it is pronounced [g'i], [k'i], [kh'i]. [zΛt’a’gvt’], [vyta’skvat’], [vytr’a’khvt’] - old Moscow norm, archaism; [zΛt’a’g’ivt’], [vyta’sk’ivt’], [vytr’a’h’ivt’] - Novomoskovsk norm
Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words
- The pronunciation of borrowed words in most cases obeys the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language, but a certain number of later borrowings, non-frequent, socially limited (primarily the term logical vocabulary, socio-political, scientific and technical, etc.), and proper names form a subsystem borrowed words, characterized by peculiarities of pronunciation.
- In some borrowed words, there is no qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel [o]: boa, dossier, poet, foyer, rococo, cocoa, radio, arpeggio, adagio, solfeggio, etc.; Voltaire, Flaubert, etc. This pronunciation is optional and characterizes the high style of speech. In parallel with this pronunciation, there is another, common for the phonetic system of vowels of the modern Russian language, with a qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel corresponding to the stressed [b]. This pronunciation is associated with a reduced style of speech or stylistically neutral. [boa’], [dos’je’], [ra’d’io], [vo’l’te’r] - high style, literal pronunciation; [bΛla’], [dΛs’je’], [ra’d’iΛ], [vΛl’te’r] - reduced style, stylistically neutral pronunciation
- In some borrowed words, there is no qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel [e]; this is typical for book vocabulary, non-frequent, not fully mastered by the Russian language: excavator, embryo, businessman, andante, asteroid, etc. In the majority of borrowed words, frequent, stylistically neutral, fully mastered by the Russian language, there is a qualitative reduction [e] in unstressed positions. This pronunciation is gradually established in all borrowed words. [ekskΛva'tar], [b'iznesme'n], [Λnda'nte] - high style, literal pronunciation; [yeta’sh], [yekΛno’m’ik], [Λl’tarnΛt’i’v], [märn’iza’tsyi] - stylistically neutral pronunciation
- In some borrowed words, non-frequency, stylistically limited, not fully mastered by the Russian language, there is no positional softening of consonants [d], [t], [h], [s], [m], [n], [r] before vowels front row [e '(ie, b)], the same applies to proper names: antithesis, stand, parterre, interview, delta, model, energy, requiem, mayor, sir, peer, highway, scarf, mash, dash, Baudouin- de Courtenay, Jack, Pasteur, etc. In some words, a double pronunciation is acceptable - with a hard and soft consonant: dean, terror, congress, etc. At the same time, there is a tendency to positional softening of the hard consonant before [e (ie, b)]. In most words, there is a positional softening of hard consonants [e (ie, b)], corresponding to the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language: theme, term, museum, pioneer, pool, etc. The pronunciation of hard consonants in these words is erroneous, non-normative, mannered. [Λnt’ite’z], [ste’nt], [me’r], [t’ire’], [bodue’n de-curtene’] and [bΛdue’n d-courtene’]; [deka'n] and [dyeka'n], [tero'r] and [tyero'r]; [d'eka'n] and [d'ieka'n], [t'ero'r] and [t'iero'r]; [t'e'm], [t'e'rm'in], [muz'e'i] - normative pronunciation; [te'm], [te'rm'in], [muze'i] - profanity, mannered pronunciation
- When identical consonants collide at the junction of morphemes, a long consonant is pronounced, and inside the morpheme - more often a short one: certificate, pool, grammar, illusion, calligraphy, collective, millimeter, territory, etc., less often long - gross, bonna, bath, manna, ghetto and etc. The tendency of Russian literary pronunciation is the reduction of the longitude of the consonant. [rΛso’r’it’], [v’e’rh], [vΛje’nyi]; [Λt’iesta’t], [bΛs’e’in], [kl’iekt’i’f]; [bru't], [va'n], [g'e't]
Dynamism and variability of the orthoepic norm
Dynamism of orthoepic norms:
The norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon, they are directed both to the past and to the future of the language. This means that at any given moment in these norms there is something that connects today's pronunciation with the pronunciation characteristic of past eras in the development of the literary language, and there is something that arises as a new pronunciation under the influence of live oral practice of native speakers, as a result of the action of internal laws of development of the language system. Modern Russian literary pronunciation began to take shape as early as the 18th century. on the basis of the oral speech of Moscow as the center of the Russian state, on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the northern and southern Russian dialects (in the norms of Moscow vernacular, on the one hand, the northern pronunciation [r] of the explosive formation and the southern akanye, indistinguishability in unstressed vowel syllables [a] and [o]). By the 19th century Old Moscow pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. Modern lit. pronunciation, which in its defining features continues to preserve the old Moscow norms, has already departed from these norms in a number of points and continues to change.
Learning the uniform rules of orthoepy is facilitated by the unity of the pronunciation norms of native speakers.
Variability of the orthoepic norm
The main sources of deviations from literary pronunciation are writing and native dialect. Deviations from literary pronunciation under the influence of writing are explained by the fact that there is not always a correspondence between the letter and sound form of the word. For example, Genitive adjectives of the masculine and neuter gender have an ending with the letter g in writing, and the sound (c) is pronounced in this form: big (pronounce big [ov]); words like, of course, that are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation the sound [w] corresponds to it: of course, what. As a result of the influence of spelling on pronunciation, pronunciation variants appear that are allowed in the literary language. This is how pronunciation options arose, for example, the nominative case of masculine adjectives with a back-lingual basis: krepk \ ai \ and strong. The variability of the norm leads to the opposition of styles: high and neutral, full and colloquial. In relation to orthoepy, we can talk about mandatory pronunciation norms for vowels and consonants and their combinations, called imperative, and about variant, or dispositive, pronunciation norms.
Indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to talk about three degrees of normativity:
- norm of the 1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;
- the norm of the 2nd degree is neutral, it allows equivalent options;
- the norm of the 3rd degree is more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms.
Norms, including orthoepic ones, help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural. The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out, it limits the possibilities of use. Language means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be ridiculous in another (official business communication). The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, changes in social conditions of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to constant rethinking and changing the norms of pronunciation. The orthoepic norm is one of the most changeable, mobile. Native speakers should be sensitive to its changes, correct speech in a timely manner so that it is actually good.
Orthoepy- the science of the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as the patterns of stress setting, one of the most important sections of the "culture of speech". Some scientists define orthoepy only as the science of pronunciation, highlighting the norms of stressing into a separate science of accentology.
Orthoepic norms are the norms of pronunciation of words, morphemes, sentences, as well as stresses in them.
For the literary Russian language (i.e., as it is customary to speak in a given historical era), it is characteristic
- akanye, i.e. pronunciation of a sound close to /a/ instead of /o/ in unstressed syllables (k/a/ rova)
- hiccup, i.e. pronunciation of a sound close to /i/ instead of /e/ in unstressed syllables (pronunciation of the word forest as l /i/ sa)
- reduction vowel sounds in an unstressed position (i.e. a change in the quality of vowel sounds in an unstressed position - for example, in the word “mama” unstressed /a/ is not the same as /a/ stressed)
- stun / voicing consonant sounds (for example, a voiced consonant at the end of a word - oak - du / p /).
The Russian language has three styles of pronunciation (depending on the communicative situation):
- high (nocturne, poet, for example, when reading poetry)
- neutral (nActurne, paet)
- low / colloquial (thousand, right now)
Pronunciation norms just like other norms, they change
- senior norm: Kone/w/no
- junior norm: certainly
Vowel pronunciation norms
(we describe the most common norms)
- hiccup
- pronunciation of unstressed vowels after w, w, q: sounds /e/, /i/ are pronounced as /s/ - w/s/lka (silk), w/s/l tok (yolk), sound /a/ is pronounced as / e / - w / e / gat
- preservation of unstressed O in foreign words (boa, bolero, radio). I must say that this norm is going away (we are already talking vkzal, rman). The b here denotes a very short sound that cannot be reduced to either /a/ or /o/.
- pronunciation of the sound e in different positions as e, and, s, b (tEndEr, Itage, but / s / rbrod, mod / b / rnization)
Norms of pronunciation of consonants
- pronunciation of the sound /v/ in adjective endings (blue/v/o)
- the pronunciation of a hard consonant before / e / - stand, mash, requiem (the older norm demanded to pronounce consonants softly).(Double pronunciation is allowed in words - terrorist, creed, dean. BUT only a soft consonant sound is pronounced in the words beige, brunette, museum, pioneer, rail, term, plywood, overcoat, cream, hair dryer)
- the older norm demanded to pronounce w, w softly in words yeast, reins, buzz, squeal, later, before / burn / and. Now it is permissible to pronounce solid w, sh in the same way as in other words of the Russian language
- pronunciation combination CHN as /shn/ and as /chn/. The tendency to pronounce /ch/. (Check yourself. Do you keep the pronunciation /shn/ as recommended by dictionaries of recent years in the words: mustard, loser, of course, eyeglass, laundry, trifling, birdhouse, boring, scrambled eggs, shopkeeper, candlestick, decent, dog lover, switchman, alarm clock In the words hearty, capped, milky, a double pronunciation is possible depending on the meaning).
- the sound Г can be pronounced as /k/ - ko/k/ti or as /x/ - le/x/cue. In the word God it is pronounced / x / - Bo / x /
Stress norms
Quite often a derivative word, i.e. a word formed from another word retains the stress of the word from which it is formed: provide - provision, shine - glow.
- Equal, i.e. can be pronounced in different ways: barge - barge, Otherwise, otherwise, sharpness - sharpness, born - born
- Fluctuating, i.e. the older norm is leaving, but the new one has not yet settled down: stirs - stirs, deep - deep, snow-covered - snow-covered
- Common - professional, i.e. as it is customary to say and as they say in professional jargon: mining - mining (among miners), chassis - chassis (among pilots), convict - convict (among lawyers)
- Literary - vernacular, i.e. as it is customary to say among educated people, and as uneducated city dwellers say: catalog - catalog, quarter - quarter, more beautiful - more beautiful.
Attention! Stress in verbs. Just borrow, accept, start!!!
What about the rules of pronunciation and stress?
We must understand that we speak as our environment speaks or spoke, as we are used to. Everything else is perceived as strange.
To change or not to change pronunciation if we suddenly find out that we are speaking incorrectly. Everyone decides this for himself, although sometimes the correct pronunciation is required by the profession (announcer, teacher, journalist, actor, etc.)
In other words, there is a story about a Soviet academician. The story illustrates a differentiated approach to norms. It happened a very long time ago.
Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - shareThis academician was asked how he says portfolio or portfolio. He replied: “It depends where I will be. In my native village I’ll say Porfel, otherwise they will think that I’m arrogant. At the meeting of the Academy of Sciences I will tell the portfolio, otherwise Academician Vinogradov will wince.
The orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and separate words. Distinctive feature pronunciation - uniformity. Orthoepic errors can adversely affect the perception of speech by listeners. They can distract the interlocutor's attention from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to orthoepic pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more effective.
Orthoepic norms determines the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws that govern the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.
The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called "junior" and "senior" norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to the old Moscow orthoepic norms.
Basic pronunciation rules
In Russian, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose definition and clarity. This is the law of reduction. So, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: from (a) rock, in (a) ron. In unstressed syllables, in place of the letter “o”, an obscure sound can be pronounced, for example, as the first syllable in the word “head”.
The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “ы” after a preposition, a solid consonant, or when two words are pronounced together. For example, "pedagogical institute", "laughter and tears".
As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of stunning and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a deaf sound are deafened, which is feature Russian speech. An example is the word "pillar", last letter in which it is stunned and pronounced like "p". There are many, many such words.
In many words, instead of the sound “h”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in the endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “no one” and others).
As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms available in the language, and only sometimes they can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is softening consonants before "e". This can be seen in such words as "faculty", "cream", "overcoat" and others. At the same time, in some words, the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).
Orthoepic norms- these are also the norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical forms of the word, the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _
9. Norms of stress in modern Russian
stress- this is obligatory attribute the words. This is the selection of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, movement of tone. Russian stress is non-fixed (various places) and mobile (it moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word (homographs) differ. In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. A proclitic is an unstressed word adjoining the stressed word in front. An enclitic is an unstressed word adjoining a word at the back. In addition, there are words in the language with the so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one can be preferred.
Variants of orthoepic norm
Orthoepy establishes and defends the norms of literary pronunciation. Sources of deviation from the norm can be:
dialect speech ([b "a] reza; bo [n] ba; [do] horn; kakava; spy), colloquial speech (kilo "meter; to" start; to "rtfel);
a letter (under the influence of the letter h they say: [h "] then instead of [w] then; horse [h"] but instead of horse [w] but; own [g] o instead of own [c] o);
indistinguishability between the letters e and e in the letter (nothing "many instead of worthless; acquired instead of acquired, etc.);
development of the language (old literary norms: unhappy "in; tse [r"] kov; four [r"] g - modern orthoepic norms: unhappy "stliv; tse [r] kov; four [r] g).
However, the whole variety of linguistic factors is not limited to a simple opposition of the norm / not the norm. There is a standardization scale:
orthoepic norms that do not allow other options: aka [d "e] mik, a [f "e"] ra, dispan [se"] r, underfilled", etc.
orthoepic norms that allow equal options: bulo [shn] naya - bulo [ch] naya, up to [w "] - up to [pcs"], ar [te] ria - ar [t"] eriya, ba [se] yn - ba[s"]ein; your "horn - tvoro" g, sparkling "stay - and" crunchy, crumbling - crumbling, etc.
variants of the norm, of which one is recognized as the main one:
"younger" (new) norm smile [with "] housemaid started [from "a] |
"older" (obsolete) norm smile[s] gorni[shn]aya started [sa] |
general literary sphere use flete "yte about "thoughts |
professional sphere use flute"vy fishing" |
general literary norm okrov"incarnated silk |
artistic norm bloody silk |
Orthoepic variants may belong to different styles. Words that fall into different stylistic contexts are pronounced differently. There are socially significant pronunciation options, i.e. those that are typical of different groups of people who speak the literary language, as well as stylistic options consciously chosen in various social situations.
Usually there are three styles of pronunciation: high (solemn, bookish), neutral and reduced (colloquial). Against the background of a stylistically uncolored, neutral pronunciation, on the one hand, the features of the “reduced”, colloquial style stand out, and on the other hand, the features of a “higher”, bookish style. Each style of pronunciation, as a rule, does not cover all words, but only a certain circle of them, mainly associated with different areas of science, technology, art, and politics. For different individuals, this coverage is different depending on a number of conditions, including the degree of familiarity with foreign languages, traditions of old book pronunciation, etc. In the same way, the colloquial style of pronunciation extends to a certain circle of popular words and forms, relating mainly to the sphere of everyday life, everyday life, etc.
book (high) A distinct pronunciation of unstressed syllables, close to the source; relaxed reduction: p[o]ethical, wire[olo]ka, in general; The pronunciation of foreign words is close to the international pronunciation norm or source: nocturne; Clear pronunciation of most consonants: fifty; A hard consonant before an unstressed adjective ending in them. p., units hours: thunder [k] th, strict [g] th; Slow pace of speech, even rhythm, dominance of brittle-grammatical intonation articulation. |
colloquial (reduced) Strong qualitative reduction of unstressed syllables - p[a] ethical, reduction to zero sound - about [vlk] a, contraction of vowels - in [a] generally; Pronunciation of foreign words in accordance with the pronunciation norms of colloquial speech of the Russian language: n[a]kturn; Reduction of consonants in combinations with other consonants and vowels: Softening consonants in the same forms: loud, strict; Sharp rise and fall of tone, uneven pace of speech, pauses. |
Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels
1. In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, the following processes are observed:
Akanye - at home [lady?];
Hiccup - in the forest [in l "isu], nickel - [n" so];
Ykanye - wife [zhyna], horses - [horse "hey], and this process is observed after solid consonants [g], [w], [c].
Ekanye - atelier [atel "ye].
The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.
2. in the Russian language there is a tendency for the adaptability of foreign words with e after a hard consonant, many words are “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: [akad "em" iya]; [cr "em]; [mus" hey]; but a number of words retain a solid consonant: [b "iznes]; [test].
In the part of borrowed words, before the vowel [e], hard consonants are or can be pronounced. however, only in a few cases the hardness of the consonant before [e] is indicated by the letter e: sir, mayor, peer, etc. In other cases, the hardness of the consonant remains unmarked: after a hard consonant, as well as after a soft one, the letter e is written: kaba [re]; ka[pe]lla; [ke]b; [neseser]; past [te] l; [se] psis; s [te] k, [me] tr, etc.
3. In separate words of foreign origin, in place of the letter o in pre-stressed and stressed syllables, instead of the expected reduced sound, [o] is or can be pronounced: [boa]; [bol "iro]; [rococo].
4. The Russian historian N.M. suggested using the letter ё. Karamzin, simplifying the complex drawing of a letter that existed earlier in the alphabet. Two dots above the letter ё in print and in writing are usually not put (they are indicated sequentially only in dictionaries, primers, textbooks for primary education). Therefore, it turned out that many spellings can be read in two ways, hence the errors in the pronunciation of the letter ё:
faded / fade - nepr. fade / fade
whitish - nepr. whitish
imported - nepr. imported
buckets (r.p. pl.) - adv. buckets (r. p. pl.)
maneuvers - nepr. maneuvers
worthless - nepr. worthless
newborn - nepr. newborn
And vice versa, e replaces e, making the mistake:
scam - nepr. scam
being - nepr. being
deadwood - nepr. deadwood
grenadier - nepr. grenadier
perplexed - adverb perplexed
simultaneous - nepr. simultaneous
guardianship - nepr. guardianship
5. A number of letters of the Russian alphabet denotes two sounds: i [th - a], e [th - e], e [th - o], yu [th - y]. This process is observed at the absolute beginning of a word, after a vowel, after dividing soft and hard signs.
Orthoepic norms in the field of consonants
1. Stunning: voiced consonants at the end of a word and before deaf consonants are replaced by the corresponding (paired) deaf ones:
bread [n], goal [n "], zali [f], cro [f "], pyro [k], naro [t], lebe [t "], but [w], gr [s], grya [ with"] etc.
speed [p] ki, tra [f] ka, [f] second, lo [t] ka, weak [t] ko, po [t] writing, books [sh] ki, girlfriend [sh] ka, none [s ]ko.
2. Voicing: in place of deaf consonants before a voiced one (except [c] corporal - e [f] reytor), the corresponding (paired) voiced ones are pronounced: about [z "] ba, [z] do, [zz] adi (behind), young [d "] ba, o [d] guess, in [g] hall.
3. Pronunciation of individual consonants or groups of consonants:
a) in place of the letter g in the Russian literary language are pronounced:
[g] - [g]us, o[g]orod, [g]nat, [g]rib, and [g]ra, etc.;
[k] - vra [k], sapo [k], etc.;
[x] - Bo[x];
[h] / [g] - in interjections a [g] a; wow; e[g]e (aha! wow! ege!);
In interjectional use of the word Lord - [g] Lord;
In some words of church-book origin: in indirect cases of the word God, in the words good, rich and derived from them (bo[g]y, rich[g]aty, etc.). However, the pronunciation of these words with the sound [h] / [g] is falling into disuse, giving way to the sound [g];
[in] - ko [in] o; my[v]o; one's [in] about, etc.
b) the combination of gk is pronounced like [hk]: le [hk] y, my [hk] y.
c) the combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [ch] (anti [ch] th; ve [ch] th; yes [ch] y; on [ch] y; pro[ch] y, etc.).
In some words, only [shn] is pronounced in place of ch:
(kone [shn] o, boring [shn] o, naro[shn] o, egg [shn] ica, empty [shn] th, laundry [shn] th, bitter [shn] th, two [shn] ik, square [shn]ik, och[shn]ik and in female patronymics on -ichna: Fomi[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, etc.).
There is also a double pronunciation [ch] / [shn]:
bulo [shn] / [h] th; bitterness [shn] / [h]ik; kopee [shn] / [h] th; young [shn] / [ch] th; drain [sh] / [ch] th; wheat [shn] / [ch] y, etc.
Sometimes the differences in pronunciation [ch] / [sh] are determined by the semantics of the word: mammary [ch] gland - milk [ch] porridge; thrush [n]itsa (disease) - thrush[shn]itsa (one who carries milk); heart [ch] drops - heart [shn] friend, etc.
d) The combination of th is pronounced in accordance with the spelling [th], except for the word that and its derivatives: [pcs] oby, [pcs] something, something [pcs] o, none [pcs] o. The word something is pronounced with [th].
e) ssh and w > [w] / [wh]: be [w] smart; ra[w]ity and under.
szh, zzh, zhzh > [zh] / [zhzh]: burned - [zh] eg, squeezed - [zh] al, fried - and [zh] aryl, I go - e [zh] y, reins - in [zh] and, yeast - dro [g] and, rain - to [g "] ik and under.
midrange and midrange; ss, zhch, sch; ssch, stch, zdh > [w "] (letter u): different [w"] ik; sign [w "] ik; zaka [w"] ik; out [w "] ik; zano [w"] ive; split [w "] to eat (split) and under .;
ts, ds, ds > [c]: o [c] a (father); si[c]a; milk[c]a; two[c]at; kolo[ts]a (wells), oxvor[ts] cue; similarity and similar;
f) consonants [t], [d], [t "], [d"] are not pronounced:
between [h] - [n]: star [know] th; by [zn] about; pra[zn] nickname and similar;
between [s] - [n]: me[sn] th; cloud [s] oh; che [sn] and under .;
between [s] - [l]: dependent [sl] ive; owl[sl]ive; happy and similar;
between [n] - [s]: age [ns] tvo; giga[ns] cue; golla[ns] cue; irla[ns]-cue; command [ns] cue and under .;
between [n] - [k] in the words: golla [nk] a (oven), shotla [nk] a (fabric).
BUT! golla[ntk]a (resident of Holland); governess; irla[ntk]a (resident of Ireland); waitress; student[ntk]a; scotla[ntk]a (resident of Scotland) etc.;
in combination vstv - the first [in] is not pronounced: hello [stv] uy; chu [st] about and under.
Orthoepic norms in the area of stress (accentological norms)
Stress is entirely related to the sphere of oral speech and is usually not indicated in writing. Russian stress - highlighting a syllable with greater intensity of the pronunciation apparatus - dynamic (power). It has the following properties:
Diversity - the place of stress is not attached to a specific syllable of the word (for example, initial or final) or to a specific morphological part of the word (to the stem or ending): you "carried; voro" on; gray "thy; teachers"; translated; democratize; etc. In the above words, the stress falls on different syllables (from the first to the sixth) and on its different morphological parts (root, prefix, suffix, ending).
In a number of other languages, unlike Russian, the place of stress is assigned to a certain syllable of the word. In Czech and Finnish it falls on the initial syllable of a word, in Polish on the penultimate syllable, in French on the last syllable.
The diversity of stress in Russian is an important tool word distinctions.
1. Homograph words are distinguished:
a "tlas - atla" s; for "mok - zamo" to; flour "- mu" ka; o "rgan - organ" n; par "rith - bet" (sense-distinctive function).
2. some forms of two different words differ in the place of stress:
pi "scha (n.) - pi" cabbage soup (r.p.); food" (deep.); food" (p. inf. verb);
white "to (n., singular) - squirrel" (singular r.p.), squirrel "(sing. d.p.); white" lok (n., pl. r.p.) - be "lka (singular, i.p.), be" lku (singular, v.p.);
pi "whether (from drinking) - drank" (p. infl. of the verb from sawing);
pa "whether (from the mouth) - fell" (p. inf. of the verb from to burn);
me "whether (from stranded) - stranded" (p. infl. verb from grind);
sign "com (from sign) - sign" m (from familiar).
3. The place of stress may differ between the changed word and the unchangeable word: according to "that (noun, tv.p. singular) - poto" m (adv.).
Mobility. The multi-place stress of the Russian language in some words is fixed (i.e., when forming grammatical forms of a word, it remains on the same syllable), and in others it is mobile (i.e., when forming different grammatical forms of a word, the stress is transferred from one syllable to another). Compare: book "ga, book" gi, book "ge, book" gu, book "goy, about book" ge (singular); books "gi, books" g, books "gum, books" gi, books "gami, about books" gah (plural) - motionless stress; and head, head, head, head, head, head, about the head (singular); go "lovy, golo" in, head "m, go" golovy, head "mi, o head" x (plural) - mobile stress.
Another example:
cut, cut, sew, cut, t, cut, t (fixed beat)
I can, you can, you can, you can, you can gut (sub. beat).
The mobility of Russian stress is an additional auxiliary tool that accompanies the main means of forming grammatical forms: different forms words, differing from each other in endings, can at the same time differ in the place of stress.
Variability. In a number of cases, fluctuations are observed in the words of the Russian language that do not carry a distinctive or formative function. So, stress options in some words can be equal: for "cast - flooded"; and "nache - ina" che; kro "shits - crumbs" tsya; o "buh - obu" x; simultaneous "simultaneous - simultaneous" ny, your "horn - creative" g, etc.
Most often, the place of stress differs in stylistic variants of words:
1) common and professional
extraction "cha, and" skra, co "mpas, to" bull, spark "compa" s,
convict "ny, chassis", convict "denied, sha" ssi,
ve"vector vectors"
2) literary and dialect
vyu "ha, nettle" va, blizzard "nettle",
di "cue, ho" cold, ticklish "tnodiko" th, cold, ticklish "
3) literary and folk-poetic
girl "tsa, silver", girl "vice, se" rib,
honest, silk honest, silk
4) modern and obsolete
mu "thundering muses" ka combat
on the root "mpo to the roots of the elastic ax pounded
5) literary and colloquial
quart "l, kilome" tr, kva "rtal, kilo" meter,
store "n, paint" veemaga "zine, beautiful" e
6) neutral and conversational
sentence "r, call" sh, with "talk, call" niche,
repeat "sh, busy" repeat "rish, busy"
As a rule, these stylistic variants have the following marks in dictionaries: “add.”, “add. obsolete. ”,“ in poetic. speech is possible”, “in the profession. speeches" / "among chemists", "among physicians", etc.
A fairly significant number of stress options are outside literary norm. In the dictionaries for these options, the so-called fixing marks are introduced: “not rec.”, “not rec. obsolete”, “wrong”, “grossly wrong”.
For example:
alcohol "l! nepr. a" alcohol
apostro "f! not rec. apo" stanza
airports "mouths! not rivers airports"
balova "th, baloo" yu, baloo "et! no rivers. ba" catch, ba "luyu, ba" luet
spoiled "bathroom! not rec. spoiled"
gross "th! nepr. va" catchy
entered!ex. introduced
veterinarian "riya! nepr. veterinarians" i
religion "given! non-profound religion"
ge "nesis! Nepr gene" sis
dispensary "r! nepr. dispa" nser
contract "r! rudely oblique to" dialect
engineers "ry! rudely non-pronounced engineer"
tool "nt! rough non-pr. tool" ment
not long
illegitimate! illegitimate
wrong "in, wrong" you! no rivers. wrong"
stupid "! no rivers. no" a lot
oil pipeline "d! nepr. oil pipeline" water
provision! not recommended. provision
call "th, -nu", -ne "t! not rec. call" nit
make it easier "t, -chu", -chi "t! non-problem. make it easier, -chu, -chit
shoe "th! nepr. o" booty
ove"n, ram"!nepr. o "vein, o" vna
wholesale
parali "h! nepr. couple" lich
sentence "r! nepr. at" conversation
dowry "noe! nepr. with" given
beets! beet"
funds
stolya "r! Nepr. one hundred" lyar
with "bent! unpredictable bend" ty
dance "vshchik! Nepr. dance"
legalization! non-legalization
move "secret! rudely obsc. petition" act
schave "l! nepr. scha" vel
wide "!nepr. shi" roko
exp "rt! nepr. e" expert
I "years, -its! not rivers. berries" tsy
Thus, stress is one of the means of distinguishing words, word forms and stylistic variants (coloring) of words.
Norms of stress in separate parts speeches
Noun stress
1. In most nouns of foreign origin, the stress will be the same as in the original language: marketing, pullo, ver, nouvori.
2. In words on -wire, the stress falls on the last syllable: water pipeline "d, gas pipeline" d, oil pipeline "d. Exception: electric water supply.
3. Some prepositions take on stress. In this case, the noun following them is unstressed. Most often, the stress goes to prepositions: on, for, under, by, from, without, from, to. For example: on the "water", on the "foot", on the "d hands, on the" forest, and "from the house, without" a year, hour about "t hour, before" the floor.
stress in adjectives
1. In short adjectives with suffixes -iv-, -liv-, -chiv-, -im-, -n-, aln-, -eln-, -ist-, the stress falls on the same syllable as in full form adjectives :
paint "vy - paint" in, paint "wa, paint" in, paint "you;
stable - stable, stable, stable, stable, stable;
dumb"slim - dumb"slim, dumb"slim, dumb"slim, dumb"slim;
nutritious - nutritious, nutritious, nutritious, nutritious, etc.
2. In adjectives with monosyllabic stems without suffixes (or with the simplest ancient suffixes -k-, -n-) in short feminine forms, the stress moves to the ending:
would be "strong - fast, fast", would be "strong, would" stry;
pale "bottom - pale" den, pale, pale "bottom, pale" bottoms;
harmful - harmful, harmful, harmful, bottom, harmful bottoms;
young "y - mo" lod, young, mo "lodo, mo" lody, etc. - in other short forms, the stress remains on the basis (coincides with the stress in the full form).
3. In most plural forms, the stress fluctuates (it happens on the ending and on the basis): low, drunk, empty, etc. The stress does not fluctuate in the following short plural forms:
ble "bottoms, close" zky, bo "yki, bu" rny, ve "rny, harm" bottoms, glut "py, bitter" rki, mud "heats, lengths" dreams, circles, los, lies, right, you, about hundred, red, sharp, su, chi, u, chi, sta, I, rky, I, dreams.
4. If in short form feminine accent falls on the ending, then in comparative degree- on the suffix -ee-: long" - longer "e, visible" - visible "e, full" - fuller "e.
If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the stem, then in a comparative degree it will also be on the stem: lilo "wa - lilo" vee, beautiful "wa - beautiful" vee, laziness "wa - laziness" vee.
Stress in verbs
1. In verbs on -irovat - the stress on and, going back to the German -ieren, is more productive. However, in some verbs that entered the Russian language in the 19th century, the stress falls on the last vowel - a: bombard "to, armor" to, gofrirova "to, engrave" to, grimirova "to, group" to "to, mark" to, normalization "be, seal" be, reward "be, form" be.
2. In many verbs (about 280) of the past tense (as a rule, with monosyllabic stems) in feminine forms, the emphasis is usually on the ending: took, was, took, vila, lied, persecuted, rotten, gave, fought, waited, lived , called, cursed, lied, drank, tore, wove, etc.
3. In verbs derived from the above, with any prefixes, the stress in feminine forms is always at the end. The exception is the prefix you-, which pulls the stress on itself: drove "- drove out" - surpassed "but! you" drove.
4. In reflexive verbs, the stress moves to the ending in all forms, except for the masculine form: she took away - took away - took away - took away, but! climbed; poured "shed - poured" sh - poured "shed, but! poured" was, etc.
5. Especially it should be reminded of the placement of stress in the most frequent verbs at the present time to call and turn on. In these verbs, when conjugated in the indicative mood, the stress shifts from the suffix and always falls on the personal ending: I call, call "m, call" you, call "te, call" t, calling "t; turn on", turn on" m, turn on "sh, turn on" those, turn on "t, turn on" t. However, in the imperative mood, the stress remains on the suffix: call - call, call, those; turn on - turn on", turn on" those.
Emphasis in participles
1. In short passive participles in the forms of the past tense, the stress is distributed in the same way as in the forms of short adjectives: take "t - taken" - taking "that - taking" you. But when formed from participles, the -brown, -tattered, -named form of the feminine gender has an emphasis on the basis: assembled, from, torn, torn.
However, for participles and verbal adjectives, there is a rule: if in the full form the stress falls on the suffix -onn- / -enn-, then the stress in the short form of the masculine is the same. In the feminine, neuter and plural, the stress moves to the ending: brought - brought, brought, brought, brought; pointed - pointed, pointed, pointed, pointed.
2. In passive participles with a suffix -t- accent will move one syllable forward if the suffixes -well- and -o- of the infinitive are under stress: weed - prop - golden, bend - bent.
1. Read an excerpt from a poem by F.I. Tyutchev, write it down in transcription
An agile stream runs from the mountain,
In the forest, the din of birds does not stop,
And the noise of the forest and the noise of the mountains -
Everything echoes cheerfully to the thunders.
2. There are five sounds in the word FROST. Determine how many times each of these sounds occurs in the proverb: "Try on seven times, cut one"
3. Phonetic task
“- Or maybe you would like to hear a phrase in which nine (!) vowels would stand side by side?
Please!
I know her and her July crush..."
Is this example correct?
4. The poet David Samoilov has an ironic poem "The House-Museum". The guide's story about the life of the venerable poet ends like this:
Here he died. On that canapé.
Before whispering a saying
Incomprehensible: “I want to ...”
Or songs? What about cookies?
Who knows what he wanted
This old poet before the coffin!
The death of a poet is the last section.
Don't crowd in front of the wardrobe...
There is a phonetic error here. Which?
5. In one cartoon-mystery there are such lines:
Far, far away in the meadow
They graze to...
Ko... No, not horses!
Ko... No, not goats!
Ko... That's right, cows!
Find the phonetic error.
6. What phonetic law formed the basis of the advertising slogan of Nikola kvass: “Kvass is not cola! Drink Nicola!
7. Fill in the table using the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (under any edition, preferably not earlier than 1989)
language norm accent sentence word