Which of the Russians made a round-the-world trip. The first circumnavigation of the Russians
August 17, 1806 - the sloop "Neva" under the command of Yuri Lisyansky anchored in the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the first Russian circumnavigation, which lasted a little over three years. By order of Alexander I, a special medal was issued for all participants in the journey.
On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world trip.
Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern
Kruzenshtern project
The head of the expedition was Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had already taken part in long-distance voyages. Kruzenshtern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, and China. During his travels, Kruzenshtern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was intended to promote the expansion of Russian trade relations with China. It consisted in the fact that instead of a difficult and long journey by land, to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians (Alaska) by sea. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point for selling furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were valued very dearly. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.
After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Krusenstern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel plan has been approved.
preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since in Russia suitable for long-distance navigation there were no courts. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.
The expedition was comparatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other manuals necessary for long-distance navigation.
Kruzenshtern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he protested vigorously, and the Russian team was recruited. Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly antiscorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Map of the first Russian round-the-world trip
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time was almost completely unknown to the Russians. Japan traded only with Holland; its ports remained closed to other countries. In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take home several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and lived there for quite a long time.
Sailing to Cape Horn.
The first stop was in Copenhagen, where instruments were checked at the observatory. Departing from the coast of Denmark, the ships headed for the English port of Falmouth. While staying in England, the expedition acquired additional astronomical instruments.
Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky
From England ships headed south along the east coast Atlantic Ocean. October 20 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were on the roadstead of the small Spanish city of Santa Cruz, located on the island of Tenerife. The expedition stocked up on food, fresh water, wine. Sailors, walking around the city, saw the poverty of the population and witnessed the arbitrariness of the Inquisition. In his notes, Kruzenshtern noted: “It is terrible for a free-thinking person to live in such a world where the anger of the Inquisition and the unlimited autocracy of the governor operate in full force, disposing of the life and death of every citizen.”
Leaving Tenerife, the expedition headed for the shores of South America. During the voyage, scientists conducted a study of the temperature of different layers of water. been noticed interesting phenomenon, the so-called "glow of the sea." A member of the expedition, the naturalist Tilesius established that the light was given by the smallest organisms, which were in abundance in the water. Carefully filtered water ceased to glow.
On November 23, 1803, the ships crossed the equator, and on December 21 they entered the Portuguese possessions, which at that time included Brazil, and anchored off Catherine Island. The mast needed to be repaired. The stop made it possible to conduct astronomical observations in the observatory installed on the shore. Kruzenshtern notes the great natural wealth of the region, in particular, tree species. It has up to 80 samples of valuable tree species that could be traded. Off the coast of Brazil, observations were made of the tides, the direction of sea currents, and water temperatures at various depths.
Sloop "Hope" off the coast of South America
To the shores of Kamchatka and Japan
Near Cape Horn, due to stormy weather, the ships were forced to separate. The meeting point was set at Easter Island or Nukagiva Island. Safely rounding Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern headed for Nukagiva Island and anchored in the port of Anna Maria. The sailors met two Europeans on the island - an Englishman and a Frenchman, who lived with the islanders for several years. The islanders brought coconuts, breadfruit and bananas in exchange for old metal hoops. Russian sailors visited the island. Krusenstern gives a description appearance islanders, their tattoos, jewelry, dwellings, dwells on the characteristics of life and social relations. The Neva came to Nukagiva Island late, as Lisyansky was looking for the Nadezhda near Easter Island. Lisyansky also reports a number of interesting information about the population of Easter Island, the clothes of the inhabitants, dwellings, gives a description of the wonderful monuments erected on the shore, which La Perouse mentioned in his notes.
After sailing from the shores of The Nukagiva expedition headed for the Hawaiian Islands. There, Kruzenshtern planned to stock up on food, especially fresh meat, which the sailors had not had for a long time. However, what Kruzenshtern offered to the islanders in exchange did not satisfy them, since the ships that landed on the Hawaiian Islands often brought European goods here.
The Hawaiian Islands were the point of travel where the ships had to separate. From here, the path of the Nadezhda went to Kamchatka and then to Japan, and the Neva was supposed to follow to the northwestern shores of America. The meeting was scheduled in China, in the small Portuguese port of Macau, where the purchased furs were to be sold. The ships parted.
Sloop "Hope"
July 14, 1804 "Nadezhda" entered the Avacha Bay and anchored off the city of Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the goods brought for Kamchatka were unloaded, and the ship's gear, which had worn out during a long journey, was repaired. In Kamchatka, the main food of the expedition was fresh fish, which, however, could not be stocked up for further sailing due to the high cost and lack of the required amount of salt.
On August 30, Nadezhda left Petropavlovsk and headed for Japan. Almost a month has passed in swimming. On September 28, the sailors saw the shores of the island of Kiu-Siu (Kyu-Su). Heading to the port of Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern explored the Japanese coast, which has many bays and islands. He was able to establish that on the sea charts of that time, in a number of cases, the shores of Yaponka were plotted incorrectly.
Dropping anchor in Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern informed the local governor of the arrival of the Russian ambassador. However, the sailors were not allowed to go ashore. The issue of receiving the ambassador was to be decided by the emperor himself, who lived in Ieddo, so he had to wait. Only after 1.5 months, the governor allocated a certain place on the shore, surrounded by a fence, where the sailors could walk. Even later, after repeated appeals from Krusenstern, the governor set aside a house for the ambassador on the shore.
Only on March 30 did a representative of the emperor arrive in Nagasaki, who was instructed to negotiate with the ambassador. During the second meeting, the commissioner said that the Japanese emperor had refused to sign a trade treaty with Russia and that Russian ships were not allowed to enter Japanese ports. The Japanese, brought to their homeland, nevertheless, finally got the opportunity to leave the Nadezhda.
Back to Petropavlovsk
From Japan, Nadezhda headed back to Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern decided to return by another route - along the western coast of Japan, almost unexplored at that time by Europeans. The Nadezhda sailed along the coast of Nipon Island (Hopshu), explored the Sangara Strait, and passed the western coast of Iesso Island (Hokkaido). Having reached the northern tip of Iesso, Kruzenshtern saw the Ainu, also living in the southern part of Sakhalin. In his notes, he gives a description of the physical appearance of the Ainu, their clothes, dwellings, occupations.
Following further, Kruzenshtern carefully explored the shores of Sakhalin. However, he was prevented from continuing his journey to the northern tip of Sakhalin by the accumulation of ice. Krusenstern decided to go to Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the ambassador with the naturalist Langsdorf left the Nadezhda, and after a while Kruzenshtern went to continue exploring the shores of Sakhalin. Having reached the northern tip of the island, Nadezhda rounded Sakhalin and went along its western coast. In view of the fact that the deadline for departure to China was approaching, Kruzenshtern decided to return to Petropavlovsk in order to better prepare for this second part of the voyage.
From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern sent maps and drawings drawn up during the trip to St. Petersburg so that they would not be lost in the event of an accident that could happen during the return voyage.
“The shores of Petropavlovsk,” writes Kruzenshtern, “are covered with scattered stinking fish, over which hungry dogs bite for rotting remains, which is an extremely disgusting view. Upon reaching the shore, you will look in vain for the roads that have been made, or even for any convenient path leading to the city, in which you do not find a single well-built house ... Near it there is not a single verdant good plain, not a single garden, not a single decent vegetable garden, which would show traces of cultivation. We only saw 10 cows grazing between the cabins.”
Such was then Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Kruzenshtern points out that the supply of bread and salt almost did not provide the population. Krusenstern left the salt and cereals received as a gift in Japan for the population of Kamchatka.
The population of Kamchatka also suffered from scurvy. Medical assistance was almost non-existent, there were not enough medicines. Describing the disastrous condition of the inhabitants of Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern pointed out the need to improve the supply and the possibility of developing agriculture there. He especially noted the extremely difficult situation of the native population - the Kamchadals, who were robbed and drunk with vodka by Russian fur buyers.
Swimming in China
Having completed the necessary work to repair the rigging and renewed the food supply, Kruzenshtern went to China. The weather interfered with routine surveys to locate the island. In addition, Krusenstern was in a hurry to arrive in China.
On a stormy night, the Nadezhda passed through the strait near the island of Formosa and on November 20 anchored in the port of Macau. At a time when Kruzenshtern traveled with the ambassador to Japan and explored the shores of Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka, the Neva visited the Kodiak and Sitkha islands, where the possessions of the Russian-American Company were located. Lisyansky brought the necessary supplies there and then set sail along the coast of the northwestern part of America.
Lisyansky wrote down a large amount of information about the Indians and collected a whole collection of their household items. The Neva spent almost a year and a half off the coast of America. Lisyansky was late for the meeting scheduled by Kruzenshtern, but the Neva was loaded to capacity with valuable furs that had to be transported to China.
Upon arrival in Macau, Kruzenshtern learned that the Neva had not yet arrived. He informed the governor of the purpose of his arrival, but before the arrival of the Neva, Nadezhda was asked to leave Macau, where military courts were forbidden to stay. However, Kruzenzenshtern managed to persuade the local authorities, assuring them that the Neva would soon arrive with a valuable cargo that was of interest to Chinese trade.
The Neva arrived on December 3 with a large load of furs. However, it was not immediately possible to ask permission for both ships to enter the harbor near Canton, and Krusenstern went there together with Lisyansky on the Neva. Only after intense efforts did Kruzenshtern receive this permission, promising to buy a large amount of Chinese goods.
Significant difficulties were also encountered in the sale of furs, as Chinese merchants did not dare to enter into trade relations with the Russians, not knowing how the Chinese government would look at it. However, Kruzenshtern, through a local English trading office, managed to find a Chinese merchant who bought the imported cargo. Having shipped the furs, the Russians began loading tea and other purchased Chinese goods, but at that time their export was prohibited until permission was obtained from Beijing. Again, it took a long time to get this permission.
Homecoming. Expedition results.
Coin "Sloop" Neva "
Kruzenshtern's expedition made the first attempt to establish maritime trade relations with China - before that, Russian trade with China was carried out by land. Kruzenshtern in his notes described the state of the then Chinese trade and indicated the ways in which trade with the Russians could develop. February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Canton and headed back to their homeland. This path was through Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and further along the route well known to Europeans. August 17, 1806 "Nadezhda" approached Kronstadt. The Neva was already there, having arrived a little earlier. The journey, which had lasted three years, was over. The journey of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky gave a lot of new things for the knowledge of a number of areas the globe. The studies carried out enriched science, valuable material was collected, necessary for the development of navigation. During the voyage, astronomical and meteorological observations were systematically made, the temperature of different layers of water was determined, depth measurements were made. During the long stay in Nagasaki, observations were made of the tides, the Expedition carried out work on compiling new maps and checking old ones. Dr. Tilesius compiled a large atlas illustrating the nature and population of the countries visited.
Extraordinarily interesting are household items brought by the expedition from the Pacific Islands and North America. These things were transferred to the Museum of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences. The notes of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were published. The round-the-world trip on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" wrote a glorious page in the history of Russian navigation.
Based on materials: http://azbukivedi-istoria.ru/
On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world trip.
The head of the expedition was Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had already taken part in long-distance voyages. Kruzenshtern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, and China.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Kruzenshtern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was intended to promote the expansion of Russian trade relations with China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.
During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, huge regions were visited and annexed to Russia in North America, called Russian America.
The Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands began to be visited by Russian industrialists, and the fame of the fur wealth of these places penetrated into St. Petersburg. However, communication with "Russian America" at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, the way was kept to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for the summer, across the Bering Sea to America. The delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing was especially expensive. It was necessary to cut long ropes into pieces and, after delivery to the place, fasten them again; they did the same with chains for anchors, sails.
In 1799, the merchants united to create a large trade under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived near the trade. The so-called Russian-American Company arose. However, the profits from the sale of furs went to a large extent to cover travel costs.
Kruzenshtern's project was to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea instead of a difficult and long journey by land. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point for selling furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were valued very dearly. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.
After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Krusenstern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel plan has been approved.
preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.
The expedition was comparatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other manuals necessary for long-distance navigation.
Kruzenshtern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he protested vigorously, and the Russian team was recruited.
Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly antiscorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time was almost completely unknown to the Russians. Japan traded only with Holland; its ports remained closed to other countries.
In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take home several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and lived there for quite a long time.
After long preparations, the ships put to sea.
Any educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.
But it should be noted that this formulation is not entirely correct. Magellan thought out and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator, with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first round-the-world trip. It was del Cano who eventually became the captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to his native harbor) and received fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during a dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first traveler around the world.
First trip around the world: background
In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish seafarers and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven path to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this path was not short and unsafe. Due to the limited knowledge of the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew if there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown Southern Land, but the Europeans wanted it to be. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that the opening of the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.
Career of Ferdinand Magellan
The impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magallans), by the age of 39, managed to repeatedly visit Asia and Africa, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about travels to the shores of America.
With his idea to get to the Moluccas by the western route and return by the usual one (that is, to make the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese king Manuel. He was not at all interested in the proposal of Magellan, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), got a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and "gave the go-ahead" to organize an expedition.
Along the coast. Riot
Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world, which was never completed for most of the team, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different countries Europe. Despite the storm, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to "go down" along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which, according to his information, should have been located in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in specified place turned out to be not a strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather turned bad, the ships anchored in the bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first trip around the world, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from it to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - to recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.
Strait of All Saints
One captain was killed, another was executed, and a third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 the ships left the bay and continued to search for the strait. During a storm, the ship "Santiago" sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered the strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. The ships of Magellan sailed along it for 38 days.
The admiral called the shore, which remained on the left hand, Tierra del Fuego, since the bonfires of the Indians burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the strait was renamed Magellan.
Pacific Ocean
Only three ships left the strait into the so-called "South Sea": "San Antonio" disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the troubled Atlantic. The ocean was named the Pacific.
The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months, the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half of the team. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did the ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was not far to the Philippines.
Philippines. Death of Magellan
The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they recuperated and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.
Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke freely with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, eventually became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in the internecine war of two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow, or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team became so thin that one of the ships, the Concepción, was decided to be destroyed.
Moluccas. Return to Spain
Who led the first round-the-world trip after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum in San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.
He made sure the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. It was not easy to do this: the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards off the coast of Africa, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 members of the expedition returned to San Lucar. The cargo delivered by them paid off all the expenses for the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese had only accusations of violating royal instructions.
The results of Magellan's journey
Magellan explored the eastern coast of South America and opened the strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received weighty proof that the Earth is really round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean is much larger than expected, and that it is unprofitable to swim on it to the Moluccas. Also, the Europeans realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all the continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.
All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this person was del Cano, but nevertheless, the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.
The first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors
In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploration of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything necessary. Navigators (who set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and the island of Iesso, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and in addition, delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public outcry and helped to increase the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.
Many readers of the magazine are asked to tell about the origins of Russian round-the-world travel. This request is supplemented by other letters from our readers who would like to see an essay on the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the pages of the magazine.
History of long-distance voyages
In the summer of 1803, two Russian ships set sail under the command of naval officers, captain-lieutenants of the fleet Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Their route amazed the imagination it was laid, as it was customary to say at that time, "around the world." But, talking about this voyage, one cannot fail to notice that the traditions of "distant voyages" date back to times much older than early XIX century.
In December 1723, the carts of Admiral Daniel Wilster arrived at Rogverik, which lay not far from Reval. Here the admiral was met by members of the expedition. In the bay, tightened thin ice, there were two ships. The secret Peter's decree was read in the cabin of the flag-captain Danila Myasnoy. Captain Lieutenant Ivan Koshelev, "Russian under the Swede" advisor to the expedition, was also present. “You will go from St. Petersburg to Rogverik,” the decree said, “and there take the frigate Amsterdam Galei and take the Dekrondelivde with you, and with the help of God, embark on a voyage to the East Indies, namely to Bengal". They were to be the first to cross the "line" (equator). Alas, the plan to “do business” with the “great mogul” failed.
The ships set out on December 21, but due to a leak formed in a storm, they returned to Revel. And in February of the following year, Peter I canceled the voyage until "another favorable time."
Peter also had a dream to send ships to the West Indies. That is why he decided to establish trade relations with the mistress of the "Gishpan lands" in America. In 1725 1726 the first commercial voyages to Cadiz Spanish port near Gibraltar took place. The ships prepared for the voyage "to Bengal", to which the Devonshire was added, also came in handy. A detachment of three ships with goods in May 1725 was led by Ivan Rodionovich Koshelev. After returning to his homeland, the former adviser was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, "after all, he was the first in Spain with Russian ships." So the tradition of ocean voyages of Russian ships was laid.
But when did the idea of circumnavigating the world emerge in Russian minds?
250 years ago, a well-thought-out plan for a round-the-world trip was drawn up for the first time: the minutes of the Senate meeting of September 12, 1732 are known. The senators puzzled over how to send Bering's expedition to the East, by sea or by land. “For advice, members of the Admiralty Board were called to the Senate, who suggested that ships could be sent to Kamchatka from St. Petersburg ...” The authors of the project are Admiral N.F. Golovin, President of the Admiralty Boards and Admiral T.P. Sanders. Golovin himself wanted to lead the voyage. He considered such a voyage best school, for "... in one such way those officers and sailors can learn more than at the local sea in ten years." But the senators chose a dry path and did not heed the advice of eminent admirals. Why is not known. Apparently there were good reasons. They doomed Vitus Bering to incredible hardships with the transportation of thousands of pounds of equipment to Okhotsk, where the construction of ships was planned. Therefore, the epic of the Second Kamchatka stretched out for a good ten years. But it could have been different...
And yet remember it was the first round-the-world trip project.
In the annals of long-distance voyages, 1763 is distinguished by two remarkable events. The first took place in St. Petersburg. Mikhailo Lomonosov proposed to the government a project for an Arctic expedition from Novaya Zemlya to the Bering Strait through North Pole. The following year, three ships under the command of Captain 1st Rank Vasily Chichagov made the first attempt to penetrate the polar basin north of Svalbard. The transpolar transition failed. The meeting scheduled in the Bering Strait between Chichagov and the leader of the Aleutian expedition, Krenitsyn, did not take place. After the departure of both expeditions, it was planned to send two ships around the world from Kronstadt with a call to Kamchatka. But the preparations for the approach were delayed, and the Russian-Turkish war that began soon forced them to completely cancel the exit to the sea.
In the same 1763, in London, Ambassador A. R. Vorontsov received from the board of the East India Company permission to send two Russian officers on the ship Spikey. So in April 1763 midshipman N. Poluboyarinov and non-commissioned lieutenant T. Kozlyaninov went to Brazil. They were destined to become the first Russians to cross the equator. Midshipman Nikifor Poluboyarinov kept a journal, which conveyed to the descendants the impressions of this one and a half year voyage to the shores of Brazil and India ...
The far voyage of the Russians from Kamchatka around Asia and Africa took place in 17711773. Colonel of the Commonwealth Confederation Moritz Beniowski, exiled to Bolsheretsk for speaking out against the authorities, revolted. Together with his accomplices, the exiles, he captured a small ship, the galliot "St. Peter, who was wintering at the mouth of the river. About 90 Russians, among whom, in addition to the exiles, were free industrialists and several women, went into the unknown who voluntarily, who under the threat of reprisal, and who simply out of ignorance. The ship of the fugitives was led by sailors Maxim Churin and Dmitry Bocharov.
In the Portuguese colony of Macao, Beniovsky sold a Russian ship and chartered two French ones. In July 1772, the fugitives arrived at a French port in southern Brittany. From here
16 people who wished to return to Russia set out on foot for 600 miles to Paris. In the capital, through the ambassador and famous writer Fonvizin, permission was obtained. Among the returning sailors was a navigator's student, the commander of the Okhotsk ship "St. Ekaterina" Dmitry Bocharov. Later, in 1788, he became famous in a wonderful voyage to the shores of Alaska on the galliot "Three Saints", completed on the instructions of the "Columbus of Russia" Shelikhov, together with Gerasim Izmailov. No less interesting is the fact that women participate in this voyage. One of them, Lyubov Savvishna Ryumina, is probably the first Russian woman to visit the southern hemisphere of the Earth. By the way, the husband of the brave traveler most reliably told about the adventures of the fugitives in the “Notes of the clerk Ryumin ...”, printed half a century later.
The next attempt to pass "near the world" was the closest to being realized. But this was again interrupted by the war. And so it was. In 1786, the personal secretary of Catherine II, P. P. Soymonov, submitted to the Commerce Collegium a “Note on trading and animal trades on the Eastern Ocean”. It expressed fears for the fate of Russian possessions in America and proposed measures to protect them. Only armed ships could hold back the expansion of the British. The idea was not new either for the maritime or for the trade department and their leaders. By decree of the Empress of December 22, 1786, the Admiralty was instructed to "immediately send from the Baltic Sea two ships armed, following the example of those consumed by the English captain Cook and other sailors for such discoveries ...". The 29-year-old experienced sailor Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky was appointed to lead the expedition. The most capable ships for discoveries were hastily prepared: Kholmogor, Solovki, Sokol, Turukhtan. The route of the expedition was laid "meeting the sun": from the Baltic Sea to the southern tip of Africa, then to the shores of New Holland (Australia) and to Russian lands in the Old and New Worlds. The Olonets plant even cast iron coats of arms and medals for installation on newly discovered lands, but the war with Turkey began again. A decree followed: "... we order the expedition to be canceled due to the present circumstances." Then Mulovskiy's squadron was planned to be sent on a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea to fight the Turkish fleet, but ... a war broke out with Sweden. Having suddenly attacked Russian positions and ships, the Swedish king Gustav III intended to return all pre-Petrine possessions, destroy St. Petersburg and put his autograph on the recently opened monument to Peter I. So in the summer of 1788, Mulovsky was appointed commander of the Mstislav. The 17-year-old midshipman Ivan Kruzenshtern, released ahead of schedule (on the occasion of the war), arrived on the same ship. When the 36-gun Mstislav forced the 74-gun Sophia-Magdalena to surrender, Mulovsky instructed the young officer to take the flags of the ship and the Swedish Admiral Lilienfild. Mulovsky's dreams of an ocean campaign sunk into the heart of Kruzenshtern. After the death of Mulovsky in battle on July 15, 1789, a series of failures ends and the story of the first Russian journey "around the whole world" begins.
Three years in three oceans
The draft of the first round-the-world was signed by Kruzenshtern "on January 1, 1802." The conditions for the implementation of the project were favorable. Naval Minister Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov (by the way, included by the Decembrists in the future "revolutionary government") and Minister of Commerce Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (founder of the famous Rumyantsev Museum, whose book collections served as the basis for the creation State Library USSR named after V. I. Lenin) supported the project and highly appreciated the progressive undertaking of the 32-year-old lieutenant commander. On August 7, 1802, Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the expedition.
It is known that most funds for the equipment of the expedition were allocated by the board of the Russian-American Company. The haste in collecting and the generosity of the company were the reason that the ships decided not to build, but to purchase abroad. To this end, Kruzenshtern sent lieutenant commander Lisyansky to England. For 17 thousand pounds sterling, rather old, but with a strong hull, two three-masted sloops "Leander" and "Thames" were bought, which received the new names "Nadezhda" and "Neva".
The peculiarity of the campaign was that the ships carried naval flags and at the same time served as merchant ships. On the Nadezhda, a diplomatic mission headed by one of the company's directors, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, was heading to Japan ...
The historic day came on August 7, 1803. Driven by a light fair wind, Nadezhda and Neva left the Great Kronstadt roadstead. Having visited Copenhagen and the English port of Falmouth and survived the first severe storm, the ships made their last "European" stop in Tenerife in the Canary Islands.
On November 26, 1803, the guns of Nadezhda and Neva saluted the Russian flag for the first time in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. A holiday was arranged on the ships, which became traditional. The role of the "sea lord" Neptune was played by the sailor Pavel Kurganov, who "welcomed the Russians on their first arrival in the southern Neptune regions with sufficient decency." After stopping in Brazil and replacing part of the rigging, on March 3, 1804, the ships rounded Cape Horn and began sailing in pacific ocean. After a separate voyage, the ships met at the Marquesas Islands. In an order for sailors, Kruzenshtern wrote: "I am sure that we will leave the shore of this quiet people, without leaving a bad name behind us." A humane attitude towards the "wild" - a tradition laid down by our sailors, was strictly observed by all subsequent Russian expeditions ...
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky have already done a lot for science: for the first time, hydrological observations were made, as well as magnetic and meteorological ones. In the area of Cape Horn, the current velocity was measured. During the stay of the Neva at Easter Island, Lisyansky clarified the coordinates of the island and compiled a map. A collection of weapons and household items was collected in the Marquesas Islands. In early June 1804, the sailors reached the Hawaiian Islands. Here the ships parted for almost a year and a half. The meeting was scheduled for November 1805 near the Chinese port of Canton.
On the way to Petropavlovsk, according to the instructions, the Nadezhda passed the ocean area southeast of Japan and dispelled the myth about the lands supposedly existing here. From Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took a ship to Japan to deliver Rezanov's envoy there. A brutal typhoon caught sailors off the eastern coast of Japan. “One must have the gift of a poet to vividly describe his fury,” Kruzenshtern wrote in his diary and lovingly noted the courage and fearlessness of the sailors. The Hope was in the Japanese port of Nagasaki for more than six months, until mid-April 1805. Rezanov's mission was not accepted by the authorities, who adhered to an archaic law in force since 1638 that prohibited foreigners from visiting the country "as long as the sun illuminates the world." On the contrary, on the day of departure of the Nadezhda, ordinary Japanese, showing sympathy for the Russians, saw the ship off in hundreds of boats.
Returning to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took the ship on courses completely unknown to Europeans, along the western shores of the Land of the Rising Sun. For the first time, a scientific description of Tsushima Island and the strait separating it from Japan was made. Now this part of the Korea Strait is called the Krusenstern Passage. Further, the sailors made an inventory of the southern part of Sakhalin. Crossing the ridge of the Kuril Islands by the strait, now bearing the name of Kruzenshtern, the Nadezhda almost perished on the rocks. They entered the Avacha Bay in early June, when floating ice was visible everywhere and solid shores were white.
Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov left the ship in Petropavlovsk. On one of the company's ships, he went to Russian America. We must pay tribute to this active person, who did a lot for the development of fisheries in the waters of Russian possessions. Rezanov was also involved in the selection of the site for the southernmost Russian settlement in America, Fort Ross. The story of Rezanov's engagement to the daughter of the Spanish governor José Argüello, Conchita, is also romantic. At the beginning of 1807, he left for Russia to apply for permission to marry a Catholic. But in March 1807, Nikolai Petrovich died suddenly in Krasnoyarsk on his way to St. Petersburg. He was 43 years old. His betrothed in the New World a year later received news of the death of the groom and, fulfilling her vow of fidelity, went to the monastery.
The time remaining before the meeting with the Neva, Kruzenshtern again devoted to the survey of Sakhalin. It just so happened that Sakhalin, discovered back in the 17th century, was considered an island, and no one seemed to doubt it. But the French navigator La Perouse, exploring the Tatar Strait from the south on an expedition in 17851788, mistakenly considered Sakhalin a peninsula. Later, the mistake was repeated by the Englishman Broughton. Krusenstern decided to penetrate the strait from the north. But, having sent Lieutenant Fedor Romberg on the boat, Kruzenshtern ordered the boat to return to the ship ahead of time with a cannon signal. Of course, fearing for the fate of sailors in uncharted places, the head of the expedition hurried. Romberg simply did not have time to go far enough to the south to find the strait. The decreasing depths seemed to confirm the conclusions of previous expeditions. This delayed the discovery of the mouth of the Amur and the restoration of the truth for some time ... Having completed over one and a half thousand miles of route survey with many astronomical definitions, the Nadezhda anchored in Petropavlovsk. From here, the ship, after loading the furs for sale, headed for the meeting point with the Neva.
No less difficult and interesting was the voyage of the Neva. The silhouette of the "Nadezhda" melted away over the horizon, and the crew of the "Neva" continued to explore the nature of the Hawaiian Islands. Everywhere local residents warmly welcomed kind and considerate messengers. northern country. Sailors visited the village of Tavaroa. Nothing reminded of the tragedy 25 years ago, when Captain Cook was killed here. The hospitality of the islanders and their unfailing help made it possible to replenish the ethnographic collections with samples of local utensils and clothing...
After 23 days, Lisyansky brought the ship to the village of Pavlovsky on Kodiak Island. The Russian inhabitants of Alaska solemnly welcomed the first ship that had made such a difficult and long journey. In August, the sailors of the Neva, at the request of the chief ruler of the Russian-American company Baranov, participated in the liberation of the inhabitants of the fort Arkhangelskoye on the island of Sitka, captured by the Tlingit, led by American sailors.
More than a year "Neva" was off the coast of Alaska. Lisyansky, together with navigator Danila Kalinin and navigator Fedul Maltsev, compiled maps of numerous islands, made astronomical and meteorological observations. In addition, Lisyansky, studying languages local residents, made up " Concise Dictionary languages of the northwestern part of America with Russian translation. In September 1805, having loaded furs from Russian crafts, the ship headed for the shores of southern China. On the way, the Neva ran into a sandbank near an island hitherto unknown to sailors. In stormy conditions, the sailors fought selflessly to save the ship and won. On October 17, a group of sailors spent the whole day on the shore. In the very middle of the island, the discoverers placed a pole, and under it they buried a bottle with a letter containing all the information about the discovery. At the insistence of the team, this piece of land was named after Lisyansky. “This island, except for obvious and inevitable death, promises nothing to the enterprising traveler,” wrote the commander of the Neva.
Three months took the passage from Alaska to the port of Macau. Severe storms, fogs and treacherous shoals required caution. On December 4, 1805, the sailors of the Neva happily looked at the familiar silhouette of the Nadezhda, congratulating them with flag signals on their safe return.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky
After selling furs in Canton and accepting a cargo of Chinese goods, the ships weighed anchor. Through the South China Sea and the Sunda Strait, travelers entered the Indian Ocean. On April 15, 1806, they crossed the meridian of the Russian capital and thus completed the bypass of the globe.
Here it must be remembered that the round-the-world route for Krusenstern personally closed back in Macau in November 1805, and for Lisyansky on the meridian of Ceylon a little later. (Both commanders, being on voyages abroad on English ships, visited the West Indies, the USA, India, China and other countries in the period 17931799.)
However, the concept of round-the-world travel has changed over time. More recently, to circumnavigate the world meant to close the circle of the route. But in connection with the development of the polar regions, a round-the-world trip according to such criteria has lost its original meaning. Now a more rigorous formulation is in use: the traveler must not only close the circle of the route, but also pass near the antipode points lying at opposite ends of the earth's diameter.
At the Cape of Good Hope, in thick fog, the ships parted. Now, until the very return to Kronstadt, the navigation of the ships took place separately. Kruzenshtern, upon arriving on the island of St. Helena, learned about the war between Russia and France and, fearing a meeting with enemy ships, proceeded to his homeland around the British Isles with a stop at Copenhagen. Three years and twelve days later, on August 19, 1806, the Nadezhda arrived in Kronstadt, where the Neva had been waiting for her for two weeks.
Lisyansky, after parting in the fog with the flagship, having carefully checked the supplies of water and food, decided on a non-stop passage to England. He was sure that “... a brave enterprise will bring us great honor; for no navigator like us has ventured so far a journey without going somewhere for rest. The Neva traveled from Canton to Portsmouth in 140 days, covering 13,923 miles. The Portsmouth public enthusiastically greeted the crew of Lisyansky and, in his person, the first Russian sailors around the world.
The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky was recognized as a geographical and scientific feat. In his honor, a medal was knocked out with the inscription: "For a trip around the world 18031806." The results of the expedition were summarized in the extensive geographical works of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, as well as natural scientists G. I. Langsdorf, I. K. Horner, V. G. Tilesius and other participants.
The first voyage of the Russians went beyond the "distant voyage". It brought glory to the Russian fleet.
The personalities of the ship commanders deserve special attention. There is no doubt that they were progressive people for their time, ardent patriots, tirelessly caring for the fate of the "servants" - sailors, thanks to whose courage and diligence the voyage went extremely well. Relations between Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky friendly and trusting contributed decisively to the success of the case. A popularizer of domestic navigation, a prominent scientist Vasily Mikhailovich Pasetsky, cites a letter from his friend Lisyansky in his biographical sketch about Kruzenshtern during the preparation of the expedition. “After dinner, Nikolai Semenovich (Admiral Mordvinov) asked if I knew you, to which I told him that you were a good friend of mine. He was glad about this, spoke about the dignity of your pamphlet (that was the name of Kruzenshtern's project for his free-thinking! V. G.), praised your knowledge and intelligence, and then ended up saying that he would consider it a happiness to be acquainted with you. For my part, in front of the entire assembly, I did not hesitate to say that I envy your talents and intelligence.
However, in the literature about the first voyages, at one time, the role of Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky was unfairly belittled. Analyzing the "Journal of the ship" Neva ", the researchers Naval Academy made interesting conclusions. It was found that out of 1095 days of historical navigation, only 375 days the ships sailed together, the remaining 720 Neva sailed alone. The distance traveled by Lisyansky's ship is also impressive - 45,083 miles, of which 25,801 miles - independently. This analysis was published in 1949 in Proceedings of the Naval Academy. Of course, the voyages of the Nadezhda and the Neva are, in essence, two round-the-world voyages, and Yu. F. Lisyansky is equally involved in the great feat in the field of Russian maritime glory, like I. F. Kruzenshtern.
In the finest hour, they were on an equal footing ...
Vasily Galenko, long-distance navigator
The first Russian circumnavigation of the world 1803-1806 Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky
The purpose of the expedition
To make the first round-the-world voyage in the history of the Russian fleet. Deliver-pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct trade in furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land route. Conduct various geographic observations and Scientific research along the route of the expedition.
The composition of the expedition
Ships:
Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Acquired in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world.
Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Bought there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807.
Emperor Alexander I personally inspected both sloops and allowed them to raise military flags Russian Empire. The Emperor accepted the upkeep of one of the ships at his own expense, and the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev, took over the costs of operating the other. Which ship was taken by whom is not specified.
Personnel
The head of the expedition Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich.
Age at the start - 32 years.
He is also the captain of the flagship of the expedition, the sloop Nadezhda.
On board the Nadezhda were:
midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions
Ambassador Rezanov Nikolai Petrovich (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue
scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, artist Kurlyantsev
in a mysterious way, the famous brawler and duellist Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy the American, also got on the expedition.
The sailors were all Russian to one - that was Krusenstern's condition.
The total team size is 65 people.
Sloop "Neva":
Commander - Yury Fedorovich Lisyansky.
Age at the start is 30 years old.
The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people.
In the holds of both ships there were iron products, alcohol, weapons, gunpowder, and many other things for delivery to Russian America and Kamchatka.
Start of the first Russian round-the-world expedition
The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. On the way we went to Copenhagen, then to the small English port of Falmouth, where the ships were once again caulked.
Canary Islands
The expedition approached the archipelago on October 19, 1803. They stayed in the harbor of Santa Cruz for a week and on October 26 headed south.
Equator
On November 26, 1803, ships under the Russian flag "Nadezhda" and "Neva" crossed the equator for the first time and entered the Southern Hemisphere. According to the maritime tradition, the feast of Neptune was arranged.
The shores of Brazil appeared on December 18, 1803. They stopped in the harbor of the city of Destero, where they stood for a month and a half to repair the main mast of the Neva. Only on February 4, 1804 did both ships move further south along the South American coast.
Cape Horn
Before going around Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed on a meeting place, since both understood that in this place the ships were easily swept away by bad weather. The first version of the meeting was Easter Island, the spare - Nukagiva Island. The Nadezhda successfully rounded Cape Horn and on March 3, 1804 entered the Pacific Ocean.
Nukagiva
Easter Island slipped through in strong winds, so Kruzenshtern went straight to the alternate meeting point, Nukagiva Island, where he arrived on May 7, 1804. On the way, the islands of Fetuga and Uaguga from the Marquesas group were mapped. On May 10, the Neva also approached Nukagiva. A week later, both ships set sail in the direction of the Hawaiian Islands.
Equator
Hawaiian Islands
The ships approached them on June 7, 1804. Here they were to part. "Neva" with a cargo of goods for the Russian-American company went towards Alaska, to the island of Kodiak. "Nadezhda" headed for Kamchatka, from where it was necessary to go with the embassy to Japan and explore the island of Sakhalin. The meeting of both ships was now to be held only in Macau in September 1805, where the Nadezhda would approach upon completion of the diplomatic mission, and the Neva with a load of furs from Russian America.
Journey of Hope
Kamchatka
Nadezhda entered the Avacha Bay on July 14, 1804. The population of Petropavlovsk then was about 200 people. Governor General Koshelev arrived here from Nizhnekamchatsk (then the capital of the peninsula), who in every possible way contributed to the repair of the ship and preparations for a visit to Japan. The expedition was left by a doctor and an artist, and the brawler Tolstoy was forcibly "written ashore". August 30, 1804 "Hope" headed for Japan.
Japan
It is known from the history of Japan that any foreign ships were prohibited from entering Japanese ports. And the inhabitants of the islands of the rising sun were strictly forbidden to contact with foreigners. Such forced self-isolation saved Japan from possible colonization and trade expansion by Europeans, and also contributed to the preservation of its identity. Only merchants of the Dutch East India Company were allowed to trade in the port of Nagasaki, the southernmost point of the country. The Dutch had a monopoly on trade with Japan and did not let competitors into their possessions, hid sea charts with coordinates, etc. Therefore, Kruzenshtern had to drive Nadezhda to Nagasaki almost at random, simultaneously shooting Japanese coasts.
To Nagasaki
Kruzenshtern's ship with Ambassador Rezanov entered the harbor of Nagasaki on October 8, 1804. On board the Russians had several Japanese who had once fallen to the Russians as a result of the crash, and whom the expedition carried with them as translators.
A Japanese representative entered the ship and asked hu-is-hu, they say, where and why they arrived. Then the Japanese pilot helped the Nadezhda enter the harbor, where they dropped anchor. Only Japanese, Chinese and Dutch ships were in the harbor.
Negotiations with the Japanese
This topic deserves a separate story and a separate article. Let's just say that the Japanese "purged" the Russian "diplomatic mission" in the port of Nagasaki until April 18, 1805 - five and a half months! And Kruzenshtern and Rezanov had to go home without salty slurping.
The Japanese emperor “paused” for a long time, then answered through his officials that there would be no agreements with the Russians, and he could not accept the gifts of the Russian emperor - several huge mirrors in an expensive frame. Say, Japan is not able to equally thank the emperor of the Russians because of their poverty. Laughter, and more! Either the Dutch did a good job here, or the Japanese themselves did not want any contacts with Russia.
True, the Japanese administration supplied the ship with food all the time the ship was in the port. And loaded the road with food, water and lots of salt for free. At the same time, Kruzenshtern was categorically forbidden to return along the western coast of Japan.
Return of Nadezhda to Kamchatka
Coming out of the Japanese "captivity", Kruzenshtern decided not to give a damn about the Japanese ban and went precisely along the western coast, putting it on the map. At sea, he was his own master and was not afraid of anyone - past combat experience gave him every reason to do so. He landed on the shore several times and got to know this mysterious country as closely as he could. It was possible to establish contacts with the Ainu - the inhabitants of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.
Sakhalin
Nadezhda entered the Aniva Bay in the south of Sakhalin on May 14, 1805. The Ainu also lived here and the Japanese administration commanded. Kruzenshtern was determined to explore Sakhalin in more detail, but Rezanov insisted on returning to Kamchatka as soon as possible in order to report to St. Petersburg on the results of his "embassy".
Kamchatka
On June 5, Nadezhda returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Rezanov went ashore, sent a report to the capital, and left on a merchant ship for Russian America in Alaska. July 5, 1805 "Nadezhda" again went to sea and headed for Sakhalin. But Kruzenshtern failed to go around Sakhalin "around" and determine whether it was an island or a peninsula. On August 30, the Nadezhda team entered the Avacha Bay of Petropavlovsk for the third time. Kruzenshtern began to prepare for a campaign in Macau.
Macau
This is the name of the Portuguese colony-fortress-port on the Chinese coast. Leaving Petropavlovsk on October 9, 1805, Nadezhda was in Macau on November 20. The Neva was nowhere to be seen.
Travel "Neva"
Russian America
On July 10, 1804, the Neva sloop, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Lisyansky, approached Kodiak Island on the southern coast of Alaska. The island was one of the first places of capital justification of Russians in America. Lisyansky brought the ship to the harbor of St. Paul - a kind of administrative center of this Russian province. Here he learned that the second center of the Russians - the Arkhangelsk fortress in Sitka Bay, much south and east of Kodiak, had been attacked by the local Indians. The fortress was burned, the inhabitants were killed. The conflict flared up not without the help and instigation of the Americans, by that time they began to actively penetrate into these places.
Alexander Andreevich Baranov, the legendary ruler of Russian America, left "for war" to recapture the Arkhangelsk fortress with the help of Russian-friendly Indians and Aleuts. Baranov left a message for Lisyansky asking him to urgently arrive in Sitka to provide armed assistance. However, the crew of the Neva spent almost a month unloading the ship's holds and repairing the equipment. On August 15, the Neva headed towards Sitka.
Novoarkhangelsk - Sitka
On August 20, Lisyansky was already in Sitka Bay. Here he met Alexander Baranov, who made a strong impression on him. Together they worked out a plan for a military operation. The guns and sailors of the Neva played a decisive role in restoring the "status quo" in relations with the Tinklit Indians. Not far from the burnt old fortress, a new settlement, Novoarkhangelsk, was founded. On November 10, the Neva left Sitka and headed for Kodiak.
Back in Kodiak
"Neva" appeared in five days. Since winter was approaching, it was decided to spend the winter here, repair, rest and fill the holds with precious junk - furs of the Russian-American Company. At the beginning of the next summer, on June 13, 1805, Lisyansky's ship left the harbor of St. Paul and headed for Sitka to pick up the furs prepared by Baranov, and then go to Macau.
Back in Sitka - Novoarkhangelsk
The Neva turned out to be June 22, 1805. During the winter, Baranov managed to rebuild the settlement, restore peace with the local Indians, and procure a large number of furs. Having loaded soft gold into the holds, Lisyansky on September 2, 1805 headed for Macau.
To Macau
Krusenstern arrived in Macau on November 20, 1805. Lisyansky reached the Chinese coast only on December 3rd. Here I had to stay for more than two months, "getting used" to local conditions, the economic and political situation, to maneuver, to bargain. In this, both military sailors Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky showed remarkable abilities. And they emerged victorious in the trade war with local merchants. Instead of furs, the holds of the ships were filled with tea, porcelain and other liquid goods in Europe. February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left the Chinese coast and headed for their homeland.
across two oceans
The ships were swept away on the way to the Cape of Good Hope. The captains had previously agreed to meet at St. Helena. Krusenstern arrived at St. Helena on May 3, 1806. Here he learned that Russia was at war with Napoleon and France. Without waiting for the Neva, Nadezhda went north to her native land, deciding for safety to go around England from the north so as not to collide with the French in the English Channel.
Meanwhile, Lisyansky decided to set a kind of record - to go from China to Europe without calling at intermediate ports. The ship no longer had heavy cargo, took enough supplies of food and water, and went with full sail. Therefore, Lisyansky did not appear on the island of St. Helena and, accordingly, did not know about the war with France. He calmly entered the English Channel, and there he decided to go to the British port of Portsmouth. Having rested in Portsmouth for a couple of weeks, on July 13, 1806, the Neva again went to sea and on August 5, 1806 was already at home. And on August 19, 1806, the sails of the Nadezhda appeared in view of their native shores.
Thus ended the first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors, an unprecedented campaign filled with dangers and adventures, interesting and significant events for history.
It should be said that from the point of view of profit, the expedition fully justified itself, bringing considerable profit to the merchants, glory to the Fatherland and forever inscribing the names of Russian navigators Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky in the history of navigation.
Emperor Alexander I royally awarded I.F. Kruzenshtern and all members of the expedition.
all officers received the following ranks,
commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3000 rubles each.
lieutenants by 1000
midshipmen for 800 rubles of a life pension
the lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles.
By the highest command, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first round-the-world trip.
“A journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings. This was the name of the work written personally by Kruzenshtern and published at the expense of the imperial cabinet., St. Petersburg, 1809. Subsequently, it was translated into many European languages.
Russian travelers and pioneers
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