Methods for determining the lability of excitable tissues. General concept of physiology
Lability, or functional tissue mobility, was discovered by N. E. Vvedensky in 1892.
Investigating the frequency of occurrence of excitation waves depending on the frequency of the applied irritations, N. E. VvedenHe established that an excitable tissue can respond to the frequency of stimulation with the same frequency of the occurrence of excitation waves only up to a certain limit. There is some limit to the frequency of stimulation, when a given tissue no longer responds with the same frequency of excitation. Usually, under these conditions, excitation waves occur much less frequently than the frequency of the applied irritations, and for each tissue, or even for the same tissue in different states, there is a limit.
This limit is determined by the length of the refractory period. The refractory period of a nerve, for example, is 0.002 seconds. In order for the next stimulus to cause excitation, it must enter the tissue after the refractory period from the previous stimulus has ended. Thus, the highest frequency of stimulation that can be applied to a nerve and reproduced by it will be 500 stimulations per second. it maximum amount irritations that can cause the same number of excitations. There are tissues that have a longer refractory period, such as muscle, which has a refractory period of 0.005 seconds. In this case, the limiting frequency of stimuli that cause the same number of excitation waves cannot be more than 200.
The duration of the refractory period is not a constant value. It can change during the period of application of frequent irritations. Following each other, impulses can cause a shortening of the refractory period.
The measure of lability or functional mobility is considered to be the greatest number of stimuli for which the same number of excitations occurs in the tissue. In our examples, the lability of the nerve will be 500, and the muscles - 200.
Article on the topic Lability
Lability is a concept used to refer to mobility. The scope can slightly change the semantic characteristics, denoting both the number of nerve impulses transmitted per unit time by the cell, and the speed of starting and stopping mental processes.
Lability characterizes the rate of flow (from the onset of a reaction to inhibition) of elementary processes, and is measured by the highest frequency of impulse reproduction without changes in the work of the tissue and the recovery time of functions. This indicator is not considered a constant value, since it can vary from external factors(heat, time of day, force effects), impacts chemical substances(produced by the body or used) and emotional states, therefore it is possible to observe only the dynamics and predisposition of the body, the prevailing level. It is the change in lability indicators that is the key in the diagnosis of various diseases and norms.
What is lability
In scientific application, lability is used synonymously with mobility (in the norm), instability (in pathology) and variability (as characteristics of the dynamics of the state and processes). To understand the breadth of use this term, you can consider examples of what is the lability of the mood of body temperature, psyche and physiology, and, accordingly, is applicable to all processes that have speed, constancy, rhythm, amplitude and other dynamic characteristics in their indicators.
The course of any body processes is regulated by the nervous system, therefore, even speaking about indicators of pulse or mood lability, we are still talking about the degree of lability nervous system(central or vegetative, depending on the localization of instability). The autonomic nervous system regulates internal organs and systems, respectively, depends on its work, the ability to maintain the rhythm and stability of processes. general state organism.
Vegetative lability brings disturbances in the work of the heart (manifestations find themselves in the form of arrhythmia, problems with pressure and quality), the work of the glands (problems with sweating or the production of substances necessary for the proper functioning of the body may begin). Many, it would seem, psychological problems or those associated with the central nervous system are actually resolved at the level of reducing autonomic lability, which ensures productive sleep and the absorption of beneficial trace elements. At the same time, it is worth remembering that signaling about the level of stress or a critical emotional situation is not primarily the central, but the vegetative system, by increasing its lability. Mechanisms that activate the work of all organ systems to overcome severe or extreme situations, use the internal reserves of the body, forcing the heart to accelerate the rhythm, the lungs to absorb more air, the iron to remove excess adrenaline with sweat, and only then the CNS reactions are connected.
Lability of the nervous system or mental lability is characterized by a pathological state of mood disturbance, expressed in its swings and inconstancy. The condition may be the norm for adolescence, but it can be included in the spectrum of pathological conditions for adults and requires medical attention, as well as the work of a psychologist, even without prescribing drugs.
Lability in psychology
Mental lability, considered in psychology, implies its mobility, and in some cases, instability, while science itself studies only this aspect of lability, without going into physiology. In most sources, the lability of the psyche is considered as a negative quality that requires correction, but they do not pay tribute to the fact that this is the main adaptive mechanism of the psyche. It was the speed of reaction and switching between rapidly and often unexpectedly changing events of external life that helped humanity survive. The opposite is the psyche, when for a long time a person remains constant, and any changes knock him out of his normal state. Any of these characteristics in its extreme manifestation is negative, and with moderate indicators it gives its pluses.
Problems with lability when a person comes to a psychologist are associated with frequent mood swings, while all spectra are lived not superficially, but really deeply workplace and give candy to passers-by - all within one hour). It is the difficulties in coping with one’s own and the lack of understanding how this can be corrected that brings many and not only mental suffering, but the subsequent changes in health, since the autonomic system, being subject to emotional states, also increases its level of lability.
Such phenomena can be justified by the type of organization of the nervous system, so in people with the speed of reactions is already due to nature, and accordingly, an increase in lability to a pathological state is more likely. Also, frequent, received at an early age, being in traumatic situations at the moment can provoke mood swings. But we should not exclude the physiological reasons that affect psychological condition human: brain tumors, TBI, vascular diseases.
Correction of such unpleasant conditions begins with the diagnosis and exclusion of physiological causes, then, if necessary, correction with mood-stabilizing drugs (antidepressants and tranquilizers) is possible, accompanied by a course of psychotherapy. With a severe degree, treatment in a hospital may be relevant, with the mildest one, you can cope by visiting a psychologist, without interrupting your usual life.
Lability in physiology
In physiology, lability is considered as a property of a tissue that characterizes its change during prolonged excitation. Reactions to prolonged excitation can be expressed in three types of response: response to each impulse, transformation of the initial rhythm into a rarer one (for example, a response to every third impulse), or termination of the response. For each cell of the body, this rhythm is different, while it may differ from the rhythm of the organ consisting of these cells, as well as from the rhythm of the entire organ system. The faster the tissue reacts to irritation, the higher its lability is considered, but at the same time there are few indicators of only this time, it is also necessary to take into account the time required for recovery. So, the reaction can be quite fast, but due to the long recovery time, the overall lability will be quite low.
Lability increases or decreases depending on the needs of the body (a variant of the norm is considered, without diseases), so it can increase from the metabolic rate, which causes all systems to accelerate the rhythm of work. An increase in lability has been noticed, that when the body is in a working active state, i.e. your tissue lability is significantly higher if you run than if you read lying down, and the readings remain elevated for some time after you stop vigorous activity. Such reactions are associated with the assimilation of a rhythm that meets the current environmental conditions and activity needs.
The regulation of physiological lability can also be addressed in violations of the psychological spectrum, since many conditions have as their root cause not mental disorders or emotional experiences, but physiological disorders. For example, a physiological effect can remove sleep problems, which will automatically increase the level of attention and reduce, the therapy of which, without taking into account physiological indicators, would be ineffective.
Intellectual lability
Intellectual lability is one of the components of the lability of the nervous system and is responsible for the processes of switching between the processes of activation and inhibition. In life it looks like enough high level mental development and ability to logical analysis incoming information. Because every second comes critically great amount information blocks that require, then there is a need to sort them as quickly as possible (at a subconscious automatic level) into significant and not significant.
The presence of a large knowledge base in becomes irrelevant and indicates not about, but about erudition, much more significant is the ability to switch between different sources of information, between different information in meaning, and also in the shortest possible time to move on to solving the next (albeit opposite) task . At this switching speed, the main thing is to maintain the ability to be able to highlight the main thing for the task at hand at a given time. It is this process of intellectual work that ensures high intellectual lability.
Previously, they did not know about this property, then they spoke, but rarely, and now, when the pace of life is accelerating, the amount of information consumed is growing at such a rate that a person who lived two hundred years ago would need a month to realize what we process within an hour , this becomes the determining factor for success. This gives the ability to adequately and most usefully respond to changing conditions, contributes to the instantaneous analysis of many factors, which minimizes the possibility of error.
In addition, quick switching between different topics and issues gives non-standard thinking, new ways of solving old problems, there is rapid assimilation knowledge and skills, and this happens at a deeper level. For example, historical data on the same event, drawn from different sources (here you can’t do without using the capabilities modern world) gives a more objective and broader understanding than quoting the point of view of the author of the textbook. The ability to learn quickly is due to the fact that there is no need to tune in to the flow of material - a ten-minute reading of an article in a minibus, accompanied by listening to new music or writing a diploma with breaks to watch training videos, becomes a familiar way of functioning, providing new opportunities.
Emotional lability
Mood lability, which is the main reflection of emotional lability, is the variability of the mood pole, often without expressed reasons for this. For our emotional condition the nervous system responds and when it is weakened, it becomes hypersensitive, which explains the instantaneous and strong reaction to even minor stimuli. Coloring can be any - both happiness and, with equal ease, aggressive affects and apathetic sadness arise.
Symptoms may include spontaneity of actions, impulsiveness, lack and ability to predict the consequences of one's own actions. The occurrence of affective outbursts and uncontrolled states for minor or absent reasons caused emotional lability to be included in the lists of psychiatric abnormalities that require stabilization under the supervision of a physician. It may also not be a separate disease, but a symptom of more dangerous and complex ones (severe tumors, pressure problems, hidden consequences of traumatic brain injuries, etc.). Difficult to diagnose in childhood, since it is little studied and often confused with, therefore, a team of specialists from a psychiatrist, psychologist and neuropathologist is needed for diagnosis.
Emotional instability manifests itself in restlessness, lack of patience and acute reaction to criticism or obstacles, difficulties in establishing logical chains, as well as mood swings. These swings are different from manic-depressive disorder and are characterized by a rapid change of states with the same deep experience of the emotional spectrum.
Contributes to this development emotional sphere any overload of the nervous system: emotional stress, psychotrauma or their actualization, hyper- or hypoattention from society, hormonal changes (adolescence and menopause, pregnancy). Of the physiological reasons: somatic diseases, vitamin deficiency (especially of group B, necessary to maintain the work of the National Assembly), as well as difficult physical conditions.
If emotional lability is put as a diagnosis, then a psychiatrist should deal with its correction, if the condition is not so deplorable, then a course of prevention is also prescribed by a psychologist. In any case, it is not worth treating such manifestations with disdain, explaining with a bad character.
- - functional mobility, the property of an excitable tissue to reproduce the frequency of the applied rhythmic. irritation...
Biological encyclopedic Dictionary
- - lability in physiology, functional mobility, the ability of the nervous and muscular tissues of an animal organism to reproduce in 1 second the maximum number of impulses in full accordance with the rhythm acting on ...
Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary
- - resistance to changes in the external and internal environment ...
Glossary of botanical terms
- - according to B. M. Teplov, a property of the nervous system, characterized by the speed of occurrence and termination of the nervous process ...
Dictionary of trainer
- - 1) functional mobility of the nervous and muscular tissue, characterized by the most. the frequency with which the tissue can be excited in the rhythm of irritations ...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- - 1) instability, variability, functional mobility of the nervous and muscular tissue, characterized by the highest frequency of excitation under the influence of stimuli ...
The Beginnings of Modern Natural Science
- - the maximum number of impulses that a nerve cell or functional structure can transmit per unit of time without distortion. The term was proposed by N. E. Vvedensky ...
Great Psychological Encyclopedia
- - Instability of functioning, inconstancy, significant fluctuations in the amplitude of certain manifestations ...
Dictionary psychiatric terms
- - in physiology, the rate of elementary physiological processes in an excitable tissue, defined, for example, as the maximum frequency of stimulation that it is able to reproduce without rhythm transformation ...
Big Medical Dictionary
- -, functional mobility, the rate of elementary cycles of excitation in the nervous and muscle tissues ...
- - 1) functional mobility of the nervous and muscular tissue, characterized by the highest frequency with which the tissue can be excited in the rhythm of stimuli ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- - LABILE, -th, -th; - flax, - flax. Mobile, unstable. labile pressure. Labile temperature...
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- - lability An unstable mental and physiological state of a person, one of the properties of the nervous system, characterizing the rate of occurrence and termination of nervous processes ...
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
- - lab "...
Russian spelling dictionary
- - lability instability, variability; physiol. functional mobility - the rate of elementary cycles of excitation in the nervous, muscle or other excitable tissue ...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- - ...
Word forms
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Change in excitability when excited
Excitability in excitable tissues changes during excitation in accordance with a certain pattern (see Fig. 1)
Fig.1 Curve of changes in excitability during one cycle of excitation.
Designations: 1. Period of latent addition; 2 - phase of absolute refractoriness (absolute non-excitability); 3 - phase of relative refractoriness; 4 - supernormal period; 5 subnormal period.
During latency period the level of excitability in excitable tissues increases, which is reflected in a decrease in excitability thresholds at this stage of excitation.
During phases of absolute refractoriness excitability decreases to 0. This means that in this period of time, excitable tissue cannot respond with additional excitation, under the action of stimuli of any strength.
AT course of the phase of relative refractoriness excitability begins to increase gradually, but reaches the initial level only at final stage development of arousal. During this period of time in the excitable tissue, you can additionally cause excitation. However, for this it is necessary to use stimuli that exceed the excitability threshold in strength.
AT supernormal period excitability is increased, which is reflected in a decrease in the threshold of excitability in this period of time.
Finally, during subnormal period excitability is somewhat reduced. When assessing the thresholds of excitability in this period of time, their increase is noted.
The presented curve was obtained by the method of paired stimuli. When implementing this method, the first stimulus acts as a stimulus that forms the state of the tissue (condensing stimulus), and the second stimulus acts as a stimulus that reveals the state of the tissue - a testing stimulus.
Conductivity excitable tissues - the ability of the tissue to conduct (spread) excitation. Nervous tissue has a very high conductivity, to a lesser extent - muscular and glandular. Conductivity is measured in meters/second.
For example, the conductivity of skeletal muscle tissue is from 3 to 5 meters per second; conductivity of smooth muscle tissue 0.02 - 0.1 m / s, nervous tissue– from 0.5 to 120 m/s. depending on the type of nerve fibers.
Conductivity is assessed using stimulation methods and registration of electrophysiological manifestations of excitation.
Lability- a term derived from the Latin root labilis - mobile. Lability is a property that reflects the functional mobility of excitable tissues. This concept proposed by the famous Russian physiologist, student of I.M. Sechenov, N.E. Vvedensky. According to the definition of N.E. Vvedensky, lability is “a greater or lesser speed of those elementary reactions that accompany the physiological activity of a given apparatus.” The measure of lability is the maximum possible number of elementary cycles of excitation that an excitable tissue can reproduce per unit time in accordance with the frequency of the presented stimulus. If the frequency of the stimulus exceeds the measure of lability of the excitable tissue, the phenomenon of inhibition will occur in the latter. Braking in this case will perform a protective and restorative function.
The properties of contractility and the ability to secrete are purely private, inherent mainly in muscle tissue (contractility) and glandular tissue. We will talk about these properties later, when studying the relevant sections of physiology.
States of excitable tissues: functional rest, active state
The states of cells and tissues include relative physiological rest, active state and fatigue.
Relative physiological rest- this is the minimum level of vital activity of the tissue in the absence of stimuli on it. Relative physiological rest is characterized by minimal fluctuations in physiological activity. At the organismic level, this concept corresponds to the concept basal metabolism.
Active state It manifests itself in various ratios of the two main physiological processes - excitation and inhibition.
Excitation- a complex set of physiological biochemical and biophysical processes leading to the activation of cells and tissues. Excitation manifests itself in two forms - local, non-spreading and spreading processes.
Braking- a form of an active state, leading to a weakening or cessation of the current excitation. Inhibition can perform two functions: protective-restorative and coordination. Inhibition manifests itself in a decrease in the amplitude characteristics of processes, an increase in their time parameters. Inhibition can be replaced by excitation when the conditions of tissue activity change. Inhibition does not require the activation of recovery processes for the transition to the process of excitation. Inhibition in relation to the excitation process is secondary.
Fatigue on outward signs looks like a brake. It can manifest itself in a decrease in the amplitude characteristics of processes, an increase in their time parameters. At the same time, the essence of the process of fatigue differs from the process of inhibition.
Fatigue- this is a temporary decrease in the efficiency of excitable cells and tissues, resulting from their prolonged or intense activity and associated with the depletion of plastic and energy resources, the accumulation of various metabolites in them.
To eliminate fatigue, a recovery period is required to remove metabolites and restore the energy and plastic resources of cells and tissues.
Lability
(from lat. labilis - slippery, slippery, unstable)
1) (in biology) instability, variability, functional mobility of nervous and muscular tissue, characterized by the highest frequency of excitation under the influence of stimuli (the largest of them in thick nerve fibers - up to 500-600 impulses per second);
2) high adaptability or, conversely, the instability of the organism to environmental conditions;
3) (in chemistry) high mobility, the ability of certain chemical elements to numerous bonds with other elements (for example, the ability of carbon to combine with other atoms, which determined the carbon nature of life on Earth). Labile - non-persistent, prone to change.
Beginnings modern natural science. Thesaurus. - Rostov-on-Don. V.N. Savchenko, V.P. Smagin. 2006 .
Synonyms:See what "Lability" is in other dictionaries:
Lability- (from lat. labilis sliding, unstable) in physiology, functional mobility, the speed of elementary cycles of excitation in the nervous and muscle tissues. The concept of "lability" was introduced by a Russian physiologist ... ... Wikipedia
lability- (from Latin labilis sliding, unstable) the maximum number of impulses that a nerve cell or functional structure can transmit per unit of time without distortion. The term was proposed by N. E. Vvedensky. In differential psychology, L. is one ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
LABILITY- (from lat. labilis sliding unstable), 1) functional mobility of the nervous and muscular tissue, characterized by the highest frequency with which the tissue can be excited in the rhythm of irritations. The highest lability in thick nerve ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
lability- instability, mobility Dictionary of Russian synonyms. lability noun, number of synonyms: 4 variability (23) … Synonym dictionary
lability- LABILE, oh, oh; flax, flax (book). Mobile, unstable. labile pressure. labile temperature. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
LABILITY- (from lat. labilis sliding, unstable) (physiol.), functional mobility, the property of excitable tissue to reproduce the frequency of applied rhythmic without distortion. irritations. Measure L. max, the number of pulses to which a given structure can transmit ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
lability- (from Latin labilis sliding, unstable), 1) functional mobility of the nervous and muscular tissue, characterized by the highest frequency with which the tissue can be excited in the rhythm of irritations. The highest lability in thick nerve ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
lability- (Latin labilis mobile, unstable; synonym: functional lability, functional mobility) in physiology, the rate of elementary physiological processes in excitable tissue, defined, for example, as the maximum frequency ... ... Big Medical Dictionary
Lability- (from lat. labilis sliding, unstable) (physiol.), functional mobility, the rate of elementary cycles of excitation in the nervous and muscle tissues. The concept of "L." introduced by the Russian physiologist N. E. Vvedensky (See Vvedensky) ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
lability- labilumas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Greitas kitimas keičiantis sąlygoms. atitikmenys: engl. lability eng. lability; instability ... Chemijos terminų aiskinamasis žodynas
lability- labilumas statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. lability vok. Labilität, f rus. lability, fpranc. labilité, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas
Books
- Typology of labile verbs, Flying Alexander Borisovich. The book uses typological material to study labile verbs - verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive without changing the form. Lability has not yet been studied by linguistics in ...