Pomeranian customs. Multimedia presentation "Culture and life of the Pomors Folk culture of the life of the Pomors signs
MOSCOW STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL INFORMATION
Essay on ethnology.
Theme: "Pomors"
Moscow, 2002
Plan
1. Short story Pomerania…………………………………………………….…………………………………..1
2. Cultural traditions and customs of Pomors……………………………………………………………..2
2.1. Pomors…….…………………………………………………………………….2
2.2. Contacts with the West…………………………………..………………………….……………………………….2
2.3. Travelers and Merchants…………………………………………………………………………….3
2.4. Pomor fishing…………………………………………………….……………………………………...4
2.5. Customs associated with fishing and water……………………………….………………….6
2.6. Rooks of Pomors………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
2.7. Panka - a wooden doll of Pomors………………………………………….……………………..9
2.8. Pomor dwelling……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.9. Toponyms of Pomorye……………………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.10. Language features ....................................................................................................
3. Pomors now…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
A Brief History of Pomorie.
The Belomorsky region is located in the northeastern part of the Republic of Karelia. The border of the region in the east runs along the White Sea.
Located at the mouths of numerous rivers flowing into the White Sea, settlements- the city of Belomorsk, the villages of Sumsky Posad, Shueretskoye, Nyukhcha and others - have a long history.
Even before the Slavs, the Finno-Ugric peoples moved to the Russian North from the Urals and the Volga-Oka interfluve (for Novgorodians, the collective name of these peoples is Chud Zavolotskaya); em - on the banks of the rivers Vaga, Emtsa and the adjoining part of the Northern Dvina; pin - on the banks of the Pinega; all (Vepsians) - to the southern coast of Lake Onega; men ("chud white-eyed") - in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, on the banks of the Mezen River and the eastern shores of the White Sea; Yugra - to the delta of the Northern Dvina; Saami - on the shores of the lakes of Karelia and the northwestern coast of the White Sea. Part of the peoples of the Zavolotsk Chud, oppressed by the Novgorod-Ushkuiniki, moved accordingly: em - to Finland, pin - to the tributary of the Mezen - Vashka, men - to the Izhma River (Izhemtsy and now differ from the Komi-Zyryans). The assimilation of the Slavs and the above peoples occurred in the X-XVI centuries.
More than 5,000 years ago, the Saami (Lapps, in Swedish - Finns) were the first to settle Pomorie after the glacier melted. Probably, it was their ancestors who left rock paintings of animals and life of people of the Stone Age on the eastern shore of Lake Onega, on the banks of the Vyg River, on the western shore of the White Sea and Kiy-island. On the islands of the White Sea, their ritual stone labyrinths have been preserved.
The first Slavs - residents of Novgorod and the northeastern principalities appeared on the White Sea shores as early as the 9th century. From the 14th century written sources record permanent Russian settlements on the western coast of the White Sea, and the region itself is called "Pomorie". Gradually, a special group of the Russian-speaking population was being formed in Pomorie. The Russians who settled the coastal territories, unlike the inhabitants of central Russia, practically did not engage in agriculture. "Pomor", "pomorets" - so, starting from the 16th century, they began to call people living on the western coast of the White Sea and leading a marine fishery. Later they began to live near the Barents Sea. Now they live in the coastal regions of modern Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.
Moving forward and settling in unfamiliar lands, they set up fortified churchyards - towns with garrisons. The churchyard usually became the administrative center of the surrounding villages; parish churches were built near it and cemeteries were created. Under the protection of fortified settlements, the Pomors are building a rook fleet.
From the 14th century, the growing Moscow principality began to wage an energetic and intelligent struggle for the annexation of the Pomeranian lands, especially after an unsuccessful attempt to seize the Dvina land by force in 1397. The center of the struggle was the Belozersky principality, which became dependent on Moscow under Ivan Kalita. Monasteries began to be built in Belozerye - in 1397 Kirillov, in 1398 - Ferapontov, then Voskresensky-Cherepovetsky and many others. Monasteries, being faithful conductors of the policy of Moscow princes and tsars, were at the same time centers of education, arts and crafts.
The Novgorodians created the monasteries of the Archangel Michael (now Arkhangelsk) in the 12th century, then Nikolo-Korelsky at the mouth of the Dvina (Severodvinsk), Antonievo-Siysky on the Northern Dvina near the stone fortress Orletsy, Spaso-Prilutsky (XIV century) in Vologda and others.
After the capture of Veliky Novgorod by Ivan III, Pomorie became the property of the sovereign and was forced to pay quitrent to the Muscovite state in money and furs. At the end of the 15th century, the troops of Ivan III completed the conquest of the Russian North.
Cultural traditions and customs of Pomors.
Contacts with the West have been commonplace for the Pomors since ancient times. Willingly or unwittingly, connections with Western countries, knowledge of the European order and communication with Europeans supported democratic traditions and even to some extent substantiated their existence. Since ancient times, the proximity of the Russian North to the Scandinavian countries has played an important role in spiritual life. One of the most clear examples The interaction between the Pomors and the West is the neighborhood and cooperation of the two peoples - the Pomors and the "Norwegians" - at sea. The completely unique special relationship of Russians with Norway, it would seem, was based on differences alone, since the “Norwegians” did not understand the unsettled life of the North Russian, the irrationality in the behavior of the Pomors during a storm at sea (they tried to be thrown ashore), the Pomors did not hurried to surround their northern minds with European comfort and amazed the Norwegians with their attitude to the land and to faith. The Pomors were wanderers, and the Norwegians were rational users at sea, but it was not for nothing that they began to be called the “Russians of Scandinavia”: “the Russophilism of the Norwegians, reaching their “Russian-likeness”, is absolutely consonant with the counter “Norwegophilism” (Normanism) of the Russian soul. ... The originality of the North Russian maritime culture lay in the fact that in it the generic image of the mother of the damp earth was transferred to the originally alien area of \u200b\u200bthe space of the sea ... "
Pomors have long been distinguished by a special religious feeling, completely different from the peasant one - they combined love of freedom and humility, mysticism and practicality, a passion for knowledge, Westernism and a spontaneous sense of a living connection with God. Writer Mikhail Prishvin, during his trip to the North, was surprised to learn that “until now, Russian sailors do not take into account the scientific description of the Arctic Ocean. They have their own sailing directions… the description of the sailing by the Pomors is almost a work of art. On one side is reason, on the other is faith. While signs are visible on the shore, the Pomor reads one side of the book; when the signs disappear, and the storm is about to break the ship, the Pomor turns the pages and turns to Nikolai Ugodnik ... ".
"The sea is our field," the Pomors used to say. For fishing and for sea animals locals on self-made ships they went to Murman, Novaya Zemlya, reached the coast of Norway, stopped on islands in the White, Barents and Kara Seas. Thus, the Pomors played a special role in the development of the northern sea routes and the development of shipbuilding. The well-known Russian admiral Litke aptly dubbed them "eternal sailors".
Known as the conquerors of the seas, successful fishermen, skillful shipbuilders, the inhabitants of the western coast of the White Sea were also "trading people". In the markets of Novgorod, Moscow, in the port cities of Norway and Sweden, one could find goods from Pomerania: fish, salt boiled from sea water, valuable walrus tusks, mica. For a long time, settlements on the coast were the possessions of the Solovetsky Monastery, which had a great influence on the development of the region.
Life associated with the sea, sea fishing seasons, left its mark on the culture of the Pomors. Their residential and outbuildings, clothing, economic calendar, customs, rituals and even speech - everything has its own characteristics. Formed here and peculiar psychological type a person - a Pomor, accustomed to harsh climatic conditions, to a changeable, threatening sea. The courage, enterprise, and openness of the Pomors were noted by many travelers and researchers.
"Tersky coast" is the traditional name of the southern coast of the Kola Peninsula. Permanent commercial fishing settlements of Russian Pomors appeared here in the 14th century. Over the centuries, they have created a unique system of management and interaction with the harsh nature of the White Sea. Pomors are an original ethnic group. Much in their traditions echoes the customs of the neighboring Finno-Ugric peoples of the North - the Saami and Karelians.
Pomor fishing.
The peculiarity of the trade (sea hunting and gathering) allowed the Pomors to use the landscape inherited from the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples with virtually no changes.
One of the species for many Pomor villages at the beginning of the century was cod, or otherwise "Murmansk", fishing. It was visited by Pomors from many coastal villages and villages. In the spring, huge shoals of fish moved from the Atlantic to Murman. Fishing arose in Murman in the middle of the 16th century. At the beginning of the season, cod was caught off the coast of the Motka Peninsula, which received a new name - Rybachy. In July-August the fishery moved to the east, to Teriberka. People engaged in fishing and fur trade at sea were called "industrialists", regardless of who they were: "masters" (owners of ships and camps) or their employees. The industrialists who went to Murman were called "murmans". Only rich Pomors and monasteries could start a fishing camp on Murman. Ordinary Murmansk workers received everything they needed from their "owners" and worked in the fields, usually for 1/12 of the cost of the extracted products.
ABOUT POMOR AND THEIR LIFE
Pomors were in to a large extent isolated from the bulk of the Russian people - so that many researchers consider them a separate sub-ethnos and even ethnos. We will not go into these disputes, we are simply stating a fact: long distances, religious differences (most Pomors were Old Believers, and formed a separate branch among countless other Old Believer movements - Pomeranian consent), a different way of life (Pomors did not know either serfdom or devastating raids and wars from which the southern regions of the country suffered for centuries) and the neighborhood with those nationalities that the inhabitants of other Russian regions did not encounter - and the neighborhood is largely peaceful - all this left a significant imprint on Pomeranian culture, including, of course, cuisine.
In terms of management Agriculture The White Sea coast, of course, is inferior to, say, Chernozem, almost in all respects: harsh climate, cold winds, long severe winters, poor soil. At the same time - a paradox - the Pomors always ate brighter, richer and more diverse than the black earth peasants, who often saw nothing on their tables for weeks except porridge, bread and kvass. Another confirmation that everything is interconnected: the absence of serfdom, the little intervention of the authorities in the life of the Pomors and, of course, the Old Believer cult of labor made the local communities strong, rich and well-fed.
Pomeranian cuisine is, of course, built around fish, just as all Pomeranian life was originally built around fishing. Pomors willingly call themselves "codfish-eaters". In the Pomeranian environment, it is believed that cod, unlike salmon and other fish, never gets bored, and you can eat it every day. However, perhaps this daily diet is facilitated by the variety of fish dishes that existed in the Pomeranian cuisine.
Milk fish soup and dishes in a patch
For example, Pomors, the only ones among all Russians, adopted the Finnish custom of combining fish with milk in one dish. Milk soups with fish and vegetables, common for Finns and Karelians, are not found at all in central and southern Rus', but are ubiquitous in Pomeranian cuisine.
From the "basic" Russian cuisine, Pomors took baking and languishing in the oven. Instead of a Russian pot, the main cooking utensil here is a patch. This word in the northern dialect refers to a shallow clay bowl, something like the Georgian ketse or the Balkan tavche. Pomors cook fish, porridge, and vegetables mainly in latka. Food in it cooks faster and dries faster than in a Central Russian pot, hence the prevalence of another, purely Pomeranian culinary technique - embedding.
Pomors call the word Volozh a sauce in which food was stewed, baked, or poured over it before serving. Volozhey - a great many. First of all, of course, dairy, sour cream and butter. Berry - from lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, less well-known northern berries - stone fruits, princes, crowberries. In the cities, the Volozhs were even more diverse and sometimes quite exotic.
Arkhangelsk, which until the time of Peter the Great was the only Russian seaport, served not as a window, but as a normal outlet to Europe. Wealthy Arkhangelsk residents prepared Volozhi three or four hundred years ago, for example, from lemons, with an abundance of spices. The general disregard for potatoes, which became firmly established in Russian cuisine only towards the end of the 19th century, did not concern only the capitals and their environs, the western provinces, always strongly connected with Europe, and the Pomeranian lands. Knowing the scarcity of their soil and the severity of the climate, the Pomors were among the first to appreciate the unpretentiousness and productivity of potatoes, which, along with turnips, rutabaga and cabbage, were sown in their gardens back in the 18th century.
Pomeranian coffee
Along with spices, potatoes and southern fruits, coffee also came to Arkhangelsk. It so happened that this drink was first tasted on Russian territory in its extreme north, in the Pomeranian lands, and on the southern borders inhabited by Cossacks, who received coffee directly from the Turks. Pomors prepared coffee in their own way, using small samovars for it. Spices and salt were added to coffee. Of course, not all the inhabitants of the region drank it, but only the richest and noblest - after all, coffee, like other overseas goods, cost astronomical money in those days.
Podine and roes
But dairy products - in much larger quantities and more diverse than in the rest of Russia - were used by all Pomors. Fishing, hunting and cattle breeding in the local climate has always been a more reliable source of food than agriculture. In addition to the well-known cream, cottage cheese and yogurt, the Pomors willingly prepared and consumed podine - this is how the Pomors called buttermilk, the liquid left over from whipping butter.
On its basis, shangi were made - rich pies, the filling of which was not inside, but on top, like a cheesecake. The main grain for shaneg and bread was, of course, rye. Rye flour was also used to bake the main Pomeranian delicacy - “goats”. These are rye gingerbread in the form of birds and animals, not necessarily goats. Another northern sweet - vyalenitsa - is sun-dried and wind-dried fruits, primarily turnips. They washed down roes and dry-cured kozhem - berry broth with spices and honey, thickened with rye flour. It turned out something in between sbitn and sparse jelly. Beer, and even more so vodka, brought up in the strict tradition of the Old Believers, the Pomors almost did not drink. That same "Russian drunkenness" to the north, along with other troubles, came already in Soviet times. We hope that the revival of local cuisine and culture will cope with it.
The inhabitants of Pomorye still cherish their traditions, including the basics of cuisine and nutrition. So maybe that's why they have preserved a healthy heredity, creative activity and longevity, a heroic strength in our time. A good example for all Slavs!
Tea drinking in Rus' has long been perceived as something more than an ordinary meal or gathering at the table. The traditions of tea drinking, rooted in Russia, imply, first of all, the opportunity to drink tea in a pleasant company over a sincere conversation.
As a rule, a tea feast lasts several hours, the guests have a leisurely casual conversation. Among the people, tea drinking has long remained a symbol of prosperity and wealth, and the familiar expression “to tip” meant a manifestation of special generosity. And only in the 18th century tea finally entered Russian life and became a truly national drink, without which it is simply impossible to imagine everyday life Russian person. The famous expression “chasing tea” that appeared in the 19th century very aptly reflected the addiction of Russian people to tea drinking.
Tea was especially popular among the merchants, which gave rise to new customs. The memories of the Pomors about one of these customs have been preserved, which consisted in the fact that “the next day after the blessing, the groom came to the bride with gifts; he brought a head of sugar, a pound of tea and a wide variety of sweets - sweets, nuts, gingerbread, and all this was in fairly large quantities and whole bags; this was done because the bride invited her friends to visit her all the pre-wedding time, who helped prepare the dowry: all small things, starting with handkerchiefs, napkins, had to be marked with new initials - with the groom's last name. After that, the groom became his man in the bride's house.
Mansion of the Vysotsky tea manufacturers,
created by architect R.I. Klein in 1900
Fragments of tea packaging "Royal Rose"
Since tea has firmly entered the life of the Pomor, tea drinking has become an important part of his life. In Pomorie, not a single family celebration, not a single friendly meeting can do without tea. Sincere gatherings are held over tea, the most important news are discussed, people exchange opinions, argue, have fun, make business deals and just relax.
As Lyudmila Alekseevna Zaikova recalls, tea is drunk on average six to seven times a day: at breakfast before work, at lunch, during light snacks, they complete dinner with tea, drink for an afternoon snack with sweets, and also enjoy evening tea in the family circle not to mention the tea party separate form feast.
The main thing in the Pomeranian tea drinking is the atmosphere of sincerity, fun, peace and joy. It is not for nothing that the fame of a drink that warms not only the body, but also the soul is firmly entrenched in tea. Pomors also say such proverbs: “Where there is tea, there is paradise under the spruce”, “Drink tea - you will live up to a hundred years”, “Drink some tea - you will forget longing”.
It is well known that tea came to Russia from the East. But the Pomors had their own tea: from leaves, fruits, herb roots, in a huge assortment of collected, dried and harvested for various purposes - medicinal and tonic.
Our ancestors were not as spoiled by the delights of the tea industry as their descendants, and drank mainly Chinese black tea.
Tea trading company, founded in 1849 Kalonymus Zeev Wulf Vysotsky, throughout its activities, it has been distinguished by an exceptional culture of doing business, advanced technical equipment of its factory, unsurpassed product quality, in a word, had an impeccable reputation. The trademark of the partnership was a boat with a raised sail, "V. Vysotsky and Co" was the official supplier of the Russian Imperial Court, and controlled a third of the country's tea market.
The firm of the merchant Vysotsky, thanks to the remarkable organizational skills and commercial instinct of its founder and owner, quickly gained momentum. Wulf carefully studied all the nuances of the tea business and delved into any subtleties of the business. Contemporaries have repeatedly noted both his high competence and education, and the general culture of doing business.
Having gained entrepreneurial freedom, Vysotsky was able to dictate his terms to the market, thanks to which in 1903 the company's fixed capital doubled again, amounting to 6 million rubles, and net profit approached 630 thousand rubles, annually increasing at the fastest pace in the industry. Soon V. Vysotsky & Co. became one of the monopolists, controlling 35% of the tea market in the Russian Empire.
Industrialists also brought tea from the V. Vysotsky and Co. partnership to Pomorie, fragments of the Royal Rose tea package were preserved in the Pomorskaya Gornitsa Museum with. Sumy Posad.
Taisiya Afanasievna Evtyukova, 89 years old, pomorka, spoke about the ritual of brewing tea: “It is recommended to cook boiling water in samovars. When water boils, a teapot is placed on the burner. Next, pour the tea leaves in the right amount at the rate of 0.5-0.75 g per serving and pour boiling water over about 1/3 of the teapot. Cover with a lid and a napkin for 5 minutes so that the teapot spout remains open, otherwise the tea will steam and change its taste. Then pour boiling water into the kettle to the top and stir. The draft slows down, and the samovar slowly brings the water to a boil, brewing tea with high quality.”
The main attribute of the traditional Pomeranian tea drinking is the samovar. Appearance and the size of samovars was very diverse - they were produced for several glasses and even several buckets. The people immediately appreciated the advantage of the samovar: no need to heat the stove to heat water.
Firewood, charcoal or even pine cones were used to kindle the samovar. Largely thanks to the samovar, the tradition of the Russian tea ceremony was formed as a leisurely and relaxing pastime. The samovar is a symbol of comfort, home warmth, it is a living being, the real master of the house.
Serafima Nikolaevna Usharovich recalls that, first of all, the tea table was covered with a tablecloth only on holidays - for special occasions, and everyday tea parties were at the usual table in the kitchen, which was not covered by anything. The samovar was always assigned the role of a silent interlocutor at the table. He always stands in the center of the table, kind - in his image, in the roundness of his forms. He puffs good-naturedly on smoke and gurgles with boiling water.
Since tea in those days was not cheap, it was very important, in addition to the ability to brew delicious tea, also the ability to “not sleep tea”, that is, not less. pour it in such a way that each of those present at the tea party receives their portion of tea of the same strength, and plus, the hostess would not allow a large consumption of dry tea leaves. Only the mistress herself poured tea, and only in case of emergency this action was entrusted to the eldest of the daughters, which corresponded to the unwritten rule - tea should always be poured by the same person who is well acquainted with this business.
They drank tea from porcelain dishes, without necessarily topping up 1-2 cm from the edge of the cup, which was considered good form. In merchant families, it was allowed to serve cups of hot tea on deep saucers, from which they drank it with sugar or jam, holding the saucer in the palm of your hand with a special, ostentatious chic. Tea from a samovar is usually drunk as a bite, that is, sugar is served separately.
According to the Pomeranian tradition of tea drinking, several types of snacks are served at the table, the first of which is hearty dishes. Here mainly in question about pies, kulebyaks and pancakes. The fillings for them can be very diverse: meat, cabbage, fish, and eggs. The purpose of these dishes is to feed the guests who have just come to your table. Snacks are also served on the table - various sandwiches, meat and cheese cuts, pates, caviar. These dishes are good because they do not distract from the conversation, serve as a good snack and do not get cold. After a pause, sweet dishes appear on the table - pastries, honey, various varieties of jam, or pancakes with sweet fillings, fresh fruits and berries. Baked milk was always on the table. Lyudmila Alekseevna Zaikova recalls that “during the Great Patriotic War life was difficult, and her mother baked alabashniks - pancakes made from black flour, adding grated potatoes there.
Now, brewing bagged tea in a hurry, we are surprised by Eastern philosophers who considered it a drink of harmony and wisdom. We, unlike our ancestors, who turned tea drinking into a ritual of relaxation and communication, simply absorb the liquid without enjoying the process itself. Try to follow the tea tradition of the Pomors, and sincere gatherings at the same table will become a good tradition in your home.
L. Makarshin, p. Sumy Posad
Bibliography
Bernshtam, T.A. Russian folk culture of Pomorie in the XIX-beginning of the XX century. : ethnographer. essays / T.A. Bernstam; USSR Academy of Sciences; Institute of Ethnography im. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay; Rep. editor: K.V. Chistov. - L. : Nauka, 1983. - 231 p.
Gemp, K. P. Tale of the White Sea / K.P. Gemp. - Arkhangelsk: North-West. book. publishing house, 1983. - 237 p.
Maksimov, S.V. Year in the North / S.V. Maksimov. - Arkhangelsk: North-West. book. publishing house, 1984.
Nikolskaya, R.F. Karelian cuisine / R.F. Nikolskaya. - Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1989.
Cheremukhina, L.A. Northern Cuisine / L.A. Cheremukhin. - Arkhangelsk: AVF-book, 2008.
The search for the Russian idea in the distant life of our ancestors always runs into ridiculous obstacles. Just as the hero of The Golden Calf, a writer-soil writer from the Steel Udder group, in a patriotic frenzy sculpted lines like: “Indo winter crops have risen, the sun has risen, spread its rays across the white light ...”, and his current associates is having a hard time. After all, many objects and concepts simply passed away, having lost all meaning for today's person.
I was convinced of this once again when I visited the Museum of Pomor Life in the town of Umba in the south of the Kola Peninsula with great interest. WITHXII centuries, Russian industrialists from the Novgorod lands penetrated here - to the Terek coast for seasonal fishing and sea animal production. After the subjugation of Novgorod by IvanIIIin 1471, the power of the Moscow prince gradually reached here. Although for many years the Russian North was a haven for free people. Later, Old Believer communities - "consent" - also settled here.
The main occupation of the Pomors at all times is fishing. The abundance of salmon made it easy prey in huge quantities. A typical fishing tool was a fence, a barrier in the river made of stakes and rods for setting a fishing trap, where salmon fell when moving to the upper reaches of the river. So that the fish could not jump over the fence, it was built 2.5-3 meters above the water level.
In addition to Umba, the inhabitants of the Terek villages were engaged in crafts on Murman. At first, cod was hunted only in summer, after the ice melted in the throat of the White Sea. But already in the middle of the 16th century, rich fishermen began to send their workers to Murman, without waiting for the opening of navigation on the White Sea, by land through Lapland. So the fishermen had time to arrive at the camp on the eve of the fishing season. This marked the beginning of the spring fishery for cod in the Russian Arctic.
For fishing purposes, the Pomors “sewed” ships from the best types of wood. Boats, shnyaks, karbasy on the Tersky coast were made everywhere. In Kuzomel, Tetrino and Umba, sea sailboats were built, which were chartered for the transport of goods.
However, not only fish lived in these places. On the Panya and Varzuga rivers, local residents were collecting pearls. Terek pearls were delivered to the Tsar's chambers and to the Patriarch's court. He was different high quality and variety of colors. In 1867, a unique collection of Varzuga pearls was recognized at the World Exhibition in Paris.
Pearls are born in rivers with clear water, where trout is found. In such rivers, pearl shells have nests at the bottom in pits with an abundance of sand and cartilage, in which they burrow deeply. The best pearls are found in shells visible in the water when sunshine disclosed. Catchers stuck straws or thin twigs into the shells, and when the shells closed, they pulled them out of the water.
Pomor pearl fisher
The tradition of handicrafts from pearls is still alive. Here, look at the beauty they make in the Bagryanitsa workshop under the guidance of Valentina Lisina in Kandalaksha:
Well, the life of the Pomors - strong and thoughtful - still surprises us with its originality. Here, look, this is the interior of a typical dwelling.XIX century. A little lower - costumes and outfits. By the way, perhaps the towel with swastikas in the first picture that surprised you is also quite authentic, Pomeranian.
MOSCOW STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL INFORMATION
Essay on ethnology.
Theme: "Pomors"
Moscow, 2002
Plan
1. A Brief History of Pomerania…………………………………………………….…………………………………..1
2. Cultural traditions and customs of Pomors……………………………………………………………..2
2.1. Pomors…….…………………………………………………………………….2
2.2. Contacts with the West…………………………………..………………………….……………………………….2
2.3. Travelers and Merchants…………………………………………………………………………….3
2.4. Pomor fishing…………………………………………………….……………………………………...4
2.5. Customs associated with fishing and water……………………………….………………….6
2.6. Rooks of Pomors………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
2.7. Panka - a wooden doll of Pomors………………………………………….……………………..9
2.8. Pomor dwelling……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.9. Toponyms of Pomorye……………………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.10. Language features ....................................................................................................
3. Pomors now…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
A Brief History of Pomorie .
The Belomorsky region is located in the northeastern part of the Republic of Karelia. The border of the region in the east runs along the White Sea.
Located at the mouths of numerous rivers flowing into the White Sea, settlements - the city of Belomorsk, the villages of Sumsky Posad, Shueretskoye, Nyukhcha and others - have a long history.
Even before the Slavs, the Finno-Ugric peoples moved to the Russian North from the Urals and the Volga-Oka interfluve (for Novgorodians, the collective name of these peoples is Chud Zavolotskaya); em - on the banks of the rivers Vaga, Emtsa and the adjoining part of the Northern Dvina; pin - on the banks of the Pinega; all (Vepsians) - to the southern coast of Lake Onega; men ("chud white-eyed") - in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, on the banks of the Mezen River and the eastern shores of the White Sea; Yugra - to the delta of the Northern Dvina; Saami - on the shores of the lakes of Karelia and the northwestern coast of the White Sea. Part of the peoples of the Zavolotsk Chud, oppressed by the Novgorod-Ushkuiniki, moved accordingly: em - to Finland, pin - to the tributary of the Mezen - Vashka, men - to the Izhma River (Izhemtsy and now differ from the Komi-Zyryans). The assimilation of the Slavs and the above peoples occurred in the X-XVI centuries.
More than 5,000 years ago, the Saami (Lapps, in Swedish - Finns) were the first to settle Pomorie after the glacier melted. Probably, it was their ancestors who left rock paintings of animals and life of people of the Stone Age on the eastern shore of Lake Onega, on the banks of the Vyg River, on the western shore of the White Sea and Kiy-island. On the islands of the White Sea, their ritual stone labyrinths have been preserved.
The first Slavs - residents of Novgorod and the northeastern principalities appeared on the White Sea shores as early as the 9th century. From the 14th century written sources record permanent Russian settlements on the western coast of the White Sea, and the region itself is called "Pomorie". Gradually, a special group of the Russian-speaking population was being formed in Pomorie. The Russians who settled the coastal territories, unlike the inhabitants of central Russia, practically did not engage in agriculture. "Pomor", "pomorets" - so, starting from the 16th century, they began to call people living on the western coast of the White Sea and leading a marine fishery. Later they began to live near the Barents Sea. Now they live in the coastal regions of modern Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.
Moving forward and settling in unfamiliar lands, they set up fortified churchyards - towns with garrisons. The churchyard usually became the administrative center of the surrounding villages; parish churches were built near it and cemeteries were created. Under the protection of fortified settlements, the Pomors are building a rook fleet.
From the 14th century, the growing Moscow principality began to wage an energetic and intelligent struggle for the annexation of the Pomeranian lands, especially after an unsuccessful attempt to seize the Dvina land by force in 1397. The center of the struggle was the Belozersky principality, which became dependent on Moscow under Ivan Kalita. Monasteries began to be built in Belozerye - in 1397 Kirillov, in 1398 - Ferapontov, then Voskresensky-Cherepovetsky and many others. Monasteries, being faithful conductors of the policy of Moscow princes and tsars, were at the same time centers of education, arts and crafts.
The Novgorodians created the monasteries of the Archangel Michael (now Arkhangelsk) in the 12th century, then Nikolo-Korelsky at the mouth of the Dvina (Severodvinsk), Antonievo-Siysky on the Northern Dvina near the stone fortress Orletsy, Spaso-Prilutsky (XIV century) in Vologda and others.
After the capture of Veliky Novgorod by Ivan III, Pomorie became the property of the sovereign and was forced to pay quitrent to the Muscovite state in money and furs. At the end of the 15th century, the troops of Ivan III completed the conquest of the Russian North.
Cultural traditions and customs of Pomors.
Contacts with the West have been commonplace for the Pomors since ancient times. Willingly or unwittingly, connections with Western countries, knowledge of the European order and communication with Europeans supported democratic traditions and even to some extent substantiated their existence. Since ancient times, the proximity of the Russian North to the Scandinavian countries has played an important role in spiritual life. One of the most striking examples of interaction between the Pomors and the West is the neighborhood and cooperation of the two peoples - the Pomors and the "Norwegians" - at sea. The completely unique special relationship of Russians with Norway, it would seem, was based on differences alone, since the “Norwegians” did not understand the unsettled life of the North Russian, the irrationality in the behavior of the Pomors during a storm at sea (they tried to be thrown ashore), the Pomors did not hurried to surround their northern minds with European comfort and amazed the Norwegians with their attitude to the land and to faith. The Pomors were wanderers, and the Norwegians were rational users at sea, but it was not for nothing that they began to be called the “Russians of Scandinavia”: “the Russophilism of the Norwegians, reaching their “Russian-likeness”, is absolutely consonant with the counter “Norwegophilism” (Normanism) of the Russian soul. ... The originality of the North Russian maritime culture lay in the fact that in it the generic image of the mother of the damp earth was transferred to the originally alien area of \u200b\u200bthe space of the sea ... "
Pomors have long been distinguished by a special religious feeling, completely different from the peasant one - they combined love of freedom and humility, mysticism and practicality, a passion for knowledge, Westernism and a spontaneous sense of a living connection with God. Writer Mikhail Prishvin, during his trip to the North, was surprised to learn that “until now, Russian sailors do not take into account the scientific description of the Arctic Ocean. They have their own sailing directions… the description of the sailing by the Pomors is almost a work of art. On one side is reason, on the other is faith. While signs are visible on the shore, the Pomor reads one side of the book; when the signs disappear, and the storm is about to break the ship, the Pomor turns the pages and turns to Nikolai Ugodnik ... ".
"The sea is our field," the Pomors used to say. Local residents went to Murman and Novaya Zemlya to fish and look for sea animals, reached the coast of Norway, and stopped on islands in the White, Barents and Kara Seas. Thus, the Pomors played a special role in the development of the northern sea routes and the development of shipbuilding. The well-known Russian admiral Litke aptly dubbed them "eternal sailors".
Known as the conquerors of the seas, successful fishermen, skillful shipbuilders, the inhabitants of the western coast of the White Sea were also "trading people". In the markets of Novgorod, Moscow, in the port cities of Norway and Sweden, one could find goods from Pomerania: fish, salt boiled from sea water, valuable walrus tusks, mica. For a long time, settlements on the coast were the possessions of the Solovetsky Monastery, which had a great influence on the development of the region.
Life associated with the sea, sea fishing seasons, left its mark on the culture of the Pomors. Their residential and outbuildings, clothing, economic calendar, customs, rituals and even speech - everything has its own characteristics. A peculiar psychological type of a person has also developed here - a Pomor, accustomed to harsh climatic conditions, to a changeable sea fraught with danger. The courage, enterprise, and openness of the Pomors were noted by many travelers and researchers.
"Tersky coast" is the traditional name of the southern coast of the Kola Peninsula. Permanent commercial fishing settlements of Russian Pomors appeared here in the 14th century. Over the centuries, they have created a unique system of management and interaction with the harsh nature of the White Sea. Pomors are an original ethnic group. Much in their traditions echoes the customs of the neighboring Finno-Ugric peoples of the North - the Saami and Karelians.
Pomor fishing.
The peculiarity of the trade (sea hunting and gathering) allowed the Pomors to use the landscape inherited from the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples with virtually no changes.
One of the species for many Pomor villages at the beginning of the century was cod, or otherwise "Murmansk", fishing. It was visited by Pomors from many coastal villages and villages. In the spring, huge shoals of fish moved from the Atlantic to Murman. Fishing arose in Murman in the middle of the 16th century. At the beginning of the season, cod was caught off the coast of the Motka Peninsula, which received a new name - Rybachy. In July-August the fishery moved to the east, to Teriberka. People engaged in fishing and fur trade at sea were called "industrialists", regardless of who they were: "masters" (owners of ships and camps) or their employees. The industrialists who went to Murman were called "murmans". Only rich Pomors and monasteries could start a fishing camp on Murman. Ordinary Murmansk workers received everything they needed from their "owners" and worked in the fields, usually for 1/12 of the cost of the extracted products.
We set off at the beginning of March. Cod fishing was carried out by artels. Four people worked on the ship - "shnyak"; one (usually a teenager, often a woman among the Kolyans) worked on the shore: he cooked food, cleared gear from mud and prepared them for the next launch at sea, and prepared firewood. For fishing in the sea, a very long tackle (several versts) was used - longline. This is a rope with many branches - strings with hooks at the ends, on which the bait was mounted, most often capelin. The longline was taken out for shnyak 6 or 12 hours after the launch, at the ebb of sea water. On the shore, the fish were butchered; the liver was removed for rendering fat, the rest of the entrails were thrown away. While it was cold, all the fish went to dry - hung on poles, laid out on stones, and when it got warmer, they were folded into skei and sprinkled with salt.
In addition to the Murmansk cod, Belomorka herring has traditionally been harvested off the coast of the White Sea. It was actively used by Pomors in their own households (including for livestock feed!), and was also sold to Arkhangelsk industrialists.
Pomors had a very special attitude to water. And it is no coincidence that the whole life of the village depended on salmon fishing and pearling. It is known that both salmon and pearl oyster shells can live only in ideal conditions. clean water. Therefore, it was in the interests of the Pomors to preserve their river. And even now the water in it is amazingly clear.
In Varzuga, fishing was based on salmon entering the river, in Kashkarantsy - on herring and cod. Both trades coexisted in Kuzomen. From Kuzomen and Kashkarantsev in some years they went to the hummock - to hunt sea animals on the ice in the vicinity of the "throat" of the White Sea.
Customs associated with fishing and water.
There was a very complex system of fishing associated with the life cycles of salmon entering Varzuga, sea fish and sea animals.
The custom of seeing the river off during an ice drift, words when crossing a stream, thanksgiving crosses for pearls, worship of springs and many other customs testify to this "cult of water". Water was worshiped, water fed and healed... So, for example, it is already a tradition not to throw garbage into either the river or the sea.
The places of fishing were also treated differently. On each tone - a hut on the sea or river, where a family or several families lived and hunted in the summer - there was a cross "for prey" - so that fish could be caught better. The passer-by must have prayed. During the summer fishing, when families "sat" on the tone, any passer-by was met by the hostesses and fed to satiety. To treat a random person is a blessing, it was not only a manifestation of hospitality, but also a spell of good luck and prosperity.
Tonya is a holy place, you need to come there with a pure soul. The guests said in the hallway: "Lord, bless!" They were answered: "Amen!" Only then should you enter.
Special ceremonies are dedicated to the departure of hunters for dangerous hunting. In the church they ordered a prayer service "for health", they baked and gave with them special food "Uzhnu" and "Teschnik". The presence of a special name and its connection with tribal traditions (“teshchnik” was baked by the mother-in-law) most likely testifies to the ritual meaning attached to this food.
Memories of hunting were preserved in lullabies: a cat is promised "a white squirrel for a hat, a sesame testicle for a toy" for cradling a baby. A sea animal was called a kunzhui, and a seal cub was called a squirrel.
The brightest and most expressive stories are dedicated to the Dog Stream in Varzuga. It has long been very popular among the inhabitants of the Tersky coast. It is located approximately three kilometers from Varzuga. It is interesting that the system of worshiping the spring is very similar to the rituals in the Mari pagan prayer groves.
About a kilometer from the Dog Creek, you still can’t talk and laugh, you can only go there in the first half of the day ...
The road to the spring is well-groomed, bridges are thrown across the forest rivers, that is, the state of the source is monitored. It is considered indecent to go there in large crowds, and the group should consist of no more than two or three people. The spring itself is a small lake with underwater springs. In front of him is a small wooden flooring, so that it is convenient to scoop up water. Nearby stands the cross of those who were healed (the man promised to put up a cross in case of recovery) and a stand with ladles hanging on it.
Interestingly, the source also performs a fortune-telling function. By how hard the springs beat, the visitor learned about his health and the health of his loved ones.
The keys were in all the villages. Previously, they only drank from the spring. They took washing from the well. The old people do not drink even now from the wells.
There was a custom, as the ice drift begins, to go ashore - to shoot from guns. In spawning, the rest of the salmon was protected. When the fish went to spawn, the oarlocks near the boat were wrapped with a rag so as not to frighten the fish. In the summer they tried not to hunt, they took care of them until they grow up.
Rooks of Pomors.
As already mentioned, the entire culture of the Pomors is connected with the sea. Pomors built ships. Rooks - sea and river vessels Ancient Rus'- are mentioned in chronicles along with ships.
Slavic boats reached a length of twenty, and a width of three meters. They controlled the boat with the help of one oar, located along the board in the stern. Occasionally a sail was used. "Packed" boats were distinguished by their low weight and draft, which allowed them to pass through the rapids. For dragging through portages, the boats were equipped with rollers and wheels. A fresco preserved from the beginning of the 9th century depicts a Russian boat moving on wheels with an unfolded sail. "Indeed, both on dry land and on the sea."
The northern boats were somewhat different from the eastern ones. Initially, the Pomors built two types of boats: "overseas" - trading, on which long voyages to the Baltic and the North Sea, and "ordinary" - for swimming in the White Sea. Both types of ships were flat-bottomed, but differed in size and hull contours, as well as sailing weapons. "Ordinary" boats were built, like the eastern ones, from a single tree trunk and built up with sides, but they differed from the eastern ones in that they had a solid deck that did not allow water to enter the vessel. The shallow draft made it possible to come close to the unexplored shores. When sailing in the ice, they did not need special harbors to shelter from the storm or spend the winter.
Under difficult circumstances, the Pomors pulled the boats onto the ice or onto the shore. "Overseas" boats in the XIII - XV centuries reached a length of twenty-five and a width of eight meters.
Panka - a wooden doll of Pomors.
Panka is one of the rare wooden dolls of Russian Pomors. Carved from a single piece of wood, this static, gloomy and expressive figurine, reminiscent of pagan idols, is associated with the pre-Christian beliefs of the ancient Slavs. In the northern Russian villages, punk survived until the beginning of the 20th century already as a children's play doll.
Pomor dwelling.
Consider what the houses of the Pomors were like on the example of the estate of an ordinary peasant: Tretyakov's house-yard from the village of Gar, XIX century. In such houses, the living part is very small. As a rule, one large room in which the stove is located, and from there a passage to the "kitchen". In one room they ate and slept, and received guests. They usually slept on a bench, which is located almost around the entire perimeter of the room. Less often - on the stove, when they were not heated. The fact is that the smoke during the fire of a large adobe stove rose under a high vaulted ceiling, descended on the voronets running along the perimeter of the entire hut, and then pulled out through a carved smoker on the roof. This is called drowning in black, which is why the hut is called black or chicken. The houses had very narrow windows. This was done so that it was not cold. Pieces of transparent ice were inserted into such narrow windows. It melted and formed a strong connection with the logs.
The front, residential part of the house on a high basement is connected by a vestibule with a massive two-story courtyard. On the first floor there was a barn for cattle, and on the second floor they kept hay, household equipment, spun yarn, sewed clothes, and ground grain. Opposite the house is a barn built, like the house, without nails. A hole was cut in the front door especially for the cat: so that it could freely enter - to catch mice.
The way of life, the traditions of this sea people are peculiar and very curious. In the traditions of the Pomors, it was to use improvised people for their household needs. natural materials, primarily a tree. The Pomeranian world was almost completely deprived of metal products. For example, the famous Assumption Church of the 17th century in Varzuga was built by master Klement without a single nail, without a single iron bracket.
Toponyms of Pomorie.
There are a lot of toponyms in Pomorie, which owe their formation to the Pomors. Let's consider some of them.
On Cape Budrach in the Kandalaksha Bay, an ivy-like plant still grows, which is called Budra among the Pomors. The Khibiny tundras in the 17th century were called Budrinsky, probably after this plant.
One of the capes in the Vnte-bay of Lake Bolshaya Imandra is called Risnyark, in Russian - Vichany Navolok (from the Russian word vitsa). In the basin of the same lake there is the river Risjok, its name is translated into Russian as Vichanaya. On the southern coast of the Motovsky Bay there is a small Vichany sponge. But what does this name say? Probably, in this sponge there should be some kind of thickets, which the Pomors would call Vichany.
In the old days, boards in the hulls of Pomeranian ships were not connected with nails, but were sewn together with threads - processed juniper roots (for "sewing" large boats, threads from the trunks of young Christmas trees up to two meters high were used, but such boats were sewn at large shipyards like Solovetskaya). Now the origin of the names Vichany Navolok, Vichany Sponge, as well as Vichany Lake and Vichany Stream are clear.
Juniper Pomors called heather. Nine toponyms captured this shrub. The names containing the word veres in their basis indicate that near rivers and lakes, on pillowcases and islands, good material for building ships grows in the bays: Veres-guba, Veres-tundra, Veres-pillowcase are located near Lake Kolvitsky; Veresovaya Bay - a bay on the Tuloma River; on the shore of Lake Gremyakhi between the rivers Tuloma and Kola stands Mount Veresuyv - Veresovaya peak.
Pomors noticed that especially good raspberries ripen on the slopes of one of the varaks near the Kolvitskaya Bay in the Kandalaksha Bay - and they called this varak Raspberry Hill. Cloudberry-rich swamp became Cloudberry.
And the toponymy of the Kola Peninsula has numerical names. If you sail on a boat from the village of Kandalakshi towards the Straits, then just halfway there will be two moons - Big and Small Half. Toponym Polovinnitsy (occasionally these luds are called so), like road sign, notified the Pomors that halfway had been passed. And this was especially important when the main mover of the karbas and the boat was the oar, and with a fair wind - the sail. The meaning of the toponym will be well understood by those who at least once had to row twenty kilometers against the wind.
Half Mountain, standing on the left bank of the Voronya River, Half Creek - a tributary of the Chavanga, Half Lake from the Varzuga River system, probably received names similar to the luds of Polovinnitsy: they were located on the half of a certain path of the original names.
The numeral one is quite rare in toponyms (and even then not in its pure form). An example is the name of the toni Odinchakha near Kandalaksha. They say that on this tone only the first sighting was with a good catch, and with repeated sightings, the net came empty. Thus, the toponym warned: swords net once, and if you want to catch fish again, wait.
Or maybe the reason for the appearance of the toponym lies not in this. At the bottom of the Odinchikha sponge there are several large stones, which the Pomors called Odintsy. Perhaps these stones gave the name to the sponge. And the toponym is, as it were, a warning: the net could catch on the stones - lonely.
The Miracle River, which flows into Lake Umbozero, flows out of a cascade of lakes bearing the names - First, Second and Third Miracle, or Chudozero. In the Iokangsky Bay, two islands are named - the First Osushnaya and the Second Osushnaya (the word dry pomors denoted islands that connect to the mainland at low tide).
Various information about the life of Pomors brings to us large group toponyms, which are based on the word cross. Behind each of them are some events, tragic or joyful: vows given in a difficult hour of life. The cross was usually cut from logs, and when installed, it was oriented strictly to the cardinal points, regardless of whether it was a votive cross or just a nautical sign. The cross was positioned so that the person praying, standing facing the inscription on the cross, thereby turned his face to the east, and the ends of the crossbar indicated the direction of north and south.
Peter I, on one of his trips along the White Sea (1684), on his way to the Solovetsky Monastery, got into a strong storm. The ship was so shaken that everyone on it considered themselves dead. Only the skill and dexterity of the pomoral pilot saved the ship. Peter, in gratitude, gifted the pilot and cut down the cross with his own hand and put it up. At the same time, Peter I cut down a cross in Solovki on the occasion of a successful arrival.
Pomors will take an unusually rich catch, miraculously survive in a storm - and thanks to Nicholas the Wonderworker they put an end to it.
Vow crosses were installed either in the place near which the event occurred, or in another, but in such a way that everyone could see it. This is how crosses appeared on the tops of mountains, on moons and islands, sometimes nameless. And with the advent of the cross, a mountain, an island, a sponge became Cross. This is how one of the high mountains opposite Kandalaksha got its name. Indeed, this Mount of the Cross is clearly visible from all sides: from the sea, from the surrounding mountains, from Kandalaksha. Cross names can be found both along the coast of the peninsula and inside it. For example, the Sami name of the isthmus in Ekostrovskaya Imandra Rystkutsket, translated into Russian, means the Isthmus of the Cross.
There are several types of toponyms with the basis of the cross. There are Krestovye Islands, and Krestovaya Tundra, and Krestovaya Bay, and several Krestovye Capes, and Krestovsky Stream, and Krestovskaya Mountain.
The name of the cape, which lies between Nokuevsky Bay and Savikha Bay, not far from Cape Vzglavye, is interesting. It is called Ivan's Crosses. There are no crosses on this cape at all. F.P. Litke, describing the Lapland coast in 1822-1823, did not find them. However, the toponym testifies that there were crosses here, and Litke confirms that "there used to be a lot of crosses here."
In the cadastral books, Alai Mikhalkov described in detail all the lands, tonya, meadows, rivers, rivers and streams. In the inventory of the Pechenga Bay, he reports that "on the river on Knyazhoy ... beavers beat." In the list of tons of the Pechenga churchyard, Prince Lake is mentioned. In the lake Ekostrovskaya Imandra, one of the lips is called the Prince's lip, and along it - the Prince's (Prince's) pillow. The strait connecting Lake Babinskaya Imandra with Lake Ekostrovskaya Imandra is again called Knyazhaya Salma.
The Kongasuy Stream flows into the Babinskaya Imandra Lake - in Russian, the Knyazhy Stream. To some extent, the origin of all the listed names depends on the word prince. Either in these places there were fishing grounds belonging to some prince, or he visited these places. And it is not at all necessary that this person should be a prince, it is important that he was from the "masters", possessed wealth and had a squad.
There is an old legend about the origin of the name Knyazhaya Bay in the Kandalaksha Bay, written down in 1565 by the Dutch merchant Salingen.
According to the legend, the Swedes who came to the White Sea were forced to hide from the Russians on Kuzov Island in the Kemskaya Bay in the camp, which is named in connection with this German, and the island - German Kuzov. Driven to despair, the Swedes tried in cloudy weather with heavy rain to go home through the Kandalaksha Bay, but they were overtaken by the Russian princes and destroyed in a small sponge between Kovda and Kandalaksha. In honor of the victory of the Russian princes over the Swedes, the bay was named the Prince's Guba.
A significant group of toponyms comes from the Pomor dialect of the Russian language. In the previous chapters, we met with them quite often. In this chapter, we would like to consider individual Pomeranian words denoting certain geographical concepts and parts of the relief. Necks, Pomors usually denoted a part of the lake at the source of the river or a body of water at the mouth. And to clarify, then each source of a river or stream, and in some cases the mouth, is also a neck.
The Kolvitsa River originates from a bay called Zasheek, that is, the Source. The village of Zasheyka, which stands near the source - the neck of the Niva, was given its name by the neck lip of Lake Ekostrovskaya Imandra, on the banks of which the village stands, and the lip was named after the neck of the Niva River.
The Taybola station, located 78 kilometers south of Murmansk, as well as the Taybol rapids on the Voronya River above the confluence of the Umba River, contain in their names the ancient Pomor word taybola, which means an isthmus between lakes, along which one could either drive on a reindeer team, or drag the boat, karbas, shnyak. This word was borrowed by the Pomors from the Finnish and Karelian languages, where taipale, taival is translated as a road, a path. For example, the Taibol rapids on the Voronya River could be bypassed by boat or karbas only by land, by dragging. This is what the toponym Taibol informs us about. A lot of Taibol is scattered along the coast of the peninsula: the Malaya Pitkulya Bay, lying near Kandalaksha, is connected to the Bolshaya Pitkulya Bay by an isthmus - Taybola. The northern and Letnyaya (Southern) bays of the Ryashkov Island in the Kandalaksha Bay are also interconnected by Taibola.
The last name has not yet grown to a microtoponym, although the old people often called the isthmus - Taybola on Ryashkovo. In microtoponyms, the Pomeranian term suzemok is quite widely used, meaning a dense coniferous forest.
The Pomor term luda usually refers to small islands, usually treeless or with sparse vegetation, in combination with a certain word (Krestovaya luda, Kiberenskie luda, Saddle luda, etc.) or simply Luda, Ludka (the island of Ludka at the entrance to the Western Nokuevskaya Bay, the islet of Ludka at the mouth of the Varzuga).
Stones standing separately in the water, near the shore, are called pomors detachments, and somewhat distant from the shore - baklysh. But small granite islands are often also designated as baklys. The term detachment lives only in microtoponymy, the term baklysh entered toponymy: Baklysh island at the entrance to the Poryu Bay, three Baklysh islets at the entrance to the Ryndu Bay. Baklyshi, which cormorants liked to sit on, are called cormorants, or cormorants. And this word is found in toponymy: Cormorant Island, or Baklanets, near the mouth of Voronya, which is part of the group of islets of Voronya Ludka.
Pomors called small lakes lambins. In the course of the book we have already met this term repeatedly in combination with other words. However, it is also used on its own. For example, the Kalozhnaya River from the Pirenga River system passes through the lake called Lambina.
Pomors call small pebbles arstnik, but this name applies only to pebbles no larger than a walnut. This term is rare in toponymy. An example is the name of a small sponge Areshnya, or Areshnya-lukht, in the Vochelambina Bay of Lake Ekostrovskaya Imandra.
And the pebble is larger than the areshnik. name is chevruy, or chevray. Cape Chevrui, separating the bays of Sayda and Olenya in the Kola Bay, and Cape Chevrai, protruding into the sea at the eastern end of the Kildin Strait, indicate by their names the presence of large pebbles here.
To designate the south, the Pomors widely used the word summer. The north was designated by the word winter. The use of the word summer as a southern one should not be confused with its other meaning - a summer camp. For example, Lake Summer, connected by a stream with Notozero, clearly got its name as a lake of summer camps. Also in the Letnaya Bay, which lies to the west of the mouth of the Kharlovka, the original names were probably only in the summer.
But the Summer Bay on the islands of Telyachye and Ryashkovo and the Summer (Karelian) coast in the Kandalaksha Bay are named according to their position.
As we have repeatedly mentioned, the names of objects appeared in different ways. Some were translated from another language, that is, tracing, others, on the contrary, were used without translation in another language (for example, Lake Yavr, the Yok River. If you translate these names, you get - Lake Lake, River River). In addition, many names such as Stream, Lake, etc. are assigned to objects that are very far from such names.
Several lakes and rivers are named Buttermilk. Pomors so called sheer cliff. In this case, lakes and rivers are located near a good landmark - buttermilk or, as the Pomors would say, under buttermilk. And the word is not yet a toponym, just like the name of one of the rivers flowing around buttermilk, and the other - flowing out of Lake Buttermilk.
Pomors and Saami have a common custom of naming rivers, lakes, tonis and islets by the names of people who drowned in or near these reservoirs. For example, between the Small and Bolshoy Berezovy Islands in the Kandalaksha Bay lies a small corga, named Borisova in connection with the fact that the old Pomor Boris Artamonovich Polezhaev died here in a boat, having gone to catch herring.
Pomors now.
One of the museums of Pomeranian culture is located in the village of Umba. It has existed for 10 years and is located in a wooden house, similar to a Russian estate of the 19th century. Many rarities are donated to the museum by local residents. What is not here: fishing tackle and household items, festive costumes, and the famous Terek pearls, distinguished by their high quality and richness of color. It is no coincidence that the Pomors delivered pearls, finished off in Kuzomen and Varzuga, to the royal chambers and to the patriarchal court. The museum collection includes Pomor skis, which, unlike modern ones, did not need to be lubricated, rolled in any weather, or Terek pearls and a dictionary of the most common Sami words, compiled in the last century by Pomor Zaborshchikov.
This year, a new nationality, the Pomor, appeared in the alphabetical directory approved especially for the census. And if before you could only feel yourself as a Pomor, now this proud title can be worn quite officially. The individual nationality code is 208. Russians are number one. In total, the list contains more than 800 nationalities. Moreover, not only ordinary residents of the Arkhangelsk region are confused, but also today's colleagues of the most famous Pomor of Russia, Mikhailo Lomonosov. Pavel Zhuravlev, Head of the Department of Science, PSU “Most of our scientists believe that the Pomor is not an ethnic group, but a sub-ethnic group. Although, from the point of view of self-consciousness, the Pomors did not call themselves either Russians or Norwegians, but Pomors. On the one hand, nationality, whatever it may be, today is not indicated and is not taken into account anywhere, except for census documents. But, on the other hand, belonging to small nations means additional fish quotas and the right to special payments for the use of natural resources.
And in conclusion, I want to give the opinion of the historian.
The Russian North has been called "Pomorie" since the 11th century. Its territory included lands lying in the basins of the rivers Northern Dvina, Sukhona, Onega, Mezen, Pechora, but also Kama and Vyatka. Pomeranian volosts were once independent. But, starting with the rise of Moscow and the creation of a centralized Russian state, "good and evil, strength and affection, - in the words of the historian S. F. Platonov, - Moscow collected Northern Rus'." The assumption of the director of the Institute of Geography is not without foundation Russian Academy Academician V. M. Kotlyakov: "And if republican and other traditions had not been brutally suppressed in the 16th - 11th centuries by Moscow, who knows, maybe, together with the Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, we would have had the fourth East Slavic nation - North Russians..."
Indeed, almost all the signs of a nation were present: common territory with access to the sea (Pomorie); common economic life of the Pomor counties, volosts and cities; special character traits, psychological and spiritual appearance of Pomors; originality of northern culture. The North Russian language was taking shape, from which we inherited local dialects, dialects and adverbs, which became the subject of careful study by philologists, dialectologists and ethnologists.
Possibly the title Russian tsars would sound like this: "Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke All Great and Small and White and Northern Russia are autocrats and so on, so on, so on. "But this did not happen. Pomors are a sub-ethnos.
Terebikhin N. M. Sacred Geography of the Russian North (Religious and Mythological Space of Northern Russian Culture). Arkhangelsk, 1993. S. 155, 161.
Prishvin M. Behind the magic bun. Petrozavodsk, 1987, pp. 334-335.