The history of the development of various types of transport for children. Brief history of the development of modes of transport
Chapter 2
Transport companies and organizations are one of the five main driving forces of the modern international tourism market.
The main types of transport in tourism at present are: aviation, buses and cars, sea and river ships, railway trains.
The earliest modes of transport were: teams, boats and wheeled carts.
Bus transport. Postal carriages, invented in Hungary in the 15th century, were the forerunners of buses. The first buses were invented in England in 1830. They were designed to carry small groups of passengers, were driven by a steam engine and were called omnibuses. The roots of this word go back to Latin, where it meant "transport for everyone."
In 1885, an eight-seater bus with a single-cylinder engine with a capacity of 6 horsepower was built in Germany. By 1915 the bus had become an affordable public transport in many cities around the world. In the United States, the first bus of a classical design was built in 1922. In the post-war years, the bus industry began to develop rapidly and turned into a powerful independent industry. For buses, diesel and gasoline engines with a capacity of 200 horsepower or more began to be used. Buses were made of large capacity - up to 50 people. In England, the design of the double-decker bus was invented. By 1980, more than 3 million buses were in operation in the world. Giant bus companies appeared. Thus, the company "Greyhound" (USA) owned more than 12 thousand of the same type of comfortable passenger and tourist buses.
Water transport. The beginning of sea tourism can be attributed to the middle of the 19th century. The first reports of specially organized voyages of sea passenger ships for the purpose of recreation date back to 1835, when regular pleasure voyages between the northern islands of Britain and Iceland were announced in England. In 1837 the shipowning company "R&O" was founded.
Along with sea voyages, river routes also actively developed. In 1843 Thomas Cook organized boat trips on the Thames; at the same time, on another continent, American Express was operating tours of the Mississippi.
aggravated at the beginning of the 20th century. competition forced shipowners to constantly improve the living conditions on the ship, cabin decoration and the entire passenger service system on the voyage, which quickly turned ships into highly comfortable floating hotels. In 1907, the transatlantic liners "Sirius", "Lusitania", "Mauritania" with a displacement of 30 thousand tons and a speed of 26 knots per hour were launched; in 1912 - "Titanic", 52 thousand tons; in 1914 - "Emperor" and "Vaterland", 50 thousand tons each, which crossed the ocean in almost a week. The Queen Mary began to make regular flights, the displacement of which was 80 thousand tons, and the speed was 30 knots per hour.
The history of Soviet maritime tourism begins in 1957, when the All-Union Joint Stock Company "Intourist" began to carry out sea voyages from Odessa to Leningrad, around Europe, and on the "Peter the Great" on the Black Sea on the leased passenger ships "Pobeda" and "Georgia" for tourists from socialist countries. In 1960, the first cruise with Soviet tourists was organized on the "Admiral Nakhimov" along the Crimean-Caucasian coast; in 1962 - on the ship "Grigory Ordzhonikidze" along the Far East coast for 20 days. In the same period, sea tourism began to develop in the Baltic.
Railway transport. Appearance railways has revolutionized travel. Extensive rail networks North America and Europe did railway stations centers in the surrounding areas. The horse (as the most common means of transportation until 1830) could not be compared with the "iron horse" in speed and cost of transportation. The success of the railroads was immediate and spread far and wide.
The pioneer and largest company in the world, which has more than a century of history and is professionally engaged in railway tourism to this day, is the International Company of Wagons-Lit, founded by the Pullman brothers in 1872 in the USA.
In 1884, the "International Company of Wagon Lit and Grand Express of Europe" was founded for communication between the capitals European countries. From the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. this company built and put into operation almost all cool named routes, a significant part of which still exist today: "Orient Express" (1883), "Trans-siberien" (1898), "Train Bleu" (1922) .), "Golden Arrow" (1926). It was a "golden age" for Wagon-Lit. Train routes connected Paris with Istanbul, Moscow with Vladivostok, etc. In 1918, Russia nationalized more than 160 cool cars that belonged to the company.
After the Second World War the company was reorganized and became known as "International Company of Wagon Lit & Tourism". She again restored her routes and began to create her own tourism industry associated with tourist railway routes - she took up the construction of hotels, restaurants, and the creation of travel agencies.
Russia has the largest railway system in the world, which is over a century and a half old. In 1913, the total operating length of Russian railways was 71.7 thousand km and ranked second in the world after the United States in terms of length. The first significant St. Petersburg-Moscow railway was put into operation in 1851, before it, in 1837, the St. Petersburg-Pavlovsk railway (27 km) was opened. In 1864, the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod railway was opened. The main railways were built in the central and southern regions of the European part of Russia. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The Trans-Siberian Railway was laid (from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok).
However, by the middle of the XX century. the intensity of rail transport in the world is sharply reduced due to the increase in the number of cars and the development of air travel.
Automobile transport. Early 20th century associated with the emergence and development of a fundamentally new type of transport - road transport. Thus, in 1904 there were only 8,465 cars in England, and in 1914 their number reached 132,315. Cars entered the US tourist scene when, in 1908, Henry Ford introduced his famous Model "T". This relatively cheap car revolutionized travel in the country, creating a demand for good roads. In 1920, the road network became accessible, leading to the dominance of running cars in the tourist industry. Today, the car is used in 84% of all international trips. Autotourists were the reason for the appearance of the first tourist sites (1920s), which later turned into motels.
Aviation transport. Man has dreamed of flying since ancient times. One of the evidence for this is the legend of Daedalus and his son Icarus, who rose into the sky on wings of feathers fastened with wax.
The failure of attempts to get off the ground with the help of artificial wings did not stop the man. He tried to fly by jumping from a height. But each experiment ended in injury or death of the tester.
An unknown inventor undertook a flight on wings made of mica and leather (documentary evidence of this dates back to 1695), but, of course, he could not take off.
A scientific approach to solving the problems of flight became possible with the formation in the XVIII century. factory production, with the intensive development of science and technology. The developments of the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov in the field of the air environment subsequently formed the basis of aerodynamics.
The creation of an aircraft lighter than air announced the opening of the era of aeronautics. The simplicity of the design of balloons contributed to the beginning of practical work in this area. The first balloon flight was made in Moscow in 1805.
In 1852, the first flight took place on a steam-powered balloon built by the Frenchman A. Giffard.
IN early XIX V. English scientist and inventor D. Cayley built and tested a model of a glider, which until the beginning of the 20th century. remained the only type of aircraft heavier than air.
In Russia, the possibility of flying on a glider was first substantiated by N. A. Arendt in the 70-80s of the XIX century.
The development of the idea of an aircraft heavier than air with a fixed wing, the development of technology, caused by the formation of capitalism in Russia, contributed to the emergence of aircraft projects. Artillery officer N. A. Teleshov was the first in Russia and one of the first in the world to propose the use of a jet engine on an airplane (1867). In practice, the project was impossible, but it was of interest as a prototype of modern multi-seat passenger aircraft.
Models of the first fixed-wing aircraft were designed by the Russian inventor D. F. Mozhaisky. In 1882, the world's first aircraft took to the air.
In 1910, an aircraft designed by engineer A.S. Kudashev flew. Soon aircraft designed by Ya.M. Gakkel, I.I. Sikorsky and others.
Despite the significant success of Russian scientists, aviators, the tsarist government did not pay due attention to the development of its own air fleet. Russian pilots flew planes bought abroad.
Scheduled air travel first appeared in Germany. It was the route "Berlin - Leipzig - Weimar", and the carrier later became known as "Lufthansa".
Creation civil aviation Russia began after October revolution. In 1921, a decree was signed "On air traffic in airspace over the territory of the RSFSR and its territorial waters". The first transport flights and international aviation communications began to develop.
Speed, comfort and relative safety have made air travel the leading mode of transport in tourist transportation.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education (GOU VPO)
"KUBAN STATE UNIVERSITY"
Faculty of Economics
Department of Theoretical Economics
SEARCH AND RESEARCH WORK №1
on the course of the academic discipline "History of Economics and Economic Doctrines"
on the topic of:
History of transport development
Work completed:
2nd year bachelor's degree student of OFO,
academic group №207B 080700.62 Business informatics K.A.Ponkratova
Scientific adviser:
Associate Professor, Department of Theoretical Economics,
Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor G.A. Bikmashev
Krasnodar 2011
Content:
Page
Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 3
- The history of the development of transport since ancient times…………………. 4
- Ancient times………………………………………….. 4
The era of the industrial revolution............................................................... 5
- Rail transport……...………………………… 6
Road transport……………………………….…… 8
Air transport………………………………………… 9
Water transport……………… ……………………………… 11
List of used literature……………………………………… 15
Introduction
For many years, people dreamed of flying carpets and walking boots that could carry the happy owner over long distances in an instant. These dreams came true only in fairy tales. In real life, people had to spend weeks and months to cover the distance between cities. The construction of buildings took years, because their own physical strength was too small. In some ways, man managed to use the help of wind and water. But the unbridled nature of these elements made their help very limited.
This went on for millennia, until man began to create machines capable of multiplying his own physical strength and remaining obedient to his will.
Currently, people use various modes of transport: river, sea, cargo, pipeline, air, personal transport. Transport is the movement of people and goods (from the Latin word transporto - “I move”), one of the most important areas of social material production. The emergence of transport dates back to ancient times.
In ancient China, Persia, the Roman Empire, a large number of paved roads were built for military purposes. To transport goods, porter slaves were used, who carried packs or dragged 2–4 wheeled carts. With the growth of trade, maritime navigation appeared - rowing, and then sailing ships. But the people not only dreamed, they searched, invented wonderful machines for overcoming space.
My goal in writing this work was to study the literature on the topic: "History of the development of transport." My task was to show different types of transport in their historical aspect.
- The history of the development of transport since ancient times
- ancient times
In the era of the slave economy, built on the exploitation of the labor of slaves, transport takes a step forward in its development. Slave-owning states waged numerous wars for the conquest of other countries, receiving tribute from them, and capturing slaves. Military needs and the needs of management required the development of transport. In China, Persia, the Roman Empire, a large number of paved roads were built for military purposes. The network of Roman military roads numbered tens of thousands of kilometers, their remains have been preserved to this day. Gradually, exchange, trade in slaves, bread, fabrics, and spices grew. There were cities - states on the Mediterranean Sea - Phenicia, Carthage and others, in which trade played an important role. Maritime navigation developed, rowing and then sailing ships appeared. Sea vessels, especially military ones, in the states of the ancient world - Greece, Rome, Egypt - reached large sizes, in some cases they had thousands of rowers - slaves. Merchants preferred smaller sailing or rowing vessels that did not require such a large number of rowers and had relatively more space to accommodate cargo. To transport goods by land, porter slaves served, packs or 2-4-wheel carts were used.
Under the slave-owning economy, transport has not yet emerged as an independent branch of the economy. The means of transport, like other means of production, belonged to the slave owner. In the sphere of exchange, transport was merged with trade. Merchants were also the owners of vehicles.
- The era of the industrial revolution
In the 1st quarter of the 19th century, the transition to mechanical means of transport took place.; shipping companies and steam railways appeared. In 1803, R. Trevithick's steam locomotive (England) was built, moving along the rail track. In 1807, R. Fulton (USA) practically used a steam engine for river boats. A few years later, the first steamships appeared in Russia. In 1825, D. Stephenson in England was the first to use steam traction on a public railway (Stockton-Darlington line). In Russia, the first steam locomotive was built by the Ural serf craftsmen, father and son E. A. Cherepanov and M. E. Cherepanov in 1833-1834. In 1837, the first public railway was built and opened for traffic between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo with a continuation to Pavlovsk. By the middle of the 19th century, the construction of public steam roads had unfolded in almost all European countries and in the USA.
- The history of the development of various modes of transport
- Railway transport
In 1764, the brilliant Russian hydraulic engineer Kozma Dmitrievich Frolov built in Altai on the banks of two rivers Zmeevka and Korbalikha, where the Zmeinogorsky mine is located, the world's first fully mechanized enterprise for the extraction and processing of ore. At this enterprise, trolleys loaded with ore moved along the world's first metal rails. At the same mine, Frolov made the first attempt to use mechanical force to move the trolleys. They moved with the help of wheels rotated by water, winches and ropes.
Frolov's rail track was far ahead of similar inventions outside of Russia, in particular, the "first rail track" of the British, which appeared at the metallurgical plants of Derby in the county of Yorkshire only four years later.
Almost half a century passed before a man put a steam engine on wheels and made it move loads. The first prototypes of the future steam locomotive appear at the beginning of the 19th century. At that time, the laws of adhesion of wheels to rails were still poorly understood, and people thought that the wheels of a self-propelled cart would slide along the smooth surface of the rail, rotating in the same place. Therefore, a person began to work on the creation of such devices that could help the wagon move along smooth rails.
A locomotive with gear wheels appears. During rotation, they caught on the teeth of the rack laid along the track. But the teeth turned out to be poor helpers - they often broke, and therefore they had to be abandoned. Following the locomotive with cogwheels, a locomotive with legs, similar to a giant grasshopper, appears. But this unusual walking steam locomotive was not destined to end its journey safely. A few minutes later, when the train had already covered two dozen meters, there was an explosion - the boiler burst. For its legs, this locomotive was called the "walking machine."
In the spring of 1813, one of the owners of the Klingworth mines, Lord Lavensworth, received a letter in which the machine master Stephenson proposed replacing horses with "walking machines." The author of the letter himself undertook to build them and asked only for funds to cover the costs. Stefanson received consent, and with it the necessary money.
A year later, the locomotive was ready. It had four wheels with a diameter of 90 centimeters and a boiler 2.4 meters long. The machine consisted of two cylinders. The movement of the pistons was transmitted to the wheels by means of a gear train. On July 25, 1815, the locomotive was tested. According to an eyewitness, he could "pull, in addition to his own weight, eight loaded wagons, with a total weight of about thirty tons, at a speed of four miles per hour."
The advent of railroads revolutionized travel. The extensive railroad networks of North America and Europe made railroad stations the hubs of nearby areas. The horse (as the most common means of transportation until 1830) could not be compared with the "iron horse" in speed and cost of transportation. The success of the railroads was immediate and spread far and wide.
The pioneer and largest company in the world, which has more than a century of history and is professionally engaged in railway tourism to this day, is the International Company of Wagons-Lit, founded by the Pullman brothers in 1872 in the USA.
However, by the middle of the XX century. the intensity of rail transport in the world is sharply reduced due to the increase in the number of cars and the development of air travel.
2.2 Road transport
Early 20th century associated with the emergence and development of a fundamentally new type of transport - road transport. The word "car" means "self-propelled". The first attempts to create a self-propelled cart were made two centuries ago. So, in Russia in the 80s. XVIII century the well-known Russian inventor I.P. Kulibin worked on its project. In 1769-1770. a French inventor built a three-wheel tractor to move artillery pieces. "Cugno's cart" is considered the predecessor not only of the car, but also of the steam locomotive, since it was powered by the power of steam. Steam carts for ordinary roads were also built in England and Russia, but they were heavy, inconvenient to use and therefore not widely used.
The appearance of a light, compact and sufficiently powerful internal combustion engine opened up wide opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, German inventor Karl Benz built a four-stroke, spark-ignition, single-cylinder gasoline engine. On the stand, he developed 300 rpm and showed a power of about 2/3 horsepower. In 1886, Karl Benz received a patent for his self-propelled offspring. But it took another ten years to make it practical and commercially viable.
Automobiles entered the US tourist scene in 1908 when Henry Ford introduced his famous Model "T". This relatively cheap car revolutionized travel in the country, creating a demand for good roads. In 1920, the road network became accessible, leading to the dominance of running cars in the tourist industry. Today, the car is used in 84% of all international trips. Autotourists were the reason for the appearance of the first tourist sites (1920s), which later turned into motels.
In the middle of the 20th century, the first Soviet cars began to leave the gates. November 1924 is now considered the birthday of the Soviet automobile industry. From 1924 to 1929, less than two thousand cars were produced under the leadership of Likhachev in accordance with the advanced technology of mass production. The thirties entered the history of our country as a period of industrialization. Creating a mass production of machines proved to be no less difficult than designing new models.
etc.................
Modern life is already very difficult to imagine without transport: cars, trains, planes. They greatly facilitate human life, because with their help you can transport passengers and goods over long distances, build buildings, and travel. Let's learn the history of different modes of transport!
How did the train come about?
In ancient times, the role of transport was performed by pack animals: horses, camels, mules. With their help, people traveled, conquered new lands, transported heavy loads. With the invention of the wheel, various wagons, carts, chariots, carriages appeared, but they could not move without outside help.
The first prototype of the modern train was trolleys that carried goods along wooden beams that acted as rails. But the heavy trolleys were still driven by horsepower.
In order to carry more cargo, at the end of the 18th century, trolleys began to be interconnected with iron rings. This is how the first primitive compositions appeared. They were used to transport coal from the mines to the settlement.
Rice. 1. Trolleys.
The situation changed in 1804, when engineer Richard Treitwick demonstrated his invention - the world's first steam locomotive. Later a short time several models of steam locomotives were produced, which were successfully used in mines. However, their speed was very small - no more than 8 km / h.
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How did the car come about
The appearance of the car became possible after the invention of the steam engine. The prototype of all modern cars was the creation of Joseph Cugno called "Cunho's Small Cart".
In order for this structure to move, it was necessary to fill the boiler with water and light a fire under it. Outwardly, she resembled a cart, and moved due to the operation of a steam engine.
Rice. 2. Small cart Kyuno.
However, the era of the automotive industry began with the invention of the internal combustion engine - this happened in the second half of the 19th century. At first, cars were a luxury item and were very expensive, but over time they were able to conquer the whole world.
The speed of the first cars by today's standards was ridiculous - no more than 10 km / h. Modern cars surprise with their power - in a matter of seconds they are able to accelerate to 100 km / h, and their speed sometimes exceeds 400 km / h.
How did the plane
Man has long dreamed of flying like a bird, but his dream came true relatively recently. Attempts to construct aircraft undertaken by inventors of all times and peoples. However, they were all unsuccessful.
It was only in 1903 that the Wright brothers managed to create the world's first aircraft that could independently lift into the air and fly a short distance. This design was called "Flyer-1", and moved in space due to the operation of a gasoline engine and a wooden propeller.
Rice. 3. Flyer-1 aircraft.
At present, aircraft have long ceased to perform only a transport function. They are designed to perform different tasks, and modern aircraft are military, passenger, postal, agricultural, sanitary, fire and even sports.
What have we learned?
When studying the topic “History of various modes of transport” under the 2nd grade program of the world around us, we found out how and by whom such vehicles as a train, car, plane were invented. We learned what the first inventions looked like and how they differed from modern transport.
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For all peoples at all times, transport has played a leading role in their development. The existence of any state is unthinkable without a powerful, well-developed transport complex. Under the influence of a developing economy and increasingly complex economic relations between the subjects of production, population growth and mobility, transport as a branch of the country's economy must continuously grow and develop.
In primitive society the role of the vehicle was performed by the man himself, and the first technical means of land transport were simple short poles, which later became rocker arms. A pair of poles turned into a stretcher. Another vehicle made of two poles tied together on which a load was placed is known as a sled. Volokushi later transformed into sleds or sleds. Rafts and dugout boats were used as vehicles for moving on water. Subsequently, the needs of society for movement increased as an indispensable condition for its survival and development.
In the conditions of the primitive communal system, people used mainly the simplest means for transportation. As animals were tamed and bred, they began to be used for transport purposes, both as a pack and as a draft force.
As society develops with the transition to the slave system and the separation of cattle breeding from agriculture, and subsequently the separation of crafts from them, there was a need to exchange the results of labor, which in turn required the development of means of transport both for the internal needs of the farms of farmers, pastoralists and artisans, and to ensure exchange.
With the emergence of private property and the division of people into classes, states began to develop, within which the requirements for transport increased. The settlement of people primarily along the banks of rivers and seas, the construction of cities, the expansion of exchange and trade, and especially wars of conquest and defense - all this led to a relatively rapid development primarily shipbuilding. According to Herodotus, Egypt for 5000 years BC had numerous river and navy, which employed a huge army of people - 700 thousand people. Along the Nile, on rafts and ships, agricultural and livestock products, handicrafts, timber, building materials for fortresses, temples, palaces, dwellings, and, in particular, huge stone blocks for building pyramids and statues, were transported in large quantities.
wheel idea, apparently taken from the experience of moving heavy objects on skating rinks, which was used in the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, should be recognized as the greatest invention of mankind. The wheel has no analogue in nature, but the wheeled carriage has been serving mankind for many millennia and remains the basis of all types of modern land transport.
The next logical step in the development of land transport was the creation artificial ground roads. Wheeled carts are easier to roll where the ground is level and firm. Unlike sea and river means of communication, the location of which is determined by nature, artificial roads can in principle be carried out in any direction. Where land roads were built, states grew territorially and strengthened economically and politically. Egypt, Great Persian Kingdom, Ancient China- all of them owe their progress and power to overland roads. Roads allow you to explore remote fertile lands and control the conquered territories.
In the Middle Ages, when the slave system that replaced the feudalism created more favorable conditions for the development of material production, it was necessary to increase the throughput and carrying capacity of existing transport capacities and create new ones. During this period, there are work to expand the network of river and sea communications, the construction of artificial means of communication: canals and land roads. On the territory of Russia, the route from the "Varangians to the Greeks" is known, connecting Constantinople with Kiev, Novgorod, and the Baltic Sea. The path passed from the Black Sea along the Dnieper, small rivers with portages along the river. Lovat, Ilmen-lake, r. Volkhov, Ladoga lake, R. Neva in the Baltic Sea. The trade relations of Rus' also included the Don and the Sea of Azov.
Grew up on trade routes trading cities: Azov, Kerch, Kiev, Smolensk, Novgorod, Riga, Vladimir, Tver, Bolgar (near Kazan), Saray (at the confluence of the Akhtuba river into the Volga), Moscow.
The process of disintegration of feudalism and the emergence of capitalist relations in Europe was accelerated by the opening of new trade routes and new countries in the 15th-16th centuries. This time is known as period of the great geographical discoveries, it marked the beginning of the colonization of Africa, Asia and America.
By this time, new technical means transport and accompaniment methods. Instead of rowing boats appear sailing ships keeled, three-masted ships with a slanting sail that could move at an angle to the direction of the wind. The use of a compass, maps, goniometers, movement tables heavenly bodies and others scientific discoveries of that time allowed sailors to move away from coastal navigation and undertake deep raids on the high seas.
Development of machine technology sharply increased the number of goods that had to be exported in large quantities for sale. At the same time, it was necessary to deliver large masses of raw materials and materials to factories. Simultaneously with industry on the same principle new basis began to develop and transport. Steam engine allowed to create a transport self-propelled unit, theoretically of any power and not dependent on weather conditions. Steamboats, steam locomotives, steam land crews, and later steam planes appeared. Along with the development of the rolling stock fleet, intensively built communication routes.
Vehicles throughout history belonged to the owner of the cargo. With the consolidation of enterprises, the sophistication of equipment and production technology, and the increase in the volume of transport work, it turned out to be more rational to use hired transport than to maintain your own, which was more often idle than it brought in income. In connection with this transport soon emerged as an independent industry, carrying out the transportation of goods and passengers for any client for a fee. In the future, there is a specialization of transport according to its types.
Thus, Under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production, transport has undergone cardinal changes, consisting primarily of:
1) in the application of mechanical motor,
2) in a significant expansion of the network of communications,
3) in the allocation of transport to a special branch of the economy,
4) in the differentiation of means and the division of transport into types: sea, river, rail, road, pipeline and air.
The 20th century saw new qualitative changes in all areas human activity. Science and technology have reached an unprecedented level of flourishing, new laws of the development of the world, new types of energy, new materials, new types and types of machines, new technologies, new means of communication and control have been discovered. The advanced industrialized countries are moving into the stage of post-industrial society, which is characterized by the presence of five areas of material production: 1) mining, 2) agriculture, 3) manufacturing, 4) transport, 5) information industry.
The role of transport V modern society only increases. Transportation in many industries is an element of the production process: refrigerators (storage and transportation), concrete mixer trucks (preparation of concrete in the process of its delivery to the place of laying), a shop on wheels (storage and sale of goods), preparation of new materials in weightlessness, etc. d. Transport becomes an indispensable element of transport and logistics systems, it not only ensures the movement of goods and passengers, but also ensures the optimization of the promotion of material, energy and information flows.
Further development economic relations both within one country and in international traffic only enhances the role of transport, which must ensure rhythm, uninterrupted operation, reliability, high speed of delivery within certain terms of delivery, without loss and at minimal cost. Satisfaction of such requirements is possible with the introduction of new transport technologies and the application of new approaches to the construction of transport networks.
One of the most actual problems transport industry is the need for close coordination and interaction of all modes of transport based on the widespread introduction of logistics approaches, automated control systems for the transportation process, and the development of new technologies.
“The question arises: “What happened before the appearance of the first cars?” “In order to answer this question, we have to go back to the time when man was not very different from other representatives of the animal world. In the history of mankind, this period is called "BC", and the person who lived at that time is called primitive. However, even primitive man often had a need to carry all kinds of objects from place to place. At the same time, of course, I wanted to do it as quickly as possible and at the lowest cost.
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"History of transport"
The history of the car: from the wheel to modern technology
Compiled by: teacher Kuzyaykina O.L.
Primitive system
- The question arises: “What happened before the appearance of the first cars?”
- In order to answer this question, we will have to go back to the time when man was not very different from other representatives of the animal world. In the history of mankind, this period is called "BC", and the person who lived at that time is called primitive. However, even primitive man often had a need to carry all kinds of objects from place to place. At the same time, of course, I wanted to do it as quickly as possible and at the lowest cost.
- First of all, such a need arose during the hunt. In pursuit of wild animals, the hunter went quite far from the camp of his tribe, and he had to carry the killed beast on his shoulders. It was a difficult and lengthy process, negating the joy of a successful hunt. I had to look for easier ways to transfer prey.
It all started with a wheel
- People not only hunted, they began to sow fields, raise cattle, build large settlements, and then cities; trade in stone, timber, grain began ... At the same time, people had to move huge weights over long distances. And the idea of the wheel could not but be born.
Then man came up with a wagon
- And his life became much easier: it became possible to transport weights from place to place, to cultivate the land, spending less effort, to travel long distances faster.
horse carriages
- Horses and bulls began to be harnessed to wagons - this is how the first horse-drawn carriages appeared. One of the most famous ancient carriages - chariots
wooden carts
- Then they began to make a wagon on four wheels. And they called it a cart or a rattletrap.
- From ancient times to the present day, people use carts in agriculture.
- in the 15th century a significant step was taken in the development of horse-drawn carriages. The body, like a cradle, was hung on leather straps to the frame of the wagon. Gently shaking the body, the belts, acting as springs, extinguished all the shocks that occur during movement. So the ancient rattletrap turned into a more comfortable and perfect carriage - a carriage. Due to the complexity of manufacturing, the number of the first carriages was small, and they could only become the property of crowned and titled persons.
- Starting from the XVI century. the sides of the carriage appeared, made of leather stretched over a wooden frame, then a hard roof and windows. The carriage turned into a small cozy house on wheels
stagecoaches
- Over time, cities grew and expanded, trade between cities grew and expanded. There was a need for public transport. First public transport became a stagecoach. Stagecoach - a large covered carriage designed to transport people, cargo, mail.
- He became the ancestor of our buses and trolleybuses
first car
- As time went on...cities grew...trade expanded. People began to think about the invention of the "Self-Running Carriage"
First car
- The first car looked like this.
- Probably, not everyone knows that the car has a real birthday. We can assume that the car was born on January 29, 1886 - it was on this day that the German engineer Karl Friedrich Michael Benz was issued a patent DRP-37435 for a "vehicle with a gasoline-powered engine." This vehicle was Motorwagen - a three-wheeled car, it would be more accurate to call it a three-wheeled two-seater with a gasoline engine.
19th century cars
- Over time, the car got a fourth wheel, a roof, soft seats, headlights
Cars of the 20th century
- Cars are constantly changing, each time becoming more comfortable and convenient.
Cars of the 20th century
- Engineers come up with new forms of car bodies to increase their speed and convenience, they also change colors, but the meaning of the car remains the main thing: speed and ease of movement from one place to another.
Modern cars
- Modern cars can reach speeds of up to 400 km per hour, their engines have a capacity of 140 horsepower, they can raise and lower windows on their own, park themselves, they have heated steering wheels and seats, air conditioning, video, radio and even TVs and the Internet.
- Presentation on the development of speech on the topic: "Speech games and exercises for preschoolers" (by age) Download presentation speech development of preschoolers
- "Snow and snow" A. Blok. Alexander Blok - Snow and snow: Poem Away from home to the snowy expanse
- Ecological fairy tales for preschool children Who lives in the air story for children
- How to develop correct and competent speech in a child