Guide it in life. Explanation of the book "Three Foundations" (new) Index of sound landmarks
APPLICATION,
compiled in the form of an alphabetical dictionary of terms found in the text of a particular piece of music. It is noteworthy that in the Appendix, words borrowed from four languages (three living and one dead) coexist organically with a translation into the fifth, accessible to the reader.
It is recommended to refer to the following Appendix in case of direct encounter with any of the terms while reading, especially for those who do not have a musical education. This will allow you to most accurately hear the sound of music that passes behind the primary - verbal - level and endows it with additional semantic overtones, thereby increasing the space of the book in depth.
Sound reference pointer
atempo- at the same pace. The remark refers, as a rule, to the moments of return, after the invasion of contrasting episodes
accelerando- gradually accelerating the movement, moving from a step to an easy, and then quite a fast run, but, however, not brought to shortness of breath
adlibitum– at the request of the performer, relying on the rhythm of his own heart and the internal pulsation of the blood, coinciding with the breath of the music
agile- easily, fluently, in flight, pushing off the ground with one jump
agitato- excitedly, excitedly, nervously pacing the room and gasping for air with his hands
alla in spirit, in character
allegretto– a little more restrained and danceable than the next term
allegro- soon, quickly, without stopping once again for a minute - anything can happen due to an unforeseen hitch, because it is not known who and why is running behind
amabile- friendly, kindly, friendly looking into the interlocutor's eyes
andante- slowly, calmly, judiciously, maybe even contemplatively
andantino- a little more mobile and frivolous than the previous term
animato- inspired, inspired, as if obeying a gust of warm magical wind
appassionato- passionately, hotly, exalted, allegedly being in a severe feverish state
assai- very
attaca– suddenly, without any transition, avoiding pauses and stops – to create an effect of strong contrast
Belebt- lively, lively
bruscamente- rudely, sharply; like cutting down trees
burlesco- comically, openly amusing
cadenza- a special section of a musical work in which a culminating statement sounds, from which much becomes clear. Cadences are very convenient for dotting all i's, and therefore are usually placed in the third quarter of the work form or at the end. However, there may be exceptions
calmanto- soothing, stroking on bare nerves
cantabile- melodious, humming smoothly, as if deducing a winding musical line with a deft bow
capriccioso- capriciously, depending on the context - either flirting or making a slight scandal, but in any case, intonations of a female voice should be heard
conamore- with love; in more detail - with secret awe, with bated breath, with admiration, with great tenderness and deep sadness at the same time, as well as with all other components known to you that make up a sincere and contradictory feeling real LOVE
condolore- with sadness and inexpressible sadness that lurks on the far side of the moon and in every fragment of the broken shadow
conforza- with force, hitting every word, absolutely not regretting that
congrazia- with grace and elegance, with an inexpressible and perfect grace, inherent only in the finest materials from which living beings are woven
congrotesk- with a grotesque, frankly mocking, deliberately sharpening the corners and cutting off the roundness that can soften the sharp dissonance of the sound
conmoto- with movement, hoping to be in time somewhere
conpreghiera- with hope and prayer to the Almighty, silently, with one movement of the lips, saying a prayer, quiveringly touching the keyboard
concitato- excited, excited, passionate
deciso- decisively, guided by a strong will and a cold mind
disinvolto- casual and simple; this is how they usually talk about the most banal and natural things, for example, about the weather or planting flowers
doloroso- very sad, penetrating into the most remote corners of the soul
doux- gently, softly, with some calmness and tranquility, but only to the extent that this state is characteristic of the French
duration- rudely, harshly, not choosing words and expressions, not sparing the keys, not thinking about the consequences and the pain delivered to the addressee
espressivo- expressive, with a full range of feelings, emotions, facial expressions and characteristic gestures like graceful turns of the hand and bends of the neck
feroce- furiously, wildly, with the aggressive habits of a predatory beast, sparkling from the darkness with danger
funebre- mournfully, gloomily, gloomily, dressed in all black, closing his eyes and struggling to restrain his irritation
furioso- furiously, furiously, like demonic furies or in the nature of the elements that have played out
giocoso- playfully, cheerfully, as playful children play pranks and rejoice
grave- important, sedate, significant, each sound has considerable weight, therefore it is recommended to pause between them and take a breath
humoreske- miniature sketch of a humorous nature
infernale- diabolical, terrifying and fearful; sounds born in the very last circles of hell
inqueto- anxious, worried, obeying a bad premonition, outwardly supposedly completely unfounded
intimate- intimately, frankly, sincerely, confiding to the interlocutor the obscurities most hidden from prying eyes
irato- angry, irritated, with a tense inner pulsation and trembling in the voice
ironico- ironic, derisive
lamentable- in the highest degree plaintively, lamenting the evil fate, hard fate, unbearable burden, uncomfortable cross and other integral phenomena of being of this kind
leggiero- carefree and light in summer, fluttering like a colorful butterfly among luxurious fragrant flowers
leise- softly, subtly
limpido- morning-clear, spring-clear, crystal-clear, with a slight smile on the lips of a baby
maestoso- solemnly, to the sounds of a triumphal march, with a proud posture, a straight back, a chest with a wheel and an imperious gaze
marcato- emphasizing, as if adjusting to each sound more solid foundation, for support
meditation- reflection, long and unhurried reflection, self-absorption, the reception of the deepest touch is recommended
place- sad, with a hidden note of sorrow and hopelessness
misterioso- mysteriously, suggesting with all appearance a hint of the existence of some kind of revelation, which can only be comprehended by the elect
moderato- moderately, i.e. observing the measure in everything
morendo- freezing, freezing in a half-sigh, half-gesture, half-word, which is typical for the complete and irrevocable onset of quiet autumn
Narrante- in a conversational way, talking about ordinary things that serve rather as a background for the main events, but without which it is absolutely impossible to do - just as it is impossible to grow anything alive on stones
nontroppo- slowly, measuredly, at the pace of a calm and unhurried step - this is how they walk along the deserted corridors of official institutions, waiting
overture- the introductory section of a short piece of music, or independent part major genre (opera or ballet), which opens the curtain with its sound and reveals to the audience the features and laws of the coming world
parlando- speaking quickly, from time to time moving to a whisper, after which it is quite legitimate to again gain full volume of sound - depending on the context
pensioneroso- thoughtfully, gently plunging into the keyboard like a hand goes into the water, acquiring a special smoothness and blurring of contours
piumosso– more mobile than before; this happens when you suddenly remember something important or a new thought comes to mind and makes you act
pittoresco- picturesque, picturesque, supposedly drawing with sounds and harmonies, which are used in this case instead of paints, a canvas of amazing naturalness and inimitable beauty
poco- gradually, more, step by step
pomposo- magnificent, important. A performer who encounters such a remark in the text of a musical work must certainly imagine himself at an enchanting ball of the Baroque era, dressed in a luxurious outfit. Otherwise, it will be almost impossible to fulfill the requirements of the author
quasi is a magical term. With its help, music is able to transform into that quality, character or genre, which is indicated next to it. And here it is important to very correctly notice the new mood of the sound, so as not to put on a frankly false mask on the music.
recitative- recitative, a form of melodic speech recitation, through which the listener learns about the events that took place behind the scenes, but influenced the development of the action in the most direct way. In purely instrumental music, it is used as a separate fragment of a narrative-declamatory nature.
resolution- decisively, collectedly, preparing for an important battle or a responsible task
ritardanto- expanding space, mainly due to delay, time stretching and freer and deeper breathing
ritenuto- restraining, somewhat slowing down the course of events, thereby giving greater significance to the sound and emphasizing the content of the text
rubato– freely, focusing on the previous indication and on your own discretion, coming from the feeling of music
sarabanda- sarabande, mourning-dance genre-procession, included in the instrumental pre-classical and classical suite. It is distinguished by restraint of tempo, calmness and regularity of the three-beat metrorhythm with a characteristic stop on the second beat. Carries a shade of sorrow and sadness
scherzando- jokingly, jokingly, amusingly
scherzo- scherzo, an independent genre of instrumental music, and earlier - separate part sonata cycle with a pronounced playing character. Depending on the context, the scherzo can be equally kind and simple-hearted, as well as sharply conflicted, tragic, evil, etc.
sciolto- freely, naturally, with a feeling of an absolute absence of boundaries and barriers, both from joy and from the unusualness of such a feeling - somewhat impetuous, stormy, even harshly
secco- dry, harsh, jerky, as if talking to an ill-wisher, filtering the words through his teeth
sample- simple and clear, natural and easy; the performer must feel the feeling of comfort and coziness of the hearth, feel himself in the circle of the closest and dearest people with whom you can be yourself
serioso- seriously, intently and intensely looking into the eyes; sound extraction is dense, but it is still not recommended to linger
sforzando- unexpectedly loud, scream. The action of the remark extends over a relatively short period of time - from one sound to several chords in a row
solo- solo, episode-monologue, first-person statement, usually contains a revelation of a confessional nature. In the form of a work, it is especially important
sostenuto– with restraint, checking and considering every step
sottovoce- a special sound extraction effect, literally translated as "in an undertone." Given the fact that in an undertone, as well as in a whisper, it is customary to talk about things of a confidential nature, then it makes sense to listen more carefully. Usually the composer uses this “deceptive” technique so that everyone holds their breath and learns to clearly hear the music in quiet ghostly sounds.
souvenir- memory. It breaks out of the sound of the main text with a special quality of semi-hiddenness, as music can sound in the distance or under a cover of dense and dense fog. The easiest way to achieve this character of the sound is by pressing the left pedal of the piano and covering the eyes of the performer.
stepstomacabre- weird combination English word"steps" and a fragment of the Latin term dans macabre, translated as "dance of death". What happens is easy to guess. An additional touch is introduced by the approximative preposition to. Play should be emphasized mechanistically and soullessly, meekly obeying the inevitable will of fate.
stravagante- fantastic, with strangeness, close to insanity or penetration into the unreality of being
subito- suddenly, from a height, invading the smooth flow of the river like a stone, exploding the water surface and raising a firework of spray, leaving at the same time to the depth
tempoprimo- return to the originally set pace, after wandering - back to square one
tenebroso- gloomy, mysterious, touching the most major harmonies, thereby eliminating the last glare of sunlight and completely entering the realm of shadows
tranquillo- calmly, somewhat serene, but with an enduring suspicion that this calm and tranquility is just an appearance
triumphal- triumphantly, jubilantly and triumphantly, triumphantly marching "with a shield" under the main arch. Here you can safely add the sun and loudness to the sound, as the heavenly light multiplies tenfold in reflection from the sparkling armor, weapons and eyes of the winner
unruhig- restlessly, agitatedly, spinning the muddy and rough surface with a funnel, raising silt and sand from the depths; this is how a cat feels when meeting with invisible danger when her back arches and her hair stands on end
violento- violently, furiously, swiftly, mountain-river, falling on the keys with a flourish, a feeling of unlimited freedom and strength
vivace- lively, agile, cheerful and cheerful
vivo- soon, lively; differs from the previous term in greater concentration and purposefulness, which in no way affects the pace
When organizing traffic in many major cities and municipalities there are difficulties with the interpretation of clause 7.1.2 of amendments No. 3 dated February 28, 2014 in GOST R 52289-2004 " Technical means traffic organization. Rules for the use of road signs, markings, traffic lights, road barriers and guides”, which reads as follows: “traffic and pedestrian flows are not allowed to cross in one phase of the traffic light regulation cycle”.
In this regard, the specialists of the Institute of Transport Planning Russian Academy transport, an official letter was sent to the Director of the Department of State Policy in the Field of Automobile and Urban Passenger Transport of the Ministry of Transport Russian Federation Bakirey A.S. asking for answers to the following questions:
- does this clause apply to traffic and pedestrians traveling in the same direction on the same stretch of road or street, with pedestrians crossing the carriageway and traffic turning right?
- Is it possible to organize traffic light control, in which in one phase the movement of a right-turning traffic flow and a pedestrian flow crossing the carriageway will be allowed?
- Should these flows be considered intersecting and provide for them different phases of traffic light control?
On Friday, September 1, an official response was received from the Director of the Department of State Policy in the Field of Automobile and Urban Passenger Transport of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, signed by his deputy D.E. Osipovsky, which says:
“In accordance with the second paragraph of clause 7.1.2, the intersection of traffic and pedestrian flows in one phase of traffic light regulation is not allowed.
At the same time, paragraph 4.1 establishes that technical means of organizing traffic may be used in cases not provided for by this standard, if the need for their use is justified by specific traffic conditions.
In addition, it should be noted that the norms specified in GOST are advisory in nature.
In addition, please note that the following change has taken place regarding the application of the above standard:
1. GOST R 52289 Decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated 18.09.2012 N 159 “On the List of standards, as a result of which, on a voluntary basis, compliance with the requirements of the technical regulation of the Customs Union “Safety of highways” ceased to operate from 01.09.2016.
2. From the same date, GOST 32944-2014 began to operate. “Interstate standard. Public automobile roads. Pedestrian crossings. Classification. General requirements "(enacted), paragraph 5.9 of which classifies pedestrian crossings as a checkpoint with a conflicting pedestrian traffic regulation scheme (when the green signal is turned on, pedestrians are allowed to move right-turn and (or) left-turn vehicles at the same time, the drivers of which must give way to pedestrians) and conflict-free (when driving on a green signal, pedestrians do not have conflicts with traffic flows).
Thus, based on this, the current GOST 32944-2014. “Interstate standard. Public automobile roads. Pedestrian crossings. Classification. General requirements” allows the existence of intersecting traffic and pedestrian flows.
As for the mandatory application of GOST R 52289, we can say that GOST R 52289-2004 "Rules for the use of road signs, markings, traffic lights, road barriers and guides" applied on a voluntary basis insofar as it does not contradict the requirements of regulatory and technical documents included in the list No. 1521 and the norms of Federal Law No. 384-FZ. Non-application of such standards and (or) sets of rules cannot be assessed as non-compliance with the requirements of technical regulations. This follows from the official response of the Director of the Department of Urban Development and Architecture of the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation A.V. Belyuchenko:
Moreover, it should be noted that in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 01, 2013 No. 527 “On Amendments to the Regulations on the State Inspectorate for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 15, 1998 No. N 711 "from the duties assigned to the State traffic inspectorate, the function of exercising state control and supervision over compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, rules, standards, technical norms and other normative documents in the field of road safety, which established the requirements for the design of roads, road structures, railway crossings, urban electric transport lines.
We also invite you to read the official answer. CEO FGBU "ROSDORNII" Yarosha O.N. dated 04/13/2015 regarding the clarification of clauses 7.2.15 and 7.2.18 of GOST R 52289-2004.
GOST R 52289-2004 “Technical means of organizing traffic. Rules for the use of road signs, markings, traffic lights, road barriers and guiding devices” has already undergone several changes and technical revisions since its introduction and approval. Currently, some innovations are also being considered, which may be proposed in the future for inclusion in this state standard, in particular, the developers propose the following innovations and changes to the current edition of GOST.
1. Refine the section on traffic light regulation. Remove the clause on the mandatory prohibition of the crossing of vehicles and pedestrian flows.
2. Add diagonal pedestrian crossings to GOST R 52289. Mark the boundaries of diagonal crossings with a dotted line (see figure). Pedestrian traffic is regulated by separate pedestrian traffic lights.
The yellow flashing mode at such intersections is prohibited.
3. Introduce the ability to install traffic lights without the need to check the minimum intersecting intensities of pedestrian and traffic flows in the event that coordination of traffic flows is planned or already exists in the area under consideration (for example, a green wave). Traffic lights in this case can be installed if there is less than 800 meters between them. This option is in great demand both in areas with active pedestrian traffic for organizing crossings in the right places, and for the safe organization of intersections with a frequent grid of secondary streets. In addition, frequent traffic lights along the main street regulate the speed of traffic - there is no point in exceeding.
4. Describe in detail the location of the main and backup traffic lights.
5. Add signal activation sequences. Green - yellow - red - (red with yellow) - green. And the duration of the intermediate cycles.
6. Provide for the mandatory use of tactile signs before pedestrian crossings with traffic lights.
7. For a safety island, introduce the possibility of a device on a two-lane carriageway with a condition for maximum traffic flow.
8. By dedicated lane public transport provide for the movement of bicycles, school buses and taxis (well, public transport, of course).
9. In GOST R 52289, include a cable fence with full description conditions of use.
10. Enter signs of variable information.
11. Introduce signs Class of environmental friendliness of the vehicle for joint use with signs 3.2 - 3.6, 4.1.1. - 4.1.6.
12. Provide for the mandatory use of markings to highlight the tram stop on the roadway.
13. Provide an opportunity to write whatever you like on the roadway to further inform drivers.
14. Add a choice of racks for traffic signs.
We also draw your attention to the answer of the head of the Department of the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Novgorod Region V.A. Lonsky.
The controversial situation is aggravated by the fact that in November 2017 the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 04.11.2017 N 2438-r "On approval of the list of standardization documents, the mandatory application of which ensures road safety when it is organized on the territory of the Russian Federation" was issued, which includes GOST R 52289 “Technical means of organizing traffic. Rules for the use of road signs, markings, traffic lights, road barriers and guides.
3. The struggle of the working class, proceeding under revolutionary slogans, forced
some industrialists
50___________________________ V. I. LENIN
and the liberal-Octobrist bourgeoisie to talk intensely about the need for reforms in general and curtailed freedom of coalitions in particular. On the one hand, while feverishly organizing into employers' unions, introducing insurance against strikes and demanding from the government systematic persecution of the working-class movement, the bourgeoisie, on the other hand, recommends to the workers instead of revolutionary demands to be limited to a separate constitutional reform, a semblance of freedom of coalition. The working class must use all possible fluctuations in the government, as well as the differences that exist between the bourgeoisie and the reactionary camp, to increase its onslaught both in the field of economic and political struggle. But precisely in order to successfully exploit the situation, the working class must remain on the ground of uncurtailed revolutionary slogans.
4. With this general position things the task of the Social-Democrats. is to carry on still shi
violent revolutionary agitation among the masses for the overthrow of the monarchy and for democratic
republic. Necessary on living examples of reality relentlessly docking
call out all the harm of reformism, i.e., tactics that instead of revolutionary slogans
pushes the demand for partial improvements to the center.
5. In their agitation for freedom of coalitions and for partial reforms in general, the liquidation
Tori stray on the liberal path. They actually deny the revolutionary agitation
reaction among the masses, they openly preach in their organs that the slogans of "democratic
republic” and “confiscation of land” cannot serve as the subject of agitation among the masses.
They put forward freedom of coalitions as a comprehensive slogan of the era, in fact replacing
them the revolutionary demands of 1905.
6. Warning against the harmful reformist agitation of the liquidators, the conference
recalls that the RSDLP in its minimum program has long put forward the demand
freedom of coalitions, speech, press, etc., putting all these demands in close connection
with the revolutionary struggle to overthrow the tsarist
_______________ 51
monarchy. The meeting confirms the resolution of the January 1912 conference, which reads: “The conference calls on all Social-Democrats. to explain to the workers the necessity for the proletariat of freedom of association, and it is necessary to constantly put this demand inextricably linked with our general political demands and revolutionary agitation among the masses.
The main slogans of the era remain: 1) a democratic republic, 2) confiscation of landed estates, 3) an 8-hour working day. The freedom of coalition enters into them as a part into a whole.
RESOLUTION ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL QUESTION AND ON THE PARTY CONGRESS
1. Reports from the field showed that the most important next organizational challenge
is not only to strengthen the leading Party organizations in every city,
but also - the unification of individual cities among themselves.
2. The meeting recommends, as a first step towards regional unification, the organization
conferences (and, where possible, conferences) of comrades from individual points of the working
th movement. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to ensure that at the meeting there are
all branches of party work were set up: political, professional, insurance,
cooperative, etc.
3. The conference recognizes that the system of proxies under the Central Committee for the cause of unification
of all-Russian work is absolutely necessary. Decision of the February 28 meeting on
confidants has only just begun to be applied in life. Forward workers for a month
everywhere, care must be taken to ensure that trusted representatives are put forward, although
would in each major center labor movement and in as many numbers as possible.
4. The conference puts on the agenda the question of convening a Party Congress. Worker Growth
movement, the brewing of a political crisis in the country, the need
See Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, p. 150. Ed.
52___________________________ V. I. LENIN
united actions of the working class on an all-Russian scale make it both necessary and possible to convene such a congress - after sufficient preparation for it.
5. The meeting invites comrades in the field, after discussing this issue, we
to begin the preliminary agenda, the desired date for the congress, draft resolutions and
etc.
6. The meeting points out that, apart from other difficulties, the question of money races
passages to the congress can only be authorized by the workers themselves.
The Conference calls on the comrades to start creating a fund for convening a Party Congress.
ON THE STRIKE MOVEMENT
1. The meeting confirms the resolutions of the January conference of 1912 and February
meeting of 1913, who gave an assessment of the strike movement, corresponding to all
my experience of recent months.
2. The new upswing of the revolutionary strike is characterized by a movement in Mo
skwe and rising mood in several localities, hitherto not participating
in move.
3. The Conference welcomes the initiative of the St. Petersburg Committee and a number of Party groups
Moscow, who raised the issue of a general political strike and took steps in this
direction in July and September of the current year.
4. The meeting recognizes that the movement is approaching the scheduling of all-Russian
of the political strike. Systematic preparatory agitation for this strike
ku needs to start immediately and everywhere.
5. The slogans of political strikes, which should be disseminated with increased
energy, must be the basic revolutionary demands of the moment: democratic
sky republic, 8-hour working day, confiscation of landed estates.
See Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, pp. 136-138 and vol. 22, pp. 258-260. Ed.
The editorial board of the Central Organ, which was charged with issuing the resolutions of the meeting, added references to the September events, which fully confirmed these resolutions.
_______________ RESOLUTIONS OF THE SUMMER 1913 MEETING OF THE CC RSDLP______________ 53
6. The conference calls on all workers in the localities to develop leaflet agitation and to establish the most correct and close possible relations between the political and other organizations of workers in different cities. It is especially necessary to pay attention to the agreement, first of all, between the St. Petersburg and Moscow workers, so that political strikes that may occur on various occasions (persecution of the press, an insurance strike, etc.) take place, if possible, simultaneously in both capitals.
ABOUT PARTY PRINT
1. The conference states the enormous importance of the legal press for the cause of the Social-Democrats. agi
organization and therefore calls on the party institutions and all conscious
workers to intensified support for the legal press with the help of its widest
distribution, organization of mass collective subscriptions and permanent collections.
In doing so, the meeting reaffirms that these fees are membership fees.
party contributions.
2. Particular attention should be paid to strengthening the legal
a working organ in Moscow and the creation of a workers' newspaper in the south as soon as possible.
3. The meeting expresses the wish for the closest possible convergence of the
working legal bodies with the help of mutual information, device
meetings, etc.
4. Recognizing the importance and necessity of the existence of a theoretical body mar
xism, the meeting expresses the wish that all organs of the party and professional
press, they introduced the workers to the Enlightenment magazine and urged them to
permanent subscription to the journal and its systematic support.
5. The Conference draws the attention of Party publishing houses to the urgent
the possibility of a wide publication of popular pamphlets on social-democratic issues. agitation and propaganda
dy.
54___________________________ V. I. LENIN
6. In view of the aggravation revolutionary struggle masses for Lately and the need for full and comprehensive coverage of it, which is inaccessible to the legal press, the conference pays special attention to the need for an intensified development of the illegal party publishing house, and, in addition to illegal leaflets, brochures, etc., more frequent and regular publication of the illegal party organ (CO) is urgently needed 33 .
ON THE WORK OF THE DUMA S.-D.
Having analyzed in detail the resolution of the RSDLP on the Duma Social-Democrats. faction, adopted at the December 1908 conference, and having discussed all the data on the Duma work of the Social-Democrats. in the IV Duma, meeting:
1. Recognizes that the said resolution quite correctly defined the tasks and
the board of the S.-D. Duma work, and that, therefore, it is necessary to continue to be guided by this
resolution;
2. that the last subsection of paragraph 3 (33) of the December resolution (on voting for
or refraining from questions about the improvement of the situation of workers) there must be a belt
not as follows. When bills, formulas, etc., deal with
means and direct improvement of the position of workers, lower employees and workers
working masses in general (for example, shortening the working day, increasing wages
you, the elimination of even a small evil in the life of the workers and in general of broad sections of the
villages, etc.), then you should vote for those items that contain these improvements.
In those cases where improvement is doubtful due to the conditions imposed by the Fourth Duma, the faction abstains, certainly with special motivation for abstention, having previously discussed the issue with representatives of workers' organizations.
The meeting recognizes that:
At all inquiries, major bills, etc. s.-d. the faction must introduce its own independent formulas for the transition to the next business.
_______________ RESOLUTIONS OF THE SUMMER 1913 MEETING OF THE CC RSDLP______________ 55
In cases where, after the Social-Democratic formula has been rejected, the votes of a faction against the government coincide with the votes of other parties, it is necessary that the faction should try to give special reasons for its vote in favor of someone else's formula or part of someone else's formula.
ABOUT DUMSKAYA S.-D. FRACTIONS 35
The meeting finds that the unity of the Social-Democrats. factions in the area of Duma work is possible and necessary.
However, the meeting states that the behavior of 7 deputies seriously threatens the unity of the faction.
7 deputies, using an accidental majority of 1 vote, violate the elementary rights of 6 workers' deputies, representing the vast majority of the workers of Russia.
7 deputies, based on narrow factional interests, are depriving 6 deputies of the opportunity to speak from the Duma rostrum on the most important issues of working life. In a whole series of speeches, when the Social-Democrats the faction nominated two or more speakers, 6 deputies, despite their demands, did not get the opportunity to nominate their speaker.
7 deputies in the distribution of seats in the Duma committees (for example, the budget committee) in the same way refuse to give 6 deputies one of the two seats.
In elections from a faction to institutions important for the labor movement, 7 deputies, by a majority of one vote, deprive 6 deputies of representation. The personal staff serving the faction is always elected unilaterally (for example, the demand of the second secretary is rejected).
The conference finds such a course of action of the 7 deputies inevitably creating friction in the faction, hindering cohesive work and leading to a split in the faction.
The meeting protests most resolutely against such a course of action by the 7 deputies.
The 6 deputies represent the vast majority of the workers of Russia and act in full accord with the political line of its organized vanguard.
56___________________________ V. I. LENIN
Therefore, the meeting finds that only if the two parts of the faction are completely equal and only if seven deputies renounce the policy of suppression will it be possible to preserve the unity of the Social-Democrats. factions in the area of Duma work.
Despite irreconcilable differences in the field of work, not only in the Duma, the meeting demands the unity of the faction on the above-mentioned principles of equality of its two parts.
The conference invites class-conscious workers to express their opinion on this important question and to contribute with all their might to preserving the unity of the faction on the only possible basis of equality of six workers' deputies.
ABOUT WORKING IN LEGAL SOCIETIES
1. At the moment of the upsurge of the economic and political struggle of the worker
class, it is especially necessary to intensify work in all legal workers' societies
(trade unions, clubs, health insurance funds, cooperatives, etc.).
2. All work in legal workers' societies must be conducted in a non-neutral spirit.
sti, but in the spirit of the decisions of the London Congress of the RSDLP and the international congress in
Stuttgart 36 . S.-d. should attract to all workers' societies as widely as possible
certain circles of workers, inviting to membership all workers without distinction of party
views. But the Social Democrats must, within these societies, form party
groups and long systematic work within all these societies to achieve the mouth
the development of the closest relations between them and the Social-Democrats. party.
3. The experience of the international and our Russian working-class movement teaches that with
the origin of such workers' organizations (trade unions, cooperatives,
clubs, etc.) it is necessary to ensure that each of these institutions is
lot s.-d. parties. The Conference invites all Party members to bear in mind this important
a task that is especially
_______________ RESOLUTIONS OF THE SUMMER 1913 MEETING OF THE CC RSDLP______________ 57
burning in Russia, where the liquidators are systematically trying to use legal companies against parties.
4. The meeting finds that, in the election of representatives to insurance funds, during
all the work of the trade unions, etc. follows, upholding the complete unity of the movement
and the subjugation of the minority to the majority, to pursue the line of the party, to achieve
election to all responsible posts of supporters of the party, etc.
5. To account for experience practical work in legal working societies desirable
arranging more frequent meetings with active participants in legal work
other organizations in the field, as well as attracting as many people as possible to the
split-party conferences of representatives from party groups working in the
gallant societies.
RESOLUTION ON THE NATIONAL QUESTION
The revelry of Black-Hundred nationalism, the growth of nationalist tendencies among the liberal bourgeoisie, the strengthening of nationalist tendencies among the upper strata of the oppressed nationalities—at the present moment the national question is being put forward in a prominent place.
The state of affairs within the Social Democracy (the attempts of the Caucasian Social-Democrats, the Bund,37 and the liquidators to cancel the Party's program,38 etc.) compels the Party to pay even more attention to this question.
Relying on the program of the RSDLP, the meeting is in the interests of the correct formulation of the Social-Democratic Party. agitation for national question- puts forward the following provisions:
1. Since national peace is possible in a capitalist society based on exploitation, profit and strife, insofar as this is achievable only with a consistent, to the end democratic, republican structure of the state, ensuring complete equality of all nations and languages, the absence of a compulsory state language, while providing the population with schools with teaching at all local
58___________________________ V. I. LENIN
languages and the inclusion in the constitution of a basic law declaring invalid any privileges of one of the nations and any violations of the rights of a national minority. In this case, in particular, broad regional autonomy and completely democratic local self-government are necessary, in determining the boundaries of self-governing and autonomous regions on the basis of the consideration by the local population of economic and living conditions, the national composition of the population, etc.
2. Separation by nationality of school affairs within one state
certainly harmful from the point of view of democracy in general and the interests of the class struggle
the proletariat in particular. It is to this division that the accepted in Russia
all the bourgeois parties of Jewry and the petty-bourgeois, opportunist, elemental
cops of different nations, the plan of the so-called "cultural-national" autonomy or
"the establishment of institutions guaranteeing the freedom of national development".
3. The interests of the working class require the fusion of workers of all nationalities given
state in united proletarian organizations - political, professional
nyh, cooperative educational, etc. Only such a merger in a single organization
rations of workers of various nationalities makes it possible for the proletariat to wage victory
denunciatory struggle with international capital and reaction, as well as with preaching and
aspirations of the landowners, priests and bourgeois nationalists of all nations, who
usually carry out their anti-proletarian aspirations under the banner of "national
culture". World labor movement creates and every day more and more develops
international (international) culture of the proletariat.
4. As regards the right of the nations oppressed by the tsarist monarchy to self-determination,
that is, to secession and the formation of an independent state, then the Social-Democrats. bezus party
must defend this right. This is required as the basic principles of international
native democracy in general, and in particular the unheard-of national
_______________ RESOLUTIONS OF THE SUMMER 1913 MEETING OF THE CC RSDLP______________ 59
nal oppression of the majority of the population of Russia by the tsarist monarchy, which is the most reactionary and barbaric political system compared to neighboring countries in Europe and Asia. This is demanded, further, by the cause of the freedom of the Great Russian population itself, which is incapable of creating a democratic state unless Black-Hundred Great Russian nationalism is eradicated, supported by the tradition of a series of bloody reprisals against national movements and systematically educated not only by the tsarist monarchy and all reactionary parties, but also by servility to the monarchy. Great Russian bourgeois liberalism, especially in the era of counter-revolution.
5. The question of the right of nations to self-determination (that is, the provision of a completely free and democratic way of resolving the issue of secession by the constitution of the state) cannot be confused with the question of the expediency of the secession of this or that nation. This last question of the Social-Democrats the party must decide in each individual case completely independently from the point of view of the interests of the entire social development and the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat for socialism.
In doing so, Social-Democracy must bear in mind that the landlords, priests and bourgeoisie of oppressed nations often use nationalist slogans to cover their efforts to divide the workers and fool them, making deals behind their backs with the landlords and the bourgeoisie of the ruling nation to the detriment of the working masses of all nations.
The meeting puts on the agenda of the Party Congress the question of the national program. The conference invites the TTC party press and local organizations to cover as much as possible (in pamphlets, discussions, etc.) the national question.
60___________________________ V. I. LENIN
ABOUT THE POPULAR
1. The London Congress, summing up the activities of the populist parties - and, inter
du other things, the party s.-r. 39 - in the revolutionary era, accurately indicated that these steam
ties constantly wavered between submission to the hegemony of the liberals and resolute
struggle against landlordism and the feudal state, equally
as well as on the pseudo (supposedly) socialist nature of their preaching, obscuring
opposition between the proletarian and the petty proprietor.
2. The reactionary epoch further strengthened these traits, creating in the party the Socialist-Revolutionaries, on the one hand
side, the rejection of a consistently democratic policy and turning even some
some elements of the party into critics of the revolution, following in the footsteps of the liberals, and with the other
other side, turning it into a purely intelligent group, cut off from life
wt.
3. Party S.R. continues to officially defend terror, the history of which in Russia
this was completely justified by the Social-Democrats. criticism of this method of struggle and ended with a complete
collapse. Along with this, the boycott of the elections and the complete inability of this intellectual
organizations to a systematic impact on the course community development countries where
lali what a new rise revolutionary movement went everywhere without any influence
of this party.
4. The petty-bourgeois socialism of populism can only be reduced to harmful preaching
in the face of the working class of ideas that obscure the ever-growing gulf between
the interests of labor and capital and trying to soften the severity of
class struggle, and leads to petty-bourgeois utopias in the field of the cooperative.
5. Wavering in the field of upholding democratic slogans, circle character
party and its petty-bourgeois prejudices to the greatest degree hinder the populist
to develop republican-democratic propaganda in wide circles
janstva.
_______________ RESOLUTIONS OF THE SUMMER 1913 MEETING OF THE CC RSDLP______________ 61
Thus, the very interests of this propaganda demand, first of all, from the Social-Democrats. resolute criticism of populism.
The Conference, while by no means excluding those joint actions with the Narodnik parties, which are specifically envisaged by the London Congress, therefore considers that the task of the Social-Democrats. should be:
a) expose the vacillation and rejection of consistent democracy manifested
in populist parties;
b) fight the petty-bourgeois socialism of populism, which obscures
the gap between capital and labor;
c) to support the republican-democratic currents among the peasant masses,
constantly pointing out that only a socialist who is consistent in his democracy
The German proletariat can be a reliable leader of the masses of the peasant poor
in its struggle against the monarchy and landlordism;
d) direct increased attention to the propaganda of the Social-Democrats. ideas among those, although few
large groups of workers who have not yet freed themselves from the backward
populism theories.
TOZHE-TRUDOVIK
The journal Zavety is the most populist, left-populist journal with Mr. Chernov himself. And besides, a thick, serious magazine. Already if somewhere, then it is here that you can find the disclosure of the famous "labor beginning,” which all the Trudoviks 41, all the Narodniks, including all the “Socialist-Revolutionaries” are talking about.
Some people even assert that the "labor principle" is a socialist principle, and that the theoreticians of the "labor principle" are also socialists.
Let us see how one of the "Left Narodniks," Mr. S. Zak, who has dealt specifically with the question of industrial capitalism, discusses "labor" industry.
Mr. S. Zak distinguishes three kinds of industry: 1) "labor", 2) "transitional" from labor to capitalist, and 3) capitalist. He refers to capitalist enterprises with more than 50 workers, to transitional - from 11 to 50; to labor- with no more than 10 employees.
Why are the last enterprises - "labor"? Therefore, if you please, see that “as long as enterprises do not have at least one clerical employee and one technician on average for each, there is nothing to say about their capitalist character.”
A theory worthy of a semi-literate clerk, and not a writer who wants to be known as a socialist! Until Mr. Zach and other Narodniks invented "his", new,
63
truly Russian, political economy, until then we will remain with the old view, which is called capitalism commodity commodified production labor force.
This is the alphabet, which is a shame not to know. But Messrs. Narodniks in words are supporters of Marx's theory, enemies of bourgeois political economy. But in reality they are presenting to the public the views of the most vulgar layman who has not studied anything and repeats fragments of bourgeois phrases: if there is an "office", this is a capitalist. And if my economy is small, then what a capitalist I am, I am a working person!
To defend such views in the press is to deny the science of political economy and defend ignorance.
Capitalists are small and large, stupid and smart, but capitalism is determined not by this, but by production goods and the use of hired labor.
Our Narodnik also considers participation in the work of members of the owner's family as a sign of a "labor" economy. In fact, anyone familiar with the rudiments of political economy knows that this is a sign of petty-bourgeois economy. To embellish the petty bourgeoisie by calling it a "labour" economy means to have no concept of socialism.
Here are Mr. Zach's own numbers. For every 100 enterprises, there are on average members of the owner's family: 1) 28 in enterprises with up to 3 workers; 2) 34 in enterprises with 4-5 workers; 3) 22 in enterprises with 6-10 workers.
Isn't it true that our "new Narodnik" is good? He cites the figures himself. predominance hired labor and calls it "labour" economy! !
Mr. Zach flutters through the data on various industrial censuses, admiring how "many" there are "labour" owners, and assuring that this proves "the inconsistency of the orthodox (i.e., orthodox - as the Narodniks mockingly call the teachings of Marx) theory" . Let us cite the complete data from the German census, to which Mr. Zach refers first of all. We take industry in the broadest sense, including trade and communications.
V. I. LENIN
Look at this picture of capitalism in industry. Loners - there are a lot of petty bourgeois: a million and a half. And their share in production? Tenth part of the workers and zero machines, both steam and electric! !
What about big capitalists? one hundredth of all enterprises, and they have almost /5 (39%) of all workers and more than three quarters(75-77%) of the total number of cars!
Every thinking worker will immediately see here a complete confirmation of his daily experience: a mass of miserable, crushed by capital, petty bourgeois and complete dominance an insignificant number of large capitalist enterprises.
Further. The statistics, shamelessly distorted by the "Left" Narodnik, show the most rapid growth of capitalism and the ousting of small-scale production. Let's compare the data of three German censuses, 1882, 1895 and 1907 (the last one). In order not to tire the reader with numbers, let's take only the most important thing: let's compare single enterprises with capitalist, medium and large enterprises together:
TOO-TRUDOVIK ________________________________ 65
25 years ago singles made up the majority (A) of owners. Now they are a minority (2 /s). Before they had X C all workers; now - 7th.
The share of capitalist enterprises, on the contrary, is growing rapidly. 25 years ago they had a minority of workers (2/s), and now they have - majority, almost 2/s total number workers (63 percent). And we have already seen that concentration (concentration) in the hands of a handful of capitalists - machines, both steam and even more electric, - more much stronger than the concentration of workers.
So. Industrial censuses in free and rapidly developing countries provide the most brilliant confirmation of Marx's theory. Capitalism reigns everywhere. Everywhere it is crowding out small-scale production. Everywhere a mass of peasants and small artisans and handicraftsmen is ruined. The small proprietor is oppressed and crushed by big capital in a thousand ways, which statistics are still too little taken into account. There is no salvation for the small proprietor. He has no choice but to join the struggle of the proletariat.
Lecture #02:
In the name of Allah, the All-Merciful, Merciful!
Know, may Allah have mercy on you, that each of us must study four questions:
- Knowledge: It includes the knowledge of Allah, the knowledge of His prophet and the knowledge of the religion of Islam based on evidence.
- Act according to this knowledge
- Call for it
- Patience in the face of difficulties along the way
The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “In the name of Allah, the All-Merciful, Showing Mercy! I swear by the time of evening, verily, man is at a loss, except for those who believed and did righteous deeds, and commanded truth among themselves, and commanded patience among themselves! (Sura Late Evening).
Imam ash-Shafi'i, may Allah Almighty have mercy on him, said: “If Allah did not send down to people any other argument than this sura, then it would be enough for them”.
Imam al-Bukhari, may Allah Almighty have mercy on him, in his As-sahih said: “The chapter that knowledge should be before words and deeds, the proof of which is the saying of the Almighty: “Know that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, and ask forgiveness for your sin.”(Sura Muhammad, verse 19). As you can see, Allah mentioned knowledge before words and deeds.
Part two (Three questions)
Lecture #03:
Know, may Allah have mercy on you, that every Muslim and every Muslim woman is obliged to know the following three questions and act in accordance with them:
1. Allah created us, gave us the means of subsistence and did not leave us left to our own devices. He sent a Messenger to us, and whoever obeys him will enter Paradise, and whoever disobeys him will fall into the fire. The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “We sent a messenger to you to testify about you, just as we sent a messenger to Pharaoh. And Pharaoh disobeyed the messenger, and We seized him with a painful grip.(Sura Wrapped up, verses 15-16).
2. Allah is displeased when someone joins Him in worship, whether it be an approaching angel or a sent prophet, and the proof of this is the words of the Almighty: “Indeed, the places of worship belong to Allah, so do not call on anyone along with Allah « (Sura Jinnah, verse 18).
3. Whoever obeyed the messenger and did not associate equals with Allah, should not treat with love those who show enmity towards Allah and his messenger, even if he is his closest relative. The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “Among those who believe in Allah and the Last Day, you will not find people who would love those who are at enmity with Allah and His Messenger, even if they are their fathers, sons, brothers or relatives. Allah has inscribed faith in their hearts and strengthened them with a spirit from Him. He will lead them into the Gardens of Eden, where rivers flow, and they will remain there forever. Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him. They are the party of Allah. Indeed, the party of Allah is the successful.”(Sura Argument, 22 verses).
Part Three (Why do we study tawhid?)
Lecture #04:
Know, may Allah guide you on the path of submission to Him, that "al-hanifiya", which is the religion of Ibrahim, consists in worshiping Allah alone, sincerely dedicating religion to Him. It was Allah who commanded all people and created them for this. The Almighty said: "I created jinn and humans only for them to worship Me"(Sura Az-Zariyyat 51, 56 verses).
The greatest command of Allah is tawheed. This is a consecration of worship to Allah alone.
The greatest thing forbidden by Allah is shirk. This is the worship of someone and the appeal with a prayer to someone along with Him. The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “Worship Allah and associate nothing with Him as partners”(Sura An-Nisa 4, verse 36).
Part Four (Clarifying the Three Pillars)
Lecture #05:
If you are asked: “What are the three basics that every person must know?” - then say:
"Knowledge by a slave:
1. your Lord,
2. your religion
3. and his prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.
Foundation One: Knowing the Lord
If you are asked who your Lord is, answer: “My Lord is Allah, who raised me and all the worlds with His graces. And He is my God to whom I dedicate worship. I do not have, besides Him, the one to whom I dedicate worship. The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: "(All) Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds"(Sura Al-Fatiha, verse 2).
All things except Allah belong to the worlds, and I am one of these worlds.
Lecture #06:
But if you are asked: “How did you know your Lord?” - then say: "According to His signs and creations."
His signs include night and day, sun and moon. His creations are the seven heavens and the seven earths, and those who are in them, and all that is between them. The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “Among His signs are night and day, sun and moon. Do not prostrate yourself before the sun or the moon, but prostrate yourself before Allah, Who created them, if you worship Him” (Fussilat 41:37).
The Almighty also said: “Indeed, your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then ascended the Throne. It covers the night with the day, which hastily follows it. The sun, moon and stars are all subject to His will. Do not creation and command belong to Him? Blessed be Allah, Lord of the worlds" (Al-A'raf 7:54).
Whoever is the Lord deserves to be worshiped. The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “O people! Worship your Lord, who created you and those who were before you, so that you may be afraid. He made the earth a bed for you, and the sky a vault, He sent down water from the sky and with it brought forth fruits for your sustenance. Therefore do not attribute to Allah an equal while you know” (Al-Baqarah 2:21-22).
Ibn Kathir (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "The Creator of all this - it is He who is worthy of worship".
Lecture #07-08:
The types of worship that Allah has ordered to be performed, such as Islam, iman, ihsan, and these include supplication, fear, hope, hope, aspiration (ar-ragba), fear (ar-rahba), humility (al-khushu') , caution (al-hashya), Appeal (al-inaba), Request for help (al-isti'ana), Resort to protection (al-isti'aza), Request for salvation (al-istighasa), Sacrifice, vow and other types of worship that Allah ordered to be performed - all of them should be dedicated only to Allah.
The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “All Mosques (all places of worship) belong to Allah, so do not call on anyone along with Allah”(Al-Jinn 72:18).
Anyone who dedicates any of the mentioned types of worship to someone other than Allah is a polytheist (mushrik) and an unbeliever (kafir). The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “Whoever prays along with Allah to another god, about which he has no argument, then the calculation with him is with his Lord. Indeed, the unbelievers will not succeed” (Al-Mu'minun 23:117).
Lecture #09:
Hadith says: "Prayer is the heart of worship" .
The proof of this is the saying of the Almighty: “Your Lord said: “Call upon Me with a prayer, and I will answer you. Verily, those who exalt themselves over worshiping Me will enter Gehenna humiliated” (Ghafir 40:60).
Worship in the form of fear (al-hauf) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “Do not be afraid of them, but be afraid of Me, if you are believers!”(Al Imran 3:175).
Hope (ar-raja) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “Say: “I am only a man like you. It is revealed to me that your God is the only God. Therefore, whoever hopes to meet his Lord, let him do righteous deeds and not worship anyone along with his Lord ”(Al-Kahf 18:110).
Hope (at-tawakkul) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: "And put your trust in Allah if you are believers"(Al-Maida 5:23). The Almighty also said: “Whoever puts his trust in Allah, He is sufficient”(At-Talaq 65:3).
Aspiration (ar-ragba), fear (ar-rahba) and humility (al-khushu') are indicated by the statement of the Almighty: “Verily, they hurried to good deeds and called upon Us with aspiration and fear, and were humble before Us” ( Al-Anbiya 21:90).
Lecture #10:
Warning (al-hashya) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: "Don't beware of them, but beware of Me"(Al-Baqarah 2:150).
Conversion (al-inaba) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: "And turn to your Lord and surrender to Him"(Az-Zumar 39:54).
The Prayer for Help (al-isti’ana) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “Only You we worship and only You we ask for help”(Al-Fatiha 1:5).
The hadith says: “If you ask for help, then ask Allah” .
The resort to protection (al-isti'aza) is indicated by the words of the Almighty: "Say: 'I take refuge in the protection of the Lord of the dawn'(Al-Falaq 113:1) and also: "Say: 'I take refuge in the Lord of men'(An-Nas 114:1).
The prayer for salvation (al-istighasa) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “So you asked your Lord for salvation, and He answered you”(Al-Anfal 8:9).
The statement of the Almighty points to the sacrifice (az-zabh): “Say: “Verily, my prayer and my sacrifice, my life and death are for the sake of Allah, the Lord of the worlds, who has no partner. This is my order, and I am the first of the Muslims ”(Al-Anam 6: 162-163).
And from the Sunnah: "Allah cursed the one who sacrificed to other than Allah" .
The vow (an-nazr) is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: "They keep their vows and fear the day whose evil is scattered"(Al-Insan 76:7).
Lecture #11:
Second Pillar: Knowledge of the Religion of Islam with Evidence
Islam is surrender to Allah through monotheism (tawheed), obedience to Him through submission and renunciation of polytheism (shirk) and its adherents. It has three levels: Islam, Iman and Ihsan, and each of these levels has its pillars.
Step One: Islam
The pillars of Islam are five:
- Testimony of “La ilaha illa-Llah, Muhammadu-r-rasulu-Allah” (“There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”),
- performing prayer,
- Zakat payment,
- Fasting in the month of Ramadan
- Hajj to the Holy House of Allah.
The testimony is indicated by the words of the Almighty: “Allah has testified that there is no deity worthy of worship except Him, as well as angels and those with knowledge. He supports justice. There is no deity worthy of worship except Him, the Mighty, the Wise” (Al Imran 3:18).
Its meaning is: "There is no one who is rightly worshiped but Allah."
Expression "there is no deity worthy of worship"(la ilaha) denies everything that is worshiped besides Allah.
Expression "except Allah"(illa-Allah) affirms the necessity of worshiping Allah alone, without joining partners in worship with Him, just as He has no partner in domination.
The interpretation of the testimony, which explains its meaning, is the statement of the Almighty: “Here Ibrahim said to his father and people: “Verily, I renounce what you worship, except for the One who created me. Indeed, He will guide me to the straight path.” He made this (the evidence that there is no true deity but Allah) a word abiding in his offspring so that they could return to the straight path” (Az-Zuhruf 43:26-28).
The Almighty also said: “Say: “O People of the Book! Let us come to a single word for us and for you, that we will not worship anyone but Allah, we will not associate any partners with Him and we will not consider each other masters along with Allah. If they turn away, then say: “Bear witness that we are Muslims” (Al Imran 3:64).
Lecture #12:
The testimony “Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” is indicated by the statement of the Almighty: “A Messenger from your midst has come to you. It is hard for him that you are suffering. He is trying for you. He is kind and merciful to the believers” (At-Tawba 9:128).
The meaning of the testimony "Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah" is:
- obedience to his orders,
- a convinced belief in what he said,
- distance from what he forbade and from what withheld,
- worshiping Allah only in the way he has established.
An indication of the need to perform namaz and pay zakat, as well as the interpretation of tawheed, is the statement of the Almighty “But they were only ordered to worship Allah, serving Him sincerely, being hanifs, perform namaz and pay zakat. This is the right faith” (Al-Bayyina 98:4).
The need for fasting is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, just as it was prescribed for your predecessors, so that you may be God-fearing” (Al-Baqarah 2:183).
The necessity of making a pilgrimage (hajj) is indicated by the statement of the Almighty: “People are obliged to Allah to make a hajj to the House (Kaaba), if they are able to make this way. And whoever disbelieves, then surely Allah does not need the worlds” (Al Imran 3:97).
Stage two: iman
Faith (iman) is more than seventy branches. The highest of them is the words “There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah”, the lowest is to remove an obstacle from the path, and modesty is one of the branches of faith.
Faith has six pillars:
Faith in Allah...
Lecture #13:
...into His angels,
in his books,
to His messengers
on the last day
and in the predestination of good and bad.
These six pillars are indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “Piety does not consist in turning your faces to the east and west. But pious is he who believes in Allah, in the Last Day, in the angels, in the Book, in the prophets” (Al-Baqarah 2:177).
Belief in predestination is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: "Indeed, We created every thing by predestination"(Al-Qamar 54:49).
Step Three: Ihsan
Ihsan has one pillar. It lies in the fact that "You must worship Allah as if you see Him, and if you do not see Him, then, verily, He sees you." This is indicated by the saying of the Almighty. “Verily, Allah is with those who fear God and do good deeds with Ihsan.”(An-Nakhl, 16:128).
The Almighty also said. “Trust in the Mighty, Merciful, Who sees you when you stand prayers at night and make movements among your prostrated faces. Verily, He is the Hearing, the Knowing” (Ash-Shu'ara, 26:217-220).
Allah Almighty also said: “Whatever deed you do, whatever you recite from the Quran and whatever you do, We are watching you from the very beginning” (Yunus 10:61).
Lecture #14:
The argument for this from the Sunnah is the well-known hadith about the arrival of the angel Jibril, which was transmitted by Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him.
He (Umar) said: “Once, when we were sitting with the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, a man appeared before us in unusually white clothes and with unusually black hair. It bore no trace of a long journey, but none of us knew it.
He came and sat down opposite the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), touching his knees to his knees and placing his hands on his hips.
He said: " O Muhammad, tell me about Islam»
The Messenger of Allah said: Islam means to testify that there is no one worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, to perform prayers (namaz), pay zakat, fast in Ramadan and perform Hajj to the House, if you are able to do this.«.
The man said: " You said right«.
We were surprised that he asks and himself confirms the accuracy of the answer.
Then he said: Tell me about iman«.
You must believe in Allah, His angels, His Books, His messengers, the Last Day and in predestination with its good and evil«.
The man said: Tell me about ihsan«.
The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: You should worship Allah as if you see Him, but if you do not see Him, He sees you
«.
The man said: Tell me about Chas«.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) replied: The questioner knows no more than the questioner
«.
« Then tell me about his omens"The man asked.
The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: The slave will give birth to her mistress, and you will see barefoot, naked, destitute shepherds competing in the construction of tall buildings«.
After that, he left. A long time passed, and then the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: O Umar, do you know who the questioner was?
»
I answered: " Allah and His Messenger know best«.
The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: It was Jibril who came to you to teach you your religion.
«.
Lecture #15:
The Third Pillar: Knowing the Prophet
His name is Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim. Hashim was from the Quraysh, belonging to the Arabs, and the Arabs are the descendants of Ismail ibn Ibrahim (peace and blessings be upon him and our prophet).
The life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) lasted sixty-three years, forty of them passed before the coming of the prophethood, and he lived the remaining twenty-three as a prophet-messenger. Allah made him a prophet by sending down verses “Read! ... " and made him a messenger by sending down verses "O wrapped up!".
Mecca was his city and he migrated to Medina. Allah sent him to warn people against shirk and call them to tawheed.
This is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “O wrapped up! Rise and exhort! And praise your Lord! And clean your clothes! And avoid evil! And show no mercy to get more! And for the sake of your Lord be patient” (Al-Muddassir 74:1-7).
The meaning of the words " Rise up and exhort“: warn against shirk and call for tawhid.
« And exalt thy Lord“Exalt Him with tawhid.
« And cleanse your clothes“Purify your deeds of shirk.
« And avoid evil“: idols are called bad, and avoiding it is a rejection of idols and idolaters.
Lecture #16:
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) devoted ten years to this, engaging in the call to tawheed, after which he was ascended to heaven, where he was prescribed five obligatory prayers. For the next three years, he performed these prayers in Mecca, after which he received a command to complete the migration (hijra) to Medina.
Hijra is a migration from the country of Shirk to the country of Islam. It is an obligatory prescription for this community. The resettlement will remain valid until the Hour of Judgment arrives. This is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “To those whom the angels put to rest for those who do injustice to themselves, they will say:“ In what position were you? They will say, "We were weak and oppressed on earth." They will say: Was not the land of Allah wide enough for you to live in it? Gehenna will be their abode. How bad is this place of arrival! This does not apply only to those weak men, women and children who do not have the opportunity and do not find the way. Such Allah can forgive, for Allah is Forgiving, Forgiving” (An-Nisa 4:97-99).
The Almighty also said: “O My believing servants! Verily, My land is vast, worship Me.”(Al-Ankabut 29:56).
Al-Baghawi, may Allah have mercy on him, said: “This verse was revealed regarding the Muslims who remained in Mecca and did not migrate (hijra). Allah called them in the name of faith.".
The argument from the Sunnah for performing the hijra is the following: “Migration will not stop until repentance stops, and repentance will not stop until the sun rises from the west” .
When he settled in Medina, he was ordered to do the rest of Islam, such as zakat, fasting, hajj, adhan, jihad, calling for what is good and keeping from what is blamed, and other prescriptions of Islam.
He followed this for ten years, after which he passed away (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).
But his religion remained! And that is his religion. There is no good that he would not point out to his community, and there is no evil that he would not warn against.
The good he pointed out is tawheed and everything that Allah loves and is pleased with.
The evil he warned against is shirk and everything that Allah hates and rejects.
Allah sent him to all mankind and ordered all jinn and people to obey him. This is indicated by the words of the Almighty: “Say: “O people! I am the messenger of Allah to all of you."(Al-Araf 7:158).
Allah has perfected religion through it, as evidenced by the saying of the Almighty: “Today I have perfected your religion for you, and completed My mercy on you, and I have satisfied you with Islam as a religion” (Al-Maida 5: 3) .
The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, died, and this is confirmed by the words of the Almighty: “Indeed, you are mortal, and they are mortal. And then, on the Day of Resurrection, you will quarrel with your Lord.”(Az-Zumar 39:30,32).
Part Five (Conclusion)
Lecture #17:
People after death will be resurrected. The Almighty said: “We created you from it (the earth), we will return you to it and take you out of it again”(Ta Ha 20:55).
The Almighty also said: “Allah raised you from the earth like plants. Then He will bring you back into it and bring you out again.”(Nuh 71:17,18).
After the resurrection, people will be accountable and will receive retribution for their deeds. About this, the Almighty said: “To Allah belongs what is in heaven and what is on earth, so that He will reward those who did evil for what they did, and reward those who did good with the Best (Paradise)” (An-Najm 53:31) .
Anyone who believes the resurrection is a lie is an infidel. This is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “The unbelievers believe that they will not be resurrected. Say: “On the contrary, by my Lord, you will certainly be resurrected, and then you will certainly be informed of what you have done. It is easy for Allah” (At-Taghabun 64:7).
Allah sent all messengers rejoicing (believers with good news) and warning (infidels). The Almighty said about this: “We sent messengers who brought the good news and warned that after the coming of the messengers, people would not have any argument against Allah” (An-Nisa 4:165).
The first of the messengers was Nuh (peace be upon him), and the last was Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He is the seal of the prophets (the last prophet). The fact that the first messenger was Nuh is evidenced by the words of Allah: “Indeed, We have inspired a revelation in you just as We inspired it to Nuh and the prophets after him.”(An-Nisa 4:163).
Allah sent messengers to all communities, starting with Nuh and ending with Muhammad, commanding them to worship Allah alone and forbidding them to worship taghut. This is indicated by the saying of the Almighty: “We sent a messenger to every community: “Worship Allah and stay away from Taghut!”(An-Nahl 16:36).
Allah has commanded all His slaves to disbelieve in Taghut and believe in Allah.
Lecture #18:
Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Tagut is everything in relation to which the slave crosses the boundaries set for him in worship, following and submission.«.
There are many tagouts, but the main ones are five:
- Iblis, cursed by Allah;
- One who is worshipped and is pleased with it;
- One who calls people to worship him;
- One who claims knowledge of something from the innermost;
- The one who decides not on the basis of what Allah has sent down.
This is indicated by the words of the Almighty: “There is no compulsion in religion. The straight path has already distinguished itself from error. Whoever does not believe in taghut, but believes in Allah, he has grasped the most reliable handle, which will never break. Allah is Hearing, Knowing” (Al-Baqarah 2:256). This is the meaning of the testimony "There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah."
The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “The beginning of this work (religion) is Islam, its pillar is prayer, and its peak is jihad in the path of Allah”
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Allah knows best about everything!
And may Allah bless and greet our Prophet Muhammad, his family members and companions!