The meaning of Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov in a brief biographical encyclopedia. Alexander Kornilov.materials on the history of Russian political emigration
Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov (November 18 (30) ( 18621130 ) , St. Petersburg - ) - Russian historian, public figure. Vowel of the Irkutsk City Duma (1898-1901). Secretary of the Central Committee of the Cadets Party (-).
Biography
Son of a Russian military journalist, participant Crimean War Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov (1834-1891).
Graduated from Petersburg University. He served as a commissar for peasant affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, then (until 1900) he was in charge of peasant and resettlement affairs under the Irkutsk governor-general. In 1901, he was exiled to Saratov for participating in a protest of 42 writers against the beating of youth in St. Petersburg on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral. In 1904 he lived in Paris, worked in the editorial office of P. B. Struve's magazine "Liberation".
After returning to Russia, he participated in the Union of Liberation and Zemstvo congresses in 1905, in the formation of the party of the Cadets, in -1908 he was the secretary of the Central Committee of the party. In 1907 he published the newspaper "Dumsky Listok"
In 1909-1923. - Professor of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, taught a history course Russia XIX century. The most famous work of Kornilov is based on this course and covers the period from Catherine II to the beginning of the 20th century; it was also published in 1917 in the USA (translation into English language A. S. Kauna).
Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov died in 1925.
Bibliography
- Russian history course in the 19th century/ Alexander Kornilov; [Intro. Art. A. A. Levandovsky]. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2004. - 862, p. ; 21 see - (Historical Library). Bibliography in note: p. 782-811. - Bibliography: p. 812-863. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-022290-4 (AST). - ISBN 5-271-07920-1 (Astrel).
- Russian history course in the 19th century/ [Intro. Art. A. A. Levandovsky]. - M.: Higher. school, 1993. - 445, p. ; 24 cm - ( Historical heritage). Bibliography at the end of the parts. - Bibliography. in note: p. 423-446. - 40000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-002838-0.
- History of Russia in the 19th century. In 3 vols. M., ed. Sabashnikov, 1918
- Alexander II: [a course in the history of Russia in the 19th century]/ A. A. Kornilov. - Moscow: Book World: Literature, 2007. - 301, p. ; 21 cm - (Great dynasties of Russia. Romanovs). On the reverse, tit. l. author: A. A. Kornilov, historian, writer. - In the region ed. not specified. - 18000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-486-01743-8.
- Years of wanderings of Mikhail Bakunin. L.-M., GIZ, 1925
- Russian history course in the 19th century(in three parts) - M., ed. Sabashnikov, 1912-1914
- The Young Years of Mikhail Bakunin. From the history of Russian romanticism(Moscow, ed. Sabashnikovs, 1915)
- Social movement under Alexander II. - M., 1909
- . - St. Petersburg. : Ed. P.P. Gershunina, 1905. - 271 p.
- Social movement under Alexander II. - Paris, 1905
- Essays on the history of the social movement and peasant affairs in Russia. - St. Petersburg, 1905
- Peasant reform in the Kaluga province under V. A. Artsimovich" (St. Petersburg, typed by Stasyulevich, 1904)
- Fiftieth Anniversary of the Literary Fund. 1859-1090" (St. Petersburg, 1909)
- Articles Die Bauernfrage in the collection Russen uber Russland(Frankfurt am Main, 1905) and The Napoleonic Wars and later History(in the Russian Review magazine)
- Seven months among the starving peasants. M., 1893
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Notes
Sources
- Kornilov Alexander Alexandrovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
An excerpt characterizing Kornilov, Alexander Alexandrovich (junior)
And one more thing... if it was John who was painted by the artists in these pictures, then how then would the same John have managed to age so monstrously by the time of his execution, carried out at the request of the capricious Salome?.. After all, according to the Bible, this happened even before the crucifixion Christ, then John should have been at that time no more than thirty four years! How did he turn from a girlishly handsome, golden-haired young man into an old and completely unsympathetic Jew?!“So Magus John didn’t die, Sever?” I asked happily. Or did he die differently?
“Unfortunately, the real John was indeed beheaded, Isidora, but this did not happen due to the evil will of a capricious spoiled woman. The reason for his death was the betrayal of a Jewish "friend", whom he trusted, and in whose house he lived for several years...
But why didn't he feel it? How could I not see what kind of “friend” this is?! – I was indignant.
– Probably, it is impossible to suspect every person, Isidore... I think it was quite difficult for them to trust someone anyway, because they all had to somehow adapt and live in that strange, unfamiliar country, don’t forget that. Therefore, from the greater and lesser evil, they apparently tried to choose the lesser. But it is impossible to predict everything, because you yourself know this very well, Isidora... The death of Magus John occurred after the crucifixion of Radomir. He was poisoned by a Jew, in whose house John at that time lived with the family of the deceased Jesus. One evening, when the whole house was already resting, the owner, talking with John, presented him with his favorite tea with an admixture of the strongest herbal poison ... The next morning, no one even managed to understand what had happened. According to the owner, John just instantly fell asleep, and never woke up again ... His body was found in the morning in his bloodied bed with ... a severed head ... According to the same owner, the Jews were very afraid of John, because they considered him unrivaled magician. And to be sure that he would never rise again, they beheaded him. The head of John was later bought (!!!) from them and taken with them by the Knights of the Temple, managing to save it and bring it to the Valley of the Magicians, in order to give John at least such a small, but worthy and well-deserved respect, not allowing the Jews to simply mock him, performing some of his magical rituals. Since then, John's head has always been with them, wherever they are. And for the same head, two hundred years later, the Knights of the Temple were accused of criminal worship of the Devil ... You remember the last "case of the Templars" (Knights of the Temple), don't you, Isidora? It was there that they were accused of worshiping the "talking head", which infuriated the entire church clergy.
“Forgive me, Sever, but why didn’t the Knights of the Temple bring John’s head here, to Meteora?” After all, as far as I understand, you all loved him very much! And how do you know all these details? You weren't with them, were you? Who told you all this?
- Vedunia Maria, the mother of Radan and Radomir, told us this whole sad story ...
– But did Mary return to you after the execution of Jesus?! .. After all, as far as I know, she was with her son during the crucifixion. When did she return to you? Is it possible that she is still alive…? – I asked with bated breath.
I so wanted to see at least one of those worthy courageous people!.. So I wanted to “recharge” with their endurance and strength in my forthcoming last struggle!..
No, Isidora. Unfortunately, Mary died centuries ago. She did not want to live long, although she could. I think her pain was too deep... Having gone to her sons in an unfamiliar, distant country (many years before their death), but still unable to save any of them, Mary did not return to Meteora, leaving with Magdalena . Leaving, as we then thought, forever ... Tired of bitterness and loss, after the death of her beloved granddaughter and Magdalene, Mary decided to leave her cruel and merciless life ... But before "leaving" forever, she nevertheless came to Meteora to say goodbye. To tell us true story the death of those whom we all loved dearly ...
Also, she came back to last time to see the White Magus... Her husband and truest friend, whom she could never forget. In her heart, she forgave him. But, to his great regret, she could not bring him the forgiveness of Magdalene .... So, as you see, Isidora, the great Christian fable about "forgiveness" is just a childish lie for naive believers to allow them to do any Evil, knowing that whatever they do, they will eventually be forgiven. But you can forgive only that which is truly worthy of forgiveness. A person must understand that he has to answer for any evil done... And not before some mysterious God, but before himself, forcing himself to suffer cruelly. Magdalena did not forgive Vladyka, although she deeply respected and sincerely loved him. Just as she failed to forgive all of us for the terrible death of Radomir. After all, it was SHE who understood best of all - we could help him, we could save him from a cruel death ... But we did not want to. Considering the guilt of the White Magus too cruel, she left him to live with this guilt, not for a moment forgetting it... She did not want to grant him an easy forgiveness. We never saw her again. As never saw their babies. Through one of the knights of her Temple - our sorcerer - Magdalena conveyed the answer to the Lord to his request to return to us: “The sun does not rise twice in one day ... The joy of your world (Radomir) will never return to you, just as I will not return to you and I... I found my FAITH and my TRUTH, they are LIVE, yours is DEAD... Mourn your sons - they loved you. I will never forgive you for their deaths as long as I live. And may your guilt remain with you. Perhaps someday she will bring you Light and Forgiveness ... But not from me. The head of Magus John was not brought to Meteora for the same reason - none of the Knights of the Temple wanted to return to us ... We lost them, as we lost many others more than once, who did not want to understand and accept our victims ... Who is it just like you - they left, condemning us.
Kornilov, Alexander Alexandrovich - writer. Born in 1862. He graduated from the course at St. Petersburg University. He served as a commissar for peasant affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, then (until 1900) under the Irkutsk governor-general, in charge of peasant and resettlement affairs. In 1891 - 1893 he took an active part in the public organization of assistance to starving peasants in the Tambov, Tula and Voronezh provinces; at the same time he published the book "Seven Months Among the Starving Peasants" (Moscow, 1893). In 1894 he published a number of articles in "Russian Thought" under the title: "The fate of the peasant reform in the Kingdom of Poland." In April 1901, for participating in a protest of 42 writers against the beating of youth on Kazan Square, he was exiled to Saratov, where he edited the newspaper Saratov Diary. A number of his articles on the history of the peasant reform and the social movement, published in Russian Wealth and Peace of God, were published separately under the title: Essays on the History of the Social Movement and Peasant Affairs in Russia (St. Petersburg, 1905). Kornilov's book: "The Social Movement under Alexander II" was first published abroad under the journal "Liberation", then in Russia (Moscow, 1909). In 1904 he helped P.B. Struve in editing ¦ "Liberations"; upon his return, he participated in the Union of Liberation and in the zemstvo congresses of 1905. He took an active part in the formation of the Constitutional Democratic Party; was the first three years secretary of its central committee. In 1907 he published the newspaper "Dumsky Listok". Since 1909, he has been teaching the course "History of the 19th century in Russia" at the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute. In 1912-1914 this course was published in three parts in Moscow. Other works of Kornilov: "The Young Years of Mikhail Bakunin. From the History of Russian Romanticism" (Moscow, 1914); "Peasant reform" (in the series "Great reforms of the 60s in their past and present", St. Petersburg, 1905), "Peasant reform in the Kaluga province under V.A. Artsimovich" (St. Petersburg, 1904), " Fiftieth Anniversary of the Literary Fund. 1859 - 1090" (St. Petersburg, 1909); the article "Die Bauernfrage" in the collection "Russen uber Russland" (Frankfurt am Main, 1905) and "The Napoleonic Wars and later History" (in the magazine "Russian Review"). In this Dictionary, Kornilov owns the articles: Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia, Alexander III, Bakunin, Peasants.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what KORNILOV ALEXANDER ALEKSANDROVICH is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- KORNILOV ALEXANDER ALEKSANDROVICH
(1862-1925) Russian historian, public figure. Professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1909-23). Works on Russian history of the 19th century, about M. A. Bakunin ... - KORNILOV ALEXANDER ALEKSANDROVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Alexander Alexandrovich, Russian historian, writer. Graduated from Petersburg University. He served as Commissar for Peasant Affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, ... - ALEXANDER The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
Jean, master of crossbows. Belgium. … - ALEXANDER in the Dictionary of the Meanings of Hebrew Names:
(male) The Jews give this name in honor of Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia. The Talmud tells that when Alexander saw the high priest of the Jerusalem Temple, ... - ALEXANDER in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nicephorus:
1 Mac 1:1 - Macedonian king, son of Philip the 11th, the greatest of the conquerors. His glorious history is no doubt known to every reader of the world ... - ALEXANDER in the Dictionary-Reference Myths of Ancient Greece:
1) the name of Paris when he lived with the shepherds and did not know about his origin. 2) the son of Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, and ... - ALEXANDER in Concise Dictionary mythology and antiquities:
(Alexander, ??????????), called the Great, the king of Macedonia and the conqueror of Asia, was born in Pella in 356 BC. He was ... - ALEXANDER
Alexander, ALEXANDER1) see Paris; 2) the nephew of the tyrant Polyphron of Ferey (in Thessaly), killed him and became a tyrant himself in 369 ... - ALEXANDER in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, who ruled from 912-913. The son of Basil I. He died on June 6, 913. Alexander reigned with Constantine, the son of ... - KORNILOV in the Dictionary of Generals:
Vladimir Alekseevich (1806-54), Russian military activist, vice adm. (1852). Genus. in the family of a retired officer. windows. sea cadet. frame. Russian-Turkish participant. wars... - ALEXANDER in biographies of Monarchs:
Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, who ruled from 912-913. The son of Basil I. He died on June 6, 913. Alexander reigned with Constantine, ... - KORNILOV in 1000 biographies of famous people:
Lavr Georgievich (1870-1918). One of the leaders of the Russian counter-revolution, an infantry general. Thanks to his personal courage, he was popular in the army. March-April... - ALEXANDROVICH in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Andrei is a Belarusian poet. R. in Minsk, on Perespa, in the family of a shoemaker. Living conditions were very difficult, ... - KORNILOV in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Konstantin Nikolayevich (1879-1957), psychologist, Ph.D. APN RSFSR (1943), Dr. pedagogical sciences, professor (1921). From 1910 he worked at the Institute of Psychology of the Moscow ... - ALEXANDER in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VIII (Alexander) (in the world of Pietro Ottoboni Pietro Ottoboni) (1610-1691), Pope from 1689. Cardinal (1652) and Bishop of Brescia (1654). Achieved ... - KORNILOV
(Vladimir Alekseevich, 1806 - 1854) - Vice Admiral, famous defender of Sevastopol; graduate of the sea cadet corps, from 1827 to 1830 he sailed ... - ALEXANDER in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. - 2nd son of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, great-grandson of Monomakhov, b. May 30, 1220, in the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was ... - ALEXANDER in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- ALEXANDER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
I (1777 - 1825), Russian emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Emperor Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out reforms prepared by the Unspoken ... - KORNILOV
KORNILOV Lavr Georg. (1870-1918), gene. from infantry (1917). In July - Aug. 1917 top commanders-in-chief At the end of August, he organized an armament. … - KORNILOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KORNILOV Konst. Nick. (1879-1957), psychologist, acad. APN RSFSR (1943). Developed the ideas of reactology, in the beginning. 20s carried out the restructuring of psychology in ... - KORNILOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KORNILOV Vl. Nick. (1928-2002), Russian. writer. In the collections "Pier" (1964), "Age" (1967), "The Use of Impressions" (1987), "My Most Poems" (1995) - ... - KORNILOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KORNILOV Vl. Al. (1806-54), Vice Adm. (1852). From 1849 beginning. headquarters, since 1851 actually commands. Black Sea Fleet. In the Crimean War alone ... - KORNILOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KORNILOV Bor. Peter. (1907-38), Russian. poet. Poems, poems ("Trypillia", 1933), songs ("Song of the Counter", music by D. D. Shostakovich) are imbued with the romance of struggle ... - KORNILOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KORNILOV Al-dr Al-dr. (1862-1925), historian. Prof. Petersburg. polytechnic in-ta (1909-23). One of the founders of the Constitutional-Democratic party, member her CC. Tr. on … - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER NORTH (Alexander Severus) (208-235), Roman. emperor from 222, from the Sever dynasty. In 231-232 he waged a successful war with ... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER NEVSKY (1220 or 1221-1263), prince of Novgorod in 1236-51, grand. prince of Vladimir from 1252. Son of Prince. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Wins over... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER MIKHAILOVICH (1866-1933), Russian. led. prince, grandson of the imp. Nicholas I, adm. and adjutant general (1909). In 1901-05 he was the chief manager of the auction. seafaring and... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER MIKHAILOVICH (1301-39), great. prince of Vladimir (1325-27) and Tver (1325-27 and from 1337). Son of Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich. Competed with Ivan ... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN, Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), one of the greatest commanders of antiquity, king of Macedonia from 336. Son of King Philip II; … - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER I KARAGEORGIEVICH (1888-1934), from 1921 King of Yugoslavia (until 1929 Kor-vo of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). Participant Balkan Wars 1912-13, in ... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ALEXANDER KAZIMIROVICH, Jagiellon (1461-1506), great. Prince of Lithuania from 1492, King of Poland from 1501. Son of Casimir IV. He intensified... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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ALEXANDER BATTENBERG, see Battenberg ... - ALEXANDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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ALEXANDER of Gaels (Alexander Halensis) (c. 1170 or c. 1185-1245), philosopher, representative. Augustinian Platonism, Franciscan. He taught in Paris. In his… - ALEXANDER in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- KORNILOV in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
Alexander Alexandrovich (1862-1925), Russian historian, public figure. Professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1909-23). Works on Russian history of the 19th century, about ... - RIDIGER MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Ridiger Mikhail Alexandrovich (1902 - 1962), archpriest. Father of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia ... - REIN NIKOLAY ALEKSANDROVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Rein Nikolai Alexandrovich (1892 - 1937), martyr. Commemorated on October 8, in the Cathedral ...
Short biography. Born in St. Petersburg in the family of a hereditary naval officer, who later transferred to the civil service. He graduated from the Warsaw gymnasium and in 1880 entered the mathematical faculty of St. Petersburg University, then switched to law. At the university he was a member of the liberal circle of youth (br. Oldenburg, V. I. Vernadsky, D. I. Shakhovskoy, V. V. Vodovozov), who set himself, first of all, the tasks of self-education of participants. In his student years, he became seriously interested in socio-economic problems. At the center of his interests was the peasantry, primarily Russian. In theoretical and methodological terms, positivism and Marxism had the greatest influence on him at that time. After graduating from the university in 1886, he served as a commissar for peasant affairs in Poland, in 1894–1900. - an official for special assignments under the Irkutsk Governor-General, where he also had to deal mainly with peasant land, as well as resettlement affairs.
For the 90s. 19th century A.A. Kornilov gradually became disillusioned with the monarchy and his bureaucratic career. It became especially strong during his public work to combat hunger in 1891-1893. A.A. Kornilov spent these years in the village, organizing the distribution of bread to the starving, the work of canteens, and medical care. At the same time, he establishes close contacts with leaders of the liberal movement. In 1901, for participating in a protest of 42 writers against the beating of young people on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, he was exiled to Saratov, where he headed the editorial office of the liberal newspaper Saratov Diary. In Saratov, the career of A.A. Kornilov as a historian begins. The attention of A.A. Kornilov is attracted by the great reforms, and above all - the peasant one. Having collected and summarized a huge amount of factual material, A.A. Kornilov managed to re-evaluate the reasons for the abolition of serfdom - he was one of the first to draw attention to the crisis state of the landlord economy in the pre-reform years. He analyzes in detail all the vicissitudes of the struggle between representatives of various trends in Russian society during the reform era and comes to the conclusion about the seriousness of the influence material interests on the programmatic demands of both conservatives and liberals. A.A. Kornilov shows not only the merits, but also the imperfections of the peasant reform, which gave rise to a lot of new issues that needed to be addressed.
In 1904, A.A. Kornilov left for Paris, where for a short time he collaborated in the liberal magazine "Liberation" published by P.B. Struve, then returned to St. Petersburg to actively participate in public life. He was one of the founders of the Cadet Party in 1905, until 1908 he served as secretary of its Central Committee.
He moved away from politics for a while, becoming in 1909 a professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic, where he lectured, which formed the basis of his "Course on the history of Russia in the 19th century." With the outbreak of the First World War, he again plunges headlong into political activity, in 1915 he was elected Secretary of the Central Committee and Chairman of the Petrograd City Committee of the Cadet Party. After February Revolution A.A. Kornilov was appointed senator of the second (peasant) department. In September 1917, A.A. Kornilov suddenly fell seriously ill, suffered two strokes and, in order to improve his health, was forced to live in Kislovodsk for several years. There, the historian and his family were very poor. Recognizing Soviet power, returned to Petrograd and was able to continue working at the Polytechnic Institute. In 1923, having secured a small pension, he was able to leave the service. After that, he was mainly engaged in the study of Bakunin's heritage.
Main works:
- "The Peasant Reform of 1864 in the Kingdom of Poland" (1893),
- "Peasant Reform" (1905),
- "Public movement under Alexander II" (1905),
- "The course of the history of Russia of the XIX century" (1912-1914),
- “Young years of Mikhail Bakunin. From the history of Russian romanticism" (1914).
Historical concept. "The course of the history of Russia in the 19th century". A.A. Kornilov came to the creation of his "Course" in the prime of his creative powers - a mature person and a sophisticated politician, an experienced research scientist. It is quite natural that the "Course" became the final work in which the historian expressed himself most fully, with all his advantages and disadvantages.
In methodological terms, A.A. Kornilov put the study of the fact in the first place. He emphasized that he was striving "for objectivity" based on the "as complete and accurate" presentation of the material. The historian considered it necessary to bring together the material developed by other historians, compare their judgments with each other, and in case of ambiguity or inaccuracy, turn directly to the sources. A.A. Kornilov initially intended to give in the "Course" his concept of Russian history of the last century, based on the extensive factual material mastered by him.
"Kurs" precedes an outline of the history of Russia since the Mongol invasion. A.A. Kornilov clearly defines the primary, vital task that confronted the Russian people after the Tatar-Mongol invasion: "Formation and strengthening of the state territory." Under those conditions, only one force could translate this task into reality - the central state power in the person of the Moscow princes, which relied on all segments of the population, primarily on the service class. In the struggle against numerous enemies, this power, which was acquiring an increasingly despotic character, ruthlessly strained the people's forces. A heavy tax in one form or another was imposed on all estates: serf labor - for the peasantry, exhausting duties - for the tenement, lifelong service - for the local nobility. At the same time, the author adhered to the theory of enslavement and emancipation of estates - the main postulate of the state school.
The fulfillment of the historical task, in the name of which the estates were enslaved, stretched out for centuries, and was completed under Catherine II. Therefore, the second half of the XVIII century. became, according to A.A. Kornilov, “a great turning point in the history of our country”: from now on “ main goal state activity it is no longer the expansion and protection of the state territory that is recognized, but the “bliss” of subjects, the well-being of citizens. In Russia, a completely new historical process, which gives the content recent history, - the emancipation of the estates by state power. The most significant step along this path is the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility of 1762.
A.A. Kornilov notes, referring to the abolition of the most cruel punishments in court, the gradual softening of the “demiurge of Russian history” - autocratic power, its gradual rejection of the despotic form of government. The historian names another significant event. In the XVIII century. next to the autocracy, another historical force appears - the "non-estate intelligentsia". Subsequently, she declares herself as "the most active driving element" in the state. If at the first stage of Russian history the main tasks facing the entire people were independently and sovereignly solved by a supra-estate government, now, as other, qualitatively new problems appear, this honor is being challenged by the non-estate intelligentsia.
Covering in detail the beginning of the reign of Alexander I, A.A. Kornilov expressively shows how the authorities, despite the sincere desire of the young tsar to follow the course of change, turned out to be incapable of solving the urgent tasks dictated by the entire course of Russian history. Disappointment in Alexander the reformer, which became especially strong after Patriotic War, pushed the young society to independent action. The Decembrist movement is regarded by A.A. Kornilov as a completely organic, inevitable and generally positive phenomenon. But the uprising on December 14 is a "premature or unprepared explosion" that led to disastrous consequences. As a result: “The country lost the best and most independent representatives of an advanced thinking society, the rest of which was intimidated and terrorized by government measures, and the government turned out to be completely disunited in the difficult work ahead of it with the mental forces of the country ...”
The entire next reign, the reign of Nicholas I, passed under the sign of disunity. Lectures by A.A. Kornilov, dedicated to the social movement of this time, are extremely detailed: they describe in detail about the circles of the 1830s, Westernizers and Slavophiles, and give detailed characteristics periodicals various directions. However, all this movement did not have any real impact on the government and, therefore, could not contribute to the development of the historical process.
A.A. Kornilov very carefully traces the movement of government policy, primarily in the sphere of the “main”, peasant question, who "did not leave the queue of the day for almost the entire continuation of the reign of Nicholas ...". The main impetus for the reform activity of the Nikolaev government was, in his opinion, peasant unrest. It was they who, "repeating constantly, did not allow the government to turn a blind eye to those ulcers of serfdom, which at that time were already loudly shouting about their existence." Finding out further the causes of peasant unrest, A.A. Kornilov noted: “In the inner life, by this time, material conditions had developed that, more powerful than any ideological demands, loosened the serfdom and prepared its fall.”
The historian considers the beginning of the reign of Alexander II in parallel with the “transformative period” of the reign of Alexander I. In both cases, he notes, driving force overdue reforms was the government. As for society, according to the historian, in the mid-1850s, just like at the beginning of the century, on the one hand, it was in a “completely optimistic, unusually rosy and complacent” mood, and on the other - in it "at first, there was very little inclination towards independence and initiative." However, as the government showed its inability to carry out consistent reform activities, society came out of a state of euphoria and, showing its independence, more and more actively participated in the preparation of the peasant reform. And here the difference between the era of reforms and the beginning of the reign of Alexander I affected - the authorities and society were able to act together at this stage of Russia's development. In his lectures, A.A. Kornilov expounded in detail his well-grounded ideas about the decisive ideological influence of the public on the government. By this influence he explained the majority positive traits reforms, and all the serious shortcomings of the transformation were generated by the fact that this influence was still incomplete - a strong "friendly alliance" between the liberal bureaucracy and the public did not fully develop.
A.A. Kornilov also points to peasant unrest as one of the main reasons for the reforms of the 60s. Behind them, as well as behind the unrest of the Nikolaev period, the historian sees "material interests." But even more surprising in the Course is the thesis about the "material basis" of various currents of social thought and government groupings. During the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform, it turns out that the "material interests" of the nobility had the most serious influence on the activities of both the above-class government and the classless public. True, he never speaks directly about the expression by the government or any part of the public of the interests of this or that "estate". Despite the caution in his wording, A.A. Kornilov seriously violates the most important postulates of the state scheme about the supra-class nature of the main forces of the historical process. True, in lectures devoted to the post-reform era, A.A. Kornilov again persistently tries to restore the position of the "classless intelligentsia" in its entirety. The historian speaks of the "advanced part of society" as a single force, emphasizing the commonality of views of representatives of the liberal and revolutionary-democratic movements. The program of this part of society included demands for further transformations, which "significantly outgrew the assumptions of the government." Society has finally matured in order to lead the historical process, to seize the initiative from the decrepit government.
A.A. Kornilov could not ignore the role that in the second half of the 60-70s. 19th century revolutionaries played in the Russian social movement - first the "radicals", then the revolutionary populists. However, he was inclined to see in these "extreme" moods something not quite natural, accidental, caused primarily by the unreason of the authorities. It was the authorities, with their inconsistency in carrying out “fundamental reforms”, on the one hand, and “gross persecution and persecution” on the other, that distorted the social, essentially liberal movement, giving it an artificially revolutionary character. At the same time, A.A. Kornilov tried to emphasize that even during the period of the Narodnaya Volya terror, there were certain ties and even sympathies between liberals and revolutionaries - if not mutual, then, in any case, on the part of the liberals. A.A. Kornilov regards the assassination of Alexander II as a “catastrophe”, and he is horrified not by the assassination of the head of state as such, but by the fact that it led to “a fatal outcome for the entire system that was designed by Loris-Melikov ...” .
A.A. Kornilov completed the first edition of his "Course" with a description of the tragic events of 1881. The second featured four more lectures on kingship Alexander III. This history was the most recent, its study was just beginning and new part"Course" bore a noticeable imprint of incompleteness. A.A. Kornilov does not confine himself to complaining about the “inability” of the government, about its disastrous isolation from the liberal public, but speaks here of the close relationship between the government and the noble reaction aimed at “protecting the material interests of the nobility”. Naturally, the assumption arises that domestic politics Alexander III testified not so much to the "inability" of power, but to its dependence on very real class interests.
Topic 8. P.N. Milyukov
1. P.N.Milyukov - public figure and historian.
2. Theoretical and methodological views.
3. History of Russia as a history of culture.
4. The concept of the history of Russia. The turning point of Peter's reforms in Russia.
5. The problem of Europeanization and foreign borrowings in the history of Russia.
6.Comprehension of the history of revolutions in Russia.
7.P.N.Milyukov as a historian of historical science.
Sources:
Milyukov P.N. Essays on the history of Russian culture. - M., 1994.
Milyukov P.N. The main currents of Russian historical thought. - M, 2006.
Literature:
Bychkov S.P., Korzun V.P. Introduction to historiography Patriotic history XX century: Textbook. allowance. - Omsk, 2001.
Historiography of the history of Russia until 1917 / Ed. M.Yu. Lachaeva. - V.2. - M., 2003.
P. N. Milyukov: Historian, Politician, Diplomat: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Moscow, May 26-27, 1999 - M., 2000.
Milyukov P.N. Memories. - M., 2001.
Thomas M. Bohn Russian Historical Science /1880–1905 Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov and the Moscow School. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
Tsamutali A.N. The struggle of trends in Russian historiography during the period of imperialism: historiographical essays. - L .: Nauka, 1985.
Shapiro A.L. Russian historiography from ancient times to 1917 - M., 1993.
Shakhanov A.N. Russian historical science of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Moscow and Petersburg universities. - M., 2003.
Control tasks, problematic issues and exercises:
1. What is cultural history according to P.N. Milyukov? Describe cultural history as a new direction in historical science Russia? How is it presented in modern historiography?
2. What is P. N. Milyukov’s “critical positivism”?
3. Describe the concept of the history of Russia by P.N. Milyukov. What kind general patterns appear in the history of Russia? What are the features of the historical development of Russia? Where in the history of Russia does the action of chance take place? What is the alternative in historical development Russia?
4. Why P. N. Milyukov in his work pays special attention to the reforms of Peter I? What caused the Petrine reforms? What are their results?
5. Name the features of the economic, demographic development of Russia. What are the features political system Russia? What role, according to P.N. Milyukov, does the state play in Russian history?
6. How does P.N. Milyukov characterize the cultural characteristics of Russia? What is a cultural tradition? Why is the creation of an original "cultural tradition consistent with modern social ideals" main task Russian history? Does this task remain relevant in modern Russia?
7. Analyze and evaluate the concept of foreign borrowing in historical development. What is the significance in the history of Russia of foreign borrowings according to the concept of P. N. Milyukov? Why does the concept of foreign borrowing retain its scientific and pragmatic potential today?
8. How does P.N. Milyukov reveal the causes of the Russian revolutions? What is the peculiarity of Russian revolutions?
9. Describe the contribution of PN Milyukov to the history of historical science.
10. Using the example of P. N. Milyukov’s scientific work, describe the connection between historical Thought and the context of culture?
The son of a Russian military journalist, a participant in the Crimean War, Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov (1834-1891). Graduated from Petersburg University.
He served as a commissar for peasant affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, then (until 1900) he was in charge of peasant and resettlement affairs under the Irkutsk governor-general.
In 1901, he was exiled to Saratov for participating in a protest of 42 writers against the beating of youth in St. Petersburg on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral.
In 1904 he lived in Paris, worked in the editorial office of P. B. Struve's magazine "Liberation".
After returning to Russia, he participated in the Union of Liberation and in the zemstvo congresses of 1905.
Participated in the formation of the party of the Cadets and in 1905-1908 he was the secretary of the Central Committee of the party.
In 1907 he published the newspaper "Dumsky Listok".
Since 1909 - professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, read the "Course of the History of Russia in the 19th century."
Bibliography
- Course of the history of Russia in the XIX century / Alexander Kornilov; [Intro. Art. A.A. Lewandowski]. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2004. - 862, p. ; 21 see - (Historical Library). Bibliography in note: p. 782-811. - Bibliography: p. 812-863. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-022290-4 (AST). - ISBN 5-271-07920-1 (Astrel).
- A course in the history of Russia in the 19th century / [Introduction. Art. A.A. Lewandowski]. - M.: Higher. school, 1993. - 445, p. ; 24 see - (Historical heritage). Bibliography at the end of the parts. - Bibliography. in note: p. 423-446. - 40000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-002838-0.
- Alexander II: [a course in the history of Russia in the 19th century] / A.A. Kornilov. - Moscow: Book World: Literature, 2007. - 301, p. ; 21 cm - (Great dynasties of Russia. Romanovs). On the reverse, tit. l. author: A.A. Kornilov, historian, writer. - In the region ed. not specified. - 18000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-486-01743-8.
- A course in the history of Russia in the 19th century (in three parts) - Moscow, 1912-1914
- The Young Years of Mikhail Bakunin. From the history of Russian romanticism (Moscow, 1914)
- Peasant reform in the Kaluga province under V.A. Artsimoviche" (St. Petersburg, 1904)
- Fiftieth Anniversary of the Literary Fund. 1859 - 1090" (St. Petersburg, 1909)
- Articles by Die Bauernfrage in Russen uber Russland (Frankfurt am Main, 1905) and The Napoleonic Wars and later History (in Russian Review)
Biography
The son of a Russian military journalist, a participant in the Crimean War, Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov (1834-1891). Graduated from Petersburg University.
He served as a commissar for peasant affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, then (until 1900) he was in charge of peasant and resettlement affairs under the Irkutsk governor-general.
In 1901, he was exiled to Saratov for participating in a protest of 42 writers against the beating of youth in St. Petersburg on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral.
In 1904 he lived in Paris, worked in the editorial office of P. B. Struve's magazine "Liberation".
After returning to Russia, he participated in the Union of Liberation and in the zemstvo congresses of 1905.
Participated in the formation of the party of the Cadets and in - years was the secretary of the Central Committee of the party.
In 1907 he published the newspaper "Dumsky Listok".
Since 1909 - professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, read the "Course of the History of Russia in the 19th century."
Bibliography
- Russian history course in the 19th century/ Alexander Kornilov; [Intro. Art. A.A. Lewandowski]. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2004. - 862, p. ; 21 see - (Historical Library). Bibliography in note: p. 782-811. - Bibliography: p. 812-863. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-022290-4 (AST). - ISBN 5-271-07920-1 (Astrel).
- Russian history course in the 19th century/ [Intro. Art. A.A. Lewandowski]. - M.: Higher. school, 1993. - 445, p. ; 24 see - (Historical heritage). Bibliography at the end of the parts. - Bibliography. in note: p. 423-446. - 40000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-002838-0.
- Alexander II: [a course in the history of Russia in the 19th century]/ A.A. Kornilov. - Moscow: Book World: Literature, 2007. - 301, p. ; 21 cm - (Great dynasties of Russia. Romanovs). On the reverse, tit. l. author: A.A. Kornilov, historian, writer. - In the region ed. not specified. - 18000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-486-01743-8.
- Russian history course in the 19th century(in three parts) - Moscow, 1912-1914
- The Young Years of Mikhail Bakunin. From the history of Russian romanticism(Moscow, 1914)
- Kornilov A.A. Peasant Reform. - St. Petersburg. : Ed. P.P. Gershunina, 1905. - 271 p.
- Peasant reform in the Kaluga province under V.A. Artsimoviche" (St. Petersburg, 1904)
- Fiftieth Anniversary of the Literary Fund. 1859 - 1090" (St. Petersburg, 1909)
- Articles Die Bauernfrage in the collection Russen uber Russland(Frankfurt am Main, 1905) and The Napoleonic Wars and later History(in the journal "Russian Review")
Sources
- Kornilov, Alexander Alexandrovich- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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See what "Kornilov, Alexander Alexandrovich" is in other dictionaries:
Kornilov, Alexander Alexandrovich writer. Born in 1862. He graduated from the course at St. Petersburg University. He served as commissar for peasant affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, then (until 1900) under the Irkutsk governor general, in charge of peasant ... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (1862 1925) Russian historian, public figure. Professor of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1909-23). Works on Russian history of the 19th century, about M. A. Bakunin and peasant reform 1861 … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Genus. 1862, mind. 1925. Historian, specialist in Russian history of the XIX in. He published studies on M. A. Bakunin and the peasant reform of 1861 ... Big biographical encyclopedia
Russian historian, writer. Graduated from Petersburg University. He served as Commissar for Peasant Affairs in the Kingdom of Poland, then (until 1900) under the Irkutsk Governor General. For participation in the protest of 42 writers ... Big soviet encyclopedia
- (1862 1925), historian. Professor of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1909-23). One of the founders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, a member of its Central Committee. Works on the history of Russia in the 19th century, about M. A. Bakunin and the peasant reform of 1861. * * * ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Kornilov. Alexander Aleksandrovich Kornilov Date of birth October 7, 1834 (1834 10 07) Date of death February 10, 1891 (1891 02 ... Wikipedia