Words related to ecology in Russian. Dictionary of environmental terms
The science of the relationship of living organisms with each other and environmental conditions. The main methods of science: observation, experiment, modeling, accounting for the number of individuals, etc. The term "ecology" was introduced by the German zoologist E. Haeckel (1866)
HABITAT is what surrounds the body. Main habitats: aquatic, terrestrial-aquatic, terrestrial-air, soil.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS- everything that has a direct or indirect effect on organisms.
ABIOTIC FACTORS- factors of inanimate nature - light, temperature, pressure, climate, water and air currents, composition of water, soil, air, etc.
BIOTIC FACTORS- wildlife factors, i.e. influence of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, viruses.
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- this is human influence (hunting, fishing, protection, extermination, pollution, plowing, logging, etc.).
BIOCENOSIS (COMMUNITY)- these are all species living together in some territory and interconnected with each other (for example, the biocenosis of a lake, a taiga forest, etc.).
BIOGEOCENOSIS (ECOSYSTEM) is a complex self-regulating system in which there is a relationship between living organisms and their living conditions ( biogeocenosis \u003d biocenosis + environmental conditions).
BIOTIC LINKS are different types of relationships between living organisms.
PREDATORY (-+)- the type of relationship when one organism eats another. There are predator-hunters (wolf, tiger, lion, etc.) and predator-gatherers (insectivores, herbivores). There are carnivorous plants (dew, venus flytrap, pemphigus, etc.)
COMPETITION (--) rivalry relations. The competition within the species and between related species is most acute, since they have common needs for food and living conditions. Examples: fox-wolf, owl - eagle owl, pine - birch, pike - perch, carp - crucian carp, etc.
NEUTRALISM (OO)- relationships when there are no direct links between species (wolves and grasshoppers, moose and squirrels, bees and hares)
COMMENSALISM (O+) A relationship in which one species benefits from another without harming it. There are several varieties: lodging (the use by insects of burrows, nests of other animals as a dwelling), parasitism (feeding jackals, hyenas, vultures with the remnants of food of predatory animals), companionship (food different parts of the same resource, for example, pine conifers and bark beetles, soil inhabitants that consume different plant residues)
AMENSALISM (O-)- relationships when one species is oppressed, and the other species is indifferent (for example, herbs growing under a spruce)
SYMBIOSIS (++)- mutually beneficial relationships between species. When living together is mandatory for both species, this is mutualism (symbiosis of birch roots and boletus mycelium, fungi and algae in the body of a lichen), if optional, then protocooperation (for example, meadow plants and their pollinators).
BIOLOGICAL OPTIMUM- this is the presence of all favorable conditions for the life of the organism.
PHOTOPERIODISM- this is the adaptability of organisms to a change in the length of daylight hours, i.e. to seasonal changes (spring and autumn molting, hibernation, seasonal flights and migrations, leaf fall, breeding season, nesting, mating games).
ANABIOSIS- this is the ability of organisms to endure adverse conditions in a state in which metabolism is reduced and all visible manifestations of life are absent (for example, the state of cysts in protozoa, spores in bacteria, winter and summer hibernation of animals)
ACCLIMATIZATION- physiological adaptation to the transfer of heat or cold.
WINTERING- fall into hibernation in winter.
DIAPAUSE- stop in development bad period of the year.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY FOR SURVIVAL- the desire of organisms to survive.
FOOD CHAINS (FOOD CHAINS)- these are sequential connections of organisms, when the organisms of the previous link are food for the next one.
PASTURE CHAINS (grazing chains)- food chains in which the first link is green plants (grass --- caterpillar --- tit ---- falcon)
DETRITE CHAINS (decomposition chains)- food chains that start with dead organics (leaf litter -> earthworm -> titmouse -> falcon)
TROPHIC LEVEL- all species that consume similar food (for example, all herbivores form one trophic level; carnivores - another level)
BENTHOS- all inhabitants of the bottom part of the reservoir (crabs, bivalves, sea anemones, octopuses, coral polyps, etc.)
PLANKTON- microscopic algae and animals living in the water column. Consists of phyto- and zooplankton.
NEKTON- large inhabitants of the water column (fish, squid, dolphins, whales, etc.)
PERIFITON- organisms attached to aquatic plants or underwater rocks (crustaceans, bivalves, sea acorns, sea squirts)
PLEYSTON- aggregate aquatic organisms floating on the surface of the water or in a semi-submerged state.
THE RULE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMID- when moving from one nutritional link to another, the biomass, the number of individuals and the amount of energy decreases several times (about 10 times). The reason for this pattern is that organisms spend 90% of food energy on vital processes (the energy of "breathing") , and only 10% goes to body growth and only this part goes to the next link in the food chain.
TOLERANCE- the ability of organisms to withstand changes in environmental conditions. Organisms with high tolerance can withstand wide ranges of environmental changes and are therefore more likely to survive, while those with low tolerance can only live under certain conditions.
BIONT- an inhabitant of the environment (hydrobiont - an inhabitant of the aquatic environment, geobiont (edaphobiont, pedofauna) - of the soil environment, stenobiont - an organism that requires strictly defined conditions, i.e. with low tolerance; eurybiont - an organism that can live in different conditions etc.)
LIFE FORM OF AN ORGANISM- the type of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions. For example, life forms in plants: trees, herbs, shrubs, creepers, succulents, etc.; in animals according to the method of movement - flying, jumping, crawling, burrowing, running, floating, attached, according to their habitat - waterfowl, forest, steppe, soil, etc.
TIERING- adaptability of plants, allowing more complete use of environmental resources: light, heat, moisture, soil nutrients. Layering is horizontal and vertical (in the soil).
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF THE ECOSYSTEM- these are three groups of organisms in any ecosystem that carry out the main processes in the ecosystem: producers, consumers, decomposers. Thanks to them, in the ecosystem there is a flow of substances and energy through food chains, which forms the basis of the circulation of substances, self-reproduction of the ecosystem.
PRODUCERS- these are producers of organic matter (autotrophs), i.e. plants, chemosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.
CONSUMERS are consumers of organic matter, i.e. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores. Consumers are of the 1st order (herbivorous insect, bird, etc.), 2nd order (insectivorous, fish-eating or predators), 3rd order (predators).
REDUCERS- these are the destroyers of organic matter (bacteria of decay and fermentation, mold fungi, soil mites, worms, carnivorous insects, animals that feed on the secretions of other animals, etc.).
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY- this is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand various impacts, maintain the relative constancy of the number of species and maintain the main processes in balance. Sustainability directly depends on the number of species! The greater the species diversity, the more stable the ecosystem! The reason for this pattern: the more species in the ecosystem, the more opportunities for organisms to have alternative types of food, and the more likely it is to survive - with a shortage of one food, it is possible to eat other food. Therefore, biodiversity is very important in nature, because this is an important condition for ecological balance in all nature, in the biosphere.
SELF-REGULATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM- the property of an ecosystem to maintain the number of individuals in populations at a relatively constant level. Self-regulation occurs due to the presence in the ecosystem of direct, reverse and indirect links between organisms. For example, an increase in the number of plants leads to an increase in the number of herbivores, and this leads to an increase in the number of predators (direct links). But an increase in the number of predators will eventually lead to a decrease in the number of herbivores, and an increase in the number of herbivores will lead to a decrease in the number of plants (feedback). Predators influence the abundance of plants through herbivores (indirect relationship).
ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY- this is the interconnectedness of organisms in an ecosystem, which does not allow them to exist without each other and ensures the flow of all processes in the ecosystem (the flow of substances and energy through food chains, self-regulation, the circulation of substances).
OPEN ECOSYSTEM- lies in the fact that an ecosystem can exist only when an influx of energy from the outside is carried out into it! (the openness of any system lies in the fact that it needs an influx of energy and nutrients from the outside)
SUCCESSION- this is a successive change in time of some ecosystems by others in a certain territory in the course of their self-development. For example, in the place of a small lake, a swamp may form due to gradual shallowing and drying; in place of the swamp - a meadow; in place of a forest - a meadow, in the place of a lifeless volcanic island, a forest can grow in centuries, etc. In the course of succession, processes always go in the direction of achieving equilibrium in the ecosystem - the climax!
CLIMAX- a state in an ecosystem when it is in equilibrium without outside interference.
PRIMARY SUCCESSION- the process of development of various ecosystems in lifeless territories (on sand dunes, on volcanic islands, on the site of rocky mountains). This succession is the longest since First, it takes time for the soil to form. Process sequence:
"Pioneers" settle in lifeless places, the first settlers are blue-green algae, lichens. When they die, they form a thin layer of soil on which mosses can first settle. Then, as the soil layer increases, grasses, shrubs, and trees can grow.
SECONDARY SUCCESSION is the development of one ecosystem in place of another. Causes of secondary successions: climate change (gradual waterlogging of the area due to a humid climate), natural disasters(earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.), human activity(deforestation, pollution, plowing, mining, etc.), pest or disease infestation. Note: if the soil layer disappeared during the secondary succession (due to soil erosion), the processes will follow the type of primary succession.
AGROCENOSES (agroecosystems, artificial ecosystems)- ecosystems created by man (fields, gardens, aquarium, gardens, ponds, forest plantations, parks, etc.) Signs of agrocenoses: a small number of species; short supply chains; open circulation of substances (because part of the substances is taken out with the harvest and requires the application of fertilizers to the soil); instability; processes are regulated by a person; in addition to the energy of the sun, the energy of machines, human labor, etc. are used.
RESERVES- specially protected natural areas where all types of human economic activity are prohibited. Only scientific research, observations are allowed.
RESERVES are specially protected natural areas where certain period years, some types of human economic activity that do not cause severe harm are allowed.
BIOSPHERE is a special shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined in the atmosphere by the action of UV rays (up to the ozone layer, i.e. at a height of 20-25 km), in the hydrosphere by the action of high pressure and the absence of light and lack of oxygen (at a depth of 11 km), in the lithosphere - high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen (at a depth of up to 3 km). The doctrine of the biosphere was created by V.I. Vernadsky, but the term "biosphere" was introduced by E Suess (1873).
NOOSPHERE ("sphere of mind")- a new state of the biosphere, when its existence depends on the rational economic activity of man. The term was introduced by V.I. Vernadsky.
BIOMASS (living matter of the biosphere) is the mass of all living organisms. Distinguish between land biomass, ocean biomass, plant biomass, animal biomass, soil biomass, etc. The distribution of biomass is different: in the biosphere, terrestrial biomass predominates, on land, plant biomass predominates (because biomass accumulation in plants predominates), animal biomass predominates in the World Ocean (because produced by plants (phytoplankton and algae) organic matter do not accumulate in them, but are immediately consumed by animals). Biomass decreases from the equator to the poles.
FUNCTIONS OF LIVING SUBSTANCE are the functions of living organisms on a global scale. There are 5 main biogeochemical functions:
- Gas- living organisms, through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, and azotobacteria, through participation in the nitrogen cycle, maintain a certain composition of the atmosphere.
- concentration- Living organisms are able to accumulate certain chemicals in themselves. Due to this, sedimentary rocks were formed on Earth (chalk, lime from calcareous mollusk shells, protozoa; silica from radiolarian shells), iron and sulfur ores (the result of the vital activity of sulfur and iron bacteria), peat (from sphagnum deposits), coal deposits (from remains of ancient ferns), etc. For example, carbon accumulates more in the body of plants, and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus accumulate in animals.
- redox- due to the metabolism in living organisms, some substances are formed (reduced), while others decay (oxidize). For example, during photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates, and during respiration, they are oxidized to carbon dioxide.
- Destructive- living organisms, participating in the destruction of dead organic matter to inorganic substances, contribute to the formation of soil and the biological cycle of substances in nature, and this is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere.
- Biochemical Various biochemical reactions are constantly taking place in living organisms.
BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE BIOSPHERE- this is global processes transformations of substances in nature, occurring as a result of movement chemical substances along trophic chains. This process is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere, i.e. all life on earth.
SOIL EROSION- the process of destruction of the fertile soil layer. Water erosion - leaching, wind erosion - weathering of the fertile layer. Causes: lack of plants, improper irrigation, improper plowing and tillage, etc.
RESISTANCE- the resistance of organisms to something.
URBANIZATION is the growth and development of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population.
AGGLOMERATION- a cluster around a large city of closely located settlements.
MEGAPOLIS- large urban agglomerations with more than 1 million people. (Bombay, Cairo, NY, Tokyo, Shanghai, Moscow, Beijing).
RESIDENTIAL ZONE (RESIDENTIAL ZONE)- zone of location of residential, administrative buildings, objects of culture, education.
DEACTIVATION- removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of objects, structures, etc.
ENVIRONMENT CAPACITY- the size of the ability of the natural or natural-anthropogenic environment to ensure the normal life of a certain number of organisms or communities without a noticeable violation of the environment itself.
IMMIGRATION- the process of natural penetration and settlement of living organisms in places where they did not previously live.
INTRODUCTION- the process of artificial introduction of species into places where they did not previously live (for example, the North American muskrat and mink in Siberia)
RECLAIM- a set of measures to improve the water and climate regimes of agroecosystems. There are hydromelioration (irrigation, drainage), agroforestry (creation of forest belts, fixing ravines, fighting erosion, landslides, etc.)
HEAVY METALS- metal, with a density of more than 8 thousand kg / cu. m. (lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, tin, bismuth, mercury, copper, nickel.)
CLEANING OF DRAINS- elimination of harmful impurities from wastewater in various ways: mechanical (settling, sedimentation, filtration, flotation), physicochemical (coagulation, neutralization, chlorination, ozonation), biological (biofiltration, passing through aerotanks).
PNEUMOCONIOSIS- a group of occupational diseases caused by inhalation of dusty air (sclerotic changes occur in the lungs): silicosis - by inhalation of quartz, sand, mica; silicatosis - by inhalation of silicate dust (talc, kaolin, etc.); anthracosis - by inhalation of coal dust, aluminosis - aluminum dust; siderosilicosis - iron and quartz dust; anthrasilicosis - coal and quartz dust.
FUNGICIDES- chemicals to combat fungal diseases of cultivated plants.
INSECTICIDES- insecticides.
HERBICIDES- chemicals for weed control.
eutrophication- "blooming" of the reservoir due to the rapid reproduction of algae in it as a result of pollution with mineral fertilizers.
EREMOFITS (psammophytes)- desert plants
EREMOPHILES- desert animals
rheophytes- plants of fast-flowing rivers or the surf of the sea (often have a ribbon-like shape).
ephemeroids- perennial organisms with a very short period of development, most they spend years at rest. For example, snowdrops, some insects (mayflies).
PATIENTS- plants that win in the struggle for existence due to their endurance (a kind of "camels" of the plant world)
DEFLATION- the process of wind erosion (weathering of the fertile part of the soil)
SCIENCES AND THEIR OBJECT OF STUDY:
AUTECOLOGY (factorial ecology)- studies the ecology of individuals.
DEMECOLOGY- ecology of small groups (populations)
SYNECOLOGY (biocenology)- community ecology
GLOBAL ECOLOGY- the ecology of the entire planet.
BIOSPHEROLOGY- ecology of the biosphere.
GEOECOLOGY- landscape (geographical) ecology.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY- deals with issues of environmental law, education, culture, medical ecology, environmental forecasting, industrial ecology, urban ecology, etc.
SYSTEMATIC ECOLOGY- ecology of various groups of organisms (fungi, plants, animals, etc.)
ETHOLOGY The science that studies the behavior of animals.
ARACCHNOLOGY- studies spiders
ALGOLOGY- studies algae
BRYOLOGY- studies mosses
LICHENOLOGY- studies lichens
MYCOLOGY- studying mushrooms
ORNITHOLOGY- studying birds
PROTOZOOLOGY- studies protozoa
ENTOMOLOGY- studies insects
PHENOLOGY- observation of seasonal changes in nature
DENDROLOGY- study trees
DEMOGRAPHY- studies the change in the number of people, gender and age structure in countries, cities, etc.
Information taken from publicly available sources
To the conditions environment, as well as any new signs that they have developed in the process (thus, a cactus thorn is a leaf that has adapted to an arid climate by reducing its surface area to reduce evaporation).
biome. One of the largest ecosystems forming a common ecosystem. Each of them is characterized by a climatic community and a special climate in this region.
Renewable energy sources. natural springs energy such as wind and water.
Deforestation. Mass clearing of forests for fuel or timber, and to clear land for new arable land or towns.
Genetic Engineering. Changing the genetic code to create organisms useful to humans. Genes carry information about the basic properties of an organism.
Natural selection. The theory of evolution put forward by Charles Darwin. She argues that within each species, those organisms that have managed to adapt better than others to environmental conditions are more likely to survive and reproduce. Therefore, the changes that allow them to adapt to new conditions are passed on to the next generations, which ensures the evolutionary development of the species as a whole.
pollution. The entry of foreign matter into the soil and natural cycles, as well as the presence of artificial chemicals or an excessive concentration of natural minerals in the soil, which causes great damage to it.
Protective coloration (mimicry). The use by plants or animals of a special coloration that allows them either to be less visible against the background of the environment, or to disguise themselves as other plants or animals.
intensive farming. Application latest methods to maximize yields, such as using chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and other chemicals, and growing the same crops every year in the same fields. These practices severely damage soils and alter natural cycles.
Irrigation. Irrigation of land, mainly through canals. With ill-conceived irrigation methods, the content in the topsoil can increase, and the land will become infertile.
Sources. All types of green plants that produce food from primary substances through the process of photosynthesis. They are the basis for all food chains.
disappearance. The extinction of animal and plant species and, as a result, their complete disappearance from the face of the Earth.
acid rain. Rain and snow containing poisonous chemicals that get into it due to pollution from industrial and automotive gases. Such rains kill many animals and plants, especially trees and algae, and cause serious damage to buildings and human health.
Climate. The set of weather conditions (, wind and humidity) characteristic of a given region.
climate community. A community of species that remains essentially unchanged until major climatic or ecological changes occur in the area (see also Continuity).
Integrated heat and power plants. High-efficiency power plants being built in cities. Use hot water from electricity generation to heat nearby homes, schools, etc.
Marginal (borderline) lands. Land suitable only for grazing and not suitable for agriculture.
Desert offensive. The process by which virgin soils ( locals commonly used as grazing land) become barren due to their ill-conceived exploitation and overly intensive practices. Agriculture or as a result of climate change.
Necrophages. Organisms that feed on dead organisms and decompose them into mineral compounds. Niche, ecological. The place that an organism occupies in its ecosystem. It includes the features of its nutrition and interaction with other organisms.
Ozone layer. The layer in the atmosphere that contains ozone gas, which blocks out very harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. However, some industrial gases gradually destroy it.
organic matter. Substances that are or have been part of the body. Contains carbon.
Greenhouse effect. Occurs when reflected solar heat is trapped by gases from the atmosphere and heats it up. Human activity, the result of which is an increase in the emission of gases into the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide), threatens general increase temperatures on earth.
A series of living organisms in which each previous species serves as food for the next. at the same time it is transferred from one level (see. Trophic levels) to another. All food chains in a single ecosystem are combined into a single food web.
Consumers. Organisms that feed on other organisms.
Continuity. A sequence of natural changes in a given habitat in which one community succeeds another until a new climatic community is formed.
Crop rotation. The principle of farming, in which different, specially selected crops are grown every year in a new field, within a cycle of four to five years. This helps control yields and avoid soil depletion.
Community. The totality of plants and animals in a given habitat.
Habitat. A defined area in which a community of plants and animals lives.
Territory. The area that one or more organisms occupy and defend against the invasion of rivals (most often - organisms of the same species).
Trophic levels. Various links in the food chain corresponding to organisms that obtain food and energy from the same sources.
Photosynthesis. The process by which plants use solar energy to obtain food (carbohydrates) from water and carbon dioxide.
Chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorine-based compounds used in aerosols, refrigerator freezers and in the production of polystyrene, which scientists believe are the main cause of ozone depletion.
Evolution. A long process of change in living organisms, lasting millions of years.
Environmentally friendly technologies. Application of methods that do not conflict with natural cycles and do not violate the ecological balance in the region (there are environmentally friendly technologies in forestry, agriculture, etc.).
Eco farming. Farming methods that take into account the natural cycles - for example, the use of only organic fertilizers (manure), natural pest control, and crop rotation.
Environmentally friendly technologies. Inventory, machinery and methods that those who need them have (for example, manual equipment instead of tractors where it is not possible to get engine oil and spare parts).
Ecosystem. A self-sufficient system consisting of a community of plants and animals in their environment, which are inextricably linked by metabolism and energy.
soil erosion. The process of destruction and death of the fertile topsoil - mainly due to rain and wind, but also due to intensive farming, deforestation and insufficient artificial irrigation. Lands become barren as a result of erosion.
Ecology(from the Greek "oikos" - dwelling, "logos" - science) - the science of the laws of the relationship of organisms, species, communities with the environment.
External environment - all conditions of animate and inanimate nature under which an organism exists and which directly or indirectly affect the state, development and reproduction of both individual organisms and populations.
Environmental factors(from Latin "factor" - cause, condition) - individual elements of the environment that interact with the body.
Abiotic factors(from the Greek "a" - negation, "bios" - life) - elements of inanimate nature: climatic (temperature, humidity, light), soil, orographic (relief).
Biotic factors - living organisms interacting and influencing each other.
Anthropogenic factor(from the Greek "anthropos" - a person) - the direct impact of a person on organisms or impact through a change in their habitat.
The optimal factor the most favorable intensity of the environmental factor for the organism (light, temperature, air, humidity, soil, etc.).
Limiting factor - environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism (beyond the permissible maximum or minimum): moisture, light, temperature, food, etc.
Endurance limit - the boundary beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible (icy desert, hot spring, upper atmosphere). For all organisms and for each species, there are boundaries for each environmental factor separately.
Ecological plasticity - the degree of endurance of organisms or their communities (biocenoses) to the effects of environmental factors.
Climatic factors - abiotic environmental factors associated with the influx of solar energy, the direction of the winds, the ratio of humidity and temperature.
photoperiodism(from the Greek "photos" - light) - the need of organisms for a periodic change of a certain length of day and night.
Seasonal Rhythm - the reaction of organisms regulated by photoperiodism to a change in the season (when autumn short day leaves fall from trees, animals prepare for overwintering; with the onset of a long spring day, the renewal of plants and the restoration of the vital activity of animals begin).
The biological clock - the reaction of organisms to the alternation during the day of a period of light and darkness of a certain duration (rest and activity in animals, daily rhythms of the movement of flowers and leaves in plants, the rhythm of cell division, the process of photosynthesis, etc.).
Hibernation - adaptation of animals to the transfer of the winter season (winter sleep).
Anabiosis(from the Greek "anabiosis" - revival) - a temporary state of the body, in which life processes slowed down to a minimum and there are no visible signs of life (observed in cold-blooded animals in winter and in the hot period of summer).
winter calm - adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of above-ground shoots in herbaceous life forms and leaf fall in woody and shrubby forms.
Frost resistance - the ability of organisms to endure low negative temperatures.
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Ecological system - a community of living organisms and their habitats, constituting a single whole based on food relations and ways of obtaining energy.
Biogeocenosis(from the Greek "bios" - life, "geo" - earth, "cenose" - general) - a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components are inextricably linked with inorganic ones.
Biocenosis - a community of plants and animals inhabiting the same territory, interconnected in the food chain and influencing each other.
population(from the French "population" - population) - a set of individuals of the same species occupying a certain area, freely interbreeding with each other, having a common origin, genetic basis and, to one degree or another, isolated from other populations of this species.
Agrocenosis(from the Greek "agros" - field, "cenosis" - general) - a biocenosis artificially created by man. It is not able to exist for a long time without human intervention, does not have self-regulation, and at the same time is characterized by high productivity (yield) of one or more species (varieties) of plants or animal breeds.
Producers(from Latin "producentis" - producing) - green plants, producers of organic matter.
Consumers(from Latin "consumo" - to use, spend) - herbivorous and carnivorous animals, consumers of organic matter.
decomposers(from Latin "reducer" - reduction, simplification of the structure) - microorganisms, fungi - destroyers of organic residues
Food chains- chains of interconnected species that sequentially extract organic matter and energy from the original food substance; each previous link is food for the next.
Nutritional level - one link in the food chain, represented by producers, consumers or decomposers.
Power supply networks complex relationships in the ecological system, in which different components consume different objects and themselves serve as food for various members of the ecosystem.
Ecological pyramid rule - the pattern according to which the amount of plant matter that serves as the basis of the food chain is about 10 times greater than the mass of herbivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less.
Self-regulation in biogeocenosis- the ability to restore internal balance after any natural or anthropogenic influence.
Population fluctuation - a successive increase or decrease in the number of individuals in a population, which occurs due to changes in the season, fluctuations in climatic conditions, fodder yields, natural disasters. Due to the regular repetition, fluctuations in population size are also called life waves or population waves.
Population regulation - organization of measures to regulate the number of individuals by their extermination or breeding.
Disappearing population - a population in which the number of species has declined to an acceptable minimum.
Commercial population - population, the extraction of individuals of which is economically justified and does not lead to the undermining of its resources.
Population overcrowding - a temporary state of a population in which the number of individuals exceeds the value corresponding to the conditions of normal existence. Most often associated with a change in biogeocenosis.
Density of life - the number of individuals per unit area or volume of a tone or other medium.
Self-regulation of numbers - limiting action ecological system, reducing the number of individuals to the average norm.
Change of biogeocenoses - the successive natural development of an ecological system, in which some biocenoses are replaced by others under the influence of natural environmental factors: swamps form in place of forests, and meadows in place of swamps. A change in biogeocenoses can also be caused by natural disasters (fire, flood, windfall, mass reproduction of pests) or human influence (deforestation, drainage or irrigation of land, earthworks).
Restoration of biocenosis - it is more natural to develop a sustainable ecological system capable of self-healing, which takes place in several stages over decades (after cutting or fire, the spruce forest is restored in more than 100 years) -
Restoration of biocenosis artificial - a set of measures to ensure the renewal of the former biocenosis by sowing seeds, planting tree seedlings, returning extinct animals.
Phytocenosis(from the Greek "phyton" - plant, "cenosis" - general) plant community, historically formed as a result of a combination of interacting plants in a homogeneous area of \u200b\u200bthe territory. It is characterized by a certain species composition, life forms, layering (aboveground and underground), abundance (frequency of occurrence of species), placement, aspect (appearance), vitality, seasonal changes, development (change of communities).
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Ufa State Aviation Technical University
Department "Safety of production
and industrial ecology"
Dictionary of environmental terms
Compiled by: Krasnogorskaya N.N., Legushs E.F.,
Methodical manual for /Ufa State Aviation Technical University; Comp. Krasnogorskaya N.N., Legushs E.F. Ufa, 2005. 36 p.
The methodological manual presents the basic terms and definitions of ecology and environmental protection.
Designed for students of technical universities.
ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT(from Greek. a is a negative particle and biotikos- vital, living) - a set of inorganic conditions (factors) of the habitat of organisms.
AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, AUTOTROPHS(gr. autos- myself, trophy- nutrition) - organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances using solar energy (phototrophs) or chemical bonds (chemotrophs); Autotrophs include plants and some bacteria.
AUTOCHTON(S)- living organisms that arose and initially evolved in a given place.
AGROCENOSIS(from the Greek agros - field and koinos - common) - a community of organisms living on agricultural lands, occupied by crops or planting of cultivated plants.
ADAPTATION(lat. adapto- fit) - adaptation of the body to various conditions of existence in the environment.
ALLELOPATHY(gr. allelon- each other, mutually, pathos- suffering) - the influence of cohabiting organisms of different species on each other through the release of waste products.
ALLOCHTON(S)- living organisms found in a given area, but originated outside of them.
ANTIGENS- substances alien to the body that cause the formation of antibodies in the blood and other tissues.
ANTIBODIES- proteins of the immunoglobulin group, which are formed in the human body and warm-blooded animals in response to the ingress of antigens into it and neutralize its harmful effect.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM(from Greek. antbropos- human, kentron- center) - the view that man is the center of the universe and the ultimate goal of the entire universe.
AREAL(lat. area- area, space) - part of the earth's surface (territory or water area), within which a given species is distributed and undergoes a full cycle of its development. taxon: species, genus, family.
BACTERIOPHAGE- A virus that infects microorganisms.
BACTERIA(O)CID- a chemical substance of organic origin that kills bacteria. Inorganic synthesized substances ( corrosive sublimate,formalin etc.) with the same effect are called antiseptics.
BENTAL- the bottom of the reservoir, inhabited by organisms that live on the ground or in its thickness.
BENTHOS- a set of organisms that live at the bottom of a reservoir
BIOGAS- a mixture of gases generated during the decomposition of waste (manure, straw) or organic household waste by cellulose anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria (approximate composition: methane - 55-65%, carbon dioxide - 35-45%, admixtures of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide).
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES- biogeochemical circulation of substances, the exchange of matter and energy between various components biosphere, due to the vital activity of organisms and bearing a cyclical nature. All biogeochemical cycles are interconnected and form the dynamic basis for the existence of life. The energy flows of the Sun and the activity of living matter serve as the driving forces of biogeochemical cycles, which leads to the movement of chemical elements.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES- the transfer of nutrients from inanimate nature (from the reserves of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and earth's crust) to living organisms and back to non-living environment. These cycles are caused by direct or indirect influence of solar energy and include the cycles of C, N, P, S, H 2 O and all other elements.
BIOGEOCOENOSIS- an evolutionarily developed, relatively spatially limited, natural system of functionally interconnected living organisms and their abiotic environment, characterized by a certain energy state, type and rate of metabolism and information. B. is an elementary ecosystem and geosystem.
BIOINDICATOR- a group of individuals whose presence, condition and behavior is used to judge changes in the environment, including the presence and concentration of pollutants.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS- periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY- the diversity of living organisms, as well as ecosystems and ecological processes, the links of which they are. Can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.
BIOM- (from Greek. bios- life and lat. aboutma- ending, totality) - a combination of various groups of organisms and their habitat in a certain landscape-geographical zone, for example, in the tundra, coniferous forests, arid zone. For example, the tropical rainforest biome.
BIOMASS- the total mass of individuals of a species, group of species or community of organisms, usually expressed in units of mass of dry or wet matter, related to units of area or volume of any habitat (kg / ha, g / m 3, kg / m 3, etc.)
BIOSPHERE(from Greek. bios- life; sphair- ball) - the shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms manifests itself as a geochemical factor on a planetary scale. B. - the largest ecosystem of the Earth - the area of \u200b\u200bsystem interaction alive and inert substance on the planet. It includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the Earth's lithosphere, inhabited by living organisms.
BIOTA(gr. biote- life) - a historically established set of living organisms, united by a common area of \u200b\u200bdistribution, living in some large territory, isolated by any (for example, biogeographic) barriers. Unlike biocenosis, biota includes species that may not have ecological links with each other.
BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT- a set of living organisms that exert their vital activity on other organisms.
BIOTOPE- a space occupied by a biocenosis that is relatively homogeneous in terms of abiotic factors of the environment.
BIOFILTER(biological filter) - a facility for biological wastewater treatment, built on the principle of gradual passage of the cleaned masses either through the thickness of the filter material covered with an active microbiological film, or through the space occupied by an artificially created community of cleaning organisms, for example. reeds.
BIOCHOR- a set of similar biotopes. Biochores are combined into biocycles.
BIOCENOSIS(gr. bios- life and koinos- common) - a community of producers, consumers and decomposers that are part of the same biogeocenosis and inhabit the same biotope. Part of the ecosystem
BIOCYCLE- a large subdivision of the biosphere, a set of biochores: sea, land and inland waters.
BOGARA- land in areas of irrigated agriculture, on which agricultural plants are cultivated without irrigation.
BONITET- an economically significant, as a rule, comparative natural characteristic (richness of soils, wood yield per 1 ha, ease of extraction of mineral raw materials, etc.) of an economically valuable group of objects or lands that distinguish them from other similar formations.
FOREST GROWTH- an indicator of the economic productivity of the forest area. Depends on natural conditions and human impact on the forest. It is characterized by the size of the growth of wood (often by the height of the plantation) at a comparable age. There are five quality classes from I (the most productive) to V.
SOIL GROWTH- its properties and the level of productivity of crops cultivated on it as a total indicator of fertility . Distinguished by natural areas and republics (regions).
SOIL BUFFERING- the ability of the soil to maintain an acidic reaction (pH). Acquired special significance in connection with acid precipitation.
VALENCE ECOLOGICAL- the degree of endurance, or a characteristic of the ability of living organisms to exist in a variety of environmental conditions.
VERMICIDE- means for the destruction of worms.
EXPLOSION DEMOGRAPHIC- a sharp increase in population associated with a change in socio-economic or general environmental conditions of life (including the level of healthcare).
PURIFIED WATER- water brought to the content of impurities in it that does not exceed the natural background or the permissible value.
WATER CONDITIONALLY CLEAN 1) water not polluted above the established limit or in which, with the addition of pure water, the concentration of pollutants has been brought to the level permitted by law; 2) wastewater, the discharge of which without treatment into a given water body does not lead to a violation of water quality standards in places of water use.
WATER IS PURE– water free of contaminants. From a sanitary point of view, V.h. - does not cause a deterioration in human health.
WATER DISPOSAL- 1) a set of sanitary measures and technical devices that ensure the removal of wastewater outside inhabited places or industrial enterprise; carried out from the sewer; 2) V. with the help of a drainage canal - freeing the river bed from water in order to carry out hydraulic engineering work in it or to protect some objects from flooding by the river during the period floods or flood.
WATER USE- the procedure, conditions and forms of use of water resources: 1) the use of water bodies to meet the needs of the population and the national economy; 2) the use of water for economic or domestic purposes without withdrawing them from water bodies, by “passing it through itself” (hydroelectric power plants or a water mill). V. is possible without changing the quality of water and with a change in its quality (including the species composition of the animal and plant world).
WATER CONSUMPTION– water consumption from a water body or from water supply systems. Distinguish returnable water - with the return of the withdrawn water to the source and irrevocable water - with its consumption for filtration, evaporation, etc.
WATER SUPPLY- re-entry of used water into technological cycles or household water supply networks after its treatment (in technological cycles sometimes without it). Technological edge V.o. - the use of water without its entry into natural cycles.
Water reuse - The use of wastewater discharged by the facility for water supply.
EMISSION MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE (MPE)- A scientific and technical standard established from the condition that the content of pollutants in the surface air layer from the source or their combination does not exceed the air quality standards for the population, flora and fauna (i.e. the maximum permissible concentration - MPC). Unit of measurement – g/s, t/year (volume (amount) of pollutant emitted by individual sources per unit of time).
Heterotrophic organisms, heterotrophs(Greek heteros - different, different, trohpe - nutrition) - organisms that use ready-made organic substances for nutrition. They live on autotrophs.
Hypodynamia(gr. hypo- at the bottom, dinamis- strength) violation of body functions with limited motor activity (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, nutrition, digestion).
Global(from lat. globe- ball) - covering the entire globe, planetary.
HOMEOSTASIS(IS)- the state of the internal dynamic balance of the natural system, supported by the regular renewal of its main structures, material and energy composition and the constant functional self-regulation of its components.
HOMOYOTHERM(IA)- the ability of animals (birds and most mammals) to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the ambient temperature.
Degradation(fr. degradation- stage) - gradual deterioration, loss of original qualities.
DISINFECTION- destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in humans and domestic animals during external environment physical, chemical and biological methods.
Demography(from Greek. demos- people, grapho- I write) - the science of population and the laws of its development.
DENITRIFICATION- the process of destruction of nitrates by a group of soil and water bacteria to molecular nitrogen.
Detritus(from lat. detritus- abraded) - small organic particles (the remains of decomposed animals, plants and fungi, together with the bacteria they contain), settled to the bottom of a reservoir or suspended in the water column.
Detritivores(from lat. detritus- worn and Greek. phagos- devouring) - aquatic and land animals that feed on detritus along with the microorganisms contained in it.
DEFLATION– blowing and grinding of rocks with mineral particles brought by the wind, the transfer of weathering products.
DIVERGENCE(from lat. divergence) - the process of divergence of signs in initially close groups of organisms in the course of evolution.
DOSE LETHAL (ABSOLUTE)LD- the minimum amount of a harmful agent, the entry of which into the body inevitably leads to its death.
DOSE is the amount of radiation measured by air ionization. The unit of measurement is roentgen.
DOSE OF ABSORPTION is the energy of any type of radiation absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. It is measured in rads, and for living tissue - in rem (X-ray biological equivalents).
DOSE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE (SDA) – maximum amount a harmful agent, the penetration of which into organisms (through breathing, food, etc.) or their communities does not yet have a detrimental effect on them. A one-time traffic rules and traffic rules are established for a certain period of time (hour, day, etc.).
DOSE TOXIC- the minimum amount of a harmful agent, leading to a noticeable poisoning of the body.
DOMINANT- a species that quantitatively predominates in a given community, as a rule, in comparison with similar forms or, in any case, those included in the same level of the ecological pyramid or vegetation layer.
HARDNESS OF WATER- the content in it of dissolved salts of alkaline earth metals - calcium, magnesium, etc. It is measured by the sum of milligram equivalents of calcium and magnesium ions contained in 1 liter of water. Distinguish the general Zh. v. (total quantity of the calcium and magnesium which are contained in water), removable and constant Zh. Depending on the general Zh. distinguish: very soft (up to 1.5 meq), soft (1.5 - 3 meq), moderately hard (3 - 6 meq), hard (7 - 9 meq), very hard (over 9 meq.) water. Until 1953 Zh. v. measured in degrees of hardness, showing how many grams of calcium oxide are contained in 100 liters of water. 1 degree of hardness is equal to 0.35663 meq. calcium or magnesium ions. In some countries and now Zh. measured in degrees.
Living matter- the totality of all living organisms, numerically expressed in elemental chemical composition, weight, energy; connected with the environment by the biogenic current of atoms, respiration, nutrition and reproduction.
product life cycle- A set of interrelated processes of sequential changes in the state of the product from the beginning of the study and justification of its development until the end of the service life. Product life cycle stages: research and development justification, development, production, operation (including decommissioning, decommissioning, transfer, disposal, destruction) and overhaul.
POLLUTION- The introduction into the environment or the occurrence in it of new, usually not characteristic of it physical, chemical, biological factors, leading to an excess in the considered time of the natural average long-term level of concentrations of the listed agents in the environment, and, as a result, to negative impacts on people and the environment . In its most general form, Z. is everything that is in the wrong place, at the wrong time and not in the amount that is natural for nature, which brings its systems out of balance, differs from the usually observed norm and / or is desirable for a person. .
ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION- Pollution resulting from human activities.
BIOLOGICAL POLLUTION- introduction into the environment and reproduction in it of organisms undesirable for humans. Accidental or occurring as a result of human activity, the penetration into ecosystems or technical devices of animal (bacteria) and / or plant species that are usually absent there.
CONTAMINATION PHYSICAL– Pollution of the environment, characterized by deviations from the norm of its temperature-energy, wave, radiation and other physical properties.
CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION - Pollution of the environment that is formed as a result of changes in its natural chemical properties or when chemicals enter the environment that are unusual for it, as well as in concentrations exceeding the background (natural) average long-term fluctuations in the amounts of any substances for the period under consideration.
MECHANICAL POLLUTION- Pollution of the environment by agents that have only a mechanical effect without physical and chemical consequences (for example, garbage).
LIGHT POLLUTION- A form of physical pollution of the environment associated with periodic or prolonged excess of the level of natural illumination of the area, including through the use of artificial lighting sources.
NOISE POLLUTION- A form of physical pollution resulting from an increase in the intensity and frequency of noise above the natural level, which leads to increased fatigue of people, a decrease in their mental activity, and when reaching 90 - 100 dB - gradual hearing loss.
ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION- A form of physical pollution of the environment associated with a violation of its electromagnetic properties.
FIELD POLLUTION- Energy pollution in the form of a stream elementary particles(including quanta of electromagnetic radiation), negatively affecting the state of living organisms.
thermal pollution (thermal)- A form of physical pollution of the environment, characterized by a periodic or prolonged increase in its temperature against the natural level.
pollution transboundary- Pollution of the environment, covering the territory of several states or entire continents and formed due to the transboundary transfer of pollutants.
Pollution global- Biospheric pollution of the external environment for the polluting object by physical, chemical or biological agents found far from sources of pollution and practically anywhere in the world.
RESERVE- a site within which (permanently or temporarily) certain types and forms of economic activity are prohibited to ensure the protection of one or more species of living beings, biogeocenoses, one or more ecological components or the general nature of the protected area.
RESERVE- a territory or water area specially protected by law, completely excluded from any economic activity (including visits by people) for the sake of preserving intact natural complexes (standards of nature), protecting species and monitoring natural processes.
RESERVE BIOSPHERIC- a representative landscape unit allocated in accordance with the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere" for the purpose of its conservation, research (and/or monitoring). May include completely untouched by economic activity or little changed ecosystems, often surrounded by exploited lands. As an exception, it is allowed to allocate territories of ancient development. The representativeness (representativeness, specificity, and not uniqueness) of these territories is especially emphasized.
SOIL SALINATION– an increase in the content of easily soluble salts (sodium carbonate, chlorides and sulfates) in the soil, due to the salinity of soil-forming rocks, the introduction of salts by ground and surface waters, but more often caused by irrational irrigation. Soils are considered saline if the content of salts is more than 0.25% in the solid residue (for gypsum-free soils).
WASTE DISPOSAL- placing them underground, in geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines, sometimes specially created cavities) or deepest depressions seabed without the possibility of recovery.
"GREEN REVOLUTION"- a significant increase in the third quarter of the 20th century in the production of cereals (wheat, rice, corn) based on the success of breeding.
SANITARY PROTECTIVE ZONE- a strip separating an industrial enterprise from a residential area ( locality).
ZONE RESIDENTIAL (RESIDENTIAL)- an area of a settlement intended exclusively or almost exclusively for the placement of housing with the withdrawal from it or the prohibition of the construction of industrial facilities in it.
ZONE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK- places on the surface of the land and in the waters of the world's oceans, where human activity can create dangerous environmental situations, for example. zones of underwater oil production on the sea shelf, areas of the sea that are dangerous for passing tankers, where they may be involved in an accident with an oil spill, etc.
ZONING THE NATIONAL PARK- dividing its territory into sections with different modes of operation. As a rule, 3-4 zones are distinguished: protected, economic and recreational (in addition to the buffer zone also named).
ZOOPLANKTON- a set of animals that live (as a rule, freely floating) in the water column of marine and freshwater reservoirs and are able to resist the transfer by currents. Z. - component plankton. Z., although very rarefied, occurs almost to the maximum depths of the World Ocean.
ZOOPHAG- an organism that feeds on animals, a carnivorous species.
RADIATION VISIBLE- optical radiation with a wavelength of 740 nm (red light) to 400 nm (violet light), which causes visual sensations in humans. According to other sources, the wave range of I. century. – from 380 to 770 nm.
RADIATION SOUND(sound) - excitation of sound waves in an elastic (solid, liquid, gas) medium. Audible sound - 16 Hz - 20 kHz, infrasound - less than 16 Hz, ultrasound - 21 kHz - 1 GHz and hypersound - more than 1 GHz.
INFRARED RADIATION- optical radiation with a wavelength of 770 nm (i.e. more visible) to 1 - 2 mm, emitted by heated bodies.
IONIZING RADIATION- electromagnetic (X-rays, gamma rays) and corpuscular (alpha-particles, beta-particles, the flow of protons and neutrons) radiation, to one degree or another penetrating into living tissues and producing changes in them associated with the "knocking out" of electrons from atoms and molecules, or direct and indirect production of ions. In doses exceeding natural (radiation background), I.i. harmful to organisms.
RADIATION OPTICAL (LIGHT) – electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 1 nm (X-rays) to 1 mm (beginning of the radio emission range).
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION- emission of alpha, beta and gamma rays.
RADIATION ULTRAVIOLET- invisible to the eye electromagnetic radiation within the wavelengths of 400-10 nm.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION- the process of emission of electromagnetic waves and the variable field of these waves.
INVERSION ATMOSPHERIC (TEMPERATURE, GAS)- the displacement of cooled layers of air (gases) down and their accumulation under layers of warm air (this is facilitated by hollows, valleys, and other negative forms of relief), which leads to a decrease in the dispersion of pollutants and an increase in their concentration in the surface part of the atmosphere.
Immunity(from lat. immunitas- getting rid of something) - the body's immunity to infectious agents and foreign substances.
INDEX (INDICATOR) OF SPECIES BIODIVERSITY- the ratio between the number of species and any indicator of "significance" (number of individuals, biomass, productivity etc.). Species diversity trophic group are determined by Ch. arr. rare species, while indicators of "significance" - few species - dominants.
Information- 1) information about something; 2) a message that reduces uncertainty; 3) knowledge necessary for making a decision or managing some processes.
INTRODUCTION- intentional or accidental transfer of individuals of any living species outside the range.
IONOSPHERE- a layer of the atmosphere (lower I. - from 50 - 80 to 400 - 500 km, upper I. - up to several thousand km), characterized by a significant number of positively ionized molecules and atoms of atmospheric gases and free electrons. I. plays important role in the propagation of short-range radio waves on earth, auroras and ionospheric magnetic storms are observed in it, reflecting on the state of terrestrial organisms.
SOURCE OF POLLUTION- 1) point of release of substances (pipe, etc.); 2) an economic or natural facility that produces a pollutant; 3) the region where the pollutants come from (for long-range and transboundary transport); 4) extra-regional background of pollution accumulated in the environment (in air - CO 2, in water - their acidity, etc.).
CADASTRE- a systematized set of data, including a qualitative and quantitative inventory of objects or phenomena, in some cases with their economic (environmental-socio-economic) assessment. It contains their physical and geographical characteristics, classification, data on dynamics, degree of study and environmental, socio-economic assessment with the application of cartographic and statistical materials.
CARCINOGEN- a substance or physical agent that promotes the development of malignant neoplasms or their occurrence.
QUARANTINE- a system of measures that ensures the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and the penetration of unwanted species of organisms into places where they do not yet live.
SOIL ACIDITY is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution (active or actual acidity) and in the soil absorbing complex (potential acidity).
CLARK CHEMICAL ELEMENT- numerical estimate of the average content of a chemical element in the earth's crust, lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,biosphere, its living matter, the Earth as a whole, in various rocks, space objects, etc. It is expressed in units of mass (percentage, g / t, etc.) or atomic percent.
CLIMAX- the "final" phase of biogeocenotic succession, or the "final" succession stage of the development of biogeocenoses for these conditions of existence (including anthropogenic, for example, "fire climax").
CLONE- 1) a group of individuals in same-sex organisms that reproduce by division, budding, fragmentation, etc., consisting of the offspring of one individual; 2) genetically homogeneous vegetative offspring of one individual.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE RESIDUAL QUANTITIES (MAR) - the amount of harmful substances in food products that can accumulate in fish and other organisms.
COMMENSALISM- permanent or temporary cohabitation of individuals of different species, in which one of the partners feeds on the remains of food or excretory products of the other, without harming him.
TERRITORIAL-PRODUCTIVE COMPLEX (TPK)- a group of enterprises and institutions that perform a certain national economic function and are interconnected, in addition to production relations, by the joint use of territories, natural and labor resources located on this territory, as well as industrial infrastructure (structures, buildings, transport systems that are not directly related to the production of material goods) but necessary for the production process). It often has a specialization based on the territory's leading natural resource (eg, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly). An interconnected set of TICs constitutes a regional TIC, which serves as the basis for the formation of an economic region.
COMPOST- fertilizer obtained as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances, including from municipal waste.
CONVERGENCE– the emergence of similar external features in species and biotic communities of different origin as a result of a similar lifestyle and adaptation to similar environmental conditions (for example, the body shape of a shark and a dolphin, the appearance of deciduous forests in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America).
COMPETITION- rivalry, competition, any antagonistic relationship between individuals of the same or different species, determined by the desire to better and sooner achieve some goal compared to other members of the community; one of the manifestations of the struggle for existence; allocate intraspecific, interspecific, direct, and indirect K.
CONSORTION(S)- a set of heterogeneous organisms that are closely related to each other and depend on the central member, the core of the community (individual consortium: core - one individual; population consortia: core - population or species as a whole; synusial consortia: core - species that make up one ecobiomorph, for example. , mesophilic dark coniferous trees). The role of the central member of K. is usually played by the edificator species .
PRIMARY CONSUMER (FIRST ORDER)- an organism that eats plant foods.
SECONDARY CONSUMER (SECOND ORDER)- an organism that feeds on animal food.
MAXIMUM SINGLE CONCENTRATION (MAC MR ) - the concentration of a pollutant in the air (in populated areas), which does not cause reflex reactions in the human body.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MAC)- the amount of a harmful substance in the environment, with constant contact or exposure for a certain period of time, which practically does not affect human health and does not cause adverse effects in its offspring. In recent times, when determining MPC, not only the degree of impact of pollutants on human health is taken into account, but also the impact of these pollutants on wild animals, plants, fungi, microorganisms, as well as on natural communities as a whole.
AVERAGE DAILY MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MAC SS ) - the concentration of a pollutant in the air that does not have a direct or indirect harmful effect on a person during round-the-clock inhalation.
COPROPHAGE- an organism that feeds on the droppings of other animals (for example, dung beetles).
RED BOOK– a list of rare and endangered organisms; an annotated list of species and subspecies indicating the current and past distribution, abundance and reasons for its decline, reproduction features, already adopted and necessary measures for the protection of species. There are international, national (on a national scale), and local variants of K. k., as well as separately K. k. of plants, animals, and other systematic groups.
SURVIVAL CURVE- a graph showing the number of individuals of a species that have survived to a certain period of time. It is constructed by depositing on the abscissa of time in years or as a percentage of the average (deviation of the registered age from the average life expectancy) or absolute life expectancy, and along the ordinate axis - the number of surviving individuals per 1 thousand born.
A crisis(from Greek. krisis- decision, turning point, outcome) - a difficult, difficult situation.
CRYOPHIL- an organism that lives in melt water on the surface of ice or snow, as well as in water that impregnates sea ice. The mass development of algae colors the snow (eg "red snow") or ice.
CRYOPHYT- cold-resistant plant of dry habitats.
CRYPTOFIT- a perennial herbaceous plant, the terrestrial organs of which die off in a season unfavorable for vegetation, and renewal buds are laid on rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and lie deep in the ground (geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes).
CRITERION ENVIRONMENTAL- a sign on the basis of which the assessment, definition or classification of ecological systems, processes and phenomena is carried out. K.e. may be environmental protection(preservation of the integrity of the ecosystem, living species, its habitat), anthropoecological(impact on a person, on his population) and economic(up to the impact on the entire system of "society - nature").
CIRCLE OF BIOTIC EXCHANGE LARGE (BIOSPHERIC)– a non-stop planetary process of a regular cyclic, uneven in time and space, redistribution of matter, energy and information, repeatedly entering (except for a unidirectional energy flow) into continuously renewing ecological biospheres.
CIRCLE OF BIOTIC EXCHANGE SMALL (BIOGEOCENOTIC) - multiple non-stop, cyclic, but uneven in time and non-closed circulation of a part of substances, energy and information, included in the biospheric circle of exchange, within the elementary ecological system - biogeocenosis. The degree of material closure of C.b.o.m. (b.) is very significant (for phosphorus, for example, globally ca. 98%, in the taiga - 99.5%). In agrocenoses, this indicator falls sharply (in terms of phosphorus, from 1900 to 1980, it fell from 80 to 39%), which leads to eutrophication of water bodies and other adverse consequences.
XENOBIOTIC(from Greek. xenos- alien) - any substance alien to a given organism or their community (pesticides, household chemicals, etc., pollutants) that can cause a violation of biotic processes, including disease and death of living organisms.
XEROPHIL- an organism adapted to life in conditions of lack of water, and therefore living in places with low humidity (from animals - lizards, turtles, etc.).
XEROPHYTE- a xerophilous plant that endures temporary wilt with a loss of 50% moisture or is able to live in arid areas. There are various categories of K. Real K. - wormwood, gray-haired veronica, etc.
culture(from lat. culture- cultivation, processing) - a way of adapting and organizing people's life, a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.
CUMULATION- 1) increase, collection, concentration of the active principle (eg, increase in the concentration of pesticides in the food chain);
2) the summation of the action of a drug or poison introduced into the body with a sharp increase in the effect or the appearance of new signs, often unfavorable (med.).
LANDSCAPE- a natural system homogeneous in terms of development, the main category of territorial division of the geographical envelope. A natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and wildlife are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system that is homogeneous in terms of development. According to the nature of the impact on humans, the landscape is divided into topophilic (attractive) and topophobic (irritating).
LARVICIDE- a substance used to combat insect larvae (including butterfly caterpillars).
Limiting (limiting) factor- a limiter for the flow of any process or the existence of an organism.
The limiting sign of harmfulness- a sign characterized by the lowest harmless concentration of a substance in water
LITHOSPHERE- the upper solid shell of the Earth, folded rocks and their derivatives of volcanic origin, sedimentary biogenic compounds, weathering products. Gradually passes with depth into spheres with a lower strength of the substance. Includes the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The thickness of L. is 50-200 km, including the earth's crust - up to 75 km on the continents, 10 km under the ocean floor.
LICENSE- a permit (usually paid), issued by specially authorized state bodies, for the right to single or repeat an agreed number of times during the time specified in L., an economic action or action affecting the economy (shooting of game, catching fish, release of products of a certain kind, descent of pollutants, trade, use of an invention protected by a patent, etc.).
Local(lat. localis- local) - relating to a limited area.
LUMBRICIDE- a substance used to fight worms.
MAGNETOSPHERE- the zone of manifestation of the magnetic properties of the cosmic body. The structure and properties of M. are essential for life on Earth (M. detains high-energy particles coming from space) and space research. There is still a strictly unproven opinion about the possibility of the influence of human economic activity on the Earth's minerals.
MANGARS (MANGROVES, MANGROVES)- thickets of evergreen low-stemmed (up to 10 m) trees and shrubs with aboveground respiratory roots growing on the coasts of tropical and subtropical seas in the tidal zone.
MARGINALITY- 1) marginal, borderline position of a natural formation, for example, semi-desert and desert strips; 2) unsettled, “borderline” social position of the individual, its flawed socio-psychological status (in relation to self-consciousness). Marginal individuals usually have increased activity (hence M. is one of the reasons for passionarity).
MESOSPHERE- the layer of the atmosphere lying above the stratosphere, within 50 - 80 km above the earth's surface, and replaced by the thermosphere: it is characterized by a decrease in temperature with height (from about 0 to -90 ° C).
MELANISM- the phenomenon of the dark color of animals, depending on the presence of pigments (melanins) in their integuments. Industrial moth - the emergence of dark forms of butterflies (more than 70 species) as a result of natural selection of melanists in habitats polluted with soot.
HABITAT OF THE SPECIES- a spatially limited set of conditions of the abiotic and biotic environment, providing the entire development cycle of individuals, populations or species as a whole, - a place (territory, water area) with certain conditions where this type of living thing is found (cf. Station).
METAL HEAVY- with a density of more than 8 t / m 3 (except for noble and rare). Treat M. t.: Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cj, Sb, Sn, Bi, Hg. In applied works to the list of M.t. often add also Pt, Ag, W, Fe, Au, Mn. Almost all M.t. toxic. Anthropogenic dispersion M.t. (including in the form of salts) in the biosphere leads to poisoning or the threat of poisoning the living.
weather sensitivity(gr. meteora- atmospheric phenomena) - the body's sensitivity to weather changes.
MYCORRHIZA- the symbiotic habitation of fungi on the roots and in the tissues of the roots of plants, which ensures that the symbionts receive part of the nutrients from each other.
MICROCOSM- 1) an ecosystem, an extremely limited microecosystem in extent (often an artificial one is meant). Widely used to model large ecosystems; 2) a figurative expression for denoting the "world" of a single grain of sand, a drop, an atoll, etc. (lit. "miniature world").
MINERALIZATION- 1) the process of decomposition of organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water and simple salts, occurring with or without participation decomposers; 2) concentration of salts in waters; expressed in mg / l, g / l, g / m 3 and% 0; with an increase in the dryness of the climate, as a rule, it increases: for example, water in the river. Pechora has M. 40 mg / l, and in the river. Emba - 164 mg / l.
outlook- a system of generalized views on the world and a person's place in it, beliefs, ideals, values due to these views.
ECOLOGICAL WORLD VIEW- a deep awareness of the vital need to preserve the common living environment for all mankind. Component of ecological culture.
Modeling(from lat. modulus- measure, sample) - a method of indirect study of objects of reality on their natural or artificial counterparts - models. At present, computer modeling has become widespread, where the analogue of the object of study is its mathematical description entered into the computer.
MONITORING(from English. monitor- warning) - observation, assessment and forecast of the state of various environmental parameters. It is customary to divide M. into basic, or background, M. global, M. regional and M. impact, as well as methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, human environment).
MUSEUM-RESERVE- a group of specially protected cultural objects in nature and within populated areas. Including historical, architectural and natural M.-z. (Valaam, Solovetsky, etc.), memorial natural M.-z. (eg, Gorki Leninskie) and purely architectural M.-z. inside cities or specially created (Kizhi, Small Karely, etc.).
Mutagenesis(lat. mutatio- change,genes- giving birth) - the process of occurrence in the body of hereditary changes - mutations.
TURBIDITY OF THE WATER- the content of suspended solids per unit volume of a mixture of water and these substances, expressed in weight units (g / m 3, mg / l) or volume units. M. w., as a rule, increases in water bodies as it approaches the shore (depends on the waves that erode the shore), and in watercourses - from the surface to their bottom (increases with the current, which erodes the bottom sediments). Maximum M.w. seen during floods. Usually M.v. grows with a decrease in the water content of the area: in the rivers of the forest belt of the European part of Russia, it ranges from 50 - 100 g / m 3, forest-steppe - 100 - 200 g / m 3, in the steppe and semi-desert - 250 - 500 g / m 3. The most muddy river in the world is the Huang He (35 - 40 thousand g / m 3).
MUTUALISM- 1) a form of symbiosis, in which each of the cohabitants receives a relatively equal benefit: 2) a form of coexistence of organisms, in which partners or one of them cannot (cannot) exist without each other (without a cohabitant). For example, termites and some microorganisms of their intestines, which convert wood cellulose into digestible substances; 400 - 500 species of microorganisms live in the human stomach and intestines, many of which a person cannot do without.
NEISTON- a set of living creatures that live near the surface of the water, on the verge of water and air environment(then a surface film up to 5 cm deep into the waters). Sometimes only the population of the surface film is distinguished - hyponeuston .
necrophage- an organism that feeds on dead animals (lit. corpse-eater).
NICHE ECOLOGICAL- the place of a species in nature, including not only the position of the species in space, but its functional role in the community (for example, trophic status) and its position relative to abiotic conditions of existence (temperature, humidity, etc.). If a habitat is, as it were, an “address” of an organism, then AD This is his "profession".
NOOSPHERE(from Greek. nö os- mind andspbaire-ball)- letters. "thinking shell", the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and development of mankind in it. The formation of the noosphere assumes that human activity in various fields is based on a comprehensive scientific knowledge of natural and social activities, that the political unity of mankind will be achieved, wars will be excluded from the life of society, and the basis of the cultures of all peoples inhabiting the Earth will be eco-humanistic values and ideals.
WATER RATE- the established amount of wastewater discharged per person or per conventional unit of production, characteristic of this production.
RATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION- the established amount of water per inhabitant or a conventional unit of production (a unit of measurement in the service sector). In Russia, one of the highest in the world N.V. - in Moscow up to 500 liters per day for 1 person.
EMISSION RATE– total gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. Volume N.v. is determined on the basis that the cumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the MPC.
PRODUCTION RATE- 1) a limit on the removal of individuals from a population, which establishes the number and sex and age composition of animals with the expectation of maintaining the natural density and structure of populations or changing them to an economically feasible level; 2) a certain restriction on the production of a given species of animal or group of animals (for example, ducks by an individual hunter in one day, etc.).
RESOURCE WITHDRAWAL RATE– a scientifically based limit of extracted natural resources (mineral values, forests, populations of terrestrial and marine animals, invertebrates, biomass of mushrooms, berries), ensuring their self-recovery or rational gradual use. NORM SANITARY AND HYGIENIC- a qualitative-quantitative indicator, the observance of which guarantees safe or optimal living conditions for a person (for example, the norm of living space per family member, the norm of water, air quality, etc.). Synonym - hygienic standard.
ENVIRONMENT QUALITY REGULATION(water, air, soil) - establishing the limits within which a change in its natural properties is allowed. Usually, the norm is determined by the reaction of the type of organisms most sensitive to changes in the environment (the indicator organism), but sanitary-hygienic and economically feasible standards can also be established.
WASTE DEHYDRATION- technological method of separating water from waste or waste for the purpose of their further processing (briquetting, incineration, etc.).
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION BIOLOGICAL– destruction of their harmful components, and in sewage- organic substances of microorganisms - by a random combination of them or with the help of specially selected cultures.
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION THERMAL- their processing at a temperature of 600 - 1000 ° C in special reactors.
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION PHYSICAL- exposure to them by physical agents - radiation, light, etc. In order to destroy dangerous or harmful components.
WASTE NEUTRALIZATION CHEMICAL- binding of harmful substances from waste into harmless compounds during a chemical reaction.
NEUTRALIZATION- complex measures aimed at: 1) suppression of the focus of an infectious or natural focal disease (med.); 2) destruction of formed or artificially distributed poisons (sanitary); 3) destruction of quarantine species of plants and animals (agricultural); 4) sterilization of instruments, materials, premises.
PROJECT RATIONALE ENVIRONMENTAL- proof of the probable absence of adverse environmental consequences (deviation from the accepted standards) the implementation of the proposed project and, conversely, the improvement in the course of its implementation of the conditions for people's lives and the functioning of the economy. It is of a probabilistic nature, since the visible pros and cons, due to the uncertainty factor and the principle of incomplete information, may not be realized by the primary (pre-project) environmental review. O. p. e. can be considered implemented only under the condition of the maximum (preferably one hundred percent) probability of obtaining pluses and the minimum (preferably complete) absence of minuses in the accepted normative scale. The completeness and information content of such a scale depends on the level of knowledge. In each particular case, this level should be the maximum possible for a given stage in the development of science.
OZONE SHIELD- the layer of the atmosphere within the stratosphere, lying at altitudes of 7-8 km. At the poles, 17-18 km. At the equator and up to 50 km (with the highest ozone density at altitudes of 20-22 km) above the surface of the planet and characterized by an increased concentration of ozone molecules (10 times higher than at the Earth's surface), absorbing ultraviolet radiation, fatal to organisms.
ORGANISM(from Latin organizo - arrange, give a slender appearance) - here: a living being, an individual with a systemic structure.
WASTE- types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of this product, its unused residues or substances arising in the course of technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that are not subject to utilization in the production under consideration (including in agriculture and in construction).
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION– neutralization of waste with the help of biological objects (by passing through thickets of aquatic plants, activated sludge, sawdust, etc.).
WATER PURIFICATION– elimination of foreign impurities from waters (including living organisms) using mechanical, physicochemical (chlorination, ozonation, etc.) and biological methods.
AIR CLEANING– removal of foreign impurities from the air and bringing its quality to natural with the help of physico-chemical methods.
FLOOD- a relatively short-term and non-periodic rise in the water level resulting from the rapid melting of snow during a thaw, glaciers during a sharp increase in temperature, and heavy rains. P. following one after another can form high water. Significant P. is able to cause flood.
MONUMENT OF NATURE- objects of nature are often associated with some historical events or persons, distinguished as natural protected areas of small size (geological outcrop, very old tree, exotic group of perennial plants, unusual spring) with their immediate surroundings. Natural monuments are declared unique or typical, valuable in scientific, cultural, educational and recreational terms. natural objects, which are small tracts (rivers, lakes, sections of valleys and coasts, noteworthy mountains) and individual objects (rare and reference geological outcrops, reference areas of mineral deposits, waterfalls, caves), as well as natural objects of artificial origin (old alleys and parks , sections of abandoned canals, ponds), not recognized as monuments of history and culture or not included in the unified natural and historical monuments. Meteorites found on the territory of the Russian Federation are also subject to protection.
PARK NATIONAL- a vast territory, including specially protected natural (not affected by humans) landscapes or parts thereof, intended, in addition to the main task of preserving natural complexes intact, mainly for recreational purposes. It has a special administrative department that implements land use throughout the park or its protected area. Territory P. n. zoned.
Greenhouse effect- the effect of heating the surface layer of air due to the absorption by the atmosphere of the thermal radiation of the earth's surface. It increases with an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, freons, etc.) and water vapor in the atmosphere. Leads to climate warming.
PACKAGE- a structural part of a phytocenosis (biogeocenosis), embracing its entire thickness and distinguished by population density certain types plants (mainly dominants) and the characteristics of the microenvironment.
PASTEURIZATION- the destruction of organisms by prolonged heating at a temperature not exceeding 100 ° C, and with radiation P. - the destruction of organisms by gamma radiation.
BIOMASS PYRAMID- the ratio between producers, consumers (of the first and second order) and decomposers in the ecosystem, expressed in their mass (the number is the pyramid of the Elton number, the enclosed energy is the pyramid of energies) and depicted in the form of a graphical model (such models are called ecological pyramids).
PLANKTON- a set of organisms passively floating in the water column ( algae, protozoa, some crustaceans (krill) molluscs, etc.), incapable of independent movement over long distances. A distinction is made between phytoplankton and zooplankton, with limnoplankton in lakes and potamoplankton in rivers. Synonym - bioseston.
PLEYSTON- inhabitants (usually passively floating or semi-submerged) of a relatively thin (usually up to 15 m deep) surface layer of water in the ocean or continental reservoir with special environmental conditions resulting from the direct interaction of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Examples: sargasso algae, duckweed and other organisms.
POLLUTANT- a substance that pollutes the environment of life (usually it means anthropogenic municipal, industrial or agricultural pollution).
FLOOD- annually repeating, usually in the same season of the year, a relatively long and significant increase in the water content of the river, causing a rise in its level, which, as a rule, is accompanied by the release of water from the channel and flooding of the floodplain.
GREEN SOUND PROTECTION STRIP- a strip of tree and shrub vegetation separating the source of noise (highway, railway, roadway from the street, etc.) from residential, administrative or industrial buildings. A hedge 15–20 m wide in summer reduces noise by at least 10 dB, i.e. 10 times.
FOREST PROTECTIVE STRIP- forest and non-forest areas allocated on the lands of the state forest fund adjacent to roads; designed to protect roads from snow and sand drifts, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, landslides, wind and water erosion, to reduce noise, perform sanitary and aesthetic functions, to protect moving vehicles from adverse roads at least 50 m on each side roads, along highways - 25 m (GOST 17.5.3.02 - 79).
IRRIGATION FIELDS- areas intended for biological wastewater treatment and usually used for agricultural or forestry purposes.
FILTRATION FIELDS- territories intended (usually specially arranged) for biological wastewater treatment from pollutants and, as a rule, not used for other purposes.
population(from lat. populus- people, population) - a set of individuals of the same species that have a common gene pool and occupy a certain territory. Contacts between individuals within the same population are more frequent than between individuals from different populations.
NATURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL- 1) the ability of natural systems, without prejudice to themselves and to people, to give the products necessary for mankind or to perform useful work for him within the framework of the economy of a given historical type. For mineral resources, pollution of the planet's surface, changes in the seismic situation, etc. can be a limitation. In other words, P. p.-r. is that part natural resources Earth and the nearest space, which can be really involved in the economic activity of society with the condition of preserving the living environment of mankind. Economically valued P. p.-r. within the geographical framework of the state, it is part of the national wealth of the country; 2) theoretically the limiting amount of resources that can be used by humanity of the finite whole planet and its immediate environment, i.e. without undermining the conditions under which a person can exist and develop as a biological species and a social organism. It is determined by the level of ecological balance of the biosphere and its large subdivisions, which constitute the limits for such existence and development.
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (BOD)- an indicator of water pollution, characterized by the amount of oxygen, which for a specified time (usually for 5 days, BOD 5) went to the oxidation of chemical pollutants contained in a unit volume of water.
NATURE MANAGEMENT- the totality of all forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. P. includes: a) the extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction; b) use and protection natural conditions living environment and c) preservation (maintenance), reproduction (restoration) and rational change of the ecological balance (balance, quasi-stationary state) of natural systems, which serves as the basis for preserving the natural resource potential of the development of society;
PRODUCTIVITY BIOLOGICAL(from lat.producere - to produce to create) - the rate of accumulation of biomass, i.e. biomass produced by a population or community per unit area per unit time; total or gross primary productivity should also include energy and biogenic volatile substances (gases, aerosols).
PRODUCTIVITY SECONDARY- biomass, as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by all consumers per unit area per unit of time, or the rate of accumulation of the biomass of consumers.
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY- biomass (aboveground and underground organs), as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by producers per unit area per unit time, or the rate of photosynthesis.
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY GROSS (TOTAL, TOTAL) is the total amount of organic matter produced during photosynthesis, including the energy spent on plant respiration and volatile nutrients ( phytoncides etc.).
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY NET- the rate of accumulation of organic matter in plants, minus the part used for respiration and the release of nutrients. P. p. h. is also called observed photosynthesis or net assimilation.
PRODUCER(S)- (from lat. produceris- producing, creating) autotrophs and chemotrophs that produce organic matter from inorganic compounds. The main producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are green plants.
prokaryotes(from lat. pro- repartition, before, instead of and Greek. kä ryon- nucleus) - organisms whose cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus (all bacteria, including archaebacteria and cyanobacteria).
Dynamic balance- the balance of the system, maintained by the constant renewal of its components and structure.
RADIATION– flux of corpuscular (alpha, beta, gamma rays, neutron flux) and/or electromagnetic energy.
IONIZING RADIATION– natural radiations (eg cosmic rays) which lead to ionization (formation of ions and free electrons) of electrically neutral atoms and molecules. R. i. acts destructively on living matter and is the source of a wide range of changes in living organisms (causes new mutations, radiation sickness, etc.).
VEGETATION RUDERAL- plant groups formed in garbage and landfills.
Regional(from lat. regionalis– regional) - pertaining to a particular territory.
decomposers(from lat. redycentis- returning) - organisms (bacteria and fungi) that feed on dead organic matter and subject it to mineralization, that is, destruction to inorganic compounds, which are then used by producers.
RECREATION- restoration of health and working capacity by resting outside the home - in the bosom of nature or during a tourist trip associated with visiting places of interest for viewing, including national parks, architectural and historical monuments, museums.
RECLAMATION- artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation after man-made disturbance of nature (open-cast mining, etc.).
RECOVERY(waste) - the process of extracting valuable substances involved in the technological process and usually falling into waste, and returning them in their original form for reuse. In a broad sense - the capture and use of production waste in the cycle recycling.
RELIC- a species or community, earlier in geological history, widespread, and now occupying small areas. According to the time of the previous domination or wide distribution, R. is distinguished by a certain geological dating: Tertiary, Pleistocene etc. Examples: blueberries - forest R. in the Arctic; the muskrat is a Neogene R. in the Volga and Ural basins;
REPELLENT- a substance that repels animals. In nature, one of the agents allelopathy, in the economy is one of pesticides. Distinguish olfactory and deodorant R. (neutralizing odors attractive to animals). R. use Ch. arr. to protect people and animals from the attack of blood-sucking insects, prevent t transmissive diseases, protection against arthropods that spoil furniture, clothing, as well as to protect valuable vegetation (natural and cultural) from animals.
REPRODUCTION- reproduction of individuals. The size of the population R. (pure R.) is determined by the sum of the products of the size of survival, characteristic of a given age of individuals, by the birth rate, specific for this age (the number of offspring per female).
fertility- the birth of new individuals of any organism, regardless of whether they are born, hatch from eggs, germinate from seeds, or appear as a result of division. Fertility varies depending on the size and age of individuals in the population, as well as environmental conditions.
SAPROBITY- the degree of saturation of water with decomposing organic substances. Set according to the species composition of saprobiont organisms in aquatic communities .
SAPROPEL- sediment formed at the bottom of continental water bodies and consisting of the remains of plant and animal organisms, mixed with mineral sediments brought by water and wind, transformed under anaerobic conditions. Before this transformation - detritus. Used as fertilizer.
SAPROPHYTE(Saprotrophs) (from the Greek. saprö s - rotten and tropbē- nutrition) - heterotrophic organisms that use organic compounds of dead bodies or excretions (excrement) of animals for nutrition.
RESET MAXIMUM(substances into a water body) (MPD) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for disposal in the established mode at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MPD is established taking into account the MPC of substances in places of water use, the assimilative capacity of a water body and the optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater.
environmental certification– activities to confirm the compliance of the certified object with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of nature management and environmental protection.
SYMBIOSIS- the joint life of two or more individuals of different systematic groups, during which both partners (symbionts) or one of them receive advantages in relations with the external environment (C. algae, fungi and microorganisms in the body of a lichen).
SINANTROP(kind): 1) a species that has found especially favorable living conditions near a person’s housing; 2) an animal that usually lives within or near populated areas. S. is divided into lodgers who use only shelters near a person (swallows, swifts, etc.) and strict synanthropes that feed within a person’s dwelling (cockroaches, bed bugs). Species whose individual individuals live close to a person, while the main part is far from him, are called partial synanthropes (ducks in cities), and those living near people a short time- temporary synanthropes (waxwings and other birds migrating through populated areas).
SINOIKIA- the least close symbiotic cohabitation (coexistence) of organisms, often, apparently, indifferent to both cohabitants.
SYNUZIA- an ecologically and spatially isolated part of a phytocenosis, consisting of plants of one or more closely related life forms (for example, trees, shrubs, mosses, etc.).
SYNECOLOGY- a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of populations, communities and ecosystems with the environment
Mortality- the death of individuals in the population in a given period or the number of deaths per unit of time.
SMOG- a combination of field particles and fog drops (from the English "smoke" - smoke, soot and "fog" - thick fog). There are London smog (a mixture of smoke and fog, occurs when the atmosphere is polluted with soot or smoke containing sulfur dioxide) and Los Angeles smog (photochemical smog caused by air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxides; occurs in clear sunny weather with low air humidity , ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed).
Medium resistance- the whole set of factors (including adverse conditions, lack of food and water, predation and disease) aimed at reducing the population size, preventing its growth and distribution. Opposite in action to biotic potential.
Habitat- a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which a given individual, population or species lives.
STATION is the habitat of the population.
stenobiont- an organism that is unable to tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, or with a narrow ecological valence.
STERILIZATION- complete destruction of microorganisms (temperature 100 ° C, chemicals, filtration) in food products intended for long-term storage, and on items used for special purposes, for example, medical instruments (sanitary).
DRAIN POLLUTED- wastewater containing impurities in quantities exceeding the MPC.
STORM DRAIN- resulting from intense rainfall (showers).
STRATIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE- temperature drop in the lower atmosphere with height, characterized by a vertical gradient in degrees per 100 m. In the troposphere, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 ° per 100 m.
Stress(lat. stress - stress) - a state of stress that occurs in humans and animals under the influence of strong influences.
SUCCULENT- a drought-resistant plant of dry habitats with succulent fleshy above-ground organs (trunks, stems, leaves) in which moisture is stored. A distinction is made between stem plants (cacti and cactus spurges), which store water in their stems, and leaf plants (agaves and aloe), which store moisture in their leaves.
SUCCESSION(from lat. successio- continuity) - a successive change of biocenosis, successively arising in the same territory (biotope) under the influence of natural factors (including internal contradictions in the development of the biocenoses themselves) or human impact; now, as a rule, is observed as a result of a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. S.'s end result is more slowly developing climax or nodal communities.
TECHNOLOGY(from Greek. tecbnë art, craftsmanship, skill and logos- doctrine) - a set of rules, skills used in the manufacture of any type of tool, substance.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES(from Greek. toxicon - poison) - poisonous substances.
TOLERANCE(lat. tolerance - patience) - the ability of the body to endure the adverse effects of a particular environmental factor.
TROPHIC CHAIN (food chain, food chain) 1) the relationship between organisms through which the transformation of matter and energy occurs; 2) groups of individuals (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals) connected with each other by the relationship "food-consumer".
TROPHIC LEVEL- a set of organisms united by the type of food. Organisms of different trophic chains, but receiving food through an equal number of links in the trophic chain, are at the same trophic level.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- such a development in the global system "society-nature," which ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people of the present without compromising the fundamental parameters biosphere and does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It implies the support by society of the development of the natural environment.
FACTORY LINKS- type of biocenotic relations, when a species uses excretory products, dead remains of other species for its structures (fabrication)
PHYTOPLANKTON(from Greek. pbyton- plant, planktos- wandering) - a set of organisms that inhabit the water column of continental and marine reservoirs and are not able to resist the transfer by currents.
TAILING FACILITY- closed or semi-closed (semi-closed occurs when an earthen or similar dam is created, through which liquid partially infiltrates) a pool for storing liquid tailings. Tailings are waste (usually liquid or gaseous) arising from the enrichment of minerals or other technological processes. "Fox tails" - emissions containing chlorine.
Chemosynthesis(from Greek. cbë meia – chemistry, syntbesis - compound) - a type of bacterial nutrition based on the assimilation of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
CHEMOTROPH- an organism that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic due to the oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances present in water, soil and subsoil.
eurybiont- an organism that can tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, with a wide ecological valence, living in various, sometimes dramatically different environmental conditions, able to tolerate dehumidification during low tides, strong heating in summer, cooling and even freezing in winter. Eg. wolf, practically living in all geographical zones and vertical zones, starfish living in the littoral zone .
EUTROPHY (EUTROPHY, EUTROPHY) OF WATERS: 1) increasing the biological productivity of water bodies as a result of the accumulation of biogenic elements (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) in water under the influence of anthropogenic or natural (natural) factors; 2) anthropogenic - increasing the biological productivity of aquatic ecosystems as a result of their enrichment with nutrients coming from human activities. There is a spelling eutrophication, eutrophication, eutrophy.
ECOLOGICAL NICHE- a set of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible. This concept is usually used in the study of the relationship of ecologically close species belonging to the same trophic level.
ecological pyramid- a graphic representation of the ratio of various trophic levels. The base of the pyramid is the level producers. There can be three types: a pyramid of numbers, a pyramid of energy.
Environmental audit(environmental audit) - a systematic documented process of reviewing objectively obtained and evaluated audit data to determine compliance or non-compliance with audit criteria for certain types of environmental activities, events, conditions, management systems or information about these objects, as well as reporting to the client the results obtained during this process.
Ecology(from Greek. oikos- home and logos - word, doctrine) - a science that studies the relationship of living organisms with each other and the environment.
Ecosystem(from Greek. oikos- home and systema – combination, association) - a set of cohabiting organisms and the conditions of their existence, which are in a regular relationship with each other and form a system of interdependent biological and abiotic phenomena and processes.
Ecotop- habitat of a community of living organisms, including a set of abiotic components of the habitat.
PROJECT EXPERTISE– establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise.
Extreme conditions(lat. extremum - extreme) - extreme, dangerous environmental conditions to which the body does not have proper adaptations.
endemic(from Greek. endemos - local) - a local species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.
EROSION- destruction of rocks, soils or any other surfaces with a violation of their integrity and a change in their physical and chemical properties, usually accompanied by the transfer of particles from one place to another. Distinguish E. rocks, soil, metal surfaces, as well as E. . physical, chemical, biological. E. in nature causes wind (wind erosion, deflation), sharp fluctuations in the temperature of air and surfaces of objects, moving water (water erosion), solutions of acids and alkalis in it, environmental pollution (chemical and physical), the influence of biological agents (trampling, biochemical impact). A distinction is made between geological, anthropogenic, and zoogenic (pasture) factors. Soil E. largely depends on agricultural technology.
eukaryotes(from Greek. ë u- good, completely kä ryon - nucleus) - organisms whose cells contain decorated nuclei (all higher animals and plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular algae, fungi and protozoa).
EPHEMER: 1) perennial herbaceous plant, characterized by a short flowering period and annual autumn-winter-spring vegetation in arid areas during the spring wet period. They are characteristic of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts (for example, swollen sedge), as well as for broad-leaved forests (for example, Siberian blueberry); 2) animals, Ch. arr. insects with a multi-year development cycle, active only in spring, for example. May beetle, June beetle.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT (GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE): 1) an increase in temperature and humidity in the enclosed space of the greenhouse, due to the fact that the transparent coating (glass, polyethylene, etc.) transmits sunlight, but is impervious to long-wave thermal radiation and / or water vapor; 2) gradual warming of the climate on the planet as a result of the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and other gases (methane, fluorine and chlorocarbons) in the atmosphere, which, similarly to the covering of a greenhouse, passing the sun's rays, prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the Earth's surface.
Layered- dismemberment of a plant community (or terrestrial ecosystem) into horizons, layers, tiers, canopies or other structural or functional strata. A distinction is made between above-ground and below-ground layers.