Specificity of human activity. Human activity, its difference from the life of animals
Mongileva Irina and Chebotareva Tatiana.
Creativity is a process of activity that creates qualitatively new material and spiritual values. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly deduced from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps the author, can get exactly the same result if the same initial situation is created for him. Thus, in the process of creativity, the author puts into the material some possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or a logical conclusion, and in the end expresses some aspects of his personality. It is this fact that gives the products of creativity an additional value in comparison with the products of production.
Creativity is: activity that generates something qualitatively new, never existed before;
creating something new, valuable not only for this person, but also for others;
the process of creating subjective values.
Types of creativity: Exist different types creativity:
production and technical
inventive
scientific
political
organizational
philosophical
artistic
mythological
religious
musical
everyday household, etc.
In other words, the types of creativity correspond to the types of practical and spiritual activities.Creativity is manifested in all forms of human life.
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What is creativity and how does it manifest itself? Seminar session. Presentation on biology by students of the 11th grade of the MAOU gymnasium No. 39 "French Gymnasium" Mongileva Irina and Chebotareva Tatyana. Yekaterinburg 201 5
What is creativity? Creativity is a process of activity that creates qualitatively new material and spiritual values. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly deduced from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps the author, can get exactly the same result if the same initial situation is created for him. Thus, in the process of creativity, the author puts into the material some possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or a logical conclusion, and in the end expresses some aspects of his personality. It is this fact that gives the products of creativity an additional value in comparison with the products of production.
Creativity is: an activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before; creating something new, valuable not only for this person, but also for others; the process of creating subjective values.
Types of creativity There are different types of creativity: production and technical inventive scientific political organizational philosophical artistic mythological religious musical everyday life, etc. chess In other words, the types of creativity correspond to the types of practical and spiritual activities.
What is creativity? Creativity is manifested in all forms of human life. The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to it, he goes beyond his natural limitations, i.e., surpasses his own genotypically conditioned capabilities.
As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built modern society, cities, machines, with their help produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself.
The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin precisely to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.
Thank you for your attention!
Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one's existence. In activity, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, preserves and improves nature, builds society, creates something that would not exist in nature without his activity. The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to it, he goes beyond the limits of his natural limitations, i.e. surpasses its own genotypically determined possibilities. As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin precisely to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.
Modern man lives surrounded by such objects, none of which is a pure creation of nature. To all such objects, especially at work and at home, the hands and mind of a person turned out to be applied to one degree or another, so that they can be considered the material embodiment of human abilities. In them, as it were, the achievements of the mind of people are objectified. The assimilation of methods of handling such objects, their inclusion in activity acts as a person's own development. In all this, human activity differs from the activity of animals, which do not produce anything of the kind: neither clothes, nor furniture, nor cars, nor sign systems, nor tools, nor vehicles, and much more. To meet their needs, animals use only what nature has provided them.
In other words, human activity is manifested and continues in creations, it is productive, and not just consumer in nature.
Having generated and continuing to improve the objects of creation, a person, in addition to abilities, develops his needs. Once connected with the objects of material and spiritual culture, the needs of people acquire a cultural character.
Human activity is fundamentally different from animal activity in another respect. If the activity of animals is caused by natural needs, then human activity is mainly generated and supported by artificial needs that arise due to the appropriation of the achievements of the cultural and historical development of people of the present and previous generations. These are the needs for knowledge (scientific and artistic), creativity, moral self-improvement and others.
Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of the activity.
An action is a part of an activity that has a completely conscious human goal. For example, an action included in the structure cognitive activity one can call getting a book, reading it; the actions that are part of the labor activity can be considered familiarity with the task, the search for the necessary tools and materials, the development of the project, the technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; actions associated with creativity are the formulation of the idea, its phased implementation in the product of creative work.
An operation is a way of performing an action. How many different ways to perform an action, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of operations depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the skills and abilities that a person has, and on the availability of tools and means to carry out the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing a text or memorizing material using various operations. Operations preferred by a person characterize his individual style of activity.
Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one's existence. In activity, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, preserves and improves nature, builds society, creates something that would not exist in nature without his activity. The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that thanks to it, he goes beyond the limits of his natural limitations, i.e. surpasses its own genotypically determined possibilities. As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin precisely to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.
Modern man lives surrounded by such objects, none of which is a pure creation of nature.
To all such objects, especially at work and at home, the hands and mind of a person turned out to be applied to one degree or another, so that they can be considered the material embodiment of human abilities. In them, as it were, the achievements of the mind of people are objectified. The assimilation of methods of handling such objects, their inclusion in activity acts as a person's own development. All this human activity differs from animal activity, which do not produce anything of the kind: no clothes, no furniture, no cars, no sign systems, no tools, no vehicles, and much more. To meet their needs, animals use only what nature has provided them.
In other words, human activity is manifested and continues in creations, it is productive, and not just consumer in nature.
Having generated and continuing to improve consumer goods, a person, in addition to abilities, develops his needs. Once connected with the objects of material and spiritual culture, the needs of people acquire a cultural character.
Activity human is fundamentally different from activity animals in other ways. If the activity of animals is caused by natural needs, then human activity is mainly generated and supported by artificial needs that arise due to the appropriation of the achievements of the cultural and historical development of people of the present and previous generations. These are the needs for knowledge (scientific and artistic), creativity, moral self-improvement, and others.
Forms and methods of organizing human activities also different from activity animals. Almost all of them are related to complex motor skills and habits that animals do not have - skills and abilities acquired as a result of conscious, purposeful, organized learning. Already with early childhood the child is specially taught to humanly use household items (fork, spoon, clothes, chair, table, soap, toothbrush, pencil, paper, etc.), various tools that transform the movements of the limbs given by nature. They begin to obey the logic of the objects with which a person is dealing. There is an objective activity that differs from the natural activity of animals.
The system of movements performed by animals is determined by the anatomical and physiological structure of the body. Animals treat objects of human material culture (a book, a pencil, a spoon, etc.) as if they were ordinary natural objects, without taking into account their cultural purpose and the way people use them. In humans, the movements of the arms and legs themselves are transformed, obeying the rules of the culture of using the corresponding objects, i.e. become artificial, more perfect and socially conditioned.
Animals only consume what is given to them by nature. Man, on the other hand, creates more than he consumes. If his activity, like the activity of animals, were mainly of a consumer nature, then several dozen generations of people would not have been able to achieve such progress in a relatively short historical period, to create a grandiose world of spiritual and material culture. All this is due to the active nature of human activity.
So, main differences between human activity and animal activity come down to the following:
1. Human activity is productive, creative, constructive. The activity of animals has a consumer basis; as a result, it does not produce or create anything new in comparison with what is given by nature.
2. Human activity is associated with objects of material and spiritual culture, which are used by him either as tools, or as objects for satisfying needs, or as means of his own development. For animals, human tools and means of satisfying needs do not exist as such.
3. Human activity transforms himself, his abilities, needs, living conditions. The activity of animals practically does not change anything either in themselves or in the external conditions of life.
4. Human activity in its various forms and means of realization is a product of history. The activity of animals acts as a result of their biological evolution.
5. The objective activity of people from birth is not given to them. It is "given" in the cultural purpose and way of using the surrounding objects. Such activities must be formed and developed in training and education. The same applies to internal, neurophysiological and psychological structures managing the external side of practical activity. The activity of animals is initially set, genotypically determined and unfolds as the natural anatomical and physiological maturation of the organism.
Activity differs not only from activity, but also from behavior. Behavior is not always purposeful, does not imply the creation of a specific product, and is often passive. Activity is always purposeful, active, aimed at creating some product. Behavior is spontaneous (“where it will lead”), activity is organized; behavior is chaotic, activity is systematic.
Human activity has the following main characteristics: motive, purpose, object, structure and funds . motive activity is called that which induces it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually a specific need, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity.
The motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual. Organic motives are aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the organism (in humans, at creating conditions that are most conducive to this). Such motives are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the organism. This is the production of food, housing, clothing, etc. Functional motives are satisfied with the help of different kind cultural activities such as play and sports. Material motives induce a person to activity aimed at creating household items, various things and tools, directly in the form of products that serve natural needs. Social motives give rise to various activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from the surrounding people. Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with self-improvement of a person. The type of activity is usually determined by its dominant motive (dominant because any human activity is polymotivated, that is, it is stimulated by several different motives).
As goals activity is its product. It can be a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, a creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).
The purpose of an activity is not equivalent to its motive, although sometimes the motive and purpose of an activity may coincide with each other. Different kinds activities that have the same goal (end result) can be motivated and supported by different motives. On the contrary, a number of activities with different ultimate goals may be based on the same motives. For example, reading a book for a person can act as a means of satisfying material (demonstrate knowledge and get a well-paid job for this), social (show off knowledge in a circle of significant people, achieve their location), spiritual (expand your horizons, climb more high level moral development) needs. Activities as varied as acquiring fashionable, prestigious items, reading literature, taking care of appearance, the development of the ability to behave, may ultimately pursue the same goal: to achieve at all costs someone's favor.
Subject activity is what it directly deals with. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is any kind of information, the subject of educational activity is knowledge, skills, and the subject of labor activity is the created material product.
Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of the activity. action called a part of the activity that has a completely independent, human-conscious goal. For example, an action included in the structure of cognitive activity can be called receiving a book, reading it; the actions that are part of the labor activity can be considered familiarity with the task, the search for the necessary tools and materials, the development of the project, the technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; actions associated with creativity are the formulation of the idea, its phased implementation in the product of creative work.
operation name the way in which the action is carried out. How many different ways to perform an action, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of the operation depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the person's skills and abilities, on the available tools and means of performing the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing a text or memorizing material using various operations. Operations preferred by a person characterize his individual style of activity.
As funds the implementation of activities for a person are those tools that he uses, performing certain actions and operations. The development of the means of activity leads to its improvement, as a result of which the activity becomes more productive and of high quality.
Activity motivation does not remain unchanged during its development. So, for example, other motives may appear in labor or creative activity over time, and the former fade into the background. Sometimes an action, previously included in the composition of an activity, can stand out from it and acquire an independent status, turn into an activity with its own motive. In this case, we note the birth of a new activity.
With age, as a person develops, a change in the motivation of his activity occurs. If a person changes as a person, then the motives of his activity are transformed. The progressive development of man is characterized by the movement of motives towards their ever greater spiritualization (from organic to material, from material to social, from social to creative, from creative to moral).
Every human activity has external and internal Components. Internal include anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the management of activities by the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and states included in the regulation of activity. External components include a variety of movements associated with the practical implementation of activities.
The ratio of internal and external components of activity is not constant. With the development and transformation of activity, a systematic transition of external components to internal ones is carried out. It is accompanied by their internalization and automation. If there are any difficulties in the activity, when it is restored, associated with violations of the internal components, a reverse transition occurs - exteriorization: the reduced, automated components of the activity unfold, appear outside, the internal ones again become external, consciously controlled.
The authors:
Bogolyubov L.N., Ivanova L.F.
Publisher:
Education
Year:
2014
Description:
Gdz to the textbook Bogolyubov L.N., Ivanova L.F. in social studies for grade 8. On the pages of the solution book you will find, made by experienced specialists - ready-made homework assignments, large and brief summaries, detailed and competent answers to questions, correct solutions to tests, excellent essays for problems and workshops.
§one. What makes a person a person.
1 How is the origin of man revealed in the course of history?
The famous postulate - man descended from a monkey, is usually attributed to Charles Darwin, although the scientist himself, remembering the fate of his predecessor Georges Louis Buffon, raised in late XVIII ridiculed for centuries for such ideas, it has been cautiously suggested that humans and apes must have some common ancestor, an ape-like creature. According to Darwin himself, the genus homo originated somewhere around 3.5 million in Africa. It was not yet our tribesman Homo Sapiens, whose age is dated today at about 200 thousand years, but the first representative of the genus Homo - great ape, hominid. In the course of evolution, he began to walk on two legs, use his hands as a tool, he began to progressively transform the brain, articulate speech and sociality. Well, the reason for evolution, like in all other species, was natural selection, and not God's plan.
2 How is man different from other living beings? How are human qualities manifested?
The most important sign of a person is that he is a social being, or social. Only in society, in communication between people, did the formation of such human qualities as language (speech), the ability to think, etc.
3 Make a conclusion about the most important quality of a person.
The ability to think is the best human quality.
4 Do you think that each person can play a prominent role in society; noble role? Can anyone make history? If yes, how?
We can make history, but this requires courage, courage and adherence to principles.
5 What do the words "Man is a biosocial being" mean?
MAN is a biosocial being, that is, a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, moral and ethical qualities, the ability to create tools of labor and use them in the process of social production; subject historical process, the creator of all material and spiritual culture.
6 What qualities of a person have a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?
Each born child becomes a person only in society. And a person grows out of him only in a family, in a society where he is taught to live, they give him knowledge about the world around him, and form the ability to work. Being a public (social) being, man does not cease to be a being of nature. Nature created the human body. The social and biological are merged together in man. The straight gait, the structure of the brain, the outline of the face, the shape of the hands - all this is the result of changes that have taken place over a long time (millions of years). Each child has fingers obedient to his will: he can take a brush and paints, draw. But he can become a painter only in society. Everyone born has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but he can learn to think and talk only in society. Every person, like every animal, has a self-preservation instinct.
7 What is the creative nature of human activity?
The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to it, he goes beyond his natural limitations, i.e., surpasses his own genotypically conditioned capabilities. As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin precisely to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.
8 What is the relationship between thinking and speech?
There is a close relationship between thought and language. They cannot be separated from each other without destroying both. Language does not exist without thinking, and thinking cannot be separated from language.
The main function of speech is that it is an instrument of thinking. In speech, we formulate a thought, but by formulating it, we form it, i.e., creating speech form, thinking itself is formed. Thought and speech are not identified, they are included in the unity of one process. Thinking in speech is not only expressed, but for the most part it is done in speech. Thus, between speech and thinking there is not identity, but unity; in the unity of thinking and speech, thinking, not speech, is leading; speech and thinking arise in a person in unity on the basis of social practice.
9 How are human abilities manifested?
Abilities, talents of a person are manifested and developed in the process of activity.
The child is playing. Builds a house out of cubes. Build a fortress out of sand. Assembles a model from the details of the designer. He plays mom, putting the doll to bed, pilot, salesman, car driver, astronaut. In the game, he repeats the actions of the elders, acquiring the first experience of human activity. The game teaches the child to plan his actions, to outline their goals, to look for suitable means. Diverse human qualities develop in gaming activities.
There comes a time when next to the gaming develops educational activity. In it, experience is mastered step by step. Studying educational texts, reading works fiction, solving problems, performing various study tasks, a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society, improves thinking and speech, develops his Creative skills acquires a profession. Along with learning comes labor activity. First, this is housework, then, perhaps, in a school workshop, on a personal plot, and then the work of an adult - professional activity in production, in the service sector, intellectual activity. Labor expands the creative possibilities of a person, contributes to the formation of purposefulness, independence, perseverance, sociability and other human qualities.
Work activities can be different. Cultivated fields, tools, houses and temples - all these are the fruits of industrial activity. Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik 1497, other legislative acts - result state activities. Expansion of borders, the formation of a multinational state - a consequence political activity. Victories on Lake Peipus, on the Kulikovo field, in the Northern War or Patriotic War 1812 - the result of military activity. The discoveries of M. V. Lomonosov, the inventions of I. P. Kulibin, the works of D. I. Mendeleev are a product of intellectual activity. The famous Russian ballet, the paintings of the Wanderers are the embodiment of artistic activity.
10 What is human self-realization?
In activity, self-realization of the individual takes place, i.e., the embodiment of plans and life goals in reality, which is possible only under the condition of free human activity. It is impelled to it, first of all, by the inner need of a person, his own desire to fulfill his life purpose, to their own free development.
11 Why is self-realization of a person possible only in activity?
The realization of life goals - self-realization - requires the exertion of a person's strength and can be considered as one of the indicators of his willpower. In the process of self-realization, in the course of his activity, a person overcomes the difficulties that arise, his own laziness, timidity, disbelief in his own strength. Thanks to this, significant results for society are achieved, the abilities of the individual develop. It is the socially useful results of a person's self-realization that bring him respect and recognition from other people, i.e., self-assertion of the individual takes place.
12 People build dams on the rivers, and beavers build dams on the rivers. Explain how human activity differs from that of a beaver.
Instinct and reason.
A beaver, like bees, spiders, birds, has an instinct. As they built their "structures" generation after generation, so they will build, no better and no worse. Unlike a person.
Here is what Lev Uspensky writes about this, for example, in the book “A Word about Words”:
When I was born, I did not know how to knit fishing tackle, nor to mold clay bowls for milk. But if I need it, I, like Robinson Crusoe, will learn both. At first, of course, I will work worse than my teachers, then I can catch up with them and, perhaps, even surpass them. Who knows: maybe I'll even improve their skills!
But the baby spider, having been born yesterday, already knows how to weave webs no worse than the most experienced spider, who has eaten a lot of flies in his lifetime. The bee, leaving the chrysalis, begins to sculpt cells or prepare wax no less skillfully than the elderly winged craftswomen of her hive.
b) Shows the activity of the individual, which is a consequence of the interaction of biological and social.
15 Point out what is inherent in a person by nature, and what - by society.
By nature, a person has the ability to survive, as well as various needs for food, etc., and society develops a personality and culture in a person.
Question 1. How is the origin of man revealed in the course of history?
The famous postulate - man descended from a monkey, is usually attributed to Charles Darwin, although the scientist himself, mindful of the fate of his predecessor Georges Louis Buffon, who was ridiculed at the end of the 18th century for such ideas, cautiously expressed that humans and monkeys should have some common ancestor, monkey-like creature. According to Darwin himself, the genus homo originated somewhere around 3.5 million in Africa. It was not yet our compatriot Homo Sapiens, whose age is dated today at about 200 thousand years, but the first representative of the genus Homo - the great ape, hominid. In the course of evolution, he began to walk on two legs, use his hands as a tool, he began to progressively transform the brain, articulate speech and sociality. Well, the reason for evolution, like in all other species, was natural selection, and not God's plan.
Question 2. How is a person different from other living beings? How are human qualities manifested?
The most important sign of a person is that he is a social being, or social. Only in society, in communication between people, did the formation of such human qualities as language (speech), the ability to think, etc.
Question 3. Make a conclusion about the most important quality of a person.
The ability to think is the best human quality.
Question 4. Do you think that each person can play a prominent role in society; noble role? Can anyone make history? If yes, how?
We can make history, but this requires courage, courage and adherence to principles.
Question 5. What do the words mean: "Man is a biosocial being"?
MAN is a biosocial being, that is, a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, moral and ethical qualities, the ability to create tools of labor and use them in the process of social production; the subject of the historical process, the creator of all material and spiritual culture.
Question 6. What qualities of a person have a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?
Each born child becomes a person only in society. And a person grows out of him only in a family, in a society where he is taught to live, they give him knowledge about the world around him, and form the ability to work. Being a public (social) being, man does not cease to be a being of nature. Nature created the human body. The social and biological are merged together in man. The straight gait, the structure of the brain, the outline of the face, the shape of the hands - all this is the result of changes that have taken place over a long time (millions of years). Each child has fingers obedient to his will: he can take a brush and paints, draw. But he can become a painter only in society. Everyone born has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but he can learn to think and talk only in society. Every person, like every animal, has a self-preservation instinct.
Question 7. What is the creative nature of human activity?
The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to it, he goes beyond his natural limitations, i.e., surpasses his own genotypically conditioned capabilities. As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin precisely to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.
Question 8. What is the relationship between thinking and speech?
There is a close relationship between thought and language. They cannot be separated from each other without destroying both. Language does not exist without thinking, and thinking cannot be separated from language.
The main function of speech is that it is an instrument of thinking. In speech, we formulate a thought, but by formulating it, we form it, that is, by creating a speech form, thinking itself is formed. Thought and speech are not identified, they are included in the unity of one process. Thinking in speech is not only expressed, but for the most part it is done in speech. Thus, between speech and thinking there is not identity, but unity; in the unity of thinking and speech, thinking, not speech, is leading; speech and thinking arise in a person in unity on the basis of social practice.
Question 9. How are human abilities manifested?
Abilities, talents of a person are manifested and developed in the process of activity.
The child is playing. Builds a house out of cubes. Build a fortress out of sand. Assembles a model from the details of the designer. He plays mom, putting the doll to bed, pilot, salesman, car driver, astronaut. In the game, he repeats the actions of the elders, acquiring the first experience of human activity. The game teaches the child to plan his actions, to outline their goals, to look for suitable means. Diverse human qualities develop in gaming activities.
There comes a time when learning activity develops next to the game. In it, experience is mastered step by step. Studying educational texts, reading works of fiction, solving problems, performing various educational tasks, a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society, improves thinking and speech, develops his creative abilities, acquires a profession. Along with studies comes work. First, this is housework, then, perhaps, in a school workshop, on a personal plot, and then the work of an adult - professional activity in production, in the service sector, intellectual activity. Labor expands the creative possibilities of a person, contributes to the formation of purposefulness, independence, perseverance, sociability and other human qualities.
Employment may vary. Cultivated fields, tools, houses and temples - all these are the fruits of industrial activity. Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik 1497, other legislative acts are the result of state activity. The expansion of borders, the formation of a multinational state - a consequence of political activity. Victories on Lake Peipus, on the Kulikovo field, in the Northern War or the Patriotic War of 1812 are the result of military activity. The discoveries of M. V. Lomonosov, the inventions of I. P. Kulibin, the works of D. I. Mendeleev are a product of intellectual activity. The famous Russian ballet, the paintings of the Wanderers are the embodiment of artistic activity.
Question 10. What is self-realization of a person?
In activity, self-realization of the individual takes place, i.e., the embodiment of plans and life goals in reality, which is possible only under the condition of free human activity. It is impelled to it, first of all, by the inner need of a person, his own desire to fulfill his life goal, to his own free development.
Question 11. Why is self-realization of a person possible only in activity?
The realization of life goals - self-realization - requires the exertion of a person's strength and can be considered as one of the indicators of his willpower. In the process of self-realization, in the course of his activity, a person overcomes the difficulties that arise, his own laziness, timidity, disbelief in his own strength. Thanks to this, significant results for society are achieved, the abilities of the individual develop. It is the socially useful results
Self-realization of a person brings him respect and recognition from other people, i.e., self-assertion of the personality takes place.
Question 12. People build dams on the rivers, and beavers build dams on the rivers. Explain how human activity differs from that of a beaver.
Instinct and reason.
A beaver, like bees, spiders, birds, has an instinct. As they built their "structures" generation after generation, so they will build, no better and no worse. Unlike a person.
Here is what Lev Uspensky writes about this, for example, in the book “A Word about Words”:
When I was born, I did not know how to knit fishing tackle, nor to mold clay bowls for milk. But if I need it, I, like Robinson Crusoe, will learn both. At first, of course, I will work worse than my teachers, then I can catch up with them and, perhaps, even surpass them. Who knows: maybe I'll even improve their skills!
But the baby spider, having been born yesterday, already knows how to weave webs no worse than the most experienced spider, who has eaten a lot of flies in his lifetime. The bee, leaving the chrysalis, begins to sculpt cells or prepare wax no less skillfully than the elderly winged craftswomen of her hive.
But no matter how long they live in the world, a young bee and a novice spider, they will never overtake the elders. None of them will ever come up with anything essentially new in their work.
Question 13. Read the poem and express your attitude to the words of the author.
For a man, thought is the crown of all living things, And the purity of the soul is the basis of being. By these signs we find a person: He is above all creatures on earth from time immemorial. And if he lives without thinking and not believing, then man does not differ from the beast.
If a person does not think, then he will be equivalent to a beast, a man must think and think, because he is a man, not a beast. Animals have one thought: to eat, find prey, and a person must create and bring something new to life.
Question 14. Explain the difference between the two statements:
a) man is a biological and social being;
b) man is a biosocial being.
a) Biological, because it arose in the course of evolution. Social, because all his life he is surrounded by other people.
b) Shows the activity of the individual, which is a consequence of the interaction of biological and social.
Question 15. Indicate what is inherent in a person by nature, and what is society.
By nature, a person has the ability to survive, as well as various needs for food, etc. and society develops personality, culture in a person.
- The displacement is called the vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory The vector connecting the beginning and end of the path is called
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- Acceptable Value Range (ODZ), theory, examples, solutions