Types of higher professional education. Russian education levels
Education system in Russian Federation
According to the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation", the education system includes 2 main types - general And professional education, which in turn are divided into the following levels:
General educationconsists of four levels:
preschool education is provided by licensed institutions for children up to the age of 6 - 7, that is, before they officially go to school.
Primary general education for children aged 7 to 10 includes grades 1-4.
Basic general (incomplete secondary) education for children aged 11 to 15 takes 5 years and includes grades 5-9.
Average total (complete secondary) education students receive in the upper grades of secondary school for 2 years of study - grades 10-11 - and complete it at the age of 17-18 years.
The program of secondary general education is compulsory and is considered mastered after completion of education in 11 grades and passing by each student of the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form unified state exam(USE) in Russian language and mathematics ( compulsory exams), as well as additional subjects from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The test results are accepted as entrance examinations when entering a university. Graduates who successfully pass the exam receive certificate of secondary general education , and to obtain a certificate it is enough passing the exam in Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue education at the secondary level. vocational education. Access to higher education is provided through USE results with elective exams - the number and subjects are determined by the applicant, depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen direction.
Professional education includes 5 levels:
Secondary vocational education can be obtained through two types of programs:
Training programs for qualified workers and employees;
Training programs for mid-level specialists.
Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations after graduation they receive a diploma of secondary vocational education.
After completing the first type educational program, graduates are granted access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their education in the second type programs and higher education(subject to secondary general education).
Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be both independent educational organizations and structural divisions university. As a rule, in this case, the programs are well coordinated with the programs of universities in the relevant areas.
Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system higher education , as a subspecies of vocational education, consisting of the following levels:
Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). The bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year study program. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas. The bachelor's degree provides applied education, since the holder receives a sufficient amount of professional knowledge, skills and abilities for employment in positions requiring higher education (without specifying the level). However, a bachelor's degree is a condition for admission to master's programs. State final certification includes defense thesis and surrender of state final exams. After successfully passing the certification, a bachelor's degree is issued.
Higher education - specialty (300-360 credits). The qualification of a specialist in Russia is a legacy of the former single-stage system of higher education and, in its essence, corresponds to a master's degree. Owners get the opportunity professional activity requiring more high level higher education than undergraduate. And they are also given access to master's programs in areas other than those already received in the specialty, and to training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education). The term of study for obtaining the qualification of a specialist is at least 5 years. The state final certification for obtaining the qualification of a specialist includes the defense of a project or thesis and the passing of state final exams. Obtaining the qualification of a specialist is confirmed by a diploma of a specialist. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - magistracy.
Higher education - magistracy (120 credits) is a two-year course focused on for the most part on research activities(up to 50% study load student) in comparison with the programs of the specialist. But, first of all, the magistracy is an in-depth training in analytical and professional-practical activities in a specific area, including the development of elements of scientific and pedagogical work. The state educational standard defines only General requirements For educational programs magistracy, without establishing requirements regarding the content of education. Universities have the right to independently make decisions on the content of master's programs depending on the specialty, as well as independently establish the admission procedure for applicants (conducting exams, interviews, etc.). Access to master's programs is available to holders of a bachelor's degree, as well as specialist qualifications. Holders of higher education degrees who wish to enter a master's program in another specialty must pass additional examinations that reflect the requirements for passing the chosen master's program. The state final certification for obtaining a master's degree includes the defense of a master's thesis and the passing of state final exams, the results of which are issued a master's degree.
Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education) is carried out based on the results of mastering the programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internships. The duration of training is determined by the relevant program and is 3-4 years. The training ends with the passing of candidate examinations and the preparation of a candidate's dissertation. The holders receive an appropriate diploma. Obtaining this level of education does not automatically lead to the award of the degree of Candidate of Sciences, but only increases the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the holder and provides an opportunity for a deeper and more qualified approach to the creation of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Also, the development of this level of higher education provides an opportunity labor activity in positions for which Russian legislation defines mandatory requirements (teacher high school, researcher, etc.).
Degrees
The assignment of academic degrees is regulated by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” and other by-laws. Academic degrees are not included in the education system, because are the result of official recognition by the state and society of the achievements of the owner in the scientific and research fields of activity. At the same time, the condition for obtaining a scientific degree is the presence of a previous higher education, so they act as a logical continuation of increasing the level of education of the holder and are closely connected with the educational system of Russia.
Traditionally, there are two levels of academic degrees in Russia: PhD And PhD . A scientific degree is awarded to persons who have defended a scientific qualification work (dissertation). Based on the results of a successful dissertation defense, a diploma is issued conferring the degree of candidate of science or doctor of science.
For a degree PhD usually requires 3-4 years of postgraduate study (adjuncture, etc.) after obtaining a specialist or master's degree, preparing a dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a degree. However, obtaining a PhD degree is possible without postgraduate studies. To do this, the holder of a higher education (specialist or master's degree) can be transferred to the appropriate scientific positions and must prepare a dissertation within no more than 3 years. After defending his dissertation, he is awarded the degree of Candidate of Sciences.
Academic degree PhD is awarded after receiving the degree of Candidate of Sciences and can be obtained in two ways, as well as the degree of Candidate of Sciences - by continuing doctoral studies for up to 3 years and preparing a doctoral dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a scientific degree, or without completing training, provided employment in relevant scientific positions for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation for no more than 2 years, its subsequent defense and the award of a doctoral degree.
Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. system domestic education has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as
In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.
purpose, functions
Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.
The main functions of training are:
- Education of worthy members of society.
- Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the established this society values.
- Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
- Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.
Criteria of education
An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.
The value of learning in human life
It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New formations in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.
High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since at current situation only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.
Education system
The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:
- Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
- General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
- Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
- Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
- Non-state.
- Additional education.
Principles of the education system
- The priority of universal human values.
- The basis is cultural and national principles.
- Scientific.
- Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
- humanistic character.
- Focus on environmental protection.
- Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
- Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
- Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
- Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.
Types of education
According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:
- Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions(children under 7 years of age).
- Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
- Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students on this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
- Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. main goal is the training of qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.
According to the nature and direction of education is:
- General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
- Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
- Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.
Levels of education
The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:
- Preschool.
- Initial.
- Main.
- Average.
In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:
- Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
- Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
- Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
- Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.
According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted as the highest educational institutions other states, which means they give the opportunity to continue studying abroad.
Forms of education
Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:
- in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
- Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final
Subsystems of education
The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.
The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.
Quality of higher education
Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:
- Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
- A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
- The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.
Problems relating to the management of the education system
- Low wages for education workers.
- Lack of highly qualified personnel.
- Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
- Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
- Low level cultural development the population as a whole.
Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.
Trends in the development of education services
- Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
- Strengthening the orientation of domestic education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction practical disciplines, increase in the number of teachers-practitioners.
- Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
- Promotion of distance learning.
Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state modern society. It is a determining factor in socio-economic development Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, a slight shift in better side There is. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.
1. The education system includes:
1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;
2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;
3) federal government bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, carrying out public administration in the field of education, and local self-government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
4) organizations providing educational activities, assessment of the quality of education;
5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.
2. Education is divided into general education, professional education, additional education and vocational training that enables the realization of the right to education throughout life (continuing education).
3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to the levels of education.
4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:
1) preschool education;
4) secondary general education.
5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:
3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.
6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.
7. The education system creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity to simultaneously master several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, and practical experience in obtaining education.
Commentary on Art. 10 of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"
The commented provisions are not new for domestic educational legislation, since the norms on the structure of the education system contained the system-forming acts of educational legislation: and the law on higher education (Article 4). Meanwhile, in the article under consideration, the relevant provisions of these normative acts are somewhat revised and synthesized into normative material, taking into account the multi-level nature of education.
1. The commented law proposes new approach to the definition of the education system, taking into account changes in the system of educational relations as a whole. It lies in the fact that:
Firstly, the education system includes all types of existing sets of mandatory requirements for education: federal state educational standards, federal state requirements, as well as educational standards and educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions.
In order to ensure the quality of education, the legislator provides for: federal state educational standards for basic general education and professional programs, including for preschool education, which was not previously considered. However, this does not mean the need for certification for students at this level. The law introduces a ban on both intermediate and final certification of students in preschool educational organizations;
federal state requirements - for additional pre-professional programs;
educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases provided for by the commented law or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) of Art. 2 of Law N 273-FZ, however, we find a more accurate interpretation of it in Art. 11 of the Law (see).
Educational programs are also included in the education system, since they represent a set of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions. Such their allocation is due to the fact that if either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards are developed, the educational program is drawn up on their basis. In the event that these are not available (for additional general developmental and with certain features, for additional professional programs * (14); programs vocational training are developed on the basis of established qualification requirements ( professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this kind of education.
Secondly, the education system includes, along with organizations engaged in educational activities, also teachers, students and their parents (legal representatives) (up to the age of majority of the student), which makes them full participants in the educational process. Of course, such a position should be supported by specific rights and guarantees for such subjects. To this end, the legislator introduces Chapter 4, dedicated to students and their parents, and dedicated to pedagogical, managerial and other employees of organizations engaged in educational activities (and).
Thirdly, the education system includes, along with the bodies exercising management in the field of education at all levels of government, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them. The sign of jurisdiction is not singled out; instead, the sign of the creation of a body by the body exercising management in the field of education is introduced. Such a replacement does not bear fundamental differences. At the same time, the former wording "institutions and organizations" could not allow attributing, for example, public councils to the education system.
Fourth, the education system includes organizations that provide educational activities and assess the quality of education. The above is explained by the need to understand the education system as a single inseparable process of the movement of knowledge from the teacher (educational organization) to the student. This process also includes settlement centers for information processing, and attestation commissions, etc. This circle does not include individuals (experts, public observers, etc.).
Fifthly, in addition to associations of legal entities and public associations, the education system includes associations of employers and their associations operating in the field of education. This position is due to the activating direction of the integration of education, science and production; understanding of education as a process culminating in employment and orientation in this regard to the demands of the world of work. Employers get involved educational and methodical associations(), are involved in the state final certification for basic professional educational programs, in the qualification exam (the result of vocational training) ( , ); employers, their associations have the right to conduct professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization carrying out educational activities, and draw up ratings on this basis ().
Paragraph 3 of the commented article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of types of education, subdividing it into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training.
Vocational training, despite the seemingly absent "effect" of educational activities - raising the educational qualification of the student, also implies the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it is not mastered.
This system should make it possible to realize the educational needs of a person throughout life, that is, not only the opportunity to get an education at any age, but also to get another profession (specialty). To this end, a variety of educational programs are being introduced.
The system of education levels is being changed, according to which the structure of general education in accordance with the Law includes:
1) preschool education;
2) primary general education;
3) basic general education;
4) secondary general education;
In the structure of vocational education:
1) secondary vocational education;
2) higher education - bachelor's degree;
3) higher education - training of a specialist, magistracy;
4) higher education - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.
The main innovation is that: 1) pre-school education is included as the first level of general education; 2) initial vocational education is not singled out as a level; 3) higher professional education absorbs the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel (previously carried out within the framework of postgraduate professional education).
The change in levels of education is caused by the prescriptions of the Bologna Declaration, the International Standard Classification of Education.
The question arises: what are the consequences of changing the system of educational levels?
Modernization of the system of levels of education affects the system of educational programs and types of educational organizations.
Changes in educational programs repeat the corresponding changes in the levels of education.
At first glance, the introduction of preschool education into the system of educational levels looks frightening. As a rule, this implies the presence of federal state educational standards with confirmation of the results of mastering the preschool educational program in the form of a final certification. However, in this situation, the Law provides for a "large" exception to the rule, which is justified, given the level of psycho-physical development of children in such early age. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students. That is, confirmation of the fulfillment of the requirements of federal state educational standards should not be expressed in the form of testing the knowledge, abilities, skills of pupils, but in the form of reporting by employees of a preschool educational organization on the work done aimed at implementing the requirements of the standard. Pre-school education is now the first level of education, but the legislator does not make it compulsory.
Law N 279-FZ now provides for primary general education, basic general education and secondary general education as separate levels of education. In the former Law N 3266-1, they were the stages of education.
Since the level of initial vocational education "drops out", it is replaced by two programs introduced into secondary vocational education, which are a successful combination of instilling skills in the field of initial vocational education with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform jobs that require the level of secondary vocational education. As a result, the main programs of secondary vocational education are divided into programs for the training of skilled workers and programs for the training of mid-level specialists.
The change in the higher education system leads to its division into several sublevels:
1) undergraduate;
2) specialist training, magistracy;
3) training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.
The term "professional" itself is no longer applied to higher education, although the latter is still included in the system of vocational education.
The bachelor's, master's and specialist's degrees, which have already become familiar to us, retain their legal significance, now side by side with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel. A specialty, as an educational program, is provided where the standard period for mastering an educational program in a particular area of training cannot be reduced.
It should be noted that in the system of levels of education, the allocation of sublevels is dictated by different tasks. If speak about high school, then here getting primary education is regarded as incomplete education and parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive primary, basic general and secondary general education. These levels are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
The allocation of sublevels in higher education is dictated by the need to indicate the independence of each of them and self-sufficiency. Each of them is evidence of higher education without "subjunctive moods". Arbitrage practice on this occasion, based on the law on education of 1992, in contrast, it approaches the assessment of the bachelor's degree as the first level of higher education, insufficient for occupying positions requiring high professional training, for example, a judge. This approach has been implemented in the entire system of courts of general jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation * (15).
Hence, the concept of incomplete higher education can only refer to the fact of an incomplete normative term for mastering one or another educational program of a certain level of education. Consequently, when the educational program in a particular area of training is not fully mastered, it is impossible to talk about passing a specific level of education with the issuance of a document on education, which is also confirmed by judicial practice * (16).
It should be noted that in the regional legislation there are examples of ranking depending on the "level" of education (specialist, master), for example, wage rates. This practice is recognized as inconsistent with the law, since in this case the provisions of Part 3 of Art. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. and 132 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which prohibit discrimination in the sphere of labor, including discrimination in the establishment and change of wage conditions.
Following the logic that each of the "types" of the level of higher education, whether it be a bachelor's degree, a specialist's degree or a master's degree, confirms the completed education cycle, characterized by a certain single set of requirements (Article 2 of the Law, "Basic Concepts"), then no restrictions can be set for one species over another.
However, this statement requires clarification: certain restrictions are already provided for by the Law itself. What regulations do this follow from? We find the answer in Art. 69 "Higher education", which says that persons with a secondary general education are allowed to master undergraduate or specialist programs (types are equated).
Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs. This emphasizes the higher position of the magistracy in the hierarchy of higher education.
However, further we see that the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency, assistantship-internship is possible by persons who have an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree). That is, in this case, we see that the specialist "at the finish line" corresponds in terms of the level of his training to the master's program. But the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel is already the next level of higher education.
Thus, the education system, in accordance with the law on education, is a single system, starting with preschool education and ending with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as the necessary level of education for employment certain types activities or individual positions (for example, residency).
The change in the levels of education led to a change in the types of educational organizations: the expansion of opportunities to create various kinds organizations providing training. In addition to the educational ones themselves, organizations that have educational units in their structure are actively involved in the education system, according to the Law.
Additional education is a type of education and includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education. Each of them involves the implementation of individual educational programs.
Additional educational programs include:
1) additional general education programs- additional general developmental programs, additional professional programs;
2) additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.
The allocation of various types of educational programs, including those within the framework of additional education, makes it possible to ensure the continuity of education throughout life. The proposed system of educational programs provides the possibility of simultaneously mastering several educational programs, taking into account existing education, qualifications, practical experience in obtaining education, training in an abbreviated training program.
Hello dear readers!
Our country has a system of continuous education. This is a legal term and it was introduced back in the Soviet years. Continuing education gives the opportunity to improve the personality in many ways, its development and realization of spiritual, moral needs, passing through all the existing levels of education in the Russian Federation.
Education regulated by law
On September 1, 2013, Law No. 273 came into force. It seriously changed the perception of educational process. The Bologna system of education used in many European countries was taken as a basis.
According to the new law, there are levels of education in Russia - those stages, steps that every citizen goes through in order to get an education, socialize and master a profession. Some of these levels are optional.
Let's look at them in detail.
Preschool education
This is the first step in the education system, aimed at educating, training, shaping, caring for and improving children.
Pre-school education programs are implemented in kindergartens. These institutions work with children, taking into account their capabilities and needs. There are combined, general developmental, compensatory, with a bias, education centers.
According to experts, it is the garden that forms the personality, determines the mental and physical features helps the child to enter society.
Preschool education is given to children under the age of 6 years.
General education system
Education in schools consists of several levels and generally represents one of the levels - general education.
Primary general education
IN primary school begin to accept at the age of six and a half years and teach for three years. At this stage, the formation of the personality of the child continues. He is prepared for school, laying basic knowledge and skills (writing, reading, developing logical thinking, teach to build the right relationships with other participants in the educational process.
Basic general education
Having moved to the fifth grade, the student takes a step to the second stage of general education and will have to study until the 9th grade. This is a required step in educational system. During this period, the personality develops diversified, revealing its abilities and inclinations. Schoolchildren are prepared for the development of high school programs, they begin work on career guidance involved in physical labor.
Secondary general education
Mastering the program of secondary general education in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums (grades 9-11), children are formed as citizens, participants social processes, show their abilities, self-actualize and self-determine, acquire the knowledge that they will need in life, further study and work.
Primary, general and secondary education is received in general education institutions. Children who have not received a general education are not allowed to the next levels.
Professional education
Secondary vocational. In institutions of secondary vocational education, specialists are trained in areas that meet the needs of citizens and the state. These are all working professions.
Children with a basic or secondary general education can enter the institutions of secondary vocational education (technical schools or colleges).
The term of study for graduates of the 9th grade is 4 years. Those who enter after the 11th grade will have to study for 2 years.
Higher education
Higher professional education. Its goal is to train personnel of all specialties and professions that are relevant to society at the present time. Persons with secondary general or secondary vocational education are allowed to study. At the same time, the law adopted in 2013 provides for several levels of higher education:
Bachelor's degree is the first level, which provides basic knowledge and theoretical ideas in the specialty. The bachelor's degree is awarded after four years of study after passing the exam.
Graduates are issued a diploma of higher education, which spells out a bachelor's degree. For such a person, employment is possible in accordance with the requirements applicable to the position.
The master's degree is the next level after the bachelor's degree. Those who already have a bachelor's degree and wish to deepen their knowledge enter the magistracy. You can also complete a master's degree as a second higher education. The term of study is two years.
Additional education
In our country, additional education trains children and adults in additional education programs. It is aimed at fulfilling the needs of a person in self-development, the manifestation of their talents, capabilities, the development of additional skills and abilities that other levels of education do not provide.
For children, CPE is most often represented by circles and sections of physical, artistic, scientific, technical, and natural orientation.
Adults receive additional education as part of the training courses.
The education system in the Russian Federation and the USSR are often compared with each other. Of course, some aspects remain the same. But in general, one can observe a number of innovations, without which, in the conditions of the scientific and technical process, the state of the economy, the reassessment of moral and cultural property just impossible.
The modern education system in our country is based on the principles that are used in European countries and has just started its development.
And I want to believe that sooner or later our new Russian education system, like the Soviet one, will be recognized as the strongest and most effective.
Education is the process and result of the assimilation of systematized knowledge, skills and abilities.
The following levels of education are established in the Russian Federation:
General: 1) elementary 2) basic 3) complete
Professional
4) initial
5) average
7) postgraduate
General education in our country is compulsory
Initial professional training
It is carried out in all main areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general and full general education
Available at educational institutions initial vocational training and in educational institutions of secondary and higher vocational education that have a license to conduct initial vocational training
Vocational schools, lyceums, 2-3 years of study.
Secondary vocational training
It is focused on the training of mid-level specialists on the basis of basic general education, complete general education or initial vocational education. Available from the following educational institutions:
1) institutions of secondary vocational education technical schools (technical specialties), schools, colleges
2) institutions of higher prof. Education if they have a license
2-5 years depending on primary education
Higher professional training.
It provides for the training and retraining of specialists of the appropriate level.
In the Russian Federation, the following are established. levels of higher prof. Education:
Bachelor's degree 4 years
Specialist training - at least 5 years
Master 2 years
Available at universities, academies, institutes
You must have either a complete general education or a primary or secondary vocational education
Postgraduate training
It represents an opportunity to improve the level of education of scientific or pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.
Can be obtained in graduate school, adjudication, doctoral studies, internship, residency
Postgraduate study is a form of education that provides for the preparation of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of sciences.
Postgraduate education is a form of training for military personnel that provides for the preparation of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of science.
Doctorate is a form of education that provides for the preparation of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science. You must have a PhD to be admitted.
An internship is a form of primary one-year postgraduate training for persons who have received a medical or pharmaceutical education and is a condition for these persons to work in their specialty.
Residency is a form of training, retraining, advanced training in medical. Institutes, institutes for improvement and institutes for advanced training. Usually 2 years.
Workplace learning methods.
The main methods of training in the workplace are: coaching, rotation, apprenticeship and mentoring.
Briefing is an explanation and demonstration of working methods directly at the workplace and can be carried out both by an employee who has been performing these functions for a long time, and by a specially trained instructor.
Rotation is a self-learning method in which an employee temporarily moves to another position in order to acquire new skills. Rotation is widely used by enterprises requiring polyvalent qualifications from employees, i.e. possession of several professions.
Apprenticeship and mentoring are traditional methods of vocational training for artisans - since ancient times, working alongside the master, young workers learned the profession. This method is still widespread today, especially where practical experience plays an exceptional role in the training of specialists - medicine, winemaking, management.
Methods of learning outside the workplace
Training outside the workplace is more effective, but is associated with additional financial costs and distraction of the employee from his official duties. LECTURE During the lecture, which is a monologue of the instructor, the audience perceives the educational material by ear. The lecture is an unsurpassed means of presenting a large volume educational material in a short time. Allows you to develop many new ideas during one lesson, to make the necessary accents. Lectures are extremely effective from an economic point of view. Since one instructor works with several tens, hundreds and even thousands of listeners (if video is used).
business games are a teaching method that is closest to the real professional activity of students. The advantage of business games is that, being a model of a real organization, they simultaneously provide an opportunity to significantly reduce the operating cycle and, thereby, demonstrate to the participants what final results their decisions and actions will lead to. Business games can be both global (company management) and local (negotiating, preparing a business plan). Using this method allows students to perform various professional functions and thereby expand their own understanding of the organization and the relationship of its employees.
Selfeducation It is the most simple view training - it does not require either an instructor, or a special room, or certain time- the student learns there, then and how it is convenient for him. Organizations can greatly benefit from self-learning, provided that effective aids are developed and provided to employees - audio and video cassettes, textbooks, task books, training programs.
The main feature of independent learning is its individual character. The student can determine the pace of learning, the number of repetitions, the duration of the lesson, i.e. to control the important parameters of the learning process, which are given by other methods. At the same time, individual character deprives selfeducation one of the most important conditions for efficiency feedback- the student is left to himself
Career concept. The relationship of career with the business assessment of personnel
A career is usually understood as an individually conscious judgment of an employee about his/her labor future, the expected ways of self-expression and labor management.
Career is a progressive movement on the career ladder, development of the employee's abilities.
Professional career
A professional career is a gradual change in the stages of development in the process of work. The following stages of development are considered: 1) training 2) admission to work 3) professional growth 4) support for individual professional abilities 5) retirement.
Intraorganizational career
Represents a sequential change in the stages of development of an employee within one organization
Implemented in three main areas:
Vertical - rise to more high step structural hierarchy
Horizontal - moving to another functional area of \u200b\u200bactivity.
Centripetal refers to the movement towards the core, the center of the organization.
Basic Career Models
Management specialists combine the existing variety of career options into four models: " trampoline ", "stairs ", "snake " And " crossroads ".
"Springboard". This type of career is the most widespread among leaders and specialists. It lies in the fact that the work path of an employee consists of one climb up the career ladder with a parallel growth of his potential, knowledge and qualifications. The positions he occupies are gradually changing to higher and better paid ones. The stage at which a person occupies the highest position for him, he tries to extend as long as possible, as he will be followed by a "springboard jump" - retirement. This type of such a thing is notable for the same time, so that it is a matter of which it is not possible to do not care m.
"Ladder". This type of service career consists in the fact that each of its stages is a specific position, which the employee occupies in advance for a certain time (usually five years).
"Snake". This model provides for the movement of an employee from one position to another by appointment. The term of stay in each position is one to two years. In order to take the highest post, the employee goes through all the positions and comprehensively studies the organization, gains experience and improves his qualifications, as a result of which he becomes it is necessary to look at the situation in volume and calculate the possible risks.
"Crossroads". This career model is based on the certification of an employee (leader) after a certain period of time. In accordance with the certification data, the following decisions can be made: promotion of an employee in linear movement, if the leader’s potential is average; demotion, if the leader does not have authority among subordinates, has low qualifications and conflicts often arise in the team.