Message natural emergency flood. Man-made emergencies include
Natural emergency - the situation in a certain territory or water area that has developed as a result of the occurrence of a source of a natural emergency that may cause or has caused human casualties, damage to human health and (or) the natural environment, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions.
Natural emergencies are distinguished by the scale and nature of the source of occurrence, they are characterized by significant damage and death of people, as well as the destruction material assets.
Earthquakes, floods, forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts and icing - all these are natural emergencies, and they will always be companions of human life.
In natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes, a person's life is in great danger and requires the concentration of all his spiritual and physical strength, the meaningful and cold-blooded application of knowledge and skills for action in a particular emergency.
Landslide.
A landslide is a detachment and sliding displacement of a mass of earthen, rocks down under its own weight. Landslides occur most often along the banks of rivers, reservoirs and on mountain slopes.
Landslides can occur on all slopes, but on clay soils they occur much more often, for this, excessive moisture of the rocks is sufficient, so they mostly disappear in the spring and summer.
The natural reason for the formation of landslides is an increase in the steepness of the slopes, washing away their bases with river waters, excessive moisture of various rocks, seismic tremors and a number of other factors.
Mudflow (mudflow)
Mudflow (mudflow) is a rapid stream of great destructive power, consisting of a mixture of water, sand and stones, which suddenly appears in mountain river basins as a result of intense rains or rapid snowmelt. glaciers, breakthrough of reservoirs, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as the collapse of a large amount of loose soil into the riverbed. Mudflows pose a threat to settlements, railways and roads and other structures located on their way. Having a large mass and high speed of movement, mudflows destroy buildings, roads, hydraulic and other structures, disable communication and power lines, destroy gardens, flood arable land, and lead to the death of people and animals. All this lasts 1-3 hours. The time from the occurrence of a mudflow in the mountains to the moment it reaches the foothills is often estimated at 20-30 minutes.Collapse (mountain collapse)
Collapse (mountain collapse) - separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes.
Landslides of natural origin are observed in the mountains, on the seashores and cliffs of river valleys. They occur as a result of the weakening of the coherence of rocks under the influence of the processes of weathering, washing, dissolution and the action of gravity. Contribute to the formation of landslides geological structure terrain, the presence of cracks and zones of crushing of rocks on the slopes.
Most often (up to 80%), modern collapses are formed during improper work, during construction and mining.
People living in hazardous areas should know the outbreaks, the possible directions of movement of flows and the possible strength of these dangerous phenomena. If there is a threat of a landslide, mudflow or collapse and if there is time, an early evacuation of the population, farm animals and property from threatening zones to safe places.
Avalanche (snow avalanche)
An avalanche (snow avalanche) is a rapid, sudden movement of snow and (or) ice down the steep slopes of mountains under the influence of gravity and posing a threat to human life and health, causing damage to economic facilities and the environment. Snow avalanches are a type of landslide. When an avalanche forms, the snow first slides off the slope. Then the snow mass quickly picks up speed, capturing more and more snow masses, stones and other objects along the way, growing into a powerful stream that rushes down at high speed, sweeping away everything in its path. The movement of the avalanche continues to more gentle sections of the slope or to the bottom of the valley, where the avalanche then stops.
Earthquake
An earthquake is a tremor and vibration of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and breaks in earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. According to statistics, earthquakes rank first in terms of economic damage and one of the first places in terms of the number of human casualties.
During earthquakes, the nature of the damage to people depends on the type and density of the building of the settlement, as well as on the time of the earthquake (day or night).
At night, the number of victims is much higher, because. most people are at home and resting. During the day, the number of the affected population fluctuates depending on which day the earthquake occurred - on a working day or on a weekend.
In brick and stone buildings, the following character of people's injuries prevails: injuries of the head, spine and limbs, compression of the chest, soft tissue compression syndrome, as well as injuries of the chest and abdomen with damage to internal organs.
Volcano
A volcano is a geological formation that occurs above channels or cracks in the earth's crust, through which red-hot lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments erupt onto the Earth's surface and into the atmosphere.
Most often, volcanoes form at the junction tectonic plates Earth. Volcanoes are extinct, dormant, active. In total, there are almost 1,000 dormant and 522 active volcanoes on land.
About 7% of the world's population lives dangerously close to active volcanoes. More than 40,000 people died as a result of volcanic eruptions in the 20th century.
The main damaging factors during a volcanic eruption are red-hot lava, gases, smoke, steam, hot water, ash, rock fragments, a blast wave and mud-stone flows.
Lava is a hot liquid or very viscous mass that erupts onto the surface of the Earth during volcanic eruptions. The temperature of the lava can reach 1200°C or more. Together with lava, gases and volcanic ash are ejected to a height of 15-20 km. and up to 40 km. and more. A characteristic feature of volcanoes is their repeated multiple eruptions.
Hurricane
A hurricane is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure. The speed of a hurricane reaches 30 m/s or more. In terms of its harmful effects, a hurricane can be compared with an earthquake. This is explained by the fact that hurricanes carry colossal energy, its amount released by an average hurricane in one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.
The hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light structures, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power transmission and communication poles, damages highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, and causes accidents on utility and energy networks.
A storm is a type of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m/s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called a storm.
A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s, which has great destructive power (in the USA it is called a tornado). In the internal cavity of the tornado, the pressure is always reduced, so any objects that are in its path are sucked into it. The average speed of the tornado is 50-60 km / h, when it approaches, a deafening rumble is heard.
Thunderstorm
Thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the development of powerful cumulonimbus clouds, which is accompanied by multiple electrical discharges between clouds and earth's surface, thunder, heavy rain, often hail. According to statistics, 40,000 thunderstorms occur daily in the world, 117 lightning flashes every second.
Thunderstorms often go against the wind. Immediately before the start of a thunderstorm, there is usually a calm or a change in direction of the wind, sharp squalls come in, after which it starts to rain. However, the greatest danger is "dry", that is, not accompanied by precipitation, thunderstorms.
blizzard
A snow storm is one of the varieties of a hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, and has a relatively narrow band of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility deteriorates sharply, transport connection both intracity and intercity. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.
Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sharp temperature changes and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. The temperature difference, snowfall with rain at low temperatures and strong winds, creates conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or sleet, which often causes their destruction. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult, and sometimes completely hinder the operation of road transport. Pedestrian movement will be difficult.
The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the impact of low temperature on the human body, causing frostbite, and sometimes freezing.
floods
Floods are significant flooding of an area resulting from a rise in the water level in a river, reservoir or lake. The causes of floods are heavy rainfall, intensive snowmelt, breakthrough or destruction of dams and dams. Floods are accompanied by human casualties and significant material damage.
In terms of frequency and area of distribution, floods rank first among natural disasters, in terms of the number of human casualties and material damage, floods rank second after earthquakes.
high water- a phase of the water regime of the river, which can be repeated many times in different seasons of the year, characterized by an intense, usually short-term increase in water flow and levels, and caused by rain or snowmelt during thaws. Floods following one after another can cause floods. Significant flooding can cause flooding.
catastrophic flood- a significant flood that occurs as a result of intensive melting of snow, glaciers, as well as heavy rains, forming a severe flood, as a result of which there was a mass death of the population, agricultural animals and plants, damage or destruction of property, and also caused damage to the environment. The term catastrophic flood is also applied to floods that cause the same consequences.
Tsunami- gigantic sea waves, resulting from the up or down shift of extended sections of the seabed during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes.
The most important characteristic of a forest fire is the speed of its spread, which is determined by the speed of its edge advance, i.e. streaks of burning along the contour of the fire.
Forest fires, depending on the scope of the spread of fire, are divided into ground, crown and underground (peat).
A ground fire is a fire that spreads along the ground and through the lower tiers of forest vegetation. The temperature of the fire in the fire zone is 400-900 °C. Ground fires are the most frequent and account for up to 98% total number sunbathing.
Horse fire is the most dangerous. It starts with a strong wind and covers the crowns of trees. The temperature in the fire zone rises to 1100°C.
An underground (peat) fire is a fire in which the peat layer of waterlogged and swampy soils burns. Peat fires are characterized by the fact that they are very difficult to extinguish.
The causes of fires in the steppe and grain massifs can be thunderstorms, accidents of ground and air transport, accidents in grain harvesting equipment, terrorist attacks and careless handling of open fire. The most fire-hazardous situation develops in late spring and early summer, when the weather is dry and hot.
Flood- temporary significant flooding of the area as a result of the rise of water in a river, lake or sea, as well as the formation of temporary watercourses. Floods, along with wars, epidemics, earthquakes and fires, are one of the greatest disasters in the history of many peoples.
catastrophic flooding- a flood that caused human casualties, damage to human health, destruction or destruction of objects and other material values in a significant amount, as well as causing serious damage to the environment.
Floods occur for the following reasons:
baric waves;
destruction of dams and other hydraulic structures.
seasonal snowmelt;
melting of glaciers and snow cover in the mountains;
intense rains;
congestion and congestion ( congestion occur in the spring when rivers open up and the ice cover breaks up; they are characterized by the accumulation of ice in the riverbed, which makes it difficult to flow; congestion- accumulation of loose spongy sludge and small-sized ice in the riverbed are observed at the beginning of winter);
wind surges of water (surge waves);
A short-term rise in the water level in rivers and other bodies of water, which occurs due to the melting of snow, ice, heavy rains, etc., is called flood. Such floods are observed on most rivers of the Russian Federation.
high water- flooding of the river, which occurs at a certain time due to the melting of snow and ice, seasonal rains, traffic jams, ice jams. It is characterized by a significant and rather long rise in the water level in the river.
Floods caused by seasonal, usually spring, snowmelt are periodically observed on most rivers of the European part of the Russian Federation and Siberia. The occurrence of catastrophic floods contribute to congestion, which occur in the spring when rivers open up and the ice cover breaks up. The jam water level on the Yenisei and Tom, for example, can reach 7-10 m, and on the Lower Tunguska - sometimes 20 m.
Floods resulting from heavy rains are typical for Siberia and the Far East.
Tsunami waves formed during the eruption of underwater volcanoes and during underwater earthquakes . Unlike wind waves, they cover the entire water column. In the open ocean, the speed of propagation of tsunami waves is about 800 km / h, the height is about 0.5 m, but with access to coastal shallow water, their height rapidly increases and in some cases reaches 20-30 m, and sometimes more. Tsunami waves are very dangerous. Simultaneously with tsunami waves during an underwater earthquake, a “shock wave” occurs, which propagates at the speed of sound (5,400 km / h), that is, 6-7 times faster than a tsunami wave. These phenomena can be recorded by seismographs and hydrophones and warn the population about the danger of a tsunami.
The world's largest tsunamis were noted: in 1883 on the island of Krakatoa - 36 thousand people died, in 1923 in Japan - 99.3 thousand people died, in 1976 in the Philippine Islands - 65 thousand people died. In Russia, tsunamis are dangerous for all coastal regions. Especially strong tsunamis were registered on the coastline of Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in 1737, 1780, 1898, 1919, 1923, 1952 and 1963.
catastrophic floods can occur during the destruction of dams and other hydraulic structures during earthquakes, prolonged rains and other phenomena. In this case, extensive zones of flooding occur after the passage of a destructive wave of breakthrough.
In terms of frequency of occurrence, area of distribution, total average annual damage, floods rank first in Russia among dangerous hydrological phenomena and processes. By loss of life and damage per unit area of damage, they occupy second place after earthquakes.
Hydrodynamically hazardous objects include structures or natural formations that create a difference in water levels (dam dams). A feature of flooding during accidents at such facilities is the appearance of a breakthrough - the main damaging factor of the accident, which is formed as a result of a rapid fall of water from the upstream.
In addition to the damaging factors characteristic of other floods (drowning, mechanical injuries, hypothermia), in case of accidents at hydrodynamically dangerous objects, people are affected by factors caused by the kinetic energy of the breakthrough wave:
direct dynamic impact on the affected wave of the breakthrough;
the traumatic effect of fragments of buildings, structures, destroyed by a breakthrough wave;
the damaging effect of various objects involved in the movement of a breakthrough wave.
In case of accidents at such facilities, the total losses of the population located in the zone of action of the breakthrough wave can reach 90% at night, and 60% during the day, while among the total losses, irretrievable losses can be; at night - 75%, during the day - 40%, and sanitary - 25 and 60%, respectively.
Depending on the extent of flooding, the speed of water movement, the distance of a settlement from a hydraulic structure or a hazardous natural phenomenon, 4 areas of catastrophic flooding:
The first one is adjacent directly to the hydraulic structure, dangerous natural phenomenon. It extends for a distance of 6-12 km, is characterized by a rapid flow of water with a current speed of 30 km/h or more.
The second is the fast current zone (15-20 km/h). The length is up to 15-25 km.
The third is the zone of the middle current (10-15 km / h), the length is up to 30-50 km.
The fourth is a zone of weak current (spill), with a current speed of 6-10 km / h. The length of this zone depends on the terrain and can be 35-70 km.
P
Such a division into zones allows rescuers and medical workers to better navigate the current situation in the disaster area, which in turn improves the quality and efficiency of rescue operations.
Value total losses during sudden flooding can average 20-35% of the population in the flood zone. AT cold time of year they can increase by 10-20% depending on the length of stay of the victims in the water.
AT structure of sanitary losses Victims with symptoms of asphyxia, chills, as well as acute disorders of respiratory and cardiovascular activity, soft tissue injuries, and concussions predominate. Some of the victims may be in a state of mental disorder. As a result of the flood, a large number of the population is left without shelter, drinking water and food, exposed to cold water, wind.
The health consequences of floods are characterized by:
violation of the existing system of medical and sanitary provision of the population;
hypothermia of the population located in the flood zone associated with prolonged stay in the water;
the occurrence of mechanical injuries in part of the population (mainly of the limbs and trunk) and stress reactions, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric diseases or their aggravation;
violation of the life support system and the creation of unfavorable conditions leading to the emergence infectious diseases(a large number of people are left without shelter, drinking water, food, exposed to adverse weather conditions);
significant population migration.
In areas of catastrophic flooding, water supply systems, sewerage, drain communications, Wastewater, garbage collection sites and, consequently, there is a risk of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. This will also be facilitated by the accumulation of the population in a limited area with a significant deterioration in the material and living conditions of life. In mass numbers, patients with traditional intestinal infections - dysentery, colienteritis, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis - are admitted. The incidence of hepatitis is on the rise. In children's infectious diseases hospitals, the load increases due to meningococcal infection. Following this, zoonoses may appear - leptospirosis, tularemia.
In case of catastrophic flooding, irretrievable losses significantly exceed sanitary ones. The magnitude and structure of population losses will vary depending on the following circumstances:
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the scale of the flood;
Population density in the flood zone;
Timeliness of notification;
Distances of the settlement from the place of the beginning of flooding;
Location of medical facilities;
The height of the flooding wave and the time of its passage;
Water and ambient air temperatures;
Seasons, time of day and other features.
A massive type of flood damage is drowning. Conventionally, drowning is aspiration ("true"), asphyxic and syncopal (reflex) drowning.
With true drowning, water enters the respiratory tract and lungs, which, as a rule, leads to respiratory distress and respiratory hypoxia. Respiratory and vascular disorders in this case are exacerbated by spasm of the vessels of the pulmonary circulation, the appearance of metabolic and respiratory acidosis. The skin and mucous membranes of "drowners", as a rule, have a bluish color (the so-called "blue drowneds").
Resuscitation measures include cleansing the oral cavity of foreign objects (algae, mud, etc.), removing water from the lungs, performing artificial lung ventilation, chest compressions, and other measures.
With asphyxic drowning, a small amount of water enters the upper respiratory tract, which causes reflex respiratory arrest and laryngospasm. Holding the breath is accompanied by periods of false breaths, which are ineffective due to laryngospasm. The initial period of asphyxic drowning is practically absent, and the agonal period differs little from that in "true" drowning. The cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes is weakly expressed.
When providing medical care, first of all, water should be removed from the lungs; during artificial ventilation of the lungs, the spasm of the larynx is overcome with the help of a fixed intensive exhalation (preferably the use of oropharyngeal tubes-air ducts).
With syncopal drowning, as a rule, there is a reflex cardiac arrest due to psycho-emotional shock, contact with cold water skin and upper respiratory tract. In this case, clinical death occurs immediately. In drowned people, pallor of the skin, absence of a pulse on the carotid arteries, and wide pupils are noted. Water does not enter the lungs, and therefore there is no need to waste time trying to remove it; artificial ventilation of the lungs and indirect heart massage should be urgently started.
Those rescued in the initial period of drowning retain consciousness, but must be under the control of others, since they may have mental disorders and inadequate reactions to the environment. This is due to the fact that the development of the so-called “secondary” drowning syndrome is possible, when, against the background of relative well-being, a hysterical cough suddenly reappears with copious sputum containing streaks of blood, breathing and heart rate increase, hypoxia increases, cyanosis of the skin occurs. Such affected in some cases may require resuscitation.
5.1. Flood - this is a temporary flooding of a vast territory as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake, or sea. Floods occur as a result of intense melting of snow (glaciers), heavy rainfall, traffic jams and ice dams, destruction of hydraulic structures, and tsunamis.
Congestion- this is the accumulation of ice in the riverbed, limiting its flow, as a result, the water rises and spills. The jam is formed during ice drift and consists of large and small ice floes.
Zazhor- this is the clogging of the riverbed with internal ice under a fixed ice cover and the formation of an ice plug. Ice dams form in rivers during the formation of the ice cover.
high water- a relatively long-term increase in the flow of rivers, which is repeated annually in the same season, accompanied by an increase in the water level. May cause flooding.
high water- relatively short-term and non-periodic water level rise. Floods following one after another can lead to floods.
Surge floods arise under the influence of powerful cyclones, when the wind reaches high speed and creates a huge surge wave that blocks the flow of rivers and the natural discharge of water into the sea. Encountering such an obstacle, the water in the river rises sharply and can flood a significant area of the adjacent territory. Surge floods often occur in St. Petersburg, Holland, and England.
Flooding is the most common natural hazard, the damage from which annually amounts to hundreds of millions of rubles in Russia.
Today, most floods are predictable, which allows timely preparatory work. The main methods of flood control are the construction of enclosing dams and reservoirs, the diversion of water into the channels of other rivers and reservoirs, and the carrying out of bank and dredging works.
Those who live in areas prone to frequent flooding should:
build houses on high foundations;
have a floating facility (boat, raft);
store documents and valuables in an accessible and safe place;
stock up on food and medicine.
Actions during a flood:
Before leaving the house, everything that water can spoil should be transferred to the upper floors or other non-flooded places; turn off gas and electricity. Then, taking with you the documents, the most necessary things, a small supply of food and water, arrive at the collection point.
Evacuation is carried out to large settlements that are outside the flood zones.
About the sudden onset of flooding, for example, during the destruction of a hydraulic structure, the population is warned by all available technical means. You should go up to the upper floors, and if the house is one-story, take the attic or go to the roof. The evacuation of the population in this case will be carried out on boats, boats, rafts and other floating facilities. During landing on them, strict discipline must be observed. One should go down into the boat one at a time, stepping on the middle of the flooring, and sit down only at the direction of the elder. During the movement of the boat, you can not change places, get on board; The bow of the boat should be kept perpendicular to the wave. After mooring, one of the passengers must go ashore and hold the boat until all people are on land.
If the flood caught you in a field, in a forest, take the most elevated place: climb a tree, etc.
Remember: the search for people in the flooded area will be organized immediately. A drowning person is approached in a boat against the current, and lifted from the stern.
Actions after the flood:
° After the water subsides, keep away from torn and sagging electrical wires, damaged gas lines.
Before entering the house, make sure it is secure. Then dry it: pump out water from cellars and cellars; open all windows and doors. Heavily damaged houses are being demolished.
You can use gas, electricity, sewerage only after obtaining permission from the utilities. It is better not to touch electrical wires and sockets until they are completely dry.
Organize the cleaning of wells from the applied dirt and remove water from them. Strictly observe the rules of hygiene in order to prevent outbreaks of epidemics associated with the mass death and decomposition of animals. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water.
5.2. Tsunami- these are giant sea waves resulting from the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the bottom during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes, less often volcanic eruptions (Fig. 2.2).
The height of the waves in the area of their occurrence is 0.1-5 m, near the coast - up to 40 m, in wedge-shaped bays and river valleys - over 50 m. Tsunamis can spread inland up to 3 km. The main area where tsunamis appear is the coasts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans (80% of cases), less often the Mediterranean Sea.
Possessing great energy, tsunamis lead to flooding of the area, destruction of buildings and structures, power transmission and communication lines, roads, bridges, as well as to the death of people and animals. An air shock wave propagates in front of the water shaft, which acts similarly to a blast wave, destroying buildings and structures.
A natural tsunami warning signal is an earthquake. Before the start of a tsunami, the water recedes far from the coast, exposing the seabed for hundreds of meters or even several kilometers. Low tide can last from a few minutes to half an hour. The movement of the waves is accompanied by thunderous sounds (they are heard before the approach of the tsunami waves). Before the tsunami, the behavior of animals also changes.
Actions during a tsunami:
Leave the room immediately, after turning off the electricity and gas.
In the shortest way, move to an elevated place 30-40 m above sea level or at a distance of 2-3 km from the coast.
If you are driving, drive in a safe direction, picking up running people along the way.
Once in the water, get rid of shoes and wet clothes, try to catch on floating objects (be careful - the wave can carry large objects and their fragments with it).
Before entering the house after the tsunami, check its strength, the safety of the doors, the condition of the electric lighting, and the absence of gas leaks in the room.
There is no reliable protection against a tsunami. Important for the protection of the population from tsunamis are wave warning services based on advanced registration of earthquakes by coastal seismographs. Tsunamis are not dangerous for ships on the high seas.
Introduction
1. Causes of flooding
2. Effects of floods
3. Flood prevention measures, rescue work
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
It is well known that the state and development of both the biosphere and human society is directly dependent on the state of water resources. In recent decades, an increasing number of specialists and politicians among the problems facing humanity, number 1 call the problem of water. Water problems arise in four cases: when there is no water or it is not enough, when the quality of water does not meet social, environmental and economic requirements, when the regime of water bodies does not correspond to the optimal functioning of ecosystems, and the regime of its supply to consumers does not meet the social and economic requirements of the population, and, finally, when the habitable territories suffer from floods from excess water.
In the global aspect, the first three problems were the product of the outgoing century, and the fourth has been accompanying human society since ancient times. And paradoxically, for many centuries, humanity, making incredible efforts to protect against floods, cannot succeed in this event. On the contrary, with every century the damage from floods continues to grow. Especially strong, about 10 times, it has increased over the second half of the past century. According to our calculations, the area of flood-prone areas on the globe is about 3 million square meters. km, which is home to about 1 billion people.
1.Causes of the flood
Flooding - temporary flooding of a significant part of the land with water as a result of the action of natural forces. Depending on the causing causes, they can be divided into groups.
Floods caused by heavy rainfall or heavy melting of snow, glaciers. This leads to a sharp rise in the level of rivers, lakes, and the formation of congestion. The breakthrough of congestion and dams can lead to the formation of a breakthrough wave, characterized by the rapid movement of huge masses of water and a significant height. The flood in August 1989 in Primorye demolished a significant number of bridges and buildings, killing great amount livestock, power lines, communications were damaged, roads were destroyed, and thousands of people were left homeless.
Floods caused by surge winds. They are typical for coastal regions where there are mouths major rivers flowing into the sea. The surging wind delays the movement of water into the sea, which sharply raises the water level in the river. The coasts of the Baltic, Caspian and Azov seas are under constant threat of such flooding. So, St. Petersburg has experienced more than 240 such floods during its existence. At the same time, cases of the appearance of heavy ships were observed on the streets, which caused the destruction of urban buildings. In November 1824, the water level in the Neva rose 4 m above the norm; in 1924 - by 3.69 m, when water flooded half of the city; in December 1973 - by 2.29 m; January 1984 - by 2.25 m. And as a result of the floods - huge material losses and victims.
Flooding caused by underwater earthquakes. They are characterized by the appearance of giant waves of great length - tsunamis (in Japanese - "big wave in the harbor"). Tsunami propagation speed up to 1000 km/h. The height of the wave in the area of its origin does not exceed 5 m. But when approaching the shore, the steepness of the tsunami increases sharply, and the waves crash on the coast with great force. At flat coasts, the wave height does not exceed 6 m, and in narrow bays it reaches 50 m (tunnel effect). The duration of a tsunami is up to 3 hours, and the coastline affected by them reaches a length of 1000 km. In 1952, the waves almost washed away Yuzhno-Kurilsk.
The natural causes of floods are well known to readers, and therefore we will only mention them. In most areas globe floods are caused by prolonged, intense rain and downpours resulting from the passage of cyclones. Floods on the rivers of the Northern Hemisphere also occur due to the rapid melting of snow, ice jams, ice jams. Foothills and high-mountain valleys are exposed to floods associated with outbursts of intraglacial and dammed lakes. In coastal areas, surge floods are not uncommon during strong winds, and during underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, floods caused by tsunami waves.
In recent centuries, especially in the 20th century, anthropogenic factors have played an increasing role in increasing the frequency and destructive power of floods. Among them, first of all, we should mention deforestation (the maximum surface runoff increases by 250-300%), irrational management Agriculture(as a result of a decrease in the infiltration properties of soils, according to some calculations, in the central regions of Russia from the 9th to the 20th century, surface runoff increased 4 times and the intensity of floods increased sharply). A significant contribution to the increase in the intensity of floods and floods was made by: longitudinal plowing of slopes, overconsolidation of fields when using heavy equipment, overwatering as a result of violation of irrigation norms. The average flood discharge in urban areas has approximately tripled due to the growth of impermeable coatings and development. A significant increase in the maximum flow is associated with the economic development of floodplains, which are natural flow regulators. In addition to the above, several reasons should be mentioned that directly lead to the formation of floods: improper implementation of flood protection measures leading to a breach of embankment dams, destruction of artificial dams, emergency drawdown of reservoirs, etc.
2. Effects of floods
The structure of sanitary losses during floods is dominated by injuries (fractures, damage to the joints, spine, soft tissues). Cases of diseases as a result of hypothermia (pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, rheumatism, worsening of the course of chronic diseases), the appearance of victims from burns (due to flammable liquids spilled and ignited on the surface of the water) have been recorded.
In the structure of sanitary losses, children occupy a significant place, and the most common consequences among the population are psychoneuroses, intestinal infections, malaria, and yellow fever. Human casualties are especially high on the coasts during hurricanes and tsunamis, as well as during the destruction of dams and dams (more than 93% drowned). As an example, the consequences of the 1970 flood in Bangladesh can be cited: on most of the coastal islands, the entire population died; out of 72 thousand fishermen in coastal waters, 46 thousand died. More than half of the dead were children under 10 years old, although they accounted for only 30% of the population of the disaster zone. Mortality among the population older than 50 years, among women and patients was also high.
Frequent companions of floods are large-scale poisoning. Due to the destruction of treatment facilities, warehouses with hazardous chemicals and other harmful substances drinking water sources are being poisoned. The development of extensive fires is not ruled out when flammable liquids spill over the surface of the water (gasoline and other combustible liquids are lighter than water).
3. Flood prevention measures, rescue work.
Floods are successfully predicted, and the relevant services give warnings to dangerous areas, which reduces damage. In places of floods, dams, dams, hydraulic structures are built to regulate the flow of water. In the winding places of the rivers, work is carried out to expand and straighten their channels. During the threatened period, duty and maintenance of readiness of civil defense formations are organized. Early evacuation of the population, cattle theft, and removal of equipment are being carried out.
Rescue work in flooded areas often takes place in difficult weather conditions (rain showers, fogs, squally winds). Work to save people begins with reconnaissance, using boats and helicopters equipped with communications equipment.
Places of congestion of people are established, and funds are sent there to ensure their salvation. Work on hydraulic structures is carried out by the formation of engineering and emergency technical services of the Civil Defense and Emergency Service: this is the strengthening of dams, dams, embankments or their construction.
In case of floods for rescue operations, the following are involved: rescue teams, teams and groups, as well as departmental specialized teams and units equipped with watercraft, sanitary teams and posts, hydrometeorological posts, reconnaissance teams and units, consolidated teams (teams) of mechanization of work, formation of construction, repair and construction organizations, protection of public order.
Rescue operations during floods are aimed at searching for people in a flooded area (landing them on boats, rafts, barges or helicopters) and evacuating them to safe places.
Reconnaissance groups and units operating on high-speed watercraft and helicopters determine the places where people gather in the flooded area, their condition and periodically give sound and light signals. Based on the intelligence data received, the head of the civil defense specifies the tasks for the formations and puts them forward to the objects of rescue operations.
Small groups of people in the water are thrown out with lifebuoys, rubber balls, boards, poles, or other floating objects, taking into account the flow of water, wind direction, they are taken to floating craft and evacuated to safe areas. For rescue and removal from the flooded area a large number people use motor ships, barges, launches, boats and other watercraft. Landing people on them is carried out directly from the shore. In this case, they choose and designate places convenient for ships to approach the shore, or equip berths.
When rescuing people who are in a break in the ice, they give the end of the rope, boards, ladders, any other object and pull it out to a safe place. Approaching people in the polynya should be crawling with outstretched arms and legs, leaning on boards or other objects.
To remove people from semi-flooded buildings, structures, trees and local objects or rescue them from the water, all watercraft used to perform rescue operations must be equipped with the necessary equipment and devices.
Medical assistance is provided by rescue units or sanitary teams directly in the flood zone (first aid) and after delivery to the berth (first medical aid).
The situation in the area of flooding can be sharply complicated as a result of the destruction of hydraulic structures. Work in this case is carried out in order to increase the stability of the protective properties of existing dams, dams and embankments; prevention or elimination of water washing of earthworks and increasing their height. The fight against flooding during the period of ice drift is carried out by eliminating congestion and ice jams that form on the rivers.
Carrying out rescue and urgent emergency and restoration work in flood control causes a certain danger to the life of the personnel of the formations. Therefore, the personnel of the formations must be trained in the rules of behavior on the water, methods of rescuing people and using rescue equipment. When carrying out work, it is prohibited to use faulty equipment, overload watercraft, carry out explosive work near power lines, underwater communications, industrial and other facilities without prior approval from the relevant organizations.
Flood prevention measures:
1. In the economic development of flood-prone territories, both in river valleys and on sea coasts, detailed economic and environmental studies should be carried out. Their goal is to identify ways to obtain the maximum possible economic effect from the development of these territories and, at the same time, to minimize possible damage from floods.
2. When developing flood control measures in river valleys, the entire watershed should be considered, and not its individual sections, since local flood control measures that do not take into account the entire flood situation in the river valley can not only not give an economic effect, but also significantly worsen the situation as a whole. and result in more flood damage.
3. It is necessary to skillfully combine engineering protection methods with non-engineering ones. First of all, these include: restriction or complete prohibition of such types of economic activity, as a result of which floods may increase (forest harvesting, etc.), as well as the expansion of measures aimed at creating conditions leading to a decrease in runoff. In addition, in flood-prone areas, only such types of economic activity should be carried out, which, if flooded, will cause the least damage.
4. Engineering structures for the protection of lands and economic facilities must be reliable, and their implementation must be associated with minimal disturbance to the natural environment.
5. A clear zoning and mapping of floodplains should be carried out with drawing the boundaries of floods of various probability. Taking into account the type of economic use of the territory, it is recommended to allocate zones with 20% flood security (for agricultural land), 5% security (for buildings in rural areas), 1% security for urban areas and 0.3% security for railways. It goes without saying that in different natural areas and ecological areas, the number of zones and the principles of their allocation may change to some extent.
6. The country should have a well-functioning system for forecasting floods and for notifying the population about the time of the onset of the flood, about the maximum possible levels of its level and duration. Forecasting floods and floods should be carried out on the basis of the development of a wide, well-equipped with modern instruments service for observing the hydrometeorological situation.
7. Great importance should be given to informing the population in advance about the possibility of flooding, explaining its likely consequences and measures to be taken in case of flooding of buildings and structures. To this end, television, radio and other media should be widely used. Flood knowledge should be widely promoted in flood-prone areas. All government agencies, as well as every citizen, must clearly understand what they should do before, during and after the flood.
8. It is very important to develop and further improve methods for calculating both direct and indirect damage from floods.
9. Regulation of the use of flood-prone areas should be the prerogative of the republics, territories, regions, districts and cities. The state can direct and stimulate their activities only by adopting certain laws on the regulation of land use.
10. The system of flood protection measures should include both state and public organizations, as well as private individuals. The successful operation of such a system should be coordinated and directed by a central authority at the federal level.
11. The best tool for regulating land use in flood prone areas may be a flexible flood insurance program that combines both compulsory and voluntary insurance. The main principle of this program should be as follows: in case of adopting a rational type of use of the territory from the standpoint of flood protection, the insured is paid a significantly larger sum insured than if he ignores the relevant recommendations and norms.
12. A set of measures in flood-prone areas, including forecasting, planning and implementation of work, should be carried out before the onset of a flood, during its passage and after the end of a natural disaster.
A detailed development of the above provisions of the concept is an urgent task for a number of research and design institutes, a number of ministries, and primarily the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
Conclusion
An analysis of floods over the past century, carried out by us in many countries, showed that all over the world, including Russia, there is a tendency for a significant increase in flood damage caused by irrational management in river valleys and increased economic development of flood-prone areas.
It is necessary to study the factors leading to an increase in floods, especially catastrophic ones, in the 21st century: climate change (increased precipitation, melting ice and rising ocean levels, etc.), further growth in the economic development of river valleys due to an increase in population. Special problems should be studied in the valleys of those rivers whose channels are protected by dams and whose bottom sometimes rises many meters above the floodplains and terraces above the floodplains (Huang He, Yangtze, etc.).
Further refinement of the concept of flood protection is needed, taking into account a wide range of environmental, social, technical, cultural, educational and health measures to be implemented in flood-prone areas before, during and after the end of floods.
Among the priorities in the study of floods should also include: the development of a methodology for accounting for damage caused by changes in the natural environment: valley morphology, soil cover, vegetation, fauna, water quality, as well as a methodology for accounting for damage to human health during and after completion of the floods.
List of used literature:
1. http://intra.rfbr.ru/pub/vestnik/V4 01/3 1.htm
2. Floods // Fundamentals of life safety. - 1999. - N: 3. - S. 60.
3. Avakyan, Artur Borisovich. Floods / Artur B. Avakyan, Alexey A. Polyushkin,. - M.: Knowledge, 1989. - 46 p.
4. Osipov V.I. Natural disasters at the turn of the 21st century / V.I. Osipov // Vestn. RAN. - 2001. - N: 4 - S. 291-302
5. Avakyan A. Natural and anthropogenic causes of floods. / Avakyan A. // Fundamentals of Life Safety. - 2001. - N 9. - S. 22-27.
UDC 614.8.084
E.V. Arefieva Ph.D., V.I. Mukhin (AGZ EMERCOM of Russia), E.G. Mirmovich Ph.D. (FGU VNII GOChS) FLOODING AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF EMERGENCIES
E. Arefeva, V. Mukhin, E. Mirmovich SUBMERGENCE AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF EC
One of the partial risks of a potential source of destruction of buildings and structures is the long-term impact of flooding.
Does not contain such a potential source of buildings and constructions destruction long-lasting drowning influence.
IN AND. Mukhin
E.G. Mirmavich
The topic of the article refers to the specialty "Safety in Emergencies", although it is located at the interdisciplinary junction of hydro- and engineering geology, soil science and land hydrology; geoecology and even permafrost. Why?
Fighting the very fact of flooding or another type of excessive moisture is meaningless in itself ("Nature does not have bad weather"). And for the occurrence of an emergency, the necessary and sufficient conditions. Necessary conditions for this type of emergency is the presence of people, critical facilities, economic facilities located in flooded areas. One condition is enough
The critical relationship between the external influence and the protective properties of the object. At the same time, potentially dangerous objects can play both one (passive) and another (active) role.
Among the disaster risk maps created in recent times, the risk of emergencies from the impact of flooding is replaced by the probability of flooding from climatic and meteorological factors (Fig. 1).
Most of consequences of emergency situations of any origin is associated with collapses, partial or complete destruction of buildings and structures due to their insufficient reliability and protection from dangerous techno-natural impacts. To paraphrase famous expression, it can be said that for such impacts as sources of emergencies, almost “all roads lead to collapses”.
Potential sources of such types of damage include sources with small and even zero (earthquakes, tornadoes, transport and industrial accidents, etc.) and with large delays between cause and effect, impact and emergency response to them.
Among the latter, it is worth highlighting flooding, which leads to moistening and liquefaction of soils, a decrease in their bearing capacity, flooding of basements and underground utilities. Flooding often causes activation of existing landslides, karst processes, subsidence of loess and swelling of clay soils, frost heaving processes, and even changes in the microseismic characteristics of the territory.
The damage from flooding is up to 5-6 billion dollars a year. Subsidence of loess massifs cause deformations, and sometimes complete destruction of buildings and structures, underground utilities, pipelines, and transport systems. The subsidence of loess rocks as a result of flooding and excessive moisture is experienced by more than 560 cities in Russia. Thus, in Volgodonsk, as of 2003, out of 907 residential buildings, 732 did not have guaranteed operational reliability due to deformation of the foundations as a result of subsidence of flooded loess soils. In some cities North Caucasus the amount of subsidence reaches up to 1.0-1.5 m. The threatening dynamics of flooding is reflected in the fact that in 1986 733 cities (70%) of Russia were covered by flooding, and in 2006 - already 93% of cities. The main reason for the flooding of urban areas is leakage from water-carrying communications (about 70%).
Scientific and technical developments
Scientific and technical developments
Rice. 1. An example of partial risk maps associated with flooding, in which the probability of occurrence of flooding itself replaces the risk of emergency from flooding
The number of objects that are threatened by landslides during flooding of territories in Russia has increased from 3-4 thousand to 12 thousand, the volume of karst voids has tripled. AT individual cities(Volgograd, Volgodonsk, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.) groundwater rose from 9-12 m to 3 m from the earth's surface.
In recent decades, the process of flooding of developed territories has become almost universal in Russia. Currently, about 9 million hectares of land for various economic purposes have been flooded, including 5 million hectares of agricultural land and 0.8 million hectares of built-up urban areas. Out of 1064 cities in Russia, flooding is observed in ~ 800 (~75%), out of 2065 workers' settlements
In 460 (> 20%) and more than 760 settlements. Many are flooded Largest cities countries such as Astrakhan, Volgograd, Irkutsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, Tomsk, Tyumen, Khabarovsk and others.
Currently, in Russia, the physical deterioration of housing and communal services (pipelines, etc.) is 55-75%. 30% of water supply capacities require urgent modernization, and the number of accidents over 10 years (from 1990 to 2000) has increased five times and amounted to 70 accidents for every 100 km of water supply networks per year. According to this trend, by 2010 the increase may be up to 350 accidents for every 100 km of networks. The number of accidents in heat supply systems reaches up to 100 thousand per year, and in water supply systems up to 200 thousand accidents per year. Water losses in water-carrying communication systems exceed the permissible level of losses in Russia by 2.5-3 times and exceed the permissible water losses in Europe by 4-6 times. Given this deterioration of residential buildings, the trend of an increase in the number of accidents and building collapses will naturally continue. Dilapidated housing is practically unable to resist negative natural and natural-technogenic processes.
Can research in this area be directed to their practical application? It would seem that cleaning, replacing existing drainage and outflow
systems (which, by the way, are obviously not enough), the organization of drying after floods, as was the case after catastrophic floods in Europe at the beginning of this century - that's the whole system for combating this source of emergency situations.
However, intensive pumping of groundwater and a change in the established hydrodynamic regime in built-up areas composed of structurally unstable soils, affected by ancient karst, landslide processes, can cause a violation of their stability and the development of so-called karst-suffusion processes, leading to the formation of sinkholes of man-made natural origin. Often there is a response "drainage effect", activating suffusion and subsidence processes. In some areas, these processes are developing so rapidly that they become dangerous not only for buildings and structures, but also for people.
Flooding enhances the activation of dangerous engineering and geological processes. Thus, over the past 30 years, 42 karst-suffusion sinkholes have formed in the northwestern part of Moscow. The sinkholes had a diameter of several to 40 m, a depth of 1.5 to 5-8 m. As a result, three five-story buildings were damaged, the inhabitants of which had to be relocated and the buildings dismantled. Over the past 65 years, more than 80 karst-suffusion sinkholes have been registered in the Ufa region. This process is even more widespread in the area of the city of Dzerzhinsk (Perm Region), where it affects about 30% of the city's territory.
From 100% of the territory Russian Federation, where nuclear, hydro- and thermal power plants and other objects of increased environmental danger are operated, up to 50% is located in zones of dangerous flooding processes.
It is known that the destructive effect of earthquakes depends on the deformation of soils during the passage of seismic waves. The intensity of such deformations is different in dry and water-saturated soils. In sandy, sandy-clayey, loess
soils when moistened, structural bonds are broken. Wet sands under the influence of vibration begin to liquefy, which leads to a large draft, a list of buildings built on such soils. The liquefaction of soils on slopes prone to landslides is especially dangerous. So, one of the largest landslides associated with seismic liquefaction of soils caused a disaster at the Vaiont reservoir in Italy. On water-saturated sandy, clayey soils, the intensity of the seismic impact (seismic intensity) increases by 1-2 points, and on loess soils it can reach up to 3 points, while the deformation modulus decreases, the resistance of soils to shear decreases. This is significant, given that during a 6-point earthquake, brick houses remain intact and experience little damage, then with an 8-point earthquake, their destruction is also possible, depending on their foundation.
Thus, the work noted the relationship between the density of distribution of damage to buildings and GWL after the earthquake on September 21, 2004 in Kaliningrad (6-7 points on the Richter scale): 1146 buildings were damaged in the flooded microdistricts of the city, of which 1061 were a residential building, 46 social and cultural facilities , 39 other objects.
In water-saturated soils during earthquakes, additional soil settlement up to 1 m occurs, associated with additional soil compaction. Considering that the dilapidation of buildings and houses in a number of cities of the country has reached significant percentages, it is necessary to immediately carry out water drainage measures in flooded areas, thereby preventing possible emergencies associated with even minor earthquakes, the devastating consequences of which will be enhanced by the negative effects of flooding.
The process of reckless closure of unprofitable mines continues with large negative irreversible consequences for the territory:
There is a rapid increase in the groundwater level (GWL), which is many times higher than the level in comparison with the period before the closure of the mines;
There is pollution and flooding of the territory, the destruction of regional aquifers;
Local earthquakes occur as a result of the development of hydromechanical stresses;
There are subsidence phenomena, a decrease in the mechanical strength properties of rocks;
There is a high probability of groundwater intrusion into open working mines.
Mine waters are saturated with salts heavy metals, they are aggressive towards concrete, cement. More than 2.62 million tons of various salts are carried out in the Donbass with mine waters annually, therefore, when mines are flooded, dangerous processes are activated due to flooding of the territory: karst, landslides, etc.
In a number of works, it is noted that the substantiated methodological recommendations for managing the GWL regime and for ensuring environmental safety during the liquidation of mines have not been sufficiently worked out.
The main measures to prevent accidental consequences during the closure of mines are:
Early assessment of the impact of mine closure on the ecological state environment;
Identification of areas of flooding, geochemical pollution of the territory;
Creation of predictive models of environmental change,
improvement of methods of regulation and management; improvement of monitoring systems at the local and regional levels; hydrogeological situation during the closure of mines.
Information about some emergencies associated with flooding at a number of mines in Russia is given in Table. one .
It should be noted that the increased
Table 1
Mine name, location Social, environmental and economic damage
“Deep”, OJSC “Rostovugol” Collapse of the hanging rock, death of people (2 people)
Rostov region, Novoshakhtinsk, “Zapadnaya”, “Capital” mine, 2003, October The walls of the mine broke through at a depth of 54.5 m; 30 million m3 of water broke through; the same thing happened in February, at a depth of 300 m, the rate of water inflow was 10,000 m3 per hour; the threat of flooding 17 thousand houses in the city
"Pionerka", Kuzbass Flooding of the territory, the village of Triangle in the city of Belovo, closing of the mine, flooded 570 residential buildings
Mine them. Dmitrova, Novokuznetsk Threat of flooding of 99 houses and facilities of the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works
Mine “Capital” No. 5, Primorye Flooded village Tavrichanka
Capital mine, Osinnikovsky district of Kuzbass Flooding of mine workings, activation of landslides, the need to relocate
S. Belozerskoye, Belozerskaya mine, 1999. Due to closure, 20 houses were flooded, in an unacceptable state, 5% are not used due to unsuitability, 397 apartments are not used, destruction of the foundation masonry due to high groundwater level
Mine “Novaya”, Zhovtiye Vody Emergency situation due to the rise of GWL, given that uranium mining is underway at the mine, the threat of radioactive contamination of the territory
Scientific and technical developments
Scientific and technical developments
Cultural monuments of urban planning and architectural nature are more exposed to the risks of drowning than other buildings. In the papers, this problem is analyzed with proposals for its resolution.
High-risk areas also include places with constant flooding, structurally unstable soils and karst voids, coinciding in megacities with the so-called. zones of "elite construction", which is considered as such for some incomprehensible reason instead of high-rise and, therefore, more dangerous. The solution of the housing problem in the long term with this approach can turn into a re-version of the new "khrushchev", which today have to be demolished throughout the country.
And for a number of cases, sparing drainage measures are recommended with monitoring the safety of the moistened state of foundation foundations, for which water is a kind of preservative. These are, first of all, architectural monuments, monuments of wooden architecture, houses located on a wooden foundation in northern Russian cities, etc. Thus, the most effective technology against the negative effects of flooding is the optimal control of the GWL regime, which, due to the inhomogeneities of the environment, the significant unpredictability of processes and phenomena in the underground hydrosphere, should be an ergatic control system.
In a series of works on the problems of forecasting emergencies (for example,) it is argued that a real-life forecast can only be on a deterministic basis, and not on a stochastic basis (a system of equations with leading and lagging arguments).
At the same time, the scientific and practical task in this area is to increase the lead time of the forecast from the side of science and reduce the readiness time of the response system
From the rescue services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and RSChS.
The presence of a large time lag (delay) between the beginning of the process of flooding of territories and their emergency state, which is fraught with the occurrence of emergencies of various levels, has not only a negative aspect, but at the same time provides an opportunity to take preventive, anticipatory measures to prevent them, as well as to prevent them through automated management of ground water.
The coordinate representation of the non-linear
linear parabolic equation of the type of the heat equation:
AND b = (k(x, y) b) x + (k (x, y) bu) y + ™(x, y, 1), where b(, bx, bu are the rates of change in the groundwater level over time and space, k(x, y) - variable coefficient of groundwater filtration, depending on the characteristics of soils in Cartesian-orthogonal directions, and w(x, y, t) - empirically given coefficients of water loss and infiltration recharge.
Numerical modeling and calculations for generating a control action (CC) were carried out within the framework of standard boundary conditions of the first, second and third kind in an iterative recurrent cycle of direct-inverse-direct problem.
The control program for the GWL mode is carried out relative to some reference level for a given object Lk.
The real state of diagnostics, analysis of existing monitoring systems by VSEGIN-GEO, nomenclature and content normative documents so far do not meet the threatening situation on this issue. In the safety passports of buildings and territories, including KVO and POO, it is not cultivated taking into account the state of the foundations. The same applies to acts of commissions for emergencies, in which the causes of emergencies in the form of flooding are not indicated. Due to the insufficiency of hydrogeological control and observation points in built-up areas, it is not possible to have reliable maps of potential and actual flooding, databases for analyzing the accident rate of buildings and structures.
For Moscow, for example, in addition to the existing drainage points, it is necessary to deploy at least several automated HC stations for optimal reverse control of the HCW (for example, Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Map of flooding of the territory of Moscow
In conclusion, it should be noted that the subsystems within the framework of the RSChS, which contributes to co-prevention of emergencies during flooding, should be formalized different structures and departments in this matter.
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