Ranks in the USSR. Ranks in the Soviet Army: the procedure for education in different periods
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The uniform of the Red Army 1918-1945 is the result of the joint efforts of a group of enthusiastic artists, collectors, researchers who give their all free time and funds in tribute to one common idea for them. Recreating the realities of the era that troubles their hearts provides an opportunity to get closer to a true perception of the central event of the 20th century of the Second World War, which undoubtedly continues to have a profound impact on modern life. Decades of deliberate misrepresentation experienced by our people
Insignia of the Red Army, 1917-24 1. Patch of the infantry, 1920-24. 2. Armband of the Red Guard, 1917. 3. Sleeve patch of the Kalmyk cavalry units of the South-Eastern Front, 1919-20. 4. Breastplate of the Red Army, 1918-22. 5. Patch of the escort guards of the Republic, 1922-23. 6. Sleeve insignia of the internal troops of the OGPU, 1923-24. 7. Patch of armored parts Eastern Front, 1918-19. 8. Commander's sleeve patch
Afghan slang name used by some military personnel for the name of a set of field summer winter uniforms for military personnel Armed Forces USSR, and later the Armed Forces Russian Federation and CIS countries. The field uniform was later used as an everyday one due to poor supply of military uniforms for military personnel. Soviet army and the Navy of the USSR marines, coastal rocket and artillery troops and the air force of the fleet, in the initial period used in SAVO and OKSVA
Name From a Bogatyr to a Frunzev world war in such helmets, the Russians were allegedly supposed to go through the victory parade through Berlin. However, no confirmed evidence of this has been found. But according to the documents, the history of the competition for the development of uniforms for the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army is well traced. The competition was announced on May 7, 1918, and on December 18, the Republican Revolutionary Military Council approved a sample of a winter headgear - a helmet,
The military uniform of the Soviet army uniforms and equipment of the military personnel of the Soviet army, formerly called the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and the Red Army, as well as the Rules for their wearing in the period from 1918 to 1991, established by the highest government bodies for the personnel of the Soviet Army. Article 1. Right to wear military uniform clothes are worn by servicemen who are in active military service in the Soviet Army and Navy, Suvorovites,
Front-line soldier Corporal 1 in the uniform of the 1943 model. The insignia from the buttonholes were transferred to shoulder straps. The SSH-40 helmet became widespread since 1942. Around the same time, submachine guns began to enter the troops in massive quantities. This corporal is armed with a 7.62 mm Shpagin submachine gun - PPSh-41 - with a 71-round drum magazine. Spare magazines in pouches on the waist belt next to the pouch for three hand grenades. In 1944, along with the drum
Metal helmets, widely used in the armies of the world long before our era, to XVIII century have lost their protective value due to the massive proliferation of firearms. By the time of the Napoleonic Wars European armies as protective equipment, they were used mainly in heavy cavalry. Throughout the 19th century, military headdresses protected their wearers at best from cold, heat or rain. Returning to service steel helmets, or
As a result of the adoption of two decrees on December 15, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars abolished all the ranks and military ranks in the Russian army that remained from the previous regime. The period of the formation of the Red Army. First insignia. Thus, all the soldiers of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army organized as a result of the order of January 15, 1918 no longer had any uniform military uniform, as well as special insignia. Nevertheless, in the same year, for the fighters of the Red Army, Chest sign
In the last century, during the Soviet Union, there was a higher rank of generalissimo. However, this title was not awarded to any person during the entire existence of the Soviet Union, except for Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. The proletarian people themselves asked for this man to be awarded the highest military rank for all his services to the Motherland. It happened after unconditional surrender Nazi Germany in the 45th year. Soon that the working people asked for such an honor
PILOTKA Introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR 176 of December 3, 1935. The cap for the command staff is made of woolen fabric, uniform with a French tunic. The color of the cap for the command staff of the air force is blue, for the command staff of the auto-armor tank troops steel, for everyone else khaki. The cap consists of a cap and two sides. The cap is made on a cotton lining, and the sides are made of two layers of the main fabric. front
Oleg Volkov, senior lieutenant of the reserve, former T-55 tank commander, class 1 gunner We have been waiting for her for so long. Three long years. They have been waiting since the very moment when they changed their civilian clothes for soldiers' uniforms. All this time, she came to us in dreams, in between exercises, shooting at ranges, studying equipment, outfits, drills and other numerous army duties. We are Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, Moldavians, Ukrainians,
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FITTING, ASSEMBLY AND SAVING THE SINGLE TRAVELING EQUIPMENT OF THE COMMANDER STRUCTURE OF THE RKKA order RVS USSR 183 1932 1. General provisions 1. The uniform equipment of the command staff of the land and air forces of the Red Army is supplied to the supply of a single size, designed for the greatest growth of the command staff and wear over an overcoat and warm overalls leather uniforms, fur clothing b with waist and shoulder straps of three sizes 1
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FITTING, ASSEMBLY AND SAVING THE UNIFIED TRAVELING EQUIPMENT OF THE COMMANDER STRUCTURE OF THE RKKA Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR 183 1932 1. General provisions overcoats and warm overalls leather uniforms, fur clothes b with waist and shoulder straps in three sizes 1 height namely 1 Equipment
The era, a couple of decades long, which begins after the Bolsheviks came to power, marked itself with numerous changes in the life of the once former Empire. The reorganization of practically all structures of peaceful and military activities turned out to be a rather lengthy and contentious process. In addition, from the course of history, we know that immediately after the revolution, Russia was swept by a bloody civil war, in which there was intervention. It is hard to imagine that the original rows
Winter uniform of the Red Army 1940-1945 OVERCOAT Introduced by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR 733 of December 18, 1926. Single-breasted overcoat made of gray overcoat. Turn-down collar. Clasp hidden on five hooks. Welt pockets without flaps. Sleeves with stitched straight cuffs. At the back, the pleat ends with a slit. The strap is fastened to the posts with two buttons. The overcoat for command and command staff was introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR
Insignia and buttonholes of the Red Army 1924-1943 The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was abbreviated as the Red Army, the term Soviet Army SA appeared later, the beginning of World War II, oddly enough, was met in a military uniform of the 1925 model. The People's Commissariat of Defense, by its order of December 3, 1935, introduced new uniforms and insignia. The old official ranks were partially preserved for the military-political, military-technical.
Soviet system insignia is unique. This practice is not found in the armies of other countries of the world, and it was perhaps the only innovation of the communist government; otherwise, the order was copied from the rules of army insignia tsarist Russia. The insignia of the first two decades of the existence of the Red Army were buttonholes, which were later replaced by shoulder straps. The rank was determined by the shape of the triangles, squares, rhombuses under the star,
Insignia of the Red Army military personnel by ranks 1935-40. The period under review covers the time from September 1935 to November 1940. By a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, personal military ranks are established for all military personnel, which are strictly correlated with their positions. Each position corresponds to a certain rank. A soldier may have a rank lower than that defined for this position, or the corresponding one. But he can't get
Official insignia of the military personnel of the Red Army 1919-1921. With the advent of the RCP b to power in November 1917, the new leaders of the country, relying on the thesis of Karl Marx about replacing the regular army with the general armament of the working people, began active work to eliminate imperial army Russia. In particular, on December 16, 1917, all military ranks were abolished by the decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars On the elective beginning and organization of power in the army and On the equalization of the rights of all military personnel.
The clothing of military personnel is established by decrees, orders, rules or special normative acts. Wearing a naval uniform of a naval uniform is mandatory for military personnel of the armed forces of the state and other formations where military service is provided. In the armed forces of Russia, there are a number of accessories that were in the naval uniform of the times of the Russian Empire. These include shoulder straps, boots, long overcoats with buttonholes.
In 1985, by Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 145-84g, a new field uniform was introduced, the same for all categories of military personnel, which received the common name Afghan, the first to receive units and subunits located on the territory of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In 1988 In 1988, by Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense 250 of 03/04/88, soldiers, sergeants and cadets without a tunic in a green shirt are introduced to wear a dress uniform. From left to right
MAIN Quartermaster's Directorate of the Red Army INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAYING, FITTING, ASSEMBLY AND PUTTING THE EQUIPMENT OF THE RED ARMY INFANTRY MILITARY ISSUES NPO USSR - 1941 CONTENTS I. General provisions II. Types of equipment and composition set III. Fitting Equipment IV. Packing equipment V. Making an overcoat roll VI. Assembly of equipment VII. The order of putting on equipment VIII. Instructions for the use of equipment IX.
Continuity and innovation in modern military heraldry The first official military heraldic sign is the emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation established on January 27, 1997 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in the form of a golden double-headed eagle with outstretched wings, holding a sword in its paws, as the most common symbol of the armed defense of the Fatherland, and a wreath is a symbol of special importance, significance and honor of military labor. This emblem was established to mark the belonging
Considering all the stages of the creation of the Russian armed forces, it is necessary to delve deeply into history, and even in the days of the principalities in question about the Russian empire, and even more so about the regular army, the emergence of such a thing as defense capability begins precisely from this era. In the XIII century, Russia was represented by separate principalities. Although their military squads were armed with swords, axes, spears, sabers and bows, they could not serve as a reliable defense against extraneous encroachments. United army
The emblem of the Airborne Forces - in the form of a parachute surrounded by two aircraft - is known to everyone. It became the basis for the subsequent development of the entire symbolism of the units and formations of the Airborne Forces. This sign is not only an expression of the serviceman's belonging to the winged infantry, but also a kind of symbol of the spiritual unity of all paratroopers. But few people know the name of the author of the emblem. And this was the work of Zinaida Ivanovna Bocharova, a beautiful, smart, hardworking girl who worked as a leading draftsman at the headquarters of the Airborne
This attribute of military equipment has earned a worthy place among others, thanks to its simplicity, unpretentiousness and, most importantly, complete irreplaceability. The name helmet itself comes from the French casque or from the Spanish casco skull, helmet. According to encyclopedias, this term refers to a leather or metal headgear used to protect the head by the military and other categories of persons operating in dangerous conditions by miners,
Until the end of the 70s, the field uniform of the KGB PV was not much different from the one that was in the land Soviet Army. Unless green shoulder straps and buttonholes, and more frequent and widespread use of KLMK summer camouflage suit. At the end of the 70s, in terms of the development and implementation of a special field uniform, some shifts took place, which resulted in the appearance of summer and winter field suits with a hitherto unusual cut. one.
Summer uniforms of the Red Army for the period 1940-1943. SUMMER GYMNASTERIOR OF THE COMMAND AND COMMANDING STAFF OF THE RED ARMY Introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR 005 of February 1, 1941 The summer tunic is made of a khaki cotton fabric with a turn-down collar fastened with one hook. At the ends of the collar, khaki buttonholes with insignia are sewn on. The gymnast has a chest strap with a clasp
Camouflage clothing appeared in the Red Army as early as 1936, although experiments began 10 years earlier, but it became widespread only during the war. Initially, these were camouflage coats and capes of spotted color spots in the form of amoebas and received the unofficial name of the amoeba of four colors for summer, spring-autumn, desert and for mountainous regions. AT separate row go white camouflage for winter camouflage. Much more mass-produced.
Even during the Second World War, detachments of marines instilled terror in German soldiers. Since then, the second name black death or black devils has been attached to the latter, indicating the inevitable reprisal against those who encroach on the integrity of the state. Perhaps this nickname is somehow connected with the fact that the infantryman wore a black pea coat. Only one thing is known for certain if the enemy is afraid, then this is already the lion's share of victory, and, as you know, a symbol marines considered the motto
Patches of the states of the Navy of the USSR The information presented on this page is the number of orders, etc. , based on materials from the book by Stepanov Alexander Borisovich Patch of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 1920-91 I Patch of anti-tank artillery units ORDER OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONER OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR dated July 1, 1942 0528
Order for the Naval Forces Rab.-Cross. Red Army 52 dated April 16, 1934. Specialists of private and junior command personnel, in addition to sleeve official insignia, also wear signs embroidered on black cloth in their specialty. The diameter of the round badges is 10.5 cm. The circumference of the badges for specialties for long-term servicemen is embroidered with gold thread or yellow silk, for military servicemen with red thread. The drawing of the sign is embroidered with red thread.
June 3, 1946 in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, signed by I.V. Stalin, the Airborne Forces were withdrawn from the Air Force and subordinated directly to the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Paratroopers at the November 1951 parade in Moscow. A sleeve badge is visible on the right sleeve of those marching in the first rank. The decree ordered the head of the Logistics of the USSR Armed Forces, together with Commander of the Airborne Forces prepare proposals
By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic 572 of April 3, 1920, sleeve insignia of the Red Army were introduced. Detailed analysis the history of stripes and chevrons of the Red Army of all periods in the material of the Military Pro. Introduction of sleeve insignia of the Red Army stages, features, symbols Distinctive insignia of the sleeve type are used to identify servicemen of certain branches of the armed forces. To better understand the specifics of the sleeve insignia of the Red Army and the chevrons of the Red Army, we recommend
Soviet mountain gunners in ambush. Caucasus. 1943 Based on the significant combat experience gained during the Great Patriotic War, the Main Directorate of Combat Training of the Main Directorate of Combat Training ground forces The Red Army undertook a radical solution to the issues of providing the latest weapons and equipment to the Soviet infantry. In the summer of 1945, a meeting was held in Moscow to discuss all the problems facing combined arms commanders. At this meeting, presentations were made by
In the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army, in the summer they wore half boots, they are also boots and boots, in the cold winter, felt boots were issued. The highest command staff in winter could wear winter cloak boots. The choice of shoes depended on the rank of the soldier; the officers always relied on boots and on the position he held. Before the war, there were many improvements and changes in the field
From buttonholes to epaulettes P. Lipatov Uniforms and insignia of the ground troops of the Red Army, internal troops of the NKVD and border troops during the Great Patriotic War The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army entered the Second World War in the uniform of the 1935 model. At about the same time, they acquired the usual us the appearance of Wehrmacht soldiers. In 1935, by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of December 3, new uniforms and insignia were introduced for the entire personnel of the Red Army.
They do not emit a warlike roar, they do not sparkle with a polished surface, they are not decorated with chased coats of arms and plumes, and quite often they are generally hidden under jackets. However, today, without this armor, unsightly in appearance, it is simply unthinkable to send soldiers into battle or ensure the safety of VIPs. Body armor is clothing that prevents bullets from entering the body and therefore protects a person from being shot. It is made from materials that scatter
Different kinds small arms and cold steel partisans in service Trophy weapons of partisans Various independent alterations of copies of Soviet and captured weapons Partisans' actions behind enemy lines damage power lines, posting propaganda leaflets, reconnaissance, destruction of traitors. Ambushes behind enemy lines, destruction of enemy columns and manpower Undermining bridges and railways, methods
PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF THE MILITARY SERVANTS 1935-1945 PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF THE MILITARY SERVICES OF THE LAND AND SEA FORCES OF THE RKKA 1935-1940 Introduced by resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars 2590 for the land and air forces of the Red Army and naval forces Red Army of September 22, 1935. Declared by order of the People's Commissar of Defense 144 of September 26, 1935. Private and command staff Political composition
In the Red Army, two types of buttonholes were used - everyday color and field protective. There were also differences in the buttonholes of the commanding and commanding staff, so that it was possible to distinguish the commander from the chief. Field buttonholes were introduced by order of the USSR NKO 253 of August 1, 1941, which abolished the wearing of colored insignia for all categories of military personnel. It was ordered to switch to buttonholes, emblems and insignia of a completely green camouflage color.
Uniforms of the Red Army Headgear of the Red Army Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch insignia Patch
We will have to start the story about the introduction of insignia in the Soviet army with some general questions. In addition, a small digression into history will be useful. Russian state not to formulate empty references to the past. The shoulder straps themselves are a kind of product that is worn on the shoulders in order to indicate the position or rank, as well as the type of troops and service affiliation. This is carried out in several ways by fastening straps, stars, making gaps, chevrons.
On January 6, 1943, shoulder straps for the personnel of the Soviet Army were introduced in the USSR. Initially, shoulder straps had a practical meaning. With their help, the belt of the cartridge bag was held. Therefore, at first there was only one shoulder strap, on the left shoulder, since the cartridge bag was worn on the right side. In most of the fleets of the world, shoulder straps were not used, and the rank was indicated by stripes on the sleeve, the sailors did not wear a cartridge bag. In Russia, shoulder straps
Commanders IVAN KONEV 1897-1973, commanded the Steppe Front during the Battle of Kursk. He left school at the age of 12, then became a lumberjack. He was mobilized into the royal army. During the civil war, he joined the Red Army and fought as a commissar for Far East. In 1934 he graduated from the Frunze Academy and became a corps commander. In 1938, Konev commanded a Separate Red Banner Army as part of the Far Eastern Front. But lead the military action against
Commanders Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov Born on February 12, 1900 in Serebryanye Prudy, near Venev, Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov was the son of a peasant. From the age of 12, he worked as an apprentice saddler, and when he was 18, he joined the Red Army. In 1918, during civil war, he participated in the defense of Tsaritsyn later - Stalingrad, and in 1919 joined the CPSU b and was appointed regiment commander. In 1925 Chuikov graduated military academy them. M.V. Frunze, then participated
Even before the First World War, a uniform appeared in the Russian army, consisting of a protective color of trousers, a shirt-tunic, an overcoat and boots. We have seen her more than once in films about the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. Soviet uniform from World War II. Since then, several uniform reforms have been carried out, but they mainly affected only the dress uniform. The edgings, shoulder straps, buttonholes changed in uniforms, and the field uniform remained practically unchanged.
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR RULES FOR THE WEARING OF MILITARY UNIFORM CLOTHING BY SERGEANTS, STARSHIN, SOLDIERS, SAILORS, cadets AND PUPILS OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND NAVY IN PEACETIME Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR. General provisions. The uniform of sergeants of long-term service. The uniform of sergeants of conscripts and soldiers of extra-conscripts and conscripts. The uniform of cadets of military schools. The uniform of pupils of Suvorov
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF THE SSR RULES OF WEARING THE MILITARY UNIFORM OF CLOTHES BY THE SOVIET ARMY AND NAVY SERVICE PERSONNEL IN PEACETIME I. GENERAL PROVISIONS II. MILITARY UNIFORM Marshals uniform Soviet Union, marshals of military branches and generals of the Soviet Army Uniform of admirals and generals of the Navy Uniform of officers of the Soviet Army Uniform of women officers of the Soviet Army
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF THE SSR RULES FOR WEARING THE MILITARY UNIFORM OF CLOTHING BY MILITARY PERSONNEL OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND NAVY Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 191 Section I. GENERAL PROVISIONS Section II. MILITARY UNIFORM Chapter 1. Uniform of the Marshals of the Soviet Union, marshals of military branches and generals of the Soviet Army Chapter 2. Uniform of officers and sergeants of the long-term service of the Soviet Army Chapter 3. Uniform of female officers
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF THE SSR RULES FOR THE WEARING OF THE MILITARY UNIFORM OF CLOTHES BY SERVICE SERVICE PERSONNEL OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND NAVY Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 250 Section I. MAIN PROVISIONS Section II. CLOTHING FORM OF SOVIET ARMY SERVICEMEN. Chapter 1. Dress uniform of the Marshals of the Soviet Union, generals of the army, marshals of the military branches and generals of the Soviet Army Chapter 2. Dress uniform of officers, warrant officers and military personnel
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF THE SSR RULES FOR THE WEARING OF THE MILITARY UNIFORM OF CLOTHES BY SERVICE SERVICE PERSONNEL OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND NAVY Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 250 Section I. MAIN PROVISIONS Section II. CLOTHING FORM OF SOVIET ARMY SERVICEMEN. Chapter 1. Uniform of marshals and generals of the Soviet Army Chapter 2. Uniform of officers, ensigns and servicemen of the long-term service of the Soviet Army Chapter 3. Uniform
We continue to talk about the uniform of the Red Army. This publication will focus on the period 1943-1945, that is, the very height of the Great Patriotic War, attention is paid to changes in the form Soviet soldier that took place in 1943. Senior sergeant of the Air Force with his father, who is a major. Winter and summer uniforms, 1943 and later. The winter tunic looks neat and clean, the summer one is dirty
The military uniform, which includes all items of uniform, equipment, insignia established by the highest government bodies for the personnel of the armed forces of the state, not only allows you to determine the servicemen's belonging to the types and branches of the troops, but also distinguish them by military ranks. The uniform disciplines military personnel, unites them into a single military team, helps to increase their organization and strict fulfillment of military duties.
So, the unloading system of the Soviet motorized rifleman of the 1950 model is a system of a field belt and a field soldier's belt for easy carrying of equipment when performing combat training tasks. In the common people it is called unloading. The field belt is canvas, covered with brown polystyrene and a galvanized buckle, sometimes mistakenly called a construction battalion belt, but this is wrong - this is a field belt, model 1950. The soldier's harness consists of
1. FIGHTER'S RACK CAMPING EQUIPMENT - INFANTRY ARROW stocks are not taken. ASSEMBLY AND ADJUSTMENT OF ASSAULT EQUIPMENT On the waist belt, put on the following items in sequence, winding them
Knapsack of a soldier of the Red Army 1. Knapsack TRAVELING EQUIPMENT OF A FIGHTER - ARROW OF INFANTRY Camping equipment of fig. with the calculation of wearable reserves is not taken. ASSEMBLING AND FITTING THE ATTACKING EQUIPMENT On the waist belt, put on the following items in sequence,
Each army has its own system of military ranks. Moreover, rank systems are not something fixed, set once and for all. Some titles are canceled, others are introduced. Those who are at least seriously interested in the art of war, science, need to know not only the entire system of military ranks of a particular army, but also to know how the ranks of different armies correlate, which ranks of one army correspond to the ranks of another army. There is a lot of confusion in the existing literature on these issues,
The image shows two infantrymen of the Red Army, a Red Army soldier on June 22, 1941 and a victorious sergeant on May 9, 1945. Even from the photo you can see how the shape and equipment were simplified over time, something turned out to be too expensive to manufacture in war time, something did not take root, something the soldiers did not like and was removed from the supply. And individual items of equipment, on the contrary, were spied on by the enemy or taken as a trophy. It's not all about item placement
The first mass-produced Soviet steel helmet SSH-36 appeared in the Red Army in 1936, and by the end of the year it became obvious that it had a lot of shortcomings. The most fundamental of them were the brittleness of steel and low bullet resistance in bending places. Attempts to improve the helmet led to the emergence of a number of experimental samples, some of them were military tests. Red Army soldiers at the parade in steel helmets SSH-36. http forum.guns.ru In June
TABLE OF RANKS OF THE USSR MILITARY SERVICE 1935-1945 1935 1 By the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, on the introduction of personal military ranks of the commanding staff of the Red Army and on the approval of the regulation on the service of the command and command staff of the Red Army for the military personnel of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, command and special military ranks of the commanding composition Military ranks of command and command staff of land and air
By order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR 005 dated February 1, 1941, a new Standard list of items of clothing was introduced that makes up the attire of junior commanding officers and privates of the Red Army for summer and winter in peacetime and wartime. FOR PRIVATE COMPOSITION IN THE SUMMER in peacetime I. Uniform 1. Khaki cloth cap. 2. Khaki cotton cap only in combat units for field exercises. 3. Cloth gray overcoat
Army shoulder straps were divided according to their purpose into field and everyday. The former were worn on field uniforms, the latter on casual and dress uniforms, in accordance with the wearing rules announced by order of the NCO of the USSR No. 25. When epaulettes were introduced, it was understood that servicemen of the Active Army would be provided with field epaulettes, as well as units being prepared for dispatch to the front; and everyday - the rest of the servicemen "in the rear" and all the servicemen when wearing full dress uniforms.
Order No. 25 of the NCO of the USSR gave a general description of the new insignia. "Shoulder straps. Along the contour, the shoulder strap is a strip with parallel long sides. The lower end of the shoulder strap is rectangular, the upper end is cut off at an obtuse angle, for the shoulder straps of the marshals of the Soviet Union, generals and senior commanding officers, the top of the obtuse angle is cut parallel to the lower edge. The edges of the shoulder strap, except for the lower , are edged".
Depending on the height of the serviceman, the length of shoulder straps was set in the range of 14–16 cm. The width of the main mass of shoulder straps was 6 cm, except for the Marshals of the Soviet Union and generals, who were supposed to have shoulder straps 6.5 cm wide. The shoulder straps of medical and veterinary generals were 4.5 cm wide services, as well as the highest military-legal staff. The shoulder straps of the officers of the medical and veterinary service and the commanding military-legal staff were 4 cm wide. All dimensions are indicated along with the piping, the width of the piping itself was 0.25 cm.
In accordance with the assigned rank and type of troops (service), stars and stripes were placed on shoulder straps
by rank, emblems, and on the shoulder straps of cadets and soldiers - also encryption stencils. On the shoulder straps of generals
(except for the veterinary and medical services), emblems were not supposed to. Also, traditionally there were no emblems on the shoulder straps of the main branch of the army - the infantry. The emblems were not worn on the field shoulder straps of the junior command and commanding and enlisted personnel.
According to their design, epaulettes were sewn on and removable (although they were not directly called that in the order itself). Sewn on with their lower edge, they were sewn into the shoulder seam of the sleeve, and fastened with the upper
on a button. The detachable ones were fastened with the help of a half-lash, threaded into the loop on the shoulder, and fastened together with the upper end of the shoulder strap with a button.
The fastening of the button was different for the soldier's and officer's shoulder straps. In the first case, the button was sewn to the uniform near the collar, in the second it was fastened with a special cord, threaded
through the holes in the uniform, half-lash, chase and into the eye of the button.
Scheme of the front and reverse side epaulette model 1943
Selected materials from the book
The introduction of new insignia in the Red Army,
epaulettes sample 1943
It is impossible, describing the year 1957, not to mention the most likely unusual insignia in the Soviet
The armies are the fruits of the failed reform of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov.
By order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR No. 185 of 09/28/57, changes were introduced in the uniform of the military personnel of the Soviet Army, shoulder straps were especially radically changed.
Description of the shoulder straps from Appendix No. 1 to the order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 185: "The shoulder straps have a conical shape with an upper obtuse angle. The width of the shoulder strap: at the bottom 5 cm, at the top 4 cm. The length of the shoulder strap is from 10 to 14 cm, respectively
shoulder length. The color of the field, edges and gaps on shoulder straps is set according to the types of troops and services. The crimson color is replaced by red. The diameter of the emblem of the Soviet Union on the shoulder straps of the marshals of the Soviet Union and the admirals of the fleet of the Soviet Union is 32 mm. The diameter of the star on the shoulder straps of the marshals of the Soviet
Union - 35 mm, and on the shoulder straps of the chief marshals and marshals of the armed forces - 30 mm.
Go to new form and shoulder straps was supposed to begin in 1958. But after the removal from the post of Marshal Zhukov, the reform was suspended, and in March 1958 the new Minister of Defense, Marshal of the Soviet
Soyuz R.Ya. Malinovsky order No. 185 was completely canceled.
[...]
1957 reform, tapered epaulettes
Shoulder straps arr. 1957: major general for parade uniform and aviation junior lieutenant for shirt. Reconstruction
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New rules for wearing military uniforms 1958
Decree of the PVS of the USSR No. 1808-VI dated 10.24.63 and the subsequent order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR No. 247 dated 11.5.63 on the shoulder straps of military personnel with the rank of foreman instead of two stripes (transverse and longitudinal) was established to wear one longitudinal stripe wide 30 mm. For shoulder straps of cadets of military schools with the rank of "foreman", the width of the galloon on the sides instead of 13 mm was set to 6 mm, and on the upper sides the shoulder strap was no longer sheathed with galloon in the case of factory production. If the shoulder straps of the cadet foreman were made independently, then one longitudinal stripe of galloon 15 mm wide was sewn onto the standard cadet shoulder strap.
[...]
Changing the location of the foremen's stripes on shoulder straps in 1963
Starshina Starikov in a tunic with epaulettes arr. 1943 Sergeant's badges of the period 1943–1963
Foreman of extra-long service A.K. Sorokin
in formal dress uniform arr. 1958 with shoulder straps. Sergeant's patches - after 1963
On June 26, 1969, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 4024-VII, a number of cardinal changes were made to the description of insignia for the military personnel of the Soviet Army and Navy, which exactly a month later, on July 26, 1969, were announced by order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR No. 190. On the same day, by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 191, new rules for wearing military uniforms were put into effect. The changes introduced by the Decree of the PVS and the previous order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 190 and described by these rules affected many aspects of the military uniform, including shoulder straps.
One of the main innovations was a modified form of soldier's shoulder straps. In connection with the complete rejection of tunics and closed uniforms and the introduction of tunics and open parade uniforms, the shape of shoulder straps for most types of uniforms for soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Army was changed from 5-coal to 4-coal, with a beveled top edge. In addition, such shoulder straps were sewn on uniforms, removable ones were preserved only for short fur coats and insulated padded jackets for especially cold areas, and for officers and generals - also for shirts. And unlike the 60s. removable soldier shoulder straps were already one-sided, although the old double-sided shoulder straps continued to wear out. They could not be used only by motorized rifle troops, which had their instrument color changed.
This was another cardinal change introduced by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR on June 26, 1969. Now the main branch of the Soviet Army wore not raspberry shoulder straps, but red ones. Correspondingly, the colors of the edges and gaps of the officers' shoulder straps also changed.
For the first time, the red color for the shoulder straps of conscripts was established in 1957 during the failed reform of Marshal Zhukov. Then various experiments were carried out on the introduction of red. So, for example, Moscow command school named after the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, put on the November parade of 1968 pentagonal cadet shoulder straps with a red field instead of crimson and black piping. And finally, the red color was established as an all-army color precisely in 1969. The shoulder straps of soldiers and sergeants of motorized rifle troops, cadets of higher combined arms command and military-political schools became red.
The crimson color has been preserved or re-established for the generals of the engineering troops, signal troops, technical troops, generals, officers and cadets of the quartermaster, medical, veterinary service and justice, officers of the administrative service, crimson were the edges and gaps of shoulder straps, as well as some other elements of uniforms.
It is also necessary to dwell on such an interesting and controversial issue as crimson soldier shoulder straps. The fact is that in the order announcing the rules for wearing military uniforms, there is not a word about soldiers and sergeants of medical units. Specifically, Order No. 191 says: " Officers, sergeants and soldiers of units of the military branches (services) of the Soviet Army that are part of a military unit (military school) wear the uniform established for this military unit, but with the emblem of a certain type of troops (service) on shoulder straps (buttons) .. Generals and officers of justice, quartermaster, medical, veterinary and administrative services, regardless of what branch of the Soviet Army they serve in, wear the uniform established for these services". That is, officers of the medical service, regardless of the unit where they serve, wear "crimson" shoulder straps, and soldiers and sergeants wear shoulder straps of the color of the military branch of the unit where they serve, but with medical emblems.
Doubts are being expressed about the existence of such crimson soldier epaulettes and their legality. But if you strictly follow the letter of order No. 191, it turns out that the soldiers serving in the medical units of the central subordination (and there were such in the army) should have worn the insignia of medicine. As it was in practice, for example, in the service units of the Burdenko Central Military Clinical Hospital, where soldiers and sergeants sewed crimson shoulder straps.
In addition to the soldier's army shoulder straps described above, in 1969 there could be two more instrument colors: blue and black (the protective color will be discussed below). The first relied on aviation, airborne troops and airfield engineering units. The second - to all other "technical branches of the military", including armored, artillery and others, as well as military builders.
Always, not only in 1969, in the army, when switching to new uniforms or insignia, it was allowed
wear during certain period old. And since to this for the first time after the transition
a deficit of new items was added, then for more than one year soldiers and sergeants used old closed uniforms and tunics after the official introduction of a new uniform. Removable and sewn-on pentagonal shoulder straps were worn on both old and new uniforms.
In this case, it was easier for the officers, their shoulder straps differed in cut only in the size of the bevel of the upper edge, which was still not visible under the collar. So it only remained to change the asterisks on the parade outfit, but on the everyday one this was not required.
With the introduction in 1969 of a new soldier's uniform with buttonholes on the collar, emblems
almost completely moved from shoulder straps to them. The emblems of the soldiers remained on removable shoulder straps for short fur coats and insulated padded jackets for especially cold areas, which had a fur collar,
where it was impossible to attach buttonholes, as well as for work uniforms, which will be described below.
[...]
1969 uniform and insignia reform.
This photo clearly shows that the transition period could wear both the new uniform and the old at the same time. The tanker on the left is dressed in an open parade uniform arr. 1969 with shoulder straps and buttonholes of red color (according to the type of troops of the unit), the driver on the right - in a closed parade uniform arr. 1956, which probably has crimson epaulettes sewn on, converted from pentagonal to hexagonal, which was a common practice at that time. Lvov, 1970
Junior sergeant from the 11th Cavalry Regiment in parade uniform arr. 1969, on which are sewn light blue epaulettes with metal letters SA. Odintsovo, b / g.
Private engineer units of a motorized rifle
parts in the parade uniform arr. 1969 with shoulder boards with a red field, on which the metal letters SA are installed. November 1970
Ordinary artilleryman in parade uniform
arr. 1969. Shoulder straps on him with the letters "SA" made of polyvinylchloride plait. After 1980
Private artilleryman in a cotton everyday field jacket arr. 1969 with sewn-on shoulder boards in cotton suede, no letters. Early 1970s
Junior sergeant in a half-woolen tunic arr. 1969 with epaulettes with the letters "SA" made of polyvinyl chloride film, emblems of the topographic service are installed on the buttonholes.
Private automobile troops in an overcoat. Shoulder straps on it - with letters made of PVC film, 25 mm high. Germany, 1981
In 1969-1973 the set of emblems on shoulder straps (buttonlets) for the servicemen of the Soviet Army was revised. In July 1969, by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 190, a new emblem was installed for engineering troops, bearing both the old symbols of these troops in the form of crossed axes, and the new one - a track-laying blade, an anchor, a mine, lightning bolts and all this - against the background of a gear. The former engineering emblem passed to the construction and engineering airfield units and military builders.
The pipeline troops received their own emblem in the form of a five-pointed star, a field main pipeline assembly, a crossed key and a hammer with a common frame in the form of oak leaves, according to the same order.
In 1971, instead of a wrench and a hammer, a new emblem was installed for the chemical troops in the form of a five-pointed star, bordered by oak branches and covered with a shield depicting a benzene ring and radioactive rays (Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 75 of 04/15/71).
[...]
Epaulette illustrations.
On the parade uniform of marshals and generals, sewn-on shoulder straps of golden (silver) color with a piping in the color of the type of troops were worn. Silver relied on the generals of the medical and veterinary services and justice. In addition, these generals, as well as the generals of artillery, had emblems on shoulder straps.
On the shoulder straps of the Marshals of the Soviet Union, in the upper part, the coat of arms of the Soviet Union with a diameter of 47 mm was embroidered with golden thread and colored silk, and below the coat of arms - a golden five-pointed star 50 mm in diameter, edged with red silk.
On the shoulder straps of the chief marshals of the military branches, a golden emblem of the military branch was embroidered in the upper part, and below the emblem, a five-pointed star with a diameter of 40 mm, bordered with colored silk, framed by two laurel branches. Kant epaulette and edging of stars were in color according to the type of troops. The shoulder straps of the marshals of the military branches were the same as the shoulder straps of the chief marshals, but without framing the star with laurel branches.
Stars were embroidered on the shoulder straps of the generals: on a golden field - silver, on a silver
- golden.
Removable hexagonal epaulettes with a golden (silver) field relied on the front-outlet overcoat, similar in appearance and location of emblems and stars to sewn-on ones. Sewn-on shoulder straps were also allowed.
On the summer coat, marshals of military branches and generals wore shoulder straps, Marshals of the Soviet Union - removable shoulder straps.
The everyday uniforms of marshals and generals relied on shoulder straps with a field of silk
galuna of protective color. Coat of arms of the Soviet Union, stars, emblems, edging on the shoulder straps of the Marshals of the Soviet
Union and marshals of military branches, everything was the same as on shoulder straps for parade and output uniforms. On the everyday shoulder straps of the generals, the stars were golden. Sewn-on epaulettes were worn on an everyday tunic, removable or sewn on on a casual field overcoat, and removable on a bekesh.
Shirt shoulder straps have changed compared to 1957 in that the stars on them are not silver,
but golden. They also began to rely on golden metal buttons with the image
coat of arms of the Soviet Union, and not plastic, as before. The marshals even before that had buttons on their shirts.
shoulder straps were gilded.
Hero of the Soviet Union Marshal of the Soviet Union K.S. Moskalenko and Lieutenant General V.N. Egorov among the participants of the meeting of honors students in combat and political training. Both of them are dressed in everyday tunics, on which shoulder straps arr. 1958 with khaki field. Late 1950s
Developed on the basis of the individual functionality of each assignment, depending on the position held. Where, with the help of career growth, unquestioning subordination of lower-ranking cadres to higher ones is carried out.
At the same time, the formation of the officer category of the military took place with difficulty, in conditions of critical perception by military leaders of concepts that had passed from the tsarist time. This status has been formed over the years along with the army reform.
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How did the formation of the army begin?
Ranks in the Soviet Army after 1955 and before this period were revised by the Government more than once. Each decade lived by the country is marked by reform. Until the war itself, troops were formed with a special identity and disguise in a system dependent on ideology. This gradation made it difficult to establish clear boundaries for the distribution of duties in combination with responsibility.
Only in 1935 were promotions fixed, while junior commanders were appointed with the title of the post.
- command
- military-political
- boss
- military-technical
- administrative
- medical
- legal
- private
In the 80s, they got rid of the remnants, complex in composition and distribution of ranks.
When the epaulettes returned
Ranks in the Soviet in ascending order, with shoulder straps, returned in 1943 by decision of the head of state of that time, Stalin I.V. Why such a decision arose is a mystery to historians. Perhaps this reflected the wisdom of the ruler or the requirements of the time. The military leaders did not dare to express their dissatisfaction under the yoke of totalitarian regime.
The strangeness of such an expression of will was as follows:
- the reform took place along with active hostilities, which proved that the commander-in-chief had a clear idea of the ultimate goal
- the operation is risky, it can break the mood in the troops
The changes were justified by time. Moreover, there was no copying in titles, designations from the tsarist regime. Stars came on shoulder straps of different sizes. Second lieutenants began to be called lieutenants, and the staff captain was reduced, removing an incomprehensible common man prefix.
Landmark Reforms
According to the changes that have taken place in the Army, one can trace the cataclysms that raged in the country, the formation of disagreements, and vice versa, the rare presence of consensus. Peter's reforms have always been revered by patriotic citizens. It is believed that Stalin I.V. foresaw this, inspired the soldiers to defeat the enemy with officer ranks consonant with the allied countries. It is up to historians to judge the political background. After 55 years in the last century, the name of the state was added to the naval admiral rank - the USSR, when the country ceased to be called that, there was a return, the official was again called the admiral of the fleet.
In the sixties, the managers decided that the military should be designated by adding a specialty, military positions appeared, in the form of:
- junior engineer lieutenants
- captains engineers
- majors of technical services
Before the nineties, the leadership tried to prevent the impending collapse by reforms:
- reduction of borders separating commanders
- comparison of various formations with the ranks of military units
- creation of training according to a single profile
- carrying out the reorganization of some troops with others, according to the ranks
The need arose not for beautiful designations, but in order to avoid confusion in the exercises, it was possible to effectively manage the whole without voicing the military definition. The content of special articles disappeared from military ranks.
The year 1969 was marked by the order in wearing uniforms with a division into types of vestments:
- front door
- everyday
- field
- working
Work attire designed for conscripts. The color of shoulder straps of sergeants, foremen, on the clothes of ensigns and midshipmen, began to differ as follows:
- red began to be sewn on for soldiers of ground units
- for the air force defined blue
- sailors added black shoulder straps
For the corporal distinction, a transverse ribbon was placed. In addition, the naval army began to be separated from the land army by the letter designation SA and F. Starshin was replaced by ensigns with tiny stars, changing their placement along the shoulder strap or across, depending on the time and rank, collecting them into a triangle shape.
On the “parade” of the officer’s jacket, golden-colored shoulder straps began to flaunt, with the presence of edging, stripes of different colors and categories. For the army general, according to the reform of 1974, they developed a form of shoulder straps, on which 4 stars were placed, then they were replaced with one large one, adding the coat of arms of the USSR to it. The marshals were left with a star with a special badge indicating in which troops they serve. After the change of state, the Generalissimo was replaced by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and the marshals are subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation.
Distinctions of the highest command staff in the USSR and other services
In the Soviet land special forces and aviation units consisted of commanders:
- supreme, this included the distinction of the generalissimo and the marshal of the Soviet Union, then came the chief marshals with the name of the military mission
- higher, which includes all military marshals
- command, consisting of an army general, further subordination was intended for generals with a prefix, starting with a colonel, then a lieutenant, ending with a major
- officer, starting as a brigadier general, then by seniority they appointed colonels, lieutenant colonels, majors, captains, senior lieutenants, lieutenants and junior lieutenants
For employees included in the middle composition, simple and senior warrant officers were appointed.
The junior service consisted of officials:
- chief petty officers
- petty officers
- senior sergeants
- sergeants
- junior sergeants
- corporals
- privates
The admiral of the Soviet Union commanded the fleet, and a man with the rank of admiral without a prefix with the name of the country obeyed him.
Further division consists of posts:
- admiral's
- vice admirals
- rear admirals with the corresponding rank
They included in the officer contingent, starting with the commander, then there were captains of the first, second and third ranks, they continue to descend the career ladder:
- captain-lieutenants
- senior lieutenants
- lieutenants
- junior lieutenants
The ranks of senior and ordinary midshipmen are not included in the officer status, the list is completed by a ship conductor with a conductor and a team of foremen and sailors.
For the work of junior officers, citizens were enrolled:
- with the formation of a higher military-technical direction
- graduated from a military-type secondary educational institution
The officer ranks of quartermasters, doctors, veterinarians of other specializations were received after studying at the appropriate institution. In aviation, the hierarchical ladder was located similarly to army ranks, the highest ranks received an additional prefix for special troops.
Since 1972, there have been changes in the institute of ensigns and midshipmen's units. Before that, they could remain voluntarily to serve, after urgent appeal, for any period of time and reach retirement with the achievement of 50 years. They were responsible for:
- foremen of divisions
- deputy platoon commanders
- worked as a clerk at the headquarters, were in charge of food, property warehouses
From January 1, in the Soviet, its coastal, aviation units, as well as in the border and internal troops, there was a replenishment of ensigns from servicemen. On the sea vessels midshipmen began to work, they also filled the cadres of the junior staff in the units located on the coast, but with the provision of the Navy or border guards of the same purpose in the troops. Conscripts for conscripts in the position of foreman began to be called the main ship. Since 1980, they began to be promoted by military distinction with a prefix, they became senior midshipmen or warrant officers.
The modern Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are promoted by ranks of two types - military and naval. To the naval army, refer and appoint
- insignia depending on the service:
- surface or submarine forces of the Navy
- internal troops
- coast guard
- border services
Officers of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are provided with positions with the corresponding ranks belonging to the units:
- land
- air force
- missile, strategic
- space, airborne
Divers receive promotions from the ship's military ranks. Of particular importance were citizens performing military duty with an appointment in the guards units, the achievement of any promotion in rank is accompanied by the addition of a prefix, for example - guards-captain. Specialists in the legal or medical field in ranks combine with the profession - major of justice or colonel of the medical service.
Shoulder straps and ranks of the Army, Police, Navy of the Soviet Union of the USSR - on the video:
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The entire period of the existence of the USSR can be divided into several stages according to various epoch-making events. Typically, changes in political life states are leading to a number of cardinal changes, including in the army. The pre-war period, which is limited to 1935-1940, went down in history as the birth of the Soviet Union, and special attention should be paid not only to the state of the material part of the armed forces, but also to the organization of the hierarchy in management.
Before the beginning of this period, there was a kind of disguised system by which the military ranks of the Soviet army were determined. However, the question of creating a more advanced gradation soon arose. Although the ideology did not allow a direct introduction of a structure similar to the one currently used, for the reason that the concept of an officer was considered a relic of the tsarist era, Stalin could not help but understand that such a ranking would help to clearly establish the boundaries of the duties and responsibilities of commanders.
At modern approach there is one more advantage to the organization of army subordination. AT to a large extent the activity of personnel is facilitated, since it was possible to develop individual functionality for each rank. Here it should be noted that the transition to the introduction of officer ranks was being prepared for several years. The very fact that such concepts as “officer” or “general” are returning to everyday life was perceived critically by military leaders.
Military ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army
In 1932, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was published, according to which the previously existing division into conditional categories was abolished. By December 35th, the transition to ranks was completed. But until 1943, the ranks of privates and junior officers still included job titles. The entire contingent was divided into the following categories:
- command staff;
- military-political;
- boss;
- military-technical;
- economic or administrative;
- medical and veterinary;
- legal;
- private.
If we imagine that each composition had its own specific ranks, it becomes clear that such a system was considered quite complex. By the way, it was possible to put an end to its remnants only closer to the 80s of the XX century. Reliable information on this issue can be obtained from the edition of the military charter of the Armed Forces of the Red Army of 1938.
Stalin's strange decision
The totalitarian regime, which was especially pronounced during the Great Patriotic War, did not even allow thoughts contrary to the opinion of I.V. Stalin, and his decision to return shoulder straps and officer ranks to the Red Army was openly criticized not only in the foreign press, but also by the brightest representatives of the Soviet command.
The reform in the army came at the hottest stages of the war. At the beginning of 1943, their former ranks and epaulettes "returned" to the officers. Dissatisfaction was caused by the fact that the builders of communism had long ago renounced these archaisms.
By decision of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, a corresponding Decree was adopted. Until now, historians consider this decision somewhat strange.
- Firstly, only a person who clearly understands the ultimate goals can decide to reform the army during the period of active hostilities.
- Secondly, there is a certain risk that the soldiers will feel certain steps back in this measure, which will significantly break their morale.
Although the end justifies the means, and there is always a percentage of the probability of a positive outcome of the reform. Naturally, the Western press saw in this the first notes of the loss of the Soviet Union in the Second World War.
It cannot be assumed that the new shoulder straps were an exact copy of the shoulder straps of tsarist Russia, and the designations and the titles themselves differed significantly. The lieutenant replaced the second lieutenant, and the captain replaced the staff captain. Personally, Stalin was the initiator of the idea of using stars on shoulder straps of various sizes.
For example, the highest ranks in the army of the USSR since that time were designated by large stars (marshal - one star with a coat of arms). Only later did history find out the real reason for this decision of the leader. At all times, the era of Peter's reforms was revered and evoked a feeling of patriotism. The return to that scheme, which established the rank of each serviceman, should have inspired the fighters of the Red Army. Despite the war, the USSR was preparing for the Great Victory, which means that Berlin must be taken by officers whose ranks are consonant with the ranks of the allied countries. Was it politically motivated? Definitely yes.
Military ranks in the 50s - 80s of the century
Shoulder straps and ranks in the army of the USSR until the end of its existence were revised more than once. Almost every decade in history was marked by reforms. So, in 1955, the title "Admiral of the Fleet" was abolished, and the title "Admiral of the Fleet of the USSR" was established. Later, everything returned to its place with the interpretation "... for consistency between the ranks of senior officers."
In the sixties, it was decided to designate education by adding the specialty of an engineer or technician. The complete hierarchy looked like this:
- junior engineer lieutenant - engineer-captain;
- major engineer and so on respectively.
- junior technician-lieutenant - captain of the technical service;
- major of technical service and further respectively.
By the mid-eighties, the idea was ripe to completely remove the previously existing line between command personnel, to equate the ranks of military personnel with different formations, to establish a single training profile, to bring the ranks of the ground forces and troops into line navy. Moreover, this correspondence does not consist only in consonance. The fact is that more and more exercises began to be carried out, in which several branches of the armed forces are simultaneously involved. For effective management of the army, the names of these genera began to be excluded from the ranks. By a decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, military ranks in the Soviet army ceased to contain special articles.
Since 1969, the order of wearing a military uniform has been introduced. It is now subdivided into front, everyday, field and work. The working uniform is only for privates and sergeants passing military service. The shoulder straps of the military personnel of the ground forces, the air force and the navy differ in color. For the category of sergeants, foremen, warrant officers and midshipmen, the following norm is established: SV - red shoulder straps, Air Force - blue, shoulder straps of the USSR Navy - black.
The corporal on the chase wears a cloth strap located across. The shoulder straps of the SV and VVS contain the letters SA, which stands for "Soviet Army". Navy epaulettes differ not only in color, but also in the presence of a gilded letter F. Since 1933, on the purse of a foreman, the strip has been located along, and before that it was supplemented with a transverse strip, forming a semblance of the letter “T”. Obtaining a new rank of senior warrant officer since 1981 is accompanied by the addition of a third star on the shoulder strap.
By the way, in modern army the ensign's asterisks are located across, and the senior ensign form a triangle. In Soviet times, these stars lined up in a row along the shoulder strap.
Shoulder straps for the dress uniform of the officers were made in gold color. The borders and stripes had the same color differences as in the previous categories. The general of the army before the reforms of 1974 wore shoulder straps with four stars. After the transformations, they were replaced by one big star together with the coat of arms of the USSR. The same can be said about Navy veterans.
The highest officers in the rank of marshal, in addition to the star on shoulder straps, wore a special badge indicating the type of troops. Accordingly, he was added to the rank as a supplement. This provision has been abolished only in Russian army which was formed in 1992. The highest rank in the Soviet Union is Generalissimo. Today, the President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and the marshal is considered the second most important in the hierarchy.
Shoulder straps in the Red Army 1943, 1944, 1945
(on the example of shoulder straps of artillerymen)
On January 6, 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (PVS) of the USSR “On the introduction of shoulder straps for the personnel of the Red Army” was signed, announced by order of the NPO No. 24 of 10.01.1943. 25 "On the introduction of new insignia and changes in the uniform of the Red Army" (). In it, in particular, it was determined that field epaulettes are worn by servicemen in the active army and personnel of units being prepared for dispatch to the front. Everyday shoulder straps are worn by servicemen of other units and institutions, as well as when wearing full dress uniforms. That is, in the Red Army there were two types of shoulder straps: field and everyday. Also, differences in shoulder straps were introduced for the command and command staff (see the regulation on the command and command staff), so that it was possible to distinguish the commander from the chief.
It was instructed to switch to new insignia in the period from February 1 to February 15, 1943. Later, by order of the NPO of the USSR No. 80 dated February 14, 1943, this period was extended until March 15, 1943. By the beginning of the transition to summer uniforms, the Red Army was fully provided with new insignia.
In addition to the directive documents mentioned above, later the Instruction of the Technical Committee of the Main Quartermaster Directorate of the Red Army (TC GIU KA) No. 732 of January 8, 1943 “Rules for the selection, fastening on items of uniform and wearing shoulder straps by the personnel of the Red Army” was issued, as well as a number of technical conditions of the TC SMI KA. In addition, some technical documentation was adopted long before the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. So, for example, the Temporary Specifications (VTU) of the TK GIU KA No. 0725, in which there was a description of emblems and insignia (asterisks) on shoulder straps, were published on December 10, 1942.
The dimensions of the shoulder straps were set:
- Null- 13 cm (only for women's uniforms)
- The first- 14 cm.
- Second- 15 cm.
- Third- 16 cm.
Width - 6 cm, and the width of the shoulder straps of officers of justice, medical, veterinary and administrative services - 4 cm. The length of the sewn-in shoulder straps was set 1 cm longer for each size.
The width of the generals' shoulder straps is 6.5 cm. The width of the shoulder straps of the generals of the medical, veterinary services and the higher beginning. composition of century-jur. service - 4.5 cm. (In 1958, a single width for such shoulder straps was established for all generals of the Soviet army - 6.5 cm.)
Varieties of field shoulder straps according to the method of manufacture:
- Soft sewn-in shoulder straps( ) consisted of a field (top), lining (lining), lining and piping.
- Soft removable shoulder straps( ), in addition to the above parts, they had a half-lash, a half-lash lining and a jumper.
- Rigid removable shoulder straps( ) differed from soft ones in that during their manufacture, fabrics and shoulder straps were glued with a paste consisting of 30% wheat flour and wood glue, as well as the presence of an additional gasket made of electrical cardboard - pressboard, jacquard or calibrated, 0.5 - 1 mm thick .
- Coloring of field and everyday shoulder straps of the Red Army -.
- Military ranks of the USSR Armed Forces 1935-1945. (table of ranks) -.
Shoulder straps of junior command, commanding and enlisted personnel of the Red Army
(private, sergeant and foreman)
FIELD SHAPES: The field of field shoulder straps has always been khaki. Shoulder straps were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth edging according to the branches of the military or services. The stripes on the shoulder straps of the junior command and command staff were silk or semi-silk galloon. Patches were produced in various sizes: narrow (1 cm wide), medium (1.5 cm wide) and wide (3 cm wide). The junior commanding staff relied on a burgundy galloon, and the junior commanding staff - brown.
Ideally, patches should have been sewn onto epaulettes in factories or tailoring workshops. military units. But often the stripes were fastened by the servicemen themselves. In conditions of front-line shortages, stripes made from improvised materials were often used. It was common to use everyday (golden or silver) stripes on field shoulder straps and vice versa.
Field epaulettes were supposed to be worn without emblems of military branches and stencils. Uniformed iron 20-mm buttons of a protective color with a star, in the center of which there was a sickle and a hammer, were placed on shoulder straps.
This type of shoulder strap existed until December 1955, when double-sided shoulder straps were introduced. In the period from 1943 to 1955, the technology for manufacturing these shoulder straps changed several times. In particular, in 1947 and 1953 (TU 1947 and TU 1953)
Field epaulettes of junior officers on the example of a senior sergeant of artillery. The patch (galoon) is sewn in the factory on a sewing machine. Buttons iron protective color.
CASUAL SHAPES: Everyday shoulder straps of the junior command, junior commanding and rank and file were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth piping, and also had a field of colored cloth according to the type of troops. The stripes on the shoulder straps of the junior command and command staff were silk or semi-silk galloon. Patches were produced in various sizes: narrow (1 cm wide), medium (1.5 cm wide) and wide (3 cm wide). The junior commanding staff relied on a gold-yellow galloon, and the junior commanding staff - silver.
Everyday epaulettes were given golden emblems according to the type of troops and yellow stencils denoting a unit (compound). It should be noted that stencils were used extremely rarely.
On shoulder straps there were shaped golden brass 20-mm buttons with a star, in the center of which there was a sickle and a hammer.
This type of shoulder strap existed until December 1955, when double-sided shoulder straps were introduced. In the period from 1943 to 1955, the technology for manufacturing these shoulder straps changed several times. In particular, in 1947 and 1953. In addition, since 1947, encryption has ceased to be applied to everyday shoulder straps.
Everyday epaulettes of junior officers on the example of a senior sergeant of artillery. The patch (lace) is sewn by the soldier himself. There are no encryptions, as on most shoulder straps. Buttons: top-brass (correspondingly yellow-golden color), bottom-iron.
Shoulder straps of the senior and middle command and command staff of the Red Army
(officers)
FIELD SHAPES: The field of field shoulder straps has always been khaki. Shoulder straps were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth piping. On the field of shoulder straps, one or two gaps were sewn in burgundy for command staff and brown for commanding staff. According to the assigned military rank, belonging to the branch of service or service, insignia were placed on the field of shoulder straps.
On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff - one clearance and silver-plated metal 13-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the senior command staff there are two gaps and silver-plated metal 20-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the commanding staff, in addition to the commanding staff of the infantry, silver-plated emblems were installed according to the type of troops, services.
On shoulder straps there are uniform metal 20-mm buttons of a protective color with a star, in the center of which there is a sickle and a hammer.
Field epaulettes of the middle command staff on the example of ml. artillery lieutenant. The rank star must be silver. In this case, the silver plating has worn off.
CASUAL SHAPES: The field of epaulettes of the command staff is made of golden silk or golden galloon. The field of epaulettes of the engineering and command staff, the quartermaster, medical, veterinary, military legal and administrative services is made of silver silk or silver galloon. Shoulder straps were edged (sheathed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth piping. According to the assigned military rank, belonging to the branch of service or service, insignia were placed on the field of shoulder straps.
On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff there is one clearance and metal golden 13-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the senior command staff there are two gaps and metal golden 20-mm stars.
On the shoulder straps of the commanding staff, in addition to the commanding staff of the infantry, golden emblems were installed according to the type of troops, services.
The emblems and stars on the shoulder straps of the engineering and command staff, quartermaster, administrative and medical services are gilded. On the shoulder straps of the military veterinary staff, the stars are gilded, the emblems are silver plated.
On shoulder straps there are uniform golden 20-mm buttons with a star, in the center of which there is a sickle and a hammer.
The shoulder straps and insignia of the middle and senior commanding staff of the military legal service fully corresponded to the shoulder straps and insignia of the senior and middle command staff of the medical and veterinary services, but with their own emblems.
The shoulder straps of the military administrative staff were exactly the same as the shoulder straps for the senior and middle commanding staff of the medical and veterinary services, but without emblems.
These epaulettes lasted until the end of 1946, when the technical specifications of TU TK GIU VS No. 1486 dated October 9, 1946 for officers of the Armed Forces established epaulettes with a cut corner top, i.e. shoulder straps became hexagonal.
Everyday shoulder straps of the middle command staff on the example of the shoulder straps of an artillery captain. The button should be gold.
Shoulder straps of the highest command staff of the Red Army
(generals, marshals)
FIELD SHAPES: A field of epaulettes made of silk galloon of special weaving on a cloth lining. The color of the field of shoulder straps is protective. The color of the shoulder straps: combined arms generals, generals of artillery, tank troops, medical and veterinary services, higher beginning. the composition of the military legal service - red; aviation generals - blue; generals of the technical troops and quartermaster service - crimson.
Stars on shoulder straps were embroidered with silver 22 mm in size. On the shoulder straps of the generals of the medical, veterinary service and higher beginning. composition of the military legal service - gold, 20 mm in size. Buttons on shoulder straps with coat of arms are gilded. On the shoulder straps of generals honey. services - gilded metal emblems; on the shoulder straps of the generals blows. services - the same emblems, but silver plated; on the shoulder straps of the higher beginning. composition of the senior legal service - gilded metal emblems.
By order of the NPO of the USSR No. 79 dated February 14, 1943, shoulder straps were installed, incl. and for the higher engineering and technical staff of the communications troops, engineering, chemical, railway, topographic troops - to the generals of the engineering and technical service, according to the model established by the generals of the technical troops. From this order, the highest chief. the composition of the military legal service began to be called the generals of justice.
EVERYDAY epaulettes: A field of epaulettes made of galloon of special weaving: from gold drag. And for the generals of the medical and veterinary services, the highest beginning. composition of the military legal service - from silver drawing. The color of the shoulder straps: combined arms generals, generals of artillery, tank troops, medical and veterinary services, higher beginning. the composition of the military legal service - red; aviation generals - blue; generals of the technical troops and quartermaster service - crimson.
Stars on shoulder straps were embroidered on a golden field - in silver, on a silver field - in gold. Buttons on shoulder straps with coat of arms are gilded. On the shoulder straps of generals honey. services - gilded metal emblems; on the shoulder straps of the generals blows. services - the same emblems, but silver plated; on the shoulder straps of the higher beginning. composition of the senior legal service - gilded metal emblems.
By order of the NKO of the USSR No. 61 dated February 8, 1943, silver emblems were installed for generals of artillery to wear on shoulder straps.
By order of the NPO of the USSR No. 79 dated February 14, 1943, shoulder straps were installed, incl. and for the higher engineering and technical staff of the communications troops, engineering, chemical, railway, topographic troops - to the generals of the engineering and technical service, according to the model established by the generals of the technical troops. Probably from this order the highest beginning. the composition of the military legal service began to be called the generals of justice.
These epaulettes existed without fundamental changes until 1962, when by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 127 dated May 12, sewn-on epaulettes with a steel-colored field were installed on the generals' parade and output overcoats.
An example of everyday and field epaulettes of generals. Since February 8, 1943, generals of artillery had additional artillery emblems on shoulder straps.
Literature:
- Uniform and insignia of the Red Army 1918-1945. AIM, Leningrad 1960
- Shoulder straps of the Soviet Army 1943-1991 Eugene Drig.
- Color table for field and everyday shoulder straps of the Red Army ()
- The newspaper "Red Star" of January 7, 1943 ()
- Article by Alexander Sorokin "Field shoulder straps of soldiers, sergeants and officers of the Red Army, sample 1943"
- Website - http://www.rkka.ru
article code: 98653