Test on the history of the theme of the uprising of Spartacus. Test: The Rise of Spartacus
Test according to the textbook “General History. Story ancient world". 5th grade
(Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S.)
§ 51. The uprising of Spartacus.
Option I
Give the correct date when the revolt led by Spartacus took place in Italy.
a) 73-70 BC
b) 73-71 BC
c) 72-70 BC
2. Indicate the city of Italy, in which the uprising of the slaves of Spartacus began.
a) Vesuvius.
b) Brundisium.
c) capua.
3. One of the victories of the troops of Spartacus was won in northern Italy in the valley of the Po River. Instead of leaving through the Alps, Spartacus led the troops back to southern Italy to the island of Sicily. What plan was guided by Spartacus?
a) raise an uprising of the slaves of the island of Sicily and, having become stronger in strength, with them
at the same time destroy the power of the Roman Empire.
b) go to the aid of stragglers and blocked troops
Spartacus in southern Italy, who requested his help.
c) go to the south of Italy for the winter, replenish supplies and food.
4. When was the Spartacus uprising crushed?
a) in 71 BC. uh.
b) in 74 BC. uh.
in) in 85 BC. uh.
5. What reasons led to the fact that the uprising of the slaves lasted for
two years and presented a big problem for the Roman Empire?
Write down those numbers where erroneous statements are given.
The slave uprising engulfed most south of Italy and found great support for the slaves of Spartacus.
The main armed forces of Rome were in aggressive campaigns in Asia, Europe and Africa. Rome was unable to quickly organize the suppression of the uprising.
Spartacus had the strong qualities of a leader, warrior, strategist and commander.
Half of the Roman army consisted of slaves, and often the Roman troops went over to the side of Spartacus, refused to fight, and reported important information to Spartacus.
The troops of Spartacus had a clear military organization, fortified camps, infantry, reconnaissance and cavalry.
Option II.
Indicate the country from which Spartacus was born - the leader of the slave uprising.
a) Gaul
b) Thrace.
c) Carthage.
2. It was in the city that the first uprising of Spartacus arose. In which place
the city was organized by the uprising of Spartacus?
a) a slave plantation.
b) gladiatorial school.
c) seaport of the city.
3. Indicate the place where for the first time the troops of the slaves of Spartacus won the first
victory over the professional troops of the Romans.
a) the foot of Mount Vesuvius.
b) the city walls of the city of Capua.
c) the neighborhood of the city of Rome.
4. Which Roman commander blocked the troops of Spartacus during their
located in the southern part of the Italian peninsula specifically
dug moat and high walls?
a) Caesar.
b) Crassus.
c) Pompey.
d) Lucullus.
5. What reasons led the uprising of the slaves of Spartacus to defeat?
Find the extra and write down these numbers of erroneous statements.
In the army of Spartacus, there were splits and the withdrawal of significant forces from the army of Spartacus.
The Roman authorities bribed the slaves, promised them forgiveness and freedom. Departure from Spartacus of those who believed the promises of the Roman authorities.
Spartacus failed to get to the island of Sicily to the Sicilian slaves.
The defeat of the troops of Spartacus in the battle with the Roman commander Crassus.
Capture and execution of Spartacus.
Introduction
The Spartacus Revolt, the third largest slave revolt in Rome after the two Sicilian uprisings.
At the end of the 70s. Italy's internal situation was extremely tense. The unsuccessful attempt of Lepidus to overthrow the rule of the Sullans further exacerbated the contradictions. While the Italian grassroots democracy, which had experienced a series of heavy defeats in previous years, was already in to a large extent weakened, numerous slaves of Italy have not yet acted independently. Individual outbreaks, which we mentioned above, had a local character and were quickly suppressed. On the other hand, during the 80s, the slaves were systematically drawn into the uprisings of the Italian democracy, in particular, into the Italic uprising and the Marian movement. This served as a lesson for them, the most developed and courageous of them came to the conclusion that only by their own efforts could they achieve liberation. Such was the situation and prerequisites for the largest uprising of ancient slaves, which history testifies to.
Background of the Spartacus uprising
The main question in the II century. BC. There was a question about land. The more territories Rome annexed to its possessions, the less likely it was for the plebs, the basis of Roman society, to become its owner. Huge latifundia arose on new arable lands, owned by wealthy families, on which cheap slave labor was used. Small proprietors could not compete with large landowners. They were forced to abandon their allotments and rushed to Rome, replenishing the ranks of the unemployed population of the Eternal City.
Only one person dared to speak out against the rapid stratification of society, tried to stop the ruin of the peasantry. It was Tiberius Gracchus. Elected in 133 BC tribune of the people, he put forward a draft of a truly revolutionary land reform. Gracchus proposed to limit the agricultural holdings in the new territories. Naturally, such a proposal met with a stiff rebuff among the rich sections of society. During one of the organized riots, the defender of the people was killed. 10 years after this event, the brother of Tiberius, Gaius Gracchus, became a tribune and continued his work, but the same fate awaited him. Another 15 years passed, and in 107 BC. Gaius Marius, the new defender of the rights of the Roman plebs, was elected consul. He reformed the army, service in which became available to the poorest citizens. The troops, which consisted of small proprietors, were replaced by soldiers who chose military art as their craft. The army gave the most disadvantaged Romans the opportunity to move up the social ladder. to i. e. marked by a number of uprisings among the Italic peoples who do not have the rights of Roman citizens, crushed by the tax burden, deprived of their lands. In 91 BC. unrest broke out in the center and south of the Apennine Peninsula local residents who demanded independence. A year later, they achieved Roman citizenship, but the riots did not subside. Finally, in 88 B.C. peace in the country was restored, but these events marked the beginning of the collapse of the republic. Thus began a new era in the history of Rome, marked by dizzying ups and confrontation of people striving for absolute power. The first who managed to achieve what he wanted was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who actually ruled the country alone. With the support of the Senate and the nobility, he unleashed a civil war with Gaius Marius. After the death of Sulla, the Roman Republic was shaken by new powerful uprisings; on the distant borders - king Mithridates and Spartacus - in the very heart of the country.
The Roman Republic might have lasted much longer if Rome had not been so successful in its conquests and had it not been able to supply itself with an ever-increasing army of slaves, the use of which was due to the extreme profitability of their use in agricultural work.
It is believed that in the last decades of the Republic the need for slaves increased sharply, as the Italian landowners switched from the predominant production of wheat to the cultivation of more profitable grapes and olives. It was in the cultivation of vineyards and olive groves, which required large labor costs, that slaves were more profitable than free workers. In addition, an increasing number of artisans, entrepreneurs and merchants began to use slaves as cheap labor, whose labor was paid only by providing them with food, clothing and a roof over their heads. Even the poorest families had one or two slaves for hard work.
However, not only private individuals, but also public institutions - the state, city or temple - had their own slaves who repaired and kept clean the streets and squares, water supply and sewerage, buildings and altars. Physical labor was shifted to an ever-increasing degree on the shoulders of slaves, so the ever-increasing need for them required the enslavement of an increasing number of free people. At the same time, there was a displacement of free peasants who left for the cities and lived mainly at the expense of grain distributions. In addition, slaves appeared in such intellectual professions as doctors, scientists, teachers, bookkeepers, and even managers.
Now it is difficult for us to estimate how many slaves there were in Italy and in Rome in different eras. Some suggest that in the time of Augustus their number could reach at least 2 million, which was from a quarter to a third of the total population. Most of them were brought from Asia Minor and Syria, but many from Europe. Many researchers are of the opinion that in Rome itself, slaves made up at least half of the city's population. Others believe that out of about a million inhabitants of the capital, slaves made up a quarter.
The use of slaves was extremely diverse. In latifundia, agricultural workers cultivated the fields and were used for various works in the cultivation of olives and grapes. Shepherds grazed herds of cows and horses, goats, sheep and pigs. At the master's house there was a garden, a vegetable garden and flower beds, which were also looked after by slaves. They also looked after the bees and poultry, kept in order the "wild" park with wild boars, roe deer, hares, dormouse, as well as fish ponds, different kind fountains in gardens and parks, were used as bird-catchers, watchmen in houses and fields.
Already this rather simple and completely incomplete list shows that the use of slaves in agriculture depended on the diversity of production. But over time, the range of their tasks has expanded significantly, since Agriculture in itself led to the development of handicraft occupations. Sand quarries and quarries, mines, brick, pottery, weaving and felting workshops, as well as inns, where again slave labor was used, were often arranged on the estates.
The situation is different with urban slaves. Their number was determined not by real need, but by a far-fetched and sometimes really meaningless luxury, which in the last two centuries of the Republic was increasingly spread among noble families. The sharp increase in slavery as a result of victorious wars from the end of the 3rd century. BC. led to the spread of a specific type of luxury, expressed partly in the maintenance of unnecessary slaves for the sake of luxury, and partly in the squandering of labor, primarily through the division of labor brought to the point of absurdity, for even the most insignificant duties were assigned to special slaves.
Since in the face of the law the slave was completely powerless and was not a person, but a thing, he could not have anything, and everything that he acquired belonged to the owner. Accordingly, the owner of a slave could act at his own discretion and with his property. If a slave could be sold like a mule, then with no less success he could be given or rented out. Many slave owners did just that - they increased their capital by hiring musicians, masons, artists, cooks, barbers, other artisans, as well as workers for mines. However, the owner owned not only the labor force of the slave, but also his life, and with it the body. Under Roman law, there was nothing that could be considered adultery or seduction, corruption or depravity, if the object or victim of such acts was a slave or slave.
It is not surprising, therefore, that the oppressed constantly rebelled against their oppressors, trying to free themselves, if only by force. Already in the archaic era in Rome, conspiracies and uprisings of slaves were not uncommon, an example of this is the conspiracy of slaves in 419 BC, who decided to set fire to Rome from several directions at once. At the same time, the bet was made on the fact that while the inhabitants were busy extinguishing the fire and saving property, the rebels would storm the Capitol. However, as the Roman historian Titus of Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) assures, Jupiter, the greatest of the gods, did not allow the criminal plans to come true, for two initiates betrayed their comrades, who were right there caught and punished, as befits in such cases. Scammers also received freedom and a fair amount of money from the treasury.
The Romans were also lucky in suppressing another slave uprising, which was supposed to be raised in 198 BC. near Rome. In Setia, a town located southeast of Rome, on the edge of the Poitino marshes, hostages from Carthage were kept, brought from the capital of a great African power that fought Rome for dominance in the Mediterranean and became dependent on it as a result of the second Punic War 218-201 At the disposal of the hostages - children of noble persons - there were quite a lot of slaves. Their number increased because the inhabitants of Setia bought the Carthaginians, captured as booty in a recent war. It was among them that the plan of the uprising matured. Several conspirators were sent around the outskirts of Setia and to the nearby cities of Norbu and Circe, in order to revolt the slaves there. Everything was going well, and the conspirators had already set the hour for the assault on the cities of Setia, Norba and Circe and revenge on their inhabitants. The days of the upcoming games in the Network seemed to them most conducive to success.
In fact, everything turned out completely differently. Early in the morning on the day of the rebellion, two slaves gave his plan to the Roman city praetor Lucius Cornelius Lenthulus, and also informed him of all the preparations already made. He immediately ordered the detainment of both, convened the Senate and informed him of the impending danger. The praetor was instructed to go to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion. With five legates, he set off, demanding that all the Romans who met on the road follow him. By the time he came to Setia, there were already 2,000 warriors under his command. However, none of them knew anything about the purpose of the campaign.
When in Setia he immediately ordered the capture of the leaders of the conspirators, the rebellious slaves immediately fled, cruelly pursued by the Roman detachments.
And this time, Rome managed to nip the uprising in the bud, and the Senate generously thanked the scammers, giving them freedom and issuing significant cash bonuses. He also paid off in hard currency with the freemen, who rendered especially valuable services in the suppression of the rebellion.
When, shortly after, a message arrived that the slaves remaining from the same conspiracy wanted to occupy the city of Prenesta, the current Palestrina, located 50 km east of Rome, the same praetor hurried there and, having arrived, executed 500 rebels.
According to Livy, in 196 B.C. another conspiracy of slaves nearly led to war. But this time, too, the smoldering fire was extinguished before it turned into a fire. The instigators of the upcoming uprising were crucified.
All these conspiracies and rebellions were rather harmless in comparison with the Sicilian slave uprisings that followed, which turned out to be much more dangerous for the Romans.
The starting point of the first significant uprising, which began in 135 BC, was a conspiracy of 400 slaves of the Sicilian rich Damophilus. The most detailed account of this slave war is given by Diodorus, a Sicilian historian who lived in the 1st century BC. BC.:
“Never before has there been such an uprising of slaves as broke out in Sicily. As a result of it, many cities were subjected to terrible disasters; countless men and women with children experienced the greatest misfortunes, and the whole island was in danger of falling under the rule of runaway slaves, who saw in the infliction of extreme misfortunes on free people as the ultimate goal of their power. For most, this was sad and unexpected; for those who could deeply judge things, what happened seemed quite natural. Due to the abundance of wealth from those who sucked the juices from the beautiful island, almost all of them aspired primarily to pleasure and showed arrogance and insolence. Therefore, the ill-treatment of slaves intensified in equal measure, and the estrangement of these latter from their masters grew, breaking through into hatred against them. Many thousands of slaves fled without any order to destroy their masters.
The peace that reigned in Sicily for 60 years after the defeat of the great Carthage in the second Punic War (218-201 BC) brought true prosperity to the island, which was now being encroached upon by the rebellious slaves.
After the suppression of the first great Sicilian uprising, calm reigned in Sicily for a short time, for little had changed on the island since then, and first of all the slaves continued to be kept in the same monstrous conditions. In less than a quarter of a century, the hatred and thirst for revenge that had accumulated in the oppressed broke out again with open violence. The second Sicilian uprising, which began in 104 BC. and finally suppressed only in 100, politically provides more material for research than the first, because it quickly overcame the stages of uncontrolled mass actions and more energetically set about solving political problems.
The second Sicilian slave revolt was caused by the weakness of the Roman government, which it showed in relation to the illegal actions of slave traders and slave owners. Seized by the desire to acquire as much cheap labor as possible, Roman entrepreneurs often bought free citizens of Asian states, kidnapped in their homeland by robbers and sold in the slave markets through Roman tax farmers.
The Romans did not have to wait long for retribution for these crimes. Consul Marius, appointed commander-in-chief on the Northern Front, received from the Senate the authority to demand from the overseas allies of Rome the provision of auxiliary troops to participate in the war with the Cimbri. However, in response to his appeals, the Bithynian king Nicomedes III bluntly stated that he could not send the appropriate military contingent, because the country was depopulated due to the kidnappings that the Roman tax-farmers indulge: most of the able-bodied inhabitants of Bithynia now live as slaves in various provinces Rome.
In response to this statement, the Roman Senate decided that henceforth not a single citizen of the Allied states could become a slave in the Roman provinces. The governors of the provinces were ordered to release all the victims of abductions who fell into slavery.
In Sicily, Praetor Licinius Nerva took up the execution of the Senate edict. To begin with, he began to investigate all the circumstances, and within a few days more than 800 slaves were set free, and all the abducted, contained in Sicilian ergastulas, were overjoyed.
Such an expropriation was not to the liking of the great proprietors, and in order to prevent further damage, they called a special meeting, with the result that the praetor, intimidated or bribed by the rich, ceased all investigations. The slaves, gathered in anticipation of liberation in Syracuse, where his tribunal met, he scolded and sent to the owners.
Thus the slaves were bitterly disappointed in their expectations. Instead of the promised freedom, hopeless slavery awaited them again. Cruelly deceived, they left Syracuse and gathered in the sanctuary of Paliki, the Sicilian gods of the Earth and the underworld, which served as a refuge for desperate slaves. Here, in the ancient temple of Sicilian freedom, they began to think about how they could protect their trampled rights. The cup of wrath was overflowing, the clock of revenge had struck. The hatred against the oppressors, which had accumulated for 25 years, broke out again in revolt.
Fortune turned to face Rome only after in 101 BC. the task of clearing Sicily of the rebels was entrusted to Mania Aquilius, who was elected consul together with Marius, who held this position for the fifth time. Having shown personal courage in a fierce battle with the slaves, he killed Athenion in a duel, and he himself received a head wound in the process.
In 100 B.C. the second Sicilian slave uprising was finally crushed. Then no one knew yet that the biggest war with the slaves - the uprising of slaves and gladiators led by Spartacus - was yet to come, and Italy itself was to become its arena.
For a quarter of a century between the second Sicilian uprising and the uprising of Spartacus over Italy, a devastating tornado swept the uprising of the Italic, or the so-called Allied War, and the civil war between Marius and Sulla. The government, even after the restoration of the power of the Senate as a result of Sulla's victory over the Marians on November 1, 82 at the Collin Gates, failed to restore order in the southern regions of the country.
Spartacus: curriculum vitae
Sources on the history of the Spartacist movement are extremely scarce. These are a few pages in Appian's "Civil Wars" and in Plutarch's biography of Crassus. The main source - "History" of Sallust - is almost completely lost. Other sources (periods 95 - 97 of the books of Livy, Flor, Orosius, Velleius Paterculus, etc.) are too short or have no independent significance. Therefore, the history of the movement of Spartacus can be restored only in the most general terms. In particular, the biography of Spartacus is almost unknown.
It is only known that he came from Thrace. From the cursory indications of Appian and Florus, it can be concluded that Spartacus had previously served in the Roman auxiliary troops and was sold into slavery for desertion. Due to his physical strength, he got into the gladiators. Sources emphasize the education, intelligence and humanity of Spartacus.
Biography of Spartacus
Spartacus (c. 120 BC – 71 BC), leader of the largest slave revolt in Ancient Rome. Comes from a tribe of honeys in Thrace. Was in the service of King Mithridates . Captured by the Romans and sold as gladiators . Thanks to high valor, he achieved personal freedom. Being an implacable enemy of Rome and a sincere fighter for human freedom, in 74g. BC. led an uprising of slaves, which soon engulfed all of Italy. Sources emphasize the education, intelligence and humanity of Spartacus.
In a tabular version, the biography of Spartacus looks like this:
OK. 120 BC birth of Spartacus in Thrace, on the land of the Med tribe. 102 BC beginning military service as a soldier in the auxiliary Thracian troops in the Roman province of Macedonia. 100 BC, in connection with the resumption of the fight against the Romans, deserted from the Roman army with many other Thracians. 98 BC, after an unsuccessful two-year struggle with the Romans, he goes with a detachment of like-minded people to Pontus to the king Mithridates as a political emigrant. 98-90. BC military service with Mithridates. 89 BC participates in the First Mithridates War and is captured by the Romans. 89 BC brought to Rome and sold as a slave in the slave market. Serves as a shepherd in southern Italy.87 BC during the siege of Rome by Marius and Cinna (Rome belongs to supporters Sulla) escapes from the pastoral latifundia.86-82. BC unknown pages of the life of Spartacus: it is possible that he served in the Marian army and participated in the war against Sulla. By the verdict of the winner, he surrenders to the gladiators. 82-76. BC is in a gladiatorial school, acts as murmilona, achieves personal freedom, but does not leave school, is engaged in training gladiators as a teacher. 76 BC begins to form a conspiracy of his own students and gladiators of the Murmilon corporation in order to free slaves and gladiators. 74 BC ., Leto makes an escape with a handful of comrades to Vesuvius in connection with the discovery of a conspiracy. Preparing for distribution big war throughout Italy. 73 BC, summer - autumn, the beginning of hostilities, victory over a detachment of Roman troops who arrived from Capua, then over the armies praetorsClaudia and P. Varinia. The death of the closest associate of Spartacus - Oenomaus. Establishment of new orders by the rebels in southern Italy and the destruction of Roman power here. 72 BC, Spartacus' army march to the north. The death of Crixus and his army in the battle with the praetor Arius and consulHelium. The victories of Spartacus over the armies of the consuls Gellius and Lentulus, as well as the governor of Cisalpine Gaul proconsulCassia . Assassination of Sertorius in Spain by conspirators, complete victory of Pompey and Metellus . A sharp change in the military-political situation in the west and east (L. Lucullus inflicts heavy defeats on Mithridates and forces him to flee to Armenia). Spartacus changes his plan of action and tries to attack Rome. Inflicts crushing defeats on consular armies. The Senate appoints a new commander - Praetor M. Crassus to fight the rebels . 72 BC, AugustSpartacus again returns with an army to the south of Italy, intending to draw Sicily into the orbit of the war. It is located in a parking lot in the city of Thurii and its surroundings. Struggle with varying success. 72 BC, September - DecemberSpartacus withdraws his troops to the Rhegian Peninsula. active attempts by the rebels to invade Sicily with the help of landings. Crassus builds a fortified line "from sea to sea" with the intention of starving the enemy. 72 BC, December, returning to Italy at the call of the Senate of Pompey from Spain and Mark Lucullus from Thrace. Pompey is appointed the new commander-in-chief in the war with Spartacus. The army of the rebels breaks through the fortified line of Crassus. Furious battles between the rebel troops and the troops of Crassus. The death of Gannicus, the commander and ally of Spartacus.71 BC, early JanuaryThe death of Caste , another commander of Spartacus. Rebel victories over Roman commanders Arriy and Scrofoy. Last battle armies of Spartacus with the troops of Crassus. Death of Spartacus in battle.
The beginning of the uprising
In 73, Spartacus is in Capua, in one of the gladiatorial schools. At the beginning of the summer, about 200 gladiators formed a plot, which, apparently, was uncovered.
However, about 60-70 people broke out of the school and, armed with whatever they could, fled the city. In addition to Spartacus, the leaders of the uprising were Crixus, Enomai, Kast and Gaius Gannicus. On the way, the fugitives captured a transport with gladiatorial weapons. They went to Vesuvius and began to raid the surrounding area from there.
There they were joined by plantation slaves. The group plundered and ravaged the area, although Spartacus probably did his best to pacify them. His closest assistants were the gladiators from Gaul Crixus and Enomai.
The detachment of Spartacus quickly increased due to runaway slaves and farm laborers from neighboring estates. An important role was played by the fact that Spartacus divided the booty equally among everyone.
Over time, the number of rebels increased, until, according to some statements, the size of the army reached 90,000 (according to other estimates, only 10,000).
The excess of the total number of all slaves over the number of all free citizens of Rome, who were at that time, was so significant that it made a general uprising of slaves a serious threat to the republic.
At first, the Roman authorities did not give of great importance this incident, as similar cases often occurred in Italy. A small detachment sent from Capua was defeated.
The Senate dispatched Praetor Claudius Glaber (according to another version his nomen was Clodius; the prenomen is unknown) with only 3,000 inexperienced recruits recently recruited into the army. They blocked the paths leading from Vesuvius, but Spartacus and his people, using ropes from the vine, went down another steep slope of the volcano, went to the government detachments from the rear and put them to flight. (Flohr puts forward a version that the rebels descended into the mouth of Vesuvius and went out onto the slope through a through passage).
Finally, a real weapon fell into the hands of the slaves, for which they enthusiastically changed the hated weapons of the gladiators. Rome began to worry. Against Spartacus, a detachment of 3 thousand people was sent under the command of propraetor Gaius Clodius. Not wanting to waste his energy on storming Vesuvius, Clodius camped at the foot of the mountain in the place where there was the only convenient descent from the top. But Spartacus outwitted the Romans. From the vines of wild grapes, the fugitives wove ropes, with the help of which they descended the steep slopes of the mountain and unexpectedly attacked Clodius. The Romans fled, and their camp fell to the slaves.
This was the first major victory of Spartacus, which was soon followed by others.
In the autumn, Praetor Publius Varinius was sent to Campania with two legions. His troops were not first-class. Spartacus in turn defeated both legates of Varinius, and then himself, and even captured the lictors of the praetor and his horse.
These events proved to be a decisive moment in the course of the uprising.
In the camp of Spartacus there were not only men capable of carrying weapons, but also women, children, people who had grown old in slavery. In the spring they moved north into Gaul. The Senate sent two consuls against them (Lucius Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodian), each with two legions. The Gauls and Germans, separated from the main army, were defeated by Gellius, Crixus, who led them, was killed. However, Spartacus managed to defeat first Lentulus, and then Gaul. Having reached Mutina (modern Modena), he defeated the legion of Gaius Cassius Longinus, the ruler of Cisalpine Gaul.
Organization of the army of Spartacus
The uprising swept almost the entire south of the peninsula: Campania, Lucania, and possibly Apulia. Many cities were captured and devastated. Sallust tells about the mass extermination of slave owners and about the inevitable cruelties committed by slaves who broke free. Spartacus tried to prevent these unnecessary excesses, which only demoralized the slaves. He directed all his energy to organizing the army and creating discipline in it.
The army of Spartacus now numbered about 70 thousand people. Slaves hurriedly made weapons. The cavalry was organized.
The question arose, what to do next? During this period, Spartacus had a definite plan: to collect as many slaves as possible and bring them out of Italy through the eastern Alps. Obviously, Spartacus understood all the difficulties of the armed struggle with Rome and settled on the most real of all options. Finding themselves outside of Italy, the slaves thereby became free and could return to their native places.
The Roman government finally understood the magnitude of the danger and moved against the slaves the troops of both consuls of 72 - Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus. Just at this critical moment, divisions began among the rebels. They led to the fact that a large part of the slaves (about 20 thousand people) under the command of Crixus separated from the main forces and began to act independently. Gellius' assistant, praetor Quintus Arrius, attacked the detached troops and defeated them near Mount Gargana in Apulia. Crixus died in the process.
On what basis did the disagreement arise? Some sources (Sallust, Livy, Plutarch) say that the troops of Crixus consisted of Gauls and Germans. If this is so, then it can be assumed that the differences were due to the heterogeneous tribal composition of the rebels. But this is only one side of the matter. More essential role played program-tactical differences. Crixus and his comrades were supporters of more active offensive operations and, apparently, did not want to leave Italy. Sallust in one of the fragments remarks:
“And the slaves, arguing over a plan for further action, were close to internecine war. Crixus and the Gauls and Germans of the same tribe with him wanted to go towards [the Romans] and engage in battle with them.
It is possible that Crixus was also supported by those free poor who joined the uprising and for whom there was no point in leaving Italy.
The split and defeat of Crixus temporarily weakened the forces of the uprising, but not enough to change the plans of Spartacus. Skillfully maneuvering in the Apennines, he inflicted a series of defeats on Lentulus, Gellius and Arria, avoided the encirclement that the Romans were preparing for him, and moved north.
The forces of Spartacus grew as he progressed. According to Appian, his army reached 120 thousand people. Moving north, Spartacus reached the city of Mutina, under which he defeated the troops of the proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus, the governor of Cisalpine Gaul.
Now the road to the Alps was open, and Spartacus' plans seemed close to being realized. And at that moment he turns back to the south. After the brilliant victories of Spartacus, the mood in his troops rose so much that leaving Italy at the moment was out of the question. The slaves demanded from their leader that he lead them to Rome, and Spartacus was forced to obey. With his intelligence and self-control, it can hardly be assumed that he allowed himself to be carried away by the general mood and changed his main plan for leaving Italy. But at that moment he lost control of his undisciplined army.
However, Spartacus did not go to Rome. He understood the impossibility of capturing the city, which at one time neither Hannibal nor the Samnites could take. In addition, the Roman government in the autumn of 72 mobilized all available forces for the fight. The Senate ordered the consuls to stop hostilities against Spartacus.
Licinius Crassus
Praetor M. Licinius Crassus was appointed commander-in-chief with the rank of proconsul.
Crassus, Marcus Licinius (Marcus Licinius Crassus) (c. 113 - 53 BC), nicknamed Dives (Rich), a Roman politician who, along with Caesar and Pompey, was in the so-called. first triumvirate.
Crassus came from an ancient and wealthy Roman family. His father and brother died during the proscription of Marius in 87 BC, but he himself managed to escape to Spain, joined Sulla after his return from the East. It was Crassus, who commanded the right flank, who had the main merit in the victory of Sulla over the forces of Marius' supporters in the decisive battle near the Colline Gate in Rome (82 BC). Skillfully speculating on the property confiscated from the victims of Sulla, Crassus increased his already considerable fortune, firmly linking his financial interests with the activities of the riders.
He was given big army from 8 legions. The soldiers were already demoralized in advance by the panic that the unheard-of successes of Spartacus overtook the Romans.
Crassus apparently wanted to surround the slaves on the border of Picenum. His legate Mummius, sent around with two legions, attacked Spartacus, against the orders of Crassus, and was defeated. Many soldiers dropped their weapons and fled. This made it possible for Spartacus to break through to the south.
Crassus decided to use harsh measures to restore discipline in his troops. In relation to those who fled, he applied decimation, an ancient punishment that had not been used in the Roman army for a long time: every tenth was executed.
Meanwhile, Spartacus was leaving through Lucania to Bruttius. For some time he stopped in the city of Furies and its environs. Many merchants came here to the slaves, who bought the loot from them. Spartacus forbade his own to take gold and silver from buyers. Slaves had to change their booty only for the iron and copper they needed to make weapons.
Crassus followed Spartacus. The latter had a new plan: to transfer part of his troops to Sicily and "renew the war of the Sicilian slaves, which had only recently been extinguished and required a little combustible material to flare up again." He conspired with pirates who promised to deliver vehicles to him. However, the pirates tricked him, apparently bribed by the viceroy of Sicily, Verres. In addition, the coast of the island was heavily guarded. An attempt to cross the strait on rafts of logs and barrels failed.
While Spartacus tried in vain to penetrate into Sicily, Crassus approached from the north. He decided to take advantage of the nature of the area and lock up the slaves at the southern tip of the peninsula. For this purpose, he built "from sea to sea" a fortified line 300 stadia long (about 55 km), consisting of a deep and wide ditch and rampart. The first attempt to break through ended in failure. But then, on one stormy and snowy night (winter 72/71), Spartacus managed to cross the fortified line with a skillful maneuver. He again found himself in Lucania.
spartacus crass uprising defeat
Reasons for the defeat of the uprising
Crassus despaired of coping with the uprising on his own and demanded help. The Senate sent an order to Pompey to expedite the return to Italy. Another order was sent to Marcus Licinius Lucullus in Macedonia to land at Brundisium. Around Spartacus, the ring of government troops began to narrow. And again, at this decisive moment, as a year and a half ago, differences among the slaves escalated. Again, the Gauls and Germans separated from the main forces, led by their leaders Kast and Gannik. The detached were defeated by Crassus.
If at the beginning of the uprising the death of the Crixus detachment did not have a great influence on subsequent events, now the situation was different. The main reserves of slaves who could join the movement were exhausted, and the uprising was coming to an end. Under these conditions, the death of several tens of thousands of fighters could play a fatal role.
Spartacus rushed to Brundisius. He could hardly seriously hope that in this way he would cross over to the Balkan Peninsula and carry out his old plan. If he could not find the means to cross the narrow Strait of Messana, what hopes could he have for crossing the Adriatic Sea? And yet Spartacus wanted to try, contrary to the arguments of reason. After all, other paths were still closed to him. But when he approached Brundisium, he learned that Lucullus was already there. Then Spartacus turned back and went towards Crassus.
In the spring of 71, the last battle took place in Apulia. The slaves fought with the courage of desperation. 60 thousand of them, led by Spartacus, fell. The bodies of Spartacus could not be found. The Romans lost only 1 thousand people. 6,000 captured slaves were crucified along the road leading from Capua to Rome. But for a long time in the south, separate groups, hiding in the mountains, continued to fight against the Roman troops. Some of the slaves fled to the pirates. A large detachment of 5 thousand people managed to break through to the north. Pompey met them there and destroyed them all.
Thus ended this uprising, which for 18 months shook Italy (counting from the autumn of 73, when the movement first assumed large proportions). Despite its huge scale, it was put down, like all previous slave uprisings.
But, although the uprising of 73 - 71 years. was suppressed, it dealt a heavy blow to the slave economy of Italy. As a result of the uprising, Italy lost at least 100 thousand slaves, the fields were devastated, many cities were plundered. Frightened slave owners began to avoid purchased slaves, preferring to use slaves born in the house. The number of freedmen grew. Increased land leasing. The uprising of Spartacus was one of the most important causes of the agricultural crisis that broke out in Italy at the end of the Republic, and which, in fact, she never managed to overcome.
Conclusion
The historical doom of slave uprisings stands out all the more clearly because they were often led by prominent personalities. This applies especially to Spartacus. The uprising of Spartacus lasted only two years, but even this short period was enough for his brilliant organizational and military abilities, his humanity and broad mind to be fully manifested. The tragedy of Spartacus, like many other figures in history, was that he was several centuries ahead of his time.
The combination of several exceptionally unfavorable circumstances made the uprising of slaves led by Spartacus especially dangerous. Unlike the two previous slave rebellions raised in Sicily, the area in the immediate vicinity of the capital became its arena. However, this alone would still not be enough to put Rome so soon in a critical position. Much worse was that at that moment Rome had neither large military leaders nor troops capable of quickly suppressing the disaffected.
At the same time, the success of Spartacus is explained by the fact that he was one of the greatest commanders of his time. At the head of the army of the rebels, he inflicted many defeats on the Roman troops. Only by the combined efforts of their three largest commanders, the Romans were able to eventually win. The commander of the rebels himself fell in battle, but the fear that he inspired in the Romans during his lifetime did not disappear even after his death. The revolt of Spartacus echoed throughout the ancient world.
The events associated with the uprising brought new people to the pinnacle of power: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who suppressed the uprising of Spartacus, Gnaeus Pompey, nicknamed the Great, and Gaius Julius Caesar, the future dictator of Rome. They entered the first triumvirate, but the former allies soon began a struggle for the sole rule of Rome, which led to civil war, covering both Italy itself and its distant provinces. The victory went to Caesar. Caesar ruled the country like a dictator. He started a grandiose construction, erected new forum Temple of Venus. Thus Caesar prepared the people of Rome for his future coronation. In March 44 B.C. Gaius Julius Caesar was assassinated during a meeting of the Senate.
After his death, the struggle continued between the Republicans and Caesar's party, which was represented by his closest associate Mark Antony, Lepidus and Gaius Octavius (Octavian), Caesar's great-nephew and his official heir. In 43 BC. they formed the second triumvirate. The new triumvirate quickly dealt with their opponents, but the personal ambitions of each blew up this union from within. The first to leave the struggle was Lepidus. Mark Antony, relying on the help of the eastern provinces, and Octavian, who called on troops from western territories, ended their dispute during the naval battle of Cape Actium in 31 BC. - Mark Antony's army was defeated, and he committed suicide. Together with him, his wife lost her life, Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Octavian, having become the sole ruler of Rome, celebrated his triumph in 29 BC.
List of used literature
1.Gorskov V.G. Military art Spartacus // VIZH. - 1972. - No. 8. - S. 34-48.
2.Karyshkovsky P.A. Rise of Spartacus. - M.: Thought, 1958. - 332 p.
.Kovalev S.I. History of Rome: A course of lectures. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2003. - 490 p.
.Leskov V.A. Spartacus. - M.: Thought, 1983. - 221 p.
.Motus A.A. On the question of dating the beginning of the uprising of Spartacus // Bulletin ancient history. - 1957. - No. 3. - S. 45-55.
.Hefling G. Romans, slaves, gladiators: Spartacus at the gates of Rome. - M.: Thought, 1992. - 563 p.
Tags: Rise of Spartacus Test Story
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Test History of the ancient world Topic: Slavery in ancient Rome. The uprising of Spartak MKOU "Station secondary school" Volovsky district Tula region Developed by history teacher Sopov A.I.
1. Slaves in Rome, unlike farmers: I) received payment for their labor 2) were completely powerless 3) had a small plot of land 4) worked only in craft workshops
2. The reason for the defeat of the uprising of Spartacus: 1) the death of Spartacus during the assault on Vesuvius 2) a split in the army of the rebels 3) the departure of the rebels from Italy 4) the betrayal of the Carthaginians
3. There were many slaves in the Roman state, because: I) the Romans traded a lot 2) they turned into slavery for debts 3) there was high crime in Rome 4) the Romans waged wars of conquest
4. The reason for the uprising of Spartacus: I) the murder of Remus by Romulus 2) cruel treatment with slaves 3) the adoption of a law on the conscription of slaves into the army 4) the existence of debt slavery in Rome
5) Fill in the name missing in the excerpt from the document. Along the way, they met several wagons carrying gladiatorial equipment to another city, stole the cargo and armed themselves. Having then taken a fortified place, the gladiators chose three leaders for themselves. The first of them was... 1) Caesar 3) Crassus 2) Romulus 4) Spartacus
6) Read the extract from the document and write the name of the person about whom in question. Before the start of the battle, a horse was brought to him, but he drew a sword and killed him, saying that in case of victory he would receive many good horses from enemies, and in case of defeat he would not need his own. With these words, he rushed at Crassus himself; neither enemy weapons nor wounds could stop him... Finally, surrounded by enemies, he fell under their blows, not retreating a single step and fighting to the end. 1) Romulus Z) Gaius Gracchus 2) Hannibal 4) Spartacus
7) Establish a correspondence between the concept and the definition. One element of the left column corresponds to one element of the right column. Concept Definition gladiator(s) B) lictor(s) C) emperor(s) guards who carried bundles of rods with axes stuck in them honorary nickname of the commander in the days of triumph settlers from the regions of Italy conquered by Rome slaves trained to fight wild animals or friend with a friend in the arena
8) Establish a correspondence between the concept and the definition. One element of the left column corresponds to one element of the right column. Concept Definition A) provinces B) patricians C) amphitheatres conquered by Rome areas structures for gladiatorial games descendants of the most ancient inhabitants of Rome military unit of the Roman army
Target: to bring students to an understanding of the reasons for the start of the uprising of Spartacus, the reasons for his defeat, to acquaint them with the heroic personality of Spartacus.
Tasks:
- activate mental activity guys;
- to form the skill of working with students with a historical document;
- to develop the ability of students to determine causal relationships, independently analyze the events under study, draw conclusions, correctly show the objects under study on the map;
- develop the ability to objectively evaluate yourself and your results;
- fostering a sense of humane attitude towards each other, citizenship.
Equipment:
- n / card "Ancient Italy" or "Rebellion of Spartacus";
- textbook "History of the Ancient World" - author G.I. Goder;
- cards with text for groups;
- history reference about Spartacus;
- fragments from the book by Raffaello Giovagnoli "Spartacus", p.545;
- basic concepts and dates: Capua, Gaul, Vesuvius, Crassus, Lucullus, Pompey, 74–71. BC.;
- worksheet on the topic “The Rise of Spartacus”;
- sectional illustration (consists of 4 parts, different shapes) "Gladiator fights";
- use of new information technologies(slide show).
Lesson plan:
- Reasons for the uprising.
- Campaigns of the rebels.
- Outcome of the uprising.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Updating the basic knowledge of students.
Teacher: On the banks of the Tiber River, not far from Rome, archaeologists found an ancient manuscript during excavations. It was filled with blood, turned yellow from time to time, and in the hands of scientists it fell into 4 parts. You and I need to help scientists collect the manuscript(cm.Application :drawing “Gladiator fights”).
- Who wants to restore it at the blackboard? And you try to collect in pairs.
- Everyone did a good job!
Who knows what is shown?
Who became gladiators?
From the middle of the III century BC. Rome pursues an active policy of conquest. As a result, which in the Roman state appeared a large number of cheap slaves. Torn from their families, from native land they were deeply unhappy.
What could they dream of? ( About freedom.)
How could slaves defend their right to freedom? (Shapes wrestling: escapes, damage to tools, disobedience, The highest form of struggle was insurrection).
The purpose of our lesson is to learn about the largest slave uprising in ancient Rome, how it went.
III. Introduction to new material.
The topic of our lesson: slide 1“The uprising of Spartacus in 74-71 years. BC.". Application
Pay attention before you worksheet, on which during the lesson we will work (vocabulary of the lesson, assignments for consolidation ...)
We will work according to the following plan:
Slide 2. You also have it on your worksheet.
To reveal the plan of our lesson, we will conduct research work with you:
1 row - 1 search squad, 2 - 2 p. o., 3 row - 3 p. Exercise: you have a historical document in front of you, according to which you will conduct research, working in pairs, read it carefully and answer orally the questions after the text, for work 1-2 minutes.
Tasks for groups:
In connection with aggressive wars in Italy accumulated a mass of slaves. Not valuing the lives of slaves, the Romans resorted to cruel measures to make them work, forced to learn the craft of gladiators. In 74 BC. in one of the gladiatorial schools the city of Capua a conspiracy arose. "It's better to die for freedom, - said Spartacus, - than to kill each other for the fun of the Romans. The conspiracy was revealed by denunciation, but 78 people still managed to escape. Along the way, they met several wagons that were carrying weapons for gladiatorial schools to another city, stole the cargo and armed themselves. Having then taken a fortified place on the top of the volcano Vesuvius. Spartacus for strength and knowledge of military affairs were elected leader.
Questions:
- How and where did the slave uprising start?
- The purpose of the rebels?
- What were the gladiators unhappy with?
- Who was chosen as their leader?
- Where did the rebels originally set up their camp?
Task: Carefully read the text of the textbook on pages 235 - 236 p.2 ..
Answer the questions:
- What was the task of Spartacus?
- On what model did Spartacus organize his army? What parts did the army of Spartacus consist of?
III group
Task: Read the historical document carefully and answer the questions.
Spartacus had a plan during the uprising - to collect as many slaves as possible and lead them through the Alps, which would allow them outside of Italy to become free. Big band of slaves led by Crixus, who did not want to leave Italy, seceded from the rebel army but was defeated by the Romans. Spartacus moved to the Alps. One of the consuls got ahead of him and stood in the way, while the other caught up behind him. Then the slaves suddenly turned back and were the first to strike and crush the enemies. Then Spartacus rushed forward and forced another consular army to flee.
The rebels won a new victory in the valley of the Po River over the governor of the province of Gaul. The way through the Alps was free. But here Spartak changed plans and turned south. What for?
Questions:
- Did the rebels have a plan for waging war with Rome?
- On the map of the textbook on p. 235 (or p. 237 in the old textbook), trace the campaigns of the rebels.
- Was there unity and harmony among the slaves?
Guys, pay attention, we are finishing the work. As you answer, you may read sentences (or use text); give complete answers.
Conversation on questions to documents.
We listen responses of 1st search party.
- How and where did the slave uprising start? The purpose of the rebels? (Working with a map.)
- What were the gladiators unhappy with? Leader? Where did they set up camp?
Teacher: To name the reasons for the uprising, run task number 1 (worksheet).
We listen to the answer conclusionslide 3, we check the reasons for the uprising.
Teacher: What do you know about Spartacus? Additional material about Spartacus.
ok, do it task number 2 (worksheet).
Verification, output slide 4.
Slide 5. Teacher's story , illustration work.
Slaves flocked to Spartacus from all over the area, and soon several thousand people gathered. The Senate decided to end the rebellion with one blow. Three thousand troops were sent against the rebels. The Romans settled at the foot of Vesuvius. In order not to waste energy on the assault, they blocked the only path. Then the rebels wove stairs from the vines of wild grapes and descended from Vesuvius at night, went to the rear of the Romans and attacked them. The Romans did not expect a blow and were defeated.
Fizminutka
Teacher: What were the consequences of the victory of the slaves at Vesuvius?
(The first success inspired the rebels: they did not return to Vesuvius, but began to sack the estates of southern Italy, freeing the slaves).
- Now let's listen. answers 2 squads:
- What was the task of Spartacus?
- On what model did Spartacus organize his army?
- What parts did the army of Spartacus consist of?
Conclusion: slide 6. The army of Spartacus becomes a great and formidable force.
Reply 3 units Slide 7.
Teacher: Did the rebels have a plan for waging war? Why did he lead his army to the Alps? ( He understood that the Romans were strong, that it would be difficult to defeat them, he wanted to cross the mountains and give freedom to his soldiers).
- Campaigns of the rebels - work on the map.
Was there unity and harmony among the slaves? ( No, Crixus separated).
Why did Spartacus turn? (the victories turned the heads of the rebels, free all the slaves and stay in Rome).
slide 8.
Teacher: The new plan of Spartacus is to the island of Sicily. There are many slaves there: we need people, weapons and food. Only having replenished the army, we will move on Rome.
Did Spartacus succeed in carrying out his plan? ( Work with the textbook, p. 237 p. 4) We read aloud. ( No.)
The Roman Senate fully realized the danger, you're in the Senate, what's your decision? And he took emergency measures: Generals arrived with their troops to help Crassus Pompey and Lucullus.
Spartacus did not want to let the commanders unite. He knew well that the regular Roman army was stronger, and he gave a decisive battle in the city of Apulia in 71 BC.
The rebels fought bravely, but their forces were not equal, they were defeated. Spartacus himself fell on the battlefield. Here is what Raffaello Giovagnoli writes about this, p. 545. (teacher reads a passage) The 6,000 surviving slaves were taken prisoner by the Romans and crucified on crosses along appian way(from Capua to Rome). slide 9.
Teacher: Why were the rebels defeated? To answer this question, follow task number 3(worksheet).
Conclusion. The reasons for the defeat, we check how we managed. slide 10.
IV. Consolidation.
And now in the form of the game "Yes - no", we will consolidate the knowledge gained. Briefing.
- The Spartacus rebellion began in 74 BC. at the gladiatorial school in Capuya? ( Well no.)
- Spartacus was from Greece? ( Well no.)
- According to historians, Spartak stood out for his courage, physical strength, courage? ( Well no.)
- The first camp of the rebels was on the top of the volcano of Thrace? ( Well no.)
- Last Stand Spartacus took place in Apulia in 71. BC.? ( Well no.)
Slide 11. Check yourself and rate.
v. Homework. slide 12.
VI. Let's sum up the lesson.
– What did you learn new? Show the locations of the battles on the map.
The more I read, the more I learn!
VII. Reflection.
I suggest you evaluate our lesson, how we worked with you:
- if you were interested in the lesson, you learned a lot of new things and worked actively, choose a red card;
- if you were not quite interested, you didn’t understand a lot, choose a green card.
There are two sheets of A4 format on the board, the children stick a card of the chosen color, after which a conclusion is made on the content of the lesson.
Thanks for the lesson, bye.
Additional material for the teacher
About Spartacus: Spartacus was born around 120 BC. in Thrace, on the land of the Medes tribe. When he was eighteen years old, he entered the military service in the auxiliary Thracian troops in the Roman province of Macedonia and showed such courage that he was made head of a detachment of ten people. He could gradually rise to a high position in the Roman army, but the Romans again started a war with the Thracians. Spartacus did not want to fight against his compatriots, fled from the Romans and defended his homeland. In one of the battles, he, wounded, was taken prisoner and sold to one of the keepers of the gladiatorial schools in Capua. In the gladiatorial school of Lentulus Batiatus, Spartacus was taught the art of gladiatorial combat, the ability to accurately inflict mortal blows. For six years of training in the gladiatorial school, Spartacus and his master traveled almost all the cities of Italy, where he took part in more than a hundred battles, never receiving a serious wound. With his strength and courage, he so surpassed his opponents that the fame of the invincible Thracian thundered throughout all the circuses of Italy. In 76 B.C. Spartacus received freedom and resignation. As a gladiator of the highest class, he is transferred to the number of school teachers. The owner of the school was proud of his outstanding student, considered his opinion and trusted him in everything. He launched a campaign at the school, as a result of which he managed to create a group of 200 people. They were mainly Thracians, Gauls and Germans, who believed that it was better to take extreme risks for the sake of freedom than to risk their lives in the arena for the amusement of spectators.
Topic Worksheet “The uprising of Spartacus in 74-71. BC."
Reasons for the uprising.
Campaigns of the rebels.
3. The result of the uprising.
Lesson vocabulary
Rebellion is the highest form of struggle for liberation.
The city of Capua, Vesuvius, Apulia are the battlefields of the rebellious slaves with the Roman army.
Lucullus, Pompey, Crassus - Roman generals who fought with the rebellious slaves.
Fraikia is the birthplace of Spartacus.
Task number 1. Choose the correct answer.
Reasons for the uprising:
a) the accumulation of a mass of slaves;
b) the Roman legions supported the slaves;
c) cruel treatment of slaves.
Task number 2. Fill in the missing words.
Originally from Thrace, the leader of the rebels. They set up camp on the top of the volcano _____________. The purpose of the uprising is _________________.
Task number 3. What are the most important reasons.
The Spartacus rebellion failed because:
a) Rome had a huge military superiority over the rebellious slaves;
b) among the rebels, disagreements constantly arose about further actions;
c) Spartacus failed to attract a large number of slaves to his side;
d) the rebels did not have a clear plan, their goals changed more than once.
Game "Yes - No"
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Elective tasks
Write an essay - a miniature on behalf of a gladiator, a participant in the uprising.
Draw a picture "The Rise of Spartacus".
History Test Slavery in Ancient Rome. The uprising of Spartacus for students in grade 5 with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option consists of 2 parts (part A and part B). In part A - 4 tasks, in part B - 1 task.
1 option
A1. The main source of slavery in ancient Rome
1) the conversion of citizens into slavery for debts
2) conquest
3) hereditary lack of freedom
A2. Slaves had to be forced to work for slave owners because slaves
1) spoke different languages
2) were obliged to obey the manager
3) were not interested in their work
A3. The fighters who participated in the performance battles were called
1) gladiators
2) legionnaires
3) freedmen
A4. The city in southern Italy where the Spartacus uprising began is
1) Pisa
2) Capua
3) Rome
IN 1. Choose from the list three reasons for the defeat of the rebels. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) lack of weapons among slaves
2) the preponderance of forces in favor of the Roman army
3) a split in the army of Spartacus
4) Spartacus failed to revolt the slaves of Sicily
5) slaves did not know how to create fortified camps
Option 2
A1. Unlike peasants, slaves
1) worked from dawn to dusk
2) performed work in the field and in the house
3) were powerless
A2. Slaves in Rome became
1) residents of the Roman provinces who did not pay taxes
2) ruined citizens of Rome
3) Roman legionnaires who got cold feet in battle
A3. Special facility for gladiatorial games
1) stadium
2) amphitheater
3) hippodrome
A4. Cause of Spartacus' Revolt
1) massive use of slave labor
2) the desire of slaves for freedom
3) refusal of slaves to fight in the arena to the death
IN 1. Choose from the list three reasons for the military success of the rebels. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the rebels created a combat-ready army
2) The Senate failed to gather forces against Spartacus
3) Roman generals refused to fight slaves
4) slaves had infantry and cavalry
5) Spartacus was a good general
Answers to the test on the history of slavery in ancient Rome. Rise of Spartacus
1 option
A1-2
A2-3
A3-1
A4-2
B1-234
Option 2
A1-3
A2-1
A3-2
A4-2
B1-145