Imagination. Types of imagination
T e m a 5
IMAGINATION
Along with memory images, which are copies of perception, a person can create completely new images. In the images can appear something that we did not directly perceive, and something that did not exist in our experience at all, and even something that does not really exist in this particular form. These are images of the imagination. So, imagination- this is cognitive process, which consists of creating new images, on the basis of which new actions and objects arise.
Each image created in the imagination is, to some extent, both a reproduction and a transformation of reality. Playback- the main characteristic of memory, transformation- the main characteristic of imagination. If the main function of memory is the preservation of experience, then the main function of imagination is its transformation?
Imagination images are based on memory representations. But these ideas are undergoing a profound change. Representations of memory are images of objects and phenomena that we do not currently perceive, but once perceived. But we can, based on knowledge and relying on the experience of mankind, create ideas for ourselves about such things that we ourselves have never perceived before. For example, I can imagine a sandy desert or tropical forests, although I have never been there. Imagination is the creation of something that did not yet exist in a person's experience, that he did not perceive in the past and that he had not met before. Nevertheless, everything new, created in the imagination, is always connected in one way or another with the really existing one.
All representations of the imagination are built from the material received in past perceptions and stored in memory. The activity of the imagination is always the processing of those data that are delivered by sensations and perceptions. From "nothing" the imagination cannot create (a blind person from birth cannot create a color image, a deaf person cannot create sounds). The most bizarre and fantastic products of the imagination are always built from elements of reality;
Imagination is one of the fundamental characteristics of a person. It most clearly shows the difference between man and animal ancestors. Philosopher E.V. Ilyenkov wrote: “In itself, fantasy, or the power of imagination, belongs to the number of not only precious, but also universal, universal abilities that distinguish a person from an animal. Without it, one cannot take a single step, not only in art... Without the power of imagination, it would not even be possible to cross the street through the stream of cars. Humanity, devoid of imagination, would never launch rockets into space.” D. Diderot exclaimed: “Imagination! Without this quality one cannot be either a poet, or a philosopher, or smart person, neither a thinking being, nor just a person ... Imagination is the ability to evoke images. A person completely devoid of this ability would be stupid.
With the help of imagination, a person reflects reality, but in other, unusual, often unexpected combinations and connections. Imagination transforms reality and creates new images on this basis. Imagination is closely connected with thinking, therefore it is able to actively transform life impressions, acquired knowledge, data of perception and ideas. In general, imagination is associated with all aspects of a person's mental activity: with his perception, memory, thinking, feelings.
How do images of the imagination arise, according to what laws are they constructed?
Imagination is a cognitive process and is based on the analytical and synthesis activity of the human brain. Analysis helps to highlight individual parts and features of objects or phenomena, synthesis- combine into new, hitherto unseen combinations. As a result, an image or a system of images is created in which reality is reflected by a person in a new, transformed, changed form and content.
Physiological basis imagination - the formation of new combinations from temporary neural connections already formed in the cortex hemispheres brain.
Types of imagination
Psychologists distinguish types of imagination on the following grounds.
1 . Degree of activity creation of new images by a person and awareness of these images:
involuntary or passive imagination - new images arise under the influence of little conscious or unconscious needs. These are dreams, hallucinations, daydreams, states of “thoughtless rest”.
So, dream images born unintentionally. People came to the discovery of the secret of sleep only at the end XIX -early 20th century Fragments of memories of the past are bizarrely combined in dreams, they are born unintentionally, enter into unexpected, sometimes completely meaningless combinations. In a half-asleep, drowsy state, the same thing can happen. Sechenov said that dreams are "unprecedented combinations of experienced impressions." When a person sleeps, his consciousness, as it were, recedes into the background, as those parts of the brain that control consciousness, control our impressions and ideas stop working. Sleep is a diffuse inhibition of the cerebral hemispheres. When complete and deep inhibition occurs, sleep is deep, dreamless. But inhibition occurs unevenly, especially in the initial stage of sleep and in the last stage before awakening. Dreams are caused by the work of a group of cells that have remained uninhibited. Dreams are characterized by:
Sensual authenticity. When I dream, I do not doubt for a moment that all this is happening to me in reality. Only when I wake up, "shaking off" the dream, can I critically treat the dreamed fantasies;
Incredible quirkiness, unusual connections and combinations of images;
A clear connection with the urgent needs of man. For example, Tatyana writes to Onegin: "You appeared to me in my dreams." In love with Eugene, she constantly thinks about him, and here is his image - in a dream.
Despite the fantastic nature of dreams, they can only contain what was perceived by a person. Today, some mechanisms of dreams are known.
For example, the reason for dreams can be irritations that the body of a sleeping person receives: the blanket has moved - the legs are frozen, you may dream that you are freezing, that ice has broken under you, or that you are knee-deep in water and catch fish with nonsense. There can be many variations.
This is the basis of the methodology for studying the content of dreams: the subject is subjected (of course, with his consent) during sleep to one or another stimulus, and then asked about what he dreamed about. Thus, lighting a sleeping face with red light can cause images of a thunderstorm, flashes of lightning, reflections of a forest fire in a dream. If you bring a bottle of perfume to the nose of a sleeping person, an image of a blooming garden or a holiday is possible, when people give bouquets of flowers to each other. Or: the face of the sleeping man was covered with a blanket, it became more difficult to breathe, and he dreams that a bandit attacked him and strangles him.
Sometimes the cause of sleep is the turbulent events that occurred during the day - a dream is a dream on the same topic, in the continuation of these events. Having a dream can signal some kind of illness. So, one woman was haunted by a dream for a long time: she ate raw or spoiled fish. During a medical examination, she had an acute form of gastritis. There are many more different causes of dreams, which you can learn about from the specialized literature if you are interested.
Sleep is a product of a healthy psyche. All people see dreams. Research recent years lead scientists to the idea that dreams are even necessary for the normal functioning of our brain. If you deprive a person of dreams, this can lead to a mental disorder. Hallucinations are the product of a diseased or unhealthy psyche.
Hallucination is also passive, unintentional imagination. In people who are mentally abnormal or not quite healthy, fantasy images acquire the features of reality. In the mentally ill, they compete with what he really perceives. If a long-dead relative appears to him, he talks to him as if he were alive, not for a moment doubting the reality of the latter. Such "waking dreams" are called hallucinations.
A.S. Pushkin very subtly describes the insanity of the old miller as a result of the strongest emotional shock due to the suicide of his daughter ("Mermaid"):
I sold the mill to oven demons,
And gave the money to save
Mermaid, my daughter's things.
They are buried in the sand of the Dnieper River,
Their one-eyed fish guards.
Hallucinations appear in various mental illnesses, under the influence of strong experiences - feelings of longing, fear, obsessive thoughts.
At auditory hallucinations the patient hears voices, music, sounds. Voices now threaten him, then ask for something. At the same time, voices are quiet, loud, “ordering”, as a result of which a person performs unexpected actions. it mental disorder often occurs on the basis of alcoholism.
visual hallucinations usually occur in diseases such as epilepsy, hysteria, and also in alcoholics who have reached the state of delirium tremens.
These phenomena are explained by the fact that significant parts of the brain of a mentally ill person are constantly inhibited to a greater or lesser extent. Traces of past perceptions, combined in fantasy images, evoke the same reaction as real stimuli.
dreams is a passive but deliberate imagination. These are dreams that are not connected with the will aimed at their fulfillment. People dream about something pleasant, joyful, tempting, and in dreams the connection between fantasy and needs and desires is clearly visible. Recall Manilov - the hero of the story N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Manilov uses dreams and fruitless reverie as a veil from the need to do something: so he entered the room, sat down on a chair and indulged in reflection. Unnoticed thoughts brought him God knows where. “He thought about the well-being of a friendly life, about how nice it would be to live with a friend on the banks of some river, then a bridge began to be built across the river, then a huge house with such a high belvedere that you can even see Moscow from there, and drink tea in the evening outdoors and talk about some pleasant subjects ... "
Voluntary or active imagination- this is a process of deliberate construction of images in connection with a consciously set goal in a particular activity. This kind of imagination arises in early age and gets the greatest development in children's games. In the game, children take on different roles (pilot, driver, doctor, Baba Yaga, broker, etc.). The need to build one's behavior in accordance with a role that is pleasant for oneself requires an active work of the imagination. In addition, you need to imagine the missing items and the very situation of the game.
According to originality, arbitrary (active) imagination is divided into recreative, or reproductive, and creative.
recreative or reproductive imagination is the construction of an image of an object, a phenomenon in accordance with its verbal description or according to a drawing, diagram, picture. In the process of recreating imagination, new images arise, but new ones subjectively, for a given person, but objectively they already exist. They are already embodied in certain cultural objects. When reading fiction and educational literature, in the study of geographical, historical and other descriptions, it constantly turns out to be necessary to recreate with the help of fantasy what is said in these sources. Any viewer, reader or listener must have a sufficiently developed recreative imagination to see and feel what the artist, writer, storyteller wanted to convey and express. An excellent school for the development of a recreative imagination is the study of geographical maps. K. Paustovsky wrote: “As a child, I developed a passion for geographical maps. I could sit on them for several hours, like a fascinating book. I studied the course of unknown rivers, whimsical sea coasts, penetrated into the depths of the taiga ... Gradually, all these places came to life in my imagination with such clarity that it seems that I could write fictitious travel diaries to different continents and countries.
The essence of the recreative imagination is that we reproduce what we ourselves did not directly perceive, but what other people tell us (speech, drawings, diagrams, signs, etc.). We sort of decipher signals, symbols, signs. For example, an engineer, considering a drawing (a system of lines on a sheet), restores the image of a machine that is “encrypted” with symbols.
Recreating imagination plays an important role in human life, it allows people to exchange experiences, without which life in society is unthinkable. It helps each of us to master the experience, knowledge and achievements of other people.
creative imagination- this is the independent creation of new images that are realized in the original products of activity. Images are created without relying on a ready-made description or conditional image.
Role creative imagination huge. New original works are being created that never existed. However, their characters (for artists, sculptors, writers) are so vital, real that you begin to treat them as if they were alive (remember Don Quixote, Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostov, Anna Karenina, Tatyana Larina, Grigory Melekhov, Vasily Terkin, the Turbin brothers ...).
A special kind of imagination is a dream. A dream is always directed to the future, to the prospects for the life and work of a particular person, specific person. A dream allows you to plan the future and organize your behavior for its implementation. A person could not imagine the future (that is, something that does not yet exist) without imagination, without the ability to build a new image. Moreover, a dream is such a process of imagination, which is always directed not just to the future, but to the desired future. In this sense, Plyushkin is an image of the creative imagination of N.V. Gogol, but not his dream. But the heroes of A. Green's "Scarlet Sails" are the writer's dream of people as he would like to see them.
A dream does not give an immediate objective product of activity, but is always an impetus to activity. K.G. Paustovsky said that the essence of a person is the dream that lives in everyone's heart. “Nothing a person hides so deeply as his dream. Perhaps because she cannot bear the slightest ridicule, and certainly cannot bear the touch of indifferent hands. Only a like-minded person can believe his dream.
Images of this kind, like a dream, include the ideals of a person - images that serve him as models of life, behavior, relationships, and activities. An ideal is an image in which the most valuable, significant for a given person traits and personality traits are presented. The ideal image expresses the tendency of personality development.
Another type of creative imagination is fantasy or daydreaming. Here the desired future is not connected directly with the present. Fantasy images include fairy-tale and science-fiction images. Fantasy presents objects and phenomena that do not exist in nature. Both fairy tales and science fiction are the result of creative imagination. But their authors see no way to achieve what their imagination draws for them.
Each object, no matter how everyday and far from fantasy it may seem, is in one way or another the result of the work of the imagination. In this sense, we can say that any object made by human hands is a dream come true. The new generation uses the thing that their fathers dreamed about and created. A fulfilled dream creates a new need, and a new need creates a new dream. At first, each new achievement seems wonderful, but as it is mastered, people begin to dream of the best, more. So, on October 4, 1957, the Earth appeared artificial satellite. K.E.'s dream came true Tsiolkovsky, the great dreamer of our time, who wrote that thought, fantasy, fairy tale inevitably come first, followed by scientific calculation and, finally, execution. Before the appearance of the satellite, jet aviation arose, rockets flew into the stratosphere, studying its structure and composition, new heat-resistant alloys, new types of rocket fuel, etc. were created. Then a man flew into space - it was amazing and wonderful, but now everyone is used to it, and people dream of flying to other planets.
There is a great relationship between the imagination and the human mind. The development of imagination is inextricably linked with the development of the personality as a whole. Imagination can be trained and developed, like any aspect of human mental activity. Imagination develops primarily in those activities in which it is impossible to do without imagination. Each person contains some kind of “piece of fantasy”, but each fantasy, or imagination, manifests itself in different ways, depending on the direction of the personality - its interests, knowledge, emotional mood.
Psychological mechanisms of imagination
In the images that arise in the imagination, there are always features already known to man images. But in the new image they are transformed, changed, combined into unusual combinations.
The essence of imagination lies in the ability to notice and highlight specific features and properties in objects and phenomena and transfer them to other objects. There are several imaging techniques.
combination- a combination of individual elements of various images of objects in new, more or less unusual combinations. Combination is a creative synthesis, and not a simple sum of already known elements, it is a process of significant transformation of the elements from which a new image is built. Remember A.S. Pushkin:
By the seaside, the oak is green,
Golden chain on an oak tree
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes around in circles.
Goes to the right - the song starts,
To the left - he tells a fairy tale ...
There are miracles, there the goblin roams,
A mermaid sits on the branches...
special case combination - agglutination- a way to create a new image by connecting, gluing completely different objects or their properties. For example, a centaur, a dragon, a sphinx - a lion with a human head or a flying carpet, when the ability to fly was transferred from a bird to another object. This is a fabulous image: the conditions under which the carpet could fly are not taken into account. But the very imaginary transfer of the ability of birds to fly to other bodies is justified. Then we studied the conditions of the flight and realized the dream - an airplane appeared. The Minotaur is a monster with a human body and a bull's head, a mermaid... Such combinations of different objects exist not only in art, but also in technology: a trolleybus, an aerosleigh, an amphibious tank, etc.
accentuation- emphasizing certain features (for example, the image of a giant). This method underlies the creation of caricatures and friendly cartoons (smart - a very high forehead, lack of intelligence - low).
Emphasis manifests itself in several specific actions:
a) exaggeration - deliberate emphasis on features appearance person;
b) exaggeration or understatement (Boy-with-finger, Thumbelina, seven-headed Serpent-Gorynych);
c) typification - generalization and emotional richness of the image. This is the most difficult way to create an image of creative imagination. A.M. Gorky wrote that those writers can be considered talented who are well versed in the methods of observation, comparison, selection of the most characteristic features people and the inclusion of the "imagination" of these features in one person. How are types built in literature? - asked A.M. Bitter. - They are built, of course, not in portraiture, they do not definitely take any person, but take 30-50 people of one line, one row, one mood, and from them they create Oblomov, Onegin, Faust, Hamlet, Othello, etc. All of these are generic types.
Individual characteristics imagination is defined by:
1) the degree of ease and difficulty with which a person is generally given imagination;
2) the characteristic of the created image itself: an absurdity or an original find of a solution;
3) in what area is it brighter, faster is the creation of new images (personal orientation).
Thinking and speech
An extremely important feature of thinking is its inseparable connection with speech. Highlighting something common in the objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, a person designates it with words. Through the word, for the first time, a person learns about what he has not yet seen (and perhaps he will never see!)
In the remarkable book “The Word about Words”, L. Uspensky writes: “From the very early childhood and to a very old age, the whole life of a person is inextricably linked with the language. The child has not yet learned how to speak properly, and his clear ear already catches the murmur of grandmother's fairy tales ... The teenager goes to school. A young man walks to an institute or university. A whole sea of words, a noisy ocean of speech, picks him up there, behind the wide doors. Through the live conversations of teachers, through the pages of hundreds of books, for the first time he sees the immensely complex universe reflected in the word ... New person is related to ancient thoughts, with those that have developed in the minds of people millennia before his birth. He himself gains the opportunity to address great-grandchildren who will live centuries after his death. And it's all thanks to the language.
In the language system, each word is historically assigned a certain meaning. The meaning of a word is always a generalization. Man thinks with the help of language, using words. There is a speech the form thinking. Thoughts are always clothed in speech form. Everyone can be convinced of the close connection between speech and thinking if they ask themselves the question: What language do they think in?
Speech is not only a form, but also an instrument of thought. Expressing thoughts in expanded verbal form, we contribute to success mental activity. Speech helps you think. The need to express a thought in words, to communicate it to another often requires additional, careful thought through it. In these cases, we notice that some of what seemed to us already clear, understandable, needs to be clarified, in deeper and more thorough consideration. The choice of words and expressions necessary for the message encourages us to think about the details of the thought, sometimes even the subtlest shades of its content. A story about something to another person is often the best way to understand your own thought, to think through its content to the end. The inextricable link between thinking and speech does not mean, however, that thinking is reduced to speech. Thinking and speech, thought and word are not identical to each other. The same idea can be expressed in different languages. The same word can express different concepts - these are homonyms, for example, a key, a scythe, a pen, etc. And one concept can be expressed different words are synonyms; for example, a path is a road, a bully is a bully, a border is a border, etc.
Like all mental processes, thinking is an activity of the brain. This is a complex analytical and synthetic activity carried out by the joint work of both signaling systems. At the same time, since thinking is a reflection of reality generalized with the help of a word, the second signal system plays a leading role in this activity. Its constant and close interaction with the first s / s determines the inseparable connection of a generalized reflection of reality, which is thinking, with sensory knowledge of the objective world through sensations, perceptions, ideas.
The physiological mechanisms of speech itself are a secondary signal activity of the cortex, which is a complex coordinated work of many groups of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex.
What is imagination . Along with memory images, which are copies of perception, a person can create completely new images. In the images can appear something that we did not directly perceive, and something that did not exist in our experience at all, and even something that does not really exist in this particular form. These are images of the imagination. So, imagination - this is a cognitive process, which consists of creating new images, on the basis of which new actions and objects arise.
Each image created in the imagination is, to some extent, both a reproduction and a transformation of reality. Playback - main feature of memory transformation- the main characteristic of imagination. If the main function of memory is the preservation of experience, then the main function of imagination is its transformation. Imagination images are based on memory representations. But these ideas are undergoing a profound change. Representations of memory are images of objects and phenomena that we do not currently perceive, but once perceived. But we can, based on knowledge and relying on the experience of mankind, create ideas for ourselves about such things that we ourselves have never perceived before. For example, I can imagine a sandy desert or tropical forests, although I have never been there. Imagination is the creation of something that did not yet exist in a person's experience, that he did not perceive in the past and that he had not met before. Nevertheless, everything new, created in the imagination, is always connected in one way or another with the really existing one.
All representations of the imagination are built from the material received in past perceptions and stored in memory. The activity of the imagination is always the processing of those data that are delivered by sensations and perceptions. From "nothing" the imagination cannot create (a blind person from birth cannot create a color image, a deaf person cannot create sounds). The most bizarre and fantastic products of the imagination are always built from elements of reality.
Imagination is one of the fundamental characteristics of a person. It most clearly shows the difference between man and animal ancestors.
With the help of imagination, a person reflects reality, but in other, unusual, often unexpected combinations and connections. Imagination transforms reality and creates new images on this basis. Imagination is closely connected with thinking, therefore it is able to actively transform life impressions, acquired knowledge, data of perception and ideas. In general, imagination is connected with all aspects mental activity human: with his perception, memory, thinking, feelings.
How do images of the imagination arise, according to what laws are they constructed? Imagination is a cognitive process and is based on the analytical and synthetic activity of the human brain. Analysis helps to highlight individual parts and features of objects or phenomena, synthesis– combine into new, hitherto unseen combinations. As a result, an image or a system of images is created in which reality is reflected by a person in a new, transformed, changed form and content.
The physiological basis of imagination is the formation of new combinations from temporary nerve connections that have already formed in the cerebral cortex.
Kinds imagination . Psychologists distinguish types of imagination on the following grounds.
1. Degree of activity creation of new images by a person and awareness of these images:
involuntary or passive imagination - new images arise under the influence of little conscious or unconscious needs. These are dreams, hallucinations, daydreams, states of “thoughtless rest”. So, dream images born unintentionally. People came to the discovery of the secret of sleep only at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. Fragments of memories of the past are bizarrely combined in dreams, they are born unintentionally, enter into unexpected, sometimes completely meaningless combinations. In a half-asleep, drowsy state, the same thing can happen. Sechenov said that dreams are "unprecedented combinations of experienced impressions." When a person sleeps, his consciousness, as it were, recedes into the background, as those parts of the brain that control consciousness, control our impressions and ideas stop working. Sleep is diffuse inhibition of the cerebral hemispheres. When complete and deep inhibition occurs, sleep is deep, dreamless. But inhibition occurs unevenly, especially in the initial stage of sleep and in the last stage before awakening. Dreams are caused by the work of a group of cells that have remained uninhibited. Dreams are characterized by:
Sensual authenticity. When I dream, I do not doubt for a moment that all this is happening to me in reality. Only when I wake up, "shaking off" the dream, can I critically treat the dreamed fantasies;
Incredible quirkiness, unusual connections and combinations of images;
A clear connection with the urgent needs of man. For example, Tatyana writes to Onegin: "You appeared to me in my dreams." In love with Eugene, she constantly thinks about him, and here is his image - in a dream.
Despite the fantastic nature of dreams, they can only contain what was perceived by a person. Today, some mechanisms of dreams are known. For example, the reason for dreams can be irritations that the body of a sleeping person receives: the blanket has moved - the legs are frozen, you may dream that you are freezing, that ice has broken under you, or that you are knee-deep in water and catch fish with nonsense. There can be many variations. This is the basis of the methodology for studying the content of dreams: the subject is subjected (of course, with his consent) during sleep to one or another stimulus, and then asked about what he dreamed about. Thus, lighting a sleeping person's face with red light can cause images of a thunderstorm, flashes of lightning, reflections of a forest fire in a dream. If you bring a bottle of perfume to the nose of a sleeping person, an image of a blooming garden or a holiday is possible, when people give bouquets of flowers to each other. Or: the face of the sleeping man was covered with a blanket, it became more difficult to breathe, and he dreams that a bandit attacked him and strangles him. Sometimes the cause of sleep is the turbulent events that occurred during the day - a dream is a dream on the same topic, in the continuation of these events. Having a dream can signal some kind of illness. So, one woman was haunted by a dream for a long time: she ate raw or spoiled fish. During a medical examination, she had an acute form of gastritis. There are many more different causes of dreams, which you can learn about from the specialized literature if you are interested.
Sleep is a product of a healthy psyche. All people see dreams. Recent studies have led scientists to believe that dreams are even necessary for the normal functioning of our brain. If you deprive a person of dreams, this can lead to a mental disorder. Hallucinations are the product of a diseased or unhealthy psyche.
Hallucination - this too is passive, unintentional imagination. In people who are mentally abnormal or not quite healthy, fantasy images acquire the features of reality. In the mentally ill, they compete with what he really perceives. If a long-dead relative appears to him, he talks to him as if he were alive, not for a moment doubting the reality of the latter. Such "waking dreams" are called hallucinations.
Hallucinations appear in various mental illnesses, under the influence of strong experiences: feelings of longing, fear, obsessive thoughts. At auditory hallucinations the patient hears voices, music, sounds. Voices now threaten him, then ask for something. At the same time, voices are quiet, loud, “ordering”, as a result of which a person performs unexpected actions. This mental disorder often occurs on the basis of alcoholism.
visual hallucinations usually occur in diseases such as epilepsy, hysteria, and also in alcoholics who have reached the state of delirium tremens.
These phenomena are explained by the fact that significant parts of the brain of a mentally ill person are constantly inhibited to a greater or lesser extent. Traces of past perceptions, combined in fantasy images, evoke the same reaction as real stimuli.
Dreams - it is passive but deliberate imagination. These are dreams that are not connected with the will aimed at their fulfillment. People dream about something pleasant, joyful, tempting, and in dreams the connection between fantasy and needs and desires is clearly visible. Recall Manilov - the hero of the story N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Manilov uses dreams and fruitless reverie as a veil from the need to do something: so he entered the room, sat down on a chair and indulged in reflection. Unnoticed thoughts brought him God knows where. “He thought about the well-being of a friendly life, about how nice it would be to live with a friend on the banks of some river, then a bridge began to be built across the river, then a huge house with such a high belvedere that you can even see Moscow from there, and there to drink tea in the evening in the open air and talk about some pleasant subjects ... "
Voluntary or active imagination it is a process of deliberate construction of images in connection with a consciously set goal in a particular activity. This type of imagination arises at an early age, and is most developed in children's games. In the game, children take on different roles (pilot, driver, doctor, Baba Yaga, broker, etc.). The need to build one's behavior in accordance with a role that is pleasant for oneself requires an active work of the imagination. In addition, you need to imagine the missing items and the very situation of the game.
According to originality, arbitrary (active) imagination is divided into recreative, or reproductive, and creative.
recreative or reproductive imagination is the construction of an image of an object, a phenomenon in accordance with its verbal description or according to a drawing, diagram, picture. In the process of recreating imagination, new images arise, but new ones subjectively, for a given person, but objectively they already exist. They are already embodied in certain cultural objects. When reading fiction and educational literature, when studying geographical, historical and other descriptions, it constantly turns out to be necessary to recreate with the help of fantasy what is said in these sources. Any viewer, reader or listener must have a sufficiently developed recreative imagination to see and feel what the artist, writer, storyteller wanted to convey and express. An excellent school for the development of a recreative imagination is the study of geographical maps. K. Paustovsky wrote: “As a child, I developed a passion for geographical maps. I could sit on them for several hours, like a fascinating book. I studied the course of unknown rivers, whimsical sea coasts, penetrated into the depths of the taiga ... Gradually, all these places came to life in my imagination with such clarity that it seems that I could write fictitious travel diaries to different continents and countries.
The essence of the recreative imagination is that we reproduce what we ourselves did not directly perceive, but what other people tell us (speech, drawings, diagrams, signs, etc.). We sort of decipher signals, symbols, signs. For example, an engineer, considering a drawing (a system of lines on a sheet), restores the image of a machine that is “encrypted” with symbols.
Recreating imagination plays an important role in human life, it allows people to exchange experience, without which life in society is unthinkable. It helps each of us to master the experience, knowledge and achievements of other people.
creative imagination - this is the independent creation of new images that are realized in the original products of activity. Images are created without relying on a ready-made description or conditional image.
The role of creative imagination is huge. New original works are being created that never existed. However, their characters (for artists, sculptors, writers) are so vital, real that you begin to treat them as if they were alive (remember Don Quixote, Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostov, Anna Karenina, Tatyana Larina, Grigory Melekhov, Vasily Terkin, the Turbin brothers ...).
A special kind of imagination is a dream. A dream is always directed to the future, to the prospects for the life and work of a particular person, a particular personality. A dream allows you to plan the future and organize your behavior for its implementation. A person could not imagine the future (that is, something that does not yet exist) without imagination, without the ability to build a new image. Moreover, a dream is such a process of imagination, which is always directed not just to the future, but to the desired future. In this sense, Plyushki is an image of the creative imagination of N.V. Gogol, but not his dream. But the heroes of "Scarlet Sails" by A. Green - the writer's dream of people as he would like to see them. A dream does not give an immediate objective product of activity, but is always an impetus to activity. K.G. Paustovsky said that the essence of a person is the dream that lives in everyone's heart. “Nothing a person hides so deeply as his dream. Perhaps because she cannot bear the slightest ridicule, and certainly cannot bear the touch of indifferent hands. Only a like-minded person can believe his dream.
Images of this kind, like a dream, include the ideals of a person - images that serve him as models of life, behavior, relationships, and activities. An ideal is an image in which the most valuable, significant traits and personality traits for a given person are presented. The ideal image expresses the tendency of personality development.
Another type of creative imagination is fantasy or daydreaming. Here the desired future is not connected directly with the present. Fantasy images include fairy-tale and science-fiction images. Fantasy presents objects and phenomena that do not exist in nature. Both fairy tales and science fiction are the result of creative imagination. But their authors see no way to achieve what their imagination draws for them.
Each object, no matter how everyday and far from fantasy it may seem, is in one way or another the result of the work of the imagination. In this sense, we can say that any object made by human hands is a dream come true. The new generation uses the thing that their fathers dreamed about and created. A fulfilled dream creates a new need, and a new need creates a new dream. At first, each new achievement seems wonderful, but as it is mastered, people begin to dream of the best, more.
There is a great relationship between the imagination and the human mind. The development of imagination is inextricably linked with the development of the personality as a whole. Imagination can be trained and developed, like any aspect of human mental activity. Imagination develops, first of all, in those activities in which it is impossible to do without imagination. Each person contains some kind of “piece of fantasy”, but each fantasy, or imagination, manifests itself in different ways, depending on the direction of the personality - its interests, knowledge, emotional mood.
Psychological mechanisms of imagination. In the images that arise in the imagination, there are always features of images already known to man. But in the new image they are transformed, changed, combined into unusual combinations.
The essence of imagination lies in the ability to notice and highlight specific features and properties in objects and phenomena and transfer them to other objects. There are several imaging techniques.
combination – a combination of individual elements of various images of objects in new, more or less unusual combinations. Combination is a creative synthesis, and not a simple sum of already known elements, it is a process of significant transformation of the elements from which a new image is built.
A special case of combination - agglutination - a way to create a new image by connecting, gluing completely different objects or their properties. For example, a centaur, a dragon, a sphinx - a lion with a human head or a flying carpet, when the ability to fly was transferred from a bird to another object. This is a fabulous image: the conditions under which the carpet could fly are not taken into account. But the very imaginary transfer of the ability of birds to fly to other bodies is justified. Then we studied the conditions of the flight and realized the dream - an airplane appeared. The Minotaur is a monster with a human body and a bull's head, a mermaid... Such combinations of different objects exist not only in art, but also in technology: a trolleybus, an aerosleigh, an amphibious tank, etc.
accentuation - emphasizing certain features (for example, the image of a giant). This method underlies the creation of caricatures and friendly cartoons (smart - a very high forehead, lack of intelligence - low). Emphasis manifests itself in several specific actions:
a) exaggeration - intentionally emphasizing the features of a person's external appearance;
b) exaggeration or understatement (Boy-with-finger, Thumbelina, seven-headed Serpent-Gorynych);
c) typification - generalization and emotional richness of the image. This is the most difficult way to create an image of creative imagination. A.M. Gorky wrote that those writers who are well versed in the methods of observation, comparison, selection of the most characteristic features of people and the inclusion of the "imagination" of these features in one person can be considered talented. How are types built in literature? - asked A.M. Bitter. - They are built, of course, not in portraiture, they do not definitely take any person, but take 30-50 people of one line, one row, one mood, and from them they create Oblomov, Onegin, Faust, Hamlet, Othello, etc. All of these are generic types."
Individual features of the imagination are determined by:
1) the degree of ease and difficulty with which a person is generally given imagination;
2) the characteristic of the created image itself: an absurdity or an original find of a solution;
3) in what area is it brighter, faster is the creation of new images (personal orientation).
19. The concept of imagination. Types of imagination and mechanisms for creating images of imagination.
Imagination is the mental process of creating something new in the form of an image, representation or idea, based on previous experience.
A person can mentally imagine what he did not perceive or did not do in the past, he may have images of objects and phenomena that he has not encountered before. Being closely connected with thinking, imagination is characterized by greater uncertainty than when thinking situations.
The process of imagination is peculiar only to man and is a necessary condition for his labor activity.
Imagination is always directed to the practical activity of man. A person, before doing something, imagines what needs to be done and how he will do it. Thus, he already creates in advance an image of a material thing that will be produced in the subsequent practical activity of a person. This ability of a person to imagine in advance the final result of his work, as well as the process of creating a material thing, sharply distinguishes human activity from the "activity" of animals, sometimes very skillful. A.V. Petrovsky considers imagination to be one of the highest cognitive processes, considers imagination as the basis creative activity and as the main action programming component. He believes that the imagination is responsible for creating a program of behavior in cases where problem situation characterized by uncertainty. At the same time, imagination can act as a means of creating images that do not program vigorous activity, but replace it.
The physiological basis of imagination is the formation of new combinations from those temporary connections that have already been formed in past experience. At the same time, simple updating of existing temporary connections does not yet lead to the creation of a new one. The creation of the new presupposes such a combination, which is formed from temporary connections that have not previously entered into a combination with each other. In this case, the second signal system, the word, is of great importance. The process of imagination is a joint work of both signal systems. All visual images are inextricably linked with it. As a rule, the word serves as a source of the appearance of images of the imagination, controls the path of their formation, is a means of their retention, consolidation, their change.
Imagination is always a certain departure from reality. But in any case, the source of imagination is objective reality.
The essence of imagination is the transformation of ideas, the creation of new images based on existing ones.
Mechanisms for creating images of the imagination.
Images are formed on the basis of previous experience, on the basis of ideas about objects and phenomena of objective reality. The process of creating images of the imagination from the impressions received by a person from reality can proceed in various forms. The creation of images of the imagination goes through two main stages. At the first stage, a kind of division of impressions, or existing ideas, into component parts takes place. - T. Ribot called it dissociation. With these images, further transformations of two main types can be carried out.
First, these images can be put into new combinations and connections. Secondly, these images can be given a completely new meaning. In any case, operations are performed with abstracted images that can be characterized as synthesis (process associations). These operations, which are the essence of the synthesizing activity of the imagination, are the second stage in the formation of images of the imagination.
The simplest form of synthesis in the process of imagination is agglutination, i.e., the creation of a new image by attaching parts or properties of one object to another in the imagination. Examples of agglutination are: the image of a centaur, etc.
One of the most common ways of processing images of perception into images of the imagination is increase or decrease (hyperbolization) of an object or its parts. The most significant ways of processing ideas into images of the imagination, following the path of generalization of essential features, are schematization and emphasis. Schematization may arise as a result of incomplete, superficial perception of the object. In this case, representations are schematized in a random way, and minor details are sometimes singled out in them, accidentally discovered during the perception of an object. As a result, distortions arise that lead to the creation of images of the imagination that perversely reflect reality. The reason for schematization may be a conscious distraction from the non-essential, or secondary, aspects of the object.
accentuation consists in emphasizing the most significant, typical features of the image. The main feature of such a processing of images of perception into images of the imagination is that, reflecting reality and typing it, the artistic image always gives a broad generalization, but this generalization is always reflected in a specific image. Moreover, the processing of representations when creating a typical image is not carried out by mechanical folding or subtraction of any features.
1. Agglutination(gluing) is a mechanistic, non-real union of parts or properties of various incompatible objects (mermaid, centaur, minotaur, goblin, water; amphibian - boat, plane, car).
2. Analogy- new images are created by analogy with specific objects. Example: many tools of labor were created by analogy with the human hand - a rake, hammer, tongs, etc.
3. hyperbole(exaggeration) - this is an exaggeration of some qualities, properties, the number of elements in the created image. (Cartoons - pinocchio, or the dog is the owner).
4. Typing- this is the inclusion in the created image of the most typical features characteristic of any group of objects (amphora - the image of a woman).
There are several types of imagination, among which the main ones are passive and active. The passive, in turn, is divided into voluntary (dreaming, dreams) and involuntary (hypnotic state, dream fantasy). Active imagination includes artistic, creative, critical, recreative and anticipatory... Close to these types of imagination is empathy - the ability to understand another person, to be imbued with his thoughts and feelings, to sympathize, rejoice, empathize...
active imagination always aimed at solving a creative or personal problem. A person operates with fragments, units of specific information in a certain area, their movement in various combinations relative to each other. Stimulation of this process creates objective opportunities for the emergence of original new connections between the conditions fixed in the memory of a person and society. There is little daydreaming and "groundless" fantasy in the active imagination. Active imagination is directed to the future and operates with time as a well-defined category (i.e. a person does not lose the sense of reality, does not put himself outside of temporary connections and circumstances). Active imagination is directed more outward, a person is mainly occupied with the environment, society, activity and less with internal subjective problems. Active imagination, finally, is awakened by the task and directed by it, it is determined by volitional efforts and lends itself to volitional control.
Recreative (reproductive) imagination- one of the types of active imagination, in which people construct new images, ideas in accordance with the stimulation perceived from the outside in the form of verbal messages, diagrams, conditional images, signs, etc. Primarily recreative imagination is a process in which there is a recombination, a reconstruction of old perceptions in a new combination of them.
Creative (productive) imagination- this is a type of imagination in which a person independently creates new images and ideas that are of value to other people or society as a whole and which are embodied ("crystallized" in specific original products of activity. Creative imagination is a necessary component and basis of all types of creative of human activity.. Images of creative imagination are created by means of various methods of intellectual operations Vygotsky L.S.
anticipatory imagination underlies a very important and necessary ability of a person - to anticipate future events, to foresee the results of his actions, etc. Etymologically, the word "foresee" is closely related and comes from the same root with the word "see", which shows the importance of understanding the situation and transferring certain elements of it into the future based on knowledge or prediction of the logic of events. In the elderly and old people, the imagination is more focused on the events of the past.
Forms a special form of imagination dream. It is directed to the sphere of a more or less distant future and does not imply the immediate achievement of a real result, as well as its complete coincidence with the image of the desired one. At the same time, a dream can become a strong motivating factor in creative search.
passive imagination subject to internal, subjective factors, it is tendentious. Passive imagination is subject to desires, which are thought to be realized in the process of fantasizing. In the images of the passive imagination, the unsatisfied, mostly unconscious needs of the individual are "satisfied". The materials of passive imagination, as well as active, are images, representations, elements of concepts and other information gleaned through experience. Unintentional passive imagination is observed when the activity of consciousness is weakened, its disorders, in a semi-drowsy state, in a dream, etc. The most indicative manifestation of passive imagination are hallucinations, in which a person perceives non-existent objects. As a rule, hallucinations are observed in some mental disorders. Dreams can be classified as passive and involuntary forms of imagination. According to the degree of transformation of reality, they can be either reproductive or productive.
Like perception, memory and thinking, the processes of imagination are analytical and synthetic in nature. Creating new representations, a person combines individual elements of different images of objects in new combinations.
This method is often used by writers, artists, scientists, inventors. For example, the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) wrote that the image of Natasha Rostova’s appearance arose from a combination of features of people close to him: “I took Sonya, repacked with Tanya and Natasha came out” (Sonya is the writer’s wife, and Tanya is her sister).
However, combination is not just a movement or regrouping of elements, not a mechanical combination of the properties of various objects, as the representatives of associative psychology believed, but the result of a complex analytical and synthetic activity, which results in a new holistic image in which the elements are transformed and generalized.
The creation of images of the imagination occurs in various ways, techniques. The simplest is agglutination (lat. agglutinatio - gluing) - a mechanical connection in a new way of elements and properties that, in Everyday life do not match. This was the way of creating ancient mythical images that combine parts of the body of a person and an animal or a bird: a centaur, a mermaid, a winged horse Pegasus, etc.
Agglutination is used not only in folk art but also in technology. An example is a trolleybus, which combines the properties of a bus and a tram, an accordion (piano and button accordion), a seaplane (boats and aircraft), etc.
Hyperbolization (gr. hyperbole - exaggeration) - an increase in an object or the number of its parts. It is widely used in literature, folklore, when creating friendly cartoons. An example of hyperbolization is the giant Gulliver, the seven-headed snake, etc.
Litota (gr. litotes - simplicity) - a deliberate decrease in the subject, understatement. With its help, fabulous images of a Thumbelina girl, a boy - a finger, gnomes, etc. were created. The increase and decrease in size is not accidental, but is always motivated. On the one hand, the appearance of a giant, grandiose size, physical strength are used to vividly convey a certain quality. On the other hand, intelligence, ingenuity and fearlessness manifest themselves brighter due to the contrast with appearance.
Aggravation - emphasizing a certain part or a certain property of an image. It is used when creating friendly cartoons and caricatures.
Schematization is the formation of an image of the imagination, during which ideas merge, the differences between them are erased, and similarities come to the fore. It is used, in particular, in decorative art when creating a variety of ornaments, the elements of which are taken from the plant world.
AT fiction, painting, sculpture, typification is also used - highlighting the essential in homogeneous facts and embodying it in a specific image.
The images that a person operates with include not only previously perceived objects and phenomena. The content of images can also be something that he never perceived directly: pictures of the distant past or future; places where he has never been and never will be; beings that do not exist, not only on Earth, but in general in the Universe. Images allow a person to go beyond real world in time and space. It is these images, transforming, modifying human experience, that are the main characteristic of the imagination.
Usually, imagination or fantasy does not mean exactly what is meant by these words in science. In everyday life, imagination or fantasy is called everything that is unreal, does not correspond to reality and, therefore, has no practical significance. In fact, imagination, as the basis of all creative activity, manifests itself resolutely in all aspects of cultural life, making artistic, scientific and technical creativity possible.
Through sensations, perception and thinking, a person reflects the real properties of the objects of the surrounding reality and acts in accordance with them in a particular situation. Through memory, he uses his past experience. But human behavior can be determined not only by the actual or past properties of the situation, but also by those that may be inherent in it in the future. Thanks to this ability, images of objects arise in the human mind that do not currently exist, but can subsequently be embodied in specific objects. The ability to reflect the future and act according to the expected, i.e. imaginary, the situation is characteristic only for man.
Imagination- the cognitive process of reflecting the future by creating new images based on the processing of images of perception, thinking and ideas obtained in previous experience.
Through imagination, images are created that have never been generally accepted by a person in reality. The essence of imagination lies in the transformation of the world. This determines essential role imagination in the development of man as an acting subject.
Imagination and thinking are processes similar in their structure and functions. L. S. Vygotsky called them “extremely related”, noting the commonality of their origin and structure as psychological systems. He considered imagination as a necessary, integral moment of thinking, especially creative thinking, since the processes of forecasting and anticipation are always included in thinking. In problem situations, a person uses thinking and imagination. The idea formed in the imagination of a possible solution reinforces the motivation of the search, and determines its direction. The more uncertain the problem situation is, the more unknown it is, the more significant the role of the imagination becomes. It can be carried out with incomplete initial data, since it supplements them with products of its own creativity.
A deep relationship also exists between imagination and emotional-volitional processes. One of its manifestations is that when an imaginary image appears in the mind of a person, he experiences true, real, and not imaginary emotions, which allows him to avoid unwanted influences and bring the desired images to life. L. S. Vygotsky called this the law of “emotional reality of the imagination”
For example, a person needs to cross a stormy river in a boat. Imagining that the boat might capsize, he experiences not an imaginary, but a real fear. This prompts him to choose a safer way of crossing.
Imagination can influence the strength of emotions and feelings experienced by a person. For example, people often experience a feeling of anxiety, anxiety about only imaginary, not real events. Changing the image of the imagination can reduce the level of anxiety, relieve tension. The representation of the experiences of another person helps to form and manifest feelings of empathy and empathy towards him. In volitional actions, the representation in the imagination of the final result of the activity encourages its implementation. The brighter the image of the imagination, the greater the motivating force, but at the same time, the realism of the image also matters.
Imagination is a significant factor influencing the development of personality. Ideals as an imaginary image that a person wants to imitate or strive for serve as models for organizing his life, personal and moral development.
Types of imagination
Exist different kinds imagination. By degree of activity imagination can be passive or active. passive imagination does not stimulate a person to action. He is satisfied with the created images and does not seek to realize them in reality or draws images that, in principle, cannot be realized. In life, such people are called utopians, fruitless dreamers. N.V. Gogol, having created the image of Manilov, made his name a household name for this type of people. Active imagination is the creation of images that are subsequently realized in practical actions and products of activity. Sometimes this requires a lot of effort and a significant investment of time from a person. Active imagination enhances the creative content and efficiency of other activities as well.
Productive
Imagination is called productive, in the images of which there is a lot of new (elements of fantasy). The products of such imagination usually resemble nothing, or bear very little resemblance to what is already known.
reproductive
Reproductive is imagination, in the products of which there is a lot of what is already known, although there are also individual elements of the new. Such, for example, is the imagination of a novice poet, writer, engineer, artist, who at first create their creations according to known patterns, thereby learning professional skills.
hallucinations
Hallucinations are called products of the imagination, born in an altered (not normal) state of human consciousness. These conditions can arise for various reasons: illness, hypnosis, exposure to psychotropic substances such as drugs, alcohol, etc.
dreams
Dreams are products of imagination aimed at a desired future. Dreams contain more or less real and, in principle, feasible plans of a person. Dreams as a form of imagination are especially characteristic of young people who have most of life is yet to come.
dreams
Dreams are called peculiar dreams, which, as a rule, are divorced from reality and, in principle, are not feasible. Dreams are intermediate between dreams and hallucinations, but their difference from hallucinations lies in the fact that dreams are the products of the activity of a normal person.
dreams
Dreams have always been and still are of particular interest. Currently, they are inclined to believe that the processes of information processing by the human brain can be reflected in dreams, and the content of dreams is not only functionally related to these processes, but may include new valuable ideas and even discoveries.
Voluntary and involuntary imagination
Imagination is connected in various ways with the will of a person, on the basis of which voluntary and involuntary imagination are distinguished. If images are created with a weakened activity of consciousness, imagination is called involuntary. It occurs in a semi-drowsy state or in sleep, as well as in some disorders of consciousness. Arbitrary imagination is a conscious, directed activity, performing which a person is aware of its goals and motives. It is characterized by the deliberate creation of images. The activity and arbitrariness of the imagination can be combined in various ways. An example of arbitrary passive imagination is dreams, when a person deliberately indulges in thoughts that are unlikely to ever come true. Arbitrary active imagination is manifested in a long, purposeful search for the desired image, which is typical, in particular, for the activities of writers, inventors, and artists.
Recreative and creative imagination
In connection with past experience, two types of imagination are distinguished: recreative and creative. recreative imagination is the creation of images of objects that were not previously perceived in a finished form by a person, although he is familiar with similar objects or with their individual elements. Images are formed according to a verbal description, a schematic image - a drawing, drawing, geographical map. In this case, the knowledge available regarding these objects is used, which determines the predominantly reproductive nature of the created images. At the same time, they differ from the representations of memory great variety, flexibility and dynamism of the elements of the image. Creative imagination is the independent creation of new images that are embodied in original products of various activities with minimal indirect reliance on past experience.
realistic imagination
Drawing various images in their imagination, people always evaluate the possibility of their realization in reality. realistic imagination takes place if a person believes in the reality and the possibility of embodying the created images. If he does not see such a possibility, fantastic imagination takes place. There is no hard line between realistic and fantastic imagination. There are many cases when an image born of a person's fantasy as completely unrealistic (for example, the hyperboloid invented by A. N. Tolstoy) later became a reality. Fantastic imagination is present in the role-playing games of children. It formed the basis of literary works of a certain genre - fairy tales, science fiction, "fantasy".
With all the variety of types of imagination, they are characterized by common function, which determines their main importance in human life - anticipation of the future, the ideal representation of the result of the activity before it is achieved. Other functions of the imagination are also associated with it - stimulating and planning. The images created in the imagination induce, stimulate a person to implement them in specific actions. The transforming influence of the imagination extends not only to the future activity of a person, but also to his past experience. Imagination promotes selectivity in its structuring and reproduction in accordance with the goals of the present and future. The creation of images of the imagination is carried out through complex processes of processing actual perceived information and memory representations. Just as it is in thinking, the main processes or operations of the imagination are analysis and synthesis. Through analysis, objects or ideas about them are divided into component parts, and with the help of synthesis, a complete image of the object is rebuilt. But unlike thinking in the imagination, a person handles the elements of objects more freely, recreating new integral images.
This is achieved through a complex of processes specific to the imagination. The main ones are exaggeration(hyperbolization) and underestimation of real-life objects or their parts (for example, creating images of a giant, genie or Thumbelina); emphasis- emphasizing or exaggerating real-life objects or their parts (for example, Pinocchio's long nose, Malvina's blue hair); agglutination- the combination of various, real-life parts and properties of objects in unusual combinations (for example, the creation of fictional images of a centaur, a mermaid). The specificity of the imagination process lies in the fact that they do not reproduce certain impressions in the same combinations and forms in which they were perceived and stored in the form of past experience, but build new combinations and forms from them. This manifests a deep inner connection between imagination and creativity, which is always aimed at creating something new - material assets, scientific ideas or .
Relationship between imagination and creativity
There are different types of creativity: scientific, technical, literary, artistic and others. None of these types is possible without the participation of the imagination. In its main function - anticipation of what does not yet exist, it causes the emergence of intuition, conjecture, insight as a central link creative process. Imagination helps the scientist to see the phenomenon under study in a new light. In the history of science there are many examples of the emergence of images of the imagination, subsequently realized in new ideas, great discoveries and inventions.
The English physicist M. Faraday, studying the interaction of conductors with current at a distance, imagined that they were surrounded by invisible lines like tentacles. This led him to the discovery of lines of force and the phenomena of electromagnetic induction. The German engineer O. Lilienthal observed and analyzed the soaring flight of birds for a long time. The image of an artificial bird that arose in his imagination served as the basis for the invention of the glider and the first flight on it.
By creating literary works, the writer realizes in the word the images of his aesthetic imagination. Their brightness, breadth and depth of the phenomena of reality covered by them are subsequently felt by readers, and cause them feelings of co-creation. L. N. Tolstoy wrote in his diaries that “with the perception of a truly works of art there is an illusion that a person does not perceive, but creates, it seems to him that it was he who produced such a beautiful thing.
The role of imagination in pedagogical creativity is also great. Its specificity is that the results pedagogical activity do not appear immediately, but after some, sometimes a long time. Their representation in the form of a model of the child's personality being formed, the way of his behavior and thinking in the future determines the choice of methods of education and upbringing, pedagogical requirements and impacts.
All people have different creative abilities. Their formation is determined by a large number different kind aspects. These include innate inclinations, human activities, features environment, the conditions of training and education that affect the development of a person's features of mental processes and personality traits that contribute to creative achievements.